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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Debate on scientific realism'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Onishi, Yukinori. "Epistemological Analysis of the Scientific Realism Debate." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199020.

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2

Ozer, Husnu. "Scientific Realism Debate In The Philosophy Of Science." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611579/index.pdf.

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The primary concern of this piece of work is to reconsider scientific realism debate in the philosophy of science. Accordingly, the overall aim is to come up with the clues of a viable scientific realist attitude in the face of anti-realist interpretations of scientific theories. To accomplish this aim, I make use of two modified versions of scientific realism, that is, &lsquo<br>epistemic structural realism&rsquo<br>and &lsquo<br>entity realism&rsquo<br>. Epistemic structural realism is a realist position of which proponents claim that the only knowable part of the reality is the structure of

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3

Borge, Bruno, and Roberto Azar. "The Nomological Realism vs. Antirealism Debate and the Inference to the Best Explanation." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113149.

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The dispute between nomological realists and anti-realists has been reflected in the formulation of various arguments and counterarguments that reach topics as diverse as modality, induction and the very scientific practice. In this context it is common to take the main realist argument –the nomological argument– for an instance of Inference to the Best Explanation, while Nomological Anti-realism is considered a skeptical alternative concerning natural laws, sustained by independent reasons. This paper aims to review that image of the Nomological Realism vs. Anti-realism debate in light of wha

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4

Park, Seungbae. "Scientific realism vs. scientific antirealism." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289710.

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According to Boyd/Putnam, scientific realism is the view that successful theories are typically approximately true and that their key terms typically refer. The no-miracle argument for the view holds that approximate truth and reference provide the best explanation of the success of science. I try to defend scientific realism from the following six lines of antirealist objections. First, constructive empiricists argue that inference to the best explanation is a problematic rule of inference. I try to show that their critiques of inference to the best explanation backfire on van Fraassen's posi

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5

Avilés, Cuauhtémoc. "Scientific realism and empiricist antirealism." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60434.

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This dissertation consists of a defence of scientific realism and a critique of empiricist antirealism. Strict empiricism is discussed in Chapter 1, in which it is argued that this variety of empiricism adequately describes only the initial stages of scientific research. Bas van Frassen's empiricist antirealism is then discussed in Chapter 2. Here, it is argued that this new position, although more sophisticated than earlier forms of empiricist antirealism, fails to constitute a genuinely acceptable alternative to scientific realism. The two main constituents of scientific realism--scientism a

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6

Pagonis, Constantine. "Quantum mechanics and scientific realism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285261.

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7

Eng, David 1966. "The role of idealizations in the realism/anti-realism debate /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69579.

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The thesis focuses on what impact the use of idealizations has on the realism/anti-realism debate concerning the fundamental laws of physics. My aim is modest. It is not to present an argument for either the realist or the anti-realist position but rather to show where the debate stands once we have considered recent arguments by Laymon and Cartwright which have made use of the notion of idealization assumptions. My intent is to point out the difficulties of Laymon's argument for realism in the hope of showing what must be accomplished in providing a more convincing argument for realism. I wil

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8

Huth, Brian R. "MODELS, PERSPECTIVES, AND SCIENTIFIC REALISM: ON RONALD GIERE’S PERSPECTIVAL REALISM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1397572435.

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9

Thorsteinsson, Huginn Freyr. "Scientific realism and theories of reference." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683550.

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Traditionally, scientific realism is divided into three different claims; a metaphysical claim, an epistemic claim and a semantic claim. In this thesis I argue for the importance of developing the semantic notion of reference in answering many of the challenges facing the realist position such as the Pessimistic Meta-induction and semantic incommensurability. I also think that looking more carefully at the idea of reference can prove important in making sense of how a realist can view progress within science. I discuss in detail problems that face any attempt relying heavily on the notion of r

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10

Karimi, Mirsaeid Mousavi. "Scientific Realism and the Fundamentality of Existence." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503882.

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11

Paya, Ali. "An argument in defence of scientific realism." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270749.

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12

McLeish, Christina Rosemary. "Empty threats : reference failure and scientific realism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611444.

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13

Lee, Wang-Yen. "Simplicity and abductive arguments for scientific realism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612268.

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14

Chakravartty, Anjan. "Semirealism : the metaphysical foundations of scientific realism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621035.

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15

Taylor, Neil. "Davidson's truth conditions theory and scientific realism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1985. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848102/.

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How does language refer to objective reality and relate to speakers? Davidson's truth-conditions theory provides a method of interpretation and, notwithstanding difficulties in relating artificial languages to natural languages, articulates the true structure of all of natural language whilst simultaneously furnishing a theory of logical form. But how does language refer to the world. Davidson's scientific realism abandons any assumed foundational basis in extra-linguistic reality; hence, reference to facts is otiose. Only via the truth-conditions structure of language can the true structure o

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16

Saatsi, Juha Tapani. "Re-thinking scientific realism : structure and beyond." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2315/.

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This thesis examines the contemporary scientific realism debate, with a special focus on the various forms of structural realism. It comprises three parts. The first part prefaces the work with a scrutiny of the principal arguments of the classic debate. The global and local explanationist arguments are critically analysed, and juxtaposed with the so-called experimental arguments for realism. It is argued that focusing on explanatory considerations does not serve the justificatory task the realist faces, but a local analysis of ampliative reasoning can nevertheless secure a level of realist co

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17

Archetti, Emanuele. "Epistemic horizons in scientific inquiry and debate." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5056/.

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The Philosophy of Science is the subject of various methods of analysis, from Kuhn’s paradigms to Hacking’s styles of reasoning. Each of these methods seeks to address the many questions we might pose about the nature of theories and the theorists who shape them. However, there is yet one issue which remains unresolved: the question of how we may best account for persistent disagreements between rival scientific theories in cases where there are no genuine incompatibilities, conceptual or empirical. This thesis offers a novel solution to this problem in the form of a new unit of analysis, the

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18

Rees, Phil. "A critique of the arguments for scientific realism." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.541974.

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19

Larski, Stanislav. "The problem of model selection and scientific realism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/615/.

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This thesis has two goals. Firstly, we consider the problem of model selection for the purposes of prediction. In modern science predictive mathematical models are ubiquitous and can be found in such diverse fields as weather forecasting, economics, ecology, mathematical psychology, sociology, etc. It is often the case that for a given domain of inquiry there are several plausible models, and the issue then is how to discriminate between them – this is the problem of model selection. We consider approaches to model selection that are used in classical [also known as frequentist] statistics, an

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20

Smith, Deborah Colleen. "Metaphysical realism and antirealism : an analysis of the contemporary debate /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5699.

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21

Restrepo, Echavarria Ricardo. "Realism in Mind." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Humanities, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4471.

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The thesis develops solutions to two main problems for mental realism. Mental realism is the theory that mental properties, events, and objects exist, with their own set of characters and causal powers. The first problem comes from the philosophy of science, where Psillos proposes a notion of scientific realism that contradicts mental realism, and consequently, if one is to be a scientific realist in the way Psillos recommends, one must reject mental realism. I propose adaptations to the conception of scientific realism to make it compatible with mental realism. In the process, the thesis defe

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22

McArthur, Daniel. "On scientific realism, in defence of a deflationary approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66172.pdf.

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23

Sides, Jonathan David. "Scientific Realism and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43909.

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The periodic table poses a difficulty for both scientific realists and anti-realists. The antirealist has difficulty accounting for the success of the table during a period in chemistry when many theories and concepts changed; the spatial relations of current tables in use do not show fundamental changes from the original tables proposed by Mendeleev. Yet, most versions of scientific realism are based upon the understanding that theories are some collection of written propositions or equations. The table as an image successfully functions very much like a theory: it is an organization of known

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24

Richmond, Alasdair M. "Some varieties of scientific anti-realism, classical and contemporary." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU113099.

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Methodology: to offer a dissertation in two halves; the first of which being a taxonomic account of essential doctrines from four of the most characteristic empiricist scientific anti-realists. Locke and Berkeley represent classical empiricism, and Bas van Fraassen and Nancy Cartwright represent the moderns. The taxonomy addresses primarily three sets of issues, namely causation, theoretical entities and inference to the best explanation, stressing the plurality of concerns and approaches possible within an anti-realist framework. The second half then applies some of the lessons learned from t

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25

Abela, Paul R. "Empirical realism : Kant's contribution to the realist/anti-realist debate." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357307.

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26

Akcin, Haktan. "Pragmatic Foundations Of Ontic Structural Realism." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612602/index.pdf.

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This thesis defends Epistemic Structural Realism (ESR) against both Ontic Structural Realism (OSR) and Traditional Scientific Realism (TSR). It is argued that TSR cannot properly explain what actually happens throughout radical theory changes in science<br>in the sense that a plausible version of Scientific Realism should, somehow, satisfy Scientific Anti-Realists&rsquo<br>concerns about the link between &ldquo<br>truth&rdquo<br>and &ldquo<br>success&rdquo<br>of our scientific theories. On the other hand, it is claimed that OSR is not a form of Scientific Realism but rather basically a modifie

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27

Evangelopoulos, Georgios. "Scientific realism in the philosophy of science and international relations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/691/.

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This thesis sets out to challenge the assumption widely held among IR scholars that Scientific Realism (SR) is the definite and final interpretation of realism. The introduction of SR into IR as the latter’s proper meta-theory has been the incentive for very intense debates about both meta-theoretical and theoretical IR issues. I argue that IR has uncritically adopted the strongest version of SR. This can be seen by comparing the different versions of SR and their anti-realist alternatives - as these have developed in the Philosophy of Science literature - to the version of SR which was introd

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28

Lenhart, Stephen J. "Cognitive Diversity and the Progress of Science." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145282.

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Science benefits from substantial cognitive diversity because cognitive diversity promotes scientific progress toward greater accuracy. Without diversity of goals, beliefs, and methods, science would neither generate novel discoveries nor certify representations with its present effectiveness. The revolution in geosciences is a principal case study.The role of cognitive diversity in discovery is explored with attention to computational results. Discovery and certification are inseparable. Moreover, diverse scientific groups agree convergently, and their agreements manifest an explanatory defen

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29

Mossley, David John. "Biological being : philosophical issues in scientific realism, experiments and (dis)unity." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4754/.

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The biological sciences are changing the ways in which we understand ourselves Biological Being is a philosophical exploration of biology, mapping some of the features of the field that make it so important in generating these changes Two central themes are at the heart of this exploration: biology is a science that should be grasped from a realist position, and it is a science that reveals a disunified, pluralistic world of kinds of things. After an introduction of some the issues involved, in three substantial chapters these themes are unpacked and analysed. The first major chapter is about

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30

Fellowes, Sam. "Does autism merit belief? : developing an account of scientific realism for psychiatry." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/85971/.

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The PhD outlines criteria under which a psychiatric classification merits belief and, as a case study, establishes that autism merits belief. Three chapters respond to anti-realist arguments, three chapters establish conditions under which psychiatric classifications merit belief. Chapter one addresses the pessimistic meta-induction. I historically analyse autism to show there has been sufficient historical continuity to avoid the pessimistic meta induction. Chapter two considers arguments from underdetermination. I consider the strongest candidate for an alternative to autism, classificatory

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31

O'Loughlin, Ryan J. "Thomas Kuhn and Perspectival Realism." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1492101047707282.

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32

Creţu, Ana-Maria. "What good is realism about 'natural kinds'?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31423.

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Classifications are useful and efficient. We group things into kinds to facilitate the acquisition and transmission of important, often tacit, information about a particular entity qua member of some kind. Whilst it is universally acknowledged that classifications are useful, some scientific classifications (e.g. chemical elements) are held to higher epistemic standards than folk classifications (e.g. bugs). Scientific classifications in terms of 'natural kinds' are considered to be more reliable and successful because they are highly projectible and support law-like and inductive generalisati

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33

Williams, Christopher James. "Beyond critical realism : a neo-Rortian approach to the science and theology debate." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250203.

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34

Peters, Dean. "How to be a scientific realist (if at all) : a study of partial realism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/539/.

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"Partial realism" is a common position in the contemporary philosophy of science literature. It states that the "essential" elements of empirically successful scientific theories accurately represent corresponding features the world. This thesis makes several novel contributions related to this position. Firstly, it offers a new definition of the concept of “empirical success”, representing a principled merger between the use-novelty and unification accounts. Secondly, it provides a comparative critical analysis of various accounts of which elements are "essential" to the success of a theory,

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35

Engelskirchen, Howard. "The Aristotelian Marx and scientific realism a perspective on social kinds in social theory /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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36

Lindholm, Philip. "Reality in relationship : a phenomenological exploration of the theological realism debate with Kierkegaard and Levinas." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522762.

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37

Jarvis, L. H. M. "Towards an anatomy of protracted scientific controversy : perpetuated negotiation in the 'directed mutation' debate." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444203/.

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In 1988 an article from the Harvard School of Public Health sparked the 'directed mutation' debate. Its authors claimed that bacteria starved of their accustomed food were able to specifically control their genetic mutations and so adapt directly to use alternative food sources. Apparently, they were not at the mercy of random mutation to achieve adaptation as Neo-Darwinian theory demands. Rather, the authors claimed the bacteria chose their mutations and participated in their evolution as Lamarckian theorists had previously supposed. The controversy that followed was comprised of two sub-deba

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38

Kamozut, Mehmet Cem. "A Coherentist Approach To The Justification Of Scientific Theories." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609409/index.pdf.

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Philosophers of science have long realized that it is not possible to decide which scientific theory is true just by relying on their empirical adequacy. That theories should possess other virtues in order to be accepted by the scientific community is well understood. Nevertheless, empirical adequacy remained as having a privileged value among these virtues. In this thesis I argue that scientific theories are accepted or rejected on the bases of an evaluation of their degree of coherence. In such a coherentist understanding, empirical adequacy still plays some role. However, this is an egalita

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39

Garnar, Andrew Wells. ""An essay concerning subjectivity and scientific realism: Some fancies on Sellarsian themes and onto-politics"." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29029.

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I develop a framework for making visible the impacts that science has on human subjectivity, along with demonstrating how these transformations support the existing social order. In order to develop this framework, I critique the work of Wilfrid Sellars. Sellars is one of the few analytic philosophers of science who directly addresses the connections between science and subjectivity. What makes Sellars particularly interesting is the way he sought to preserve a strong conception of normativity alongside a quasi-eliminativist scientific realism. I set the stage for my critique of Sellars by

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40

Robertson, Daniel James. "The Natural Ontological Attitude from a Physicist's Perspective: Towards Quantum Realism." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6346.

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The debate between Arthur Fine and Alan Musgrave is well known amongst those involved in the scientific realism debate and centres upon two papers that are quite often found together in philosophy of science anthologies. Reading them like this gives the very strong impression the Musgrave is the victor which is the commonly held view. In this thesis, I wish to overturn this view by placing Fine's paper in context, namely as part of a larger work on the history and philosophy of quantum physics. Fine's book, The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and Quantum Theory, gives us good reason to believe t

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41

Early, Darren T. "The Tension Between Falsificationism and Realism: a Critical Examination of a Problem in the Philosophy of Karl Popper." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33861.

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Karl Popper's philosophy of science includes both falsificationism and realism. I explore the relationship between these two positions in his philosophy and find a strong tension between them. Drawing upon this tension in Popper's philosophy, I explore the general relationship between falsificationism and realism in an effort to determine whether or not the two positions can be successfully combined. Rather than criticizing falsificationism, I focus instead on the realist side of the tension and seek to resolve the tension through the introduction of an alternative form of scientific realis

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42

Platis, Despina. "On Kitcher's 'The advancement of science' : how structural realism and minimal truth serve his view of scientific progress." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414878.

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43

Ward, Matthew R. "Identity in crisis : the politics of humanitarian intervention." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4456.

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This thesis examines the theory and practice of humanitarian intervention in the early post-Cold War era. Taking as its basis US policy towards Somalia, Rwanda and Haiti between 1992 and 1994, it develops a theory of humanitarian intervention based on constructivist and scientific realist principles. Using identity as the organising concept, the thesis examines the meta-theoretical precepts of constructivism and scientific realism, which are developed into a methodology for analysing questions of foreign policy. Incorporating critical insights from sequential path analysis, morphogenetic socia

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Hartley, Stuart David. "Robert Jameson, geology and polite culture, 1796-1826 : natural knowledge enquiry and civic sensibility in late Enlightenment Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7522.

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The central figure in this thesis is Robert Jameson (1774-1854), geologist, mineralogist and Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh. Jameson's geological work is examined in relation to the social and intellectual interests of contemporary civil society, and in particular, in terms of the debates in Edinburgh between Huttonians and Wernerians (of which group Jameson was one) concerning the nature of geological evidence and of theory in geological explanation. This thesis is also concerned to bring into sharper focus the state of, and public interest in, the earth sciences

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45

Moreira, André Batista Noronha. "Interpretando a relatividade especial: discutindo o debate realismo e antirrealismo científicos no ensino de ciências." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-28042014-201511/.

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Neste trabalho investigamos, teoricamente e empiricamente, quais são os possíveis aspectos da natureza da ciência, relacionados ao debate realismo e antirrealismo científicos, que emergem da história e filosofia da teoria da relatividade especial e têm potencial para promover debates no ensino de física. Para tal, primeiramente reconhecemos a importância da aproximação histórico-filosófica ao ensino de ciências, assim como a relevância dos aspectos consensuais e não consensuais da natureza da ciência. Argumentamos, em especial, que estes aspectos controversos e não consensuais podem trazer uma

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Levine, Ethan Czuy. "Studying Rape: The Production of Scientific Knowledge about Sexual Violence in the United States and Canada." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/502951.

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Sociology<br>Ph.D.<br>In 1987, statistics transformed rape from a rare and personal concern into an epidemic in popular consciousness. Mary Koss and colleagues conducted victimization surveys with thousands of college women, 1 in 4 of whom reported completed or attempted rape. This finding received tremendous attention in the 1980s, and continues to influence activists and state officials. Notwithstanding the importance of this and other scientific facts, scholars have rarely explored the role of scientists in shaping perceptions of and responses to sexual violence. This project addresses that

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47

Wilson, Aaron. "The metaphysics of privileged properties." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-metaphysics-of-privileged-properties(3e025ad0-b4c5-4a71-b2dd-e04520da54c8).html.

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Objects are characterised by their properties. If an object is a red postbox, then it has the property of being red, and the property of being a postbox. This thesis is an attack on a particular view of the metaphysics of properties, according to which some properties are privileged over others. The most well-known theories of privileged properties are Armstrong’s theory of sparse immanent universals (1979b) and Lewis’ natural properties (1983). According to their supporters, only privileged properties perform certain jobs, such as featuring in laws of nature, or grounding similarity between o

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48

Moroso, Mario. "The institutionalisation of GMOs : institutional dynamics in the GM regulatory debate in the UK, 1986-1993." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/72214.

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This thesis analyses the process of institutionalisation of the concept of genetically modified organism (GMO) in the UK between 1986-1993. The existing accounts of the GM debate have focussed on either the 1970s or the 1990s. Very little, however, has been said about the 1980s, long before that of GMOs became a popular issue. Through a detailed examination of the PROSAMO initiative – a series of experiments aimed at determining the environmental impact of GMOs with a regulatory purpose in mind – this thesis have been able to explore the important but rather neglected role of the UK dominant i

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49

Lekon, Aysen Dilek. "The interplay of realism and idealism in the thought of Lionel Curtis : a critique of the conception of the 'first debate' in international relations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1802/.

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This thesis analyses the writings of Lionel Curtis (1872-1955), in particular his federation projects, from an International Relations perspective. It argues that the textbook versions of the so-called 'First Debate' between naive idealists and hard-boiled realists is inadequate for a meaningful conceptualization of Curtis's thought. Instead, a neo-Gramscian perspective is adopted here, in which the relations between state and civil society is the crucial variable distinguishing between different state/society complexes. In this interpretation, Curtis's federation plans had two aims: First, in

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50

Silva, Bruno Malavolta e. "O argumento do milagre em prol do realismo científico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134364.

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O Realismo Científico tem sido defendido quase exclusivamente através do Argumento do Milagre, segundo o qual ou assumimos que as teorias científicas são verdadeiras ou tornamos o sucesso da atividade científica em um fenômeno misterioso e inexplicável. No primeiro momento, as principais críticas ao argumento do milagre são reunidas em cinco objeções: (i) apresenta-se uma explicação alternativa para o sucesso da ciência que não assuma a verdade das teorias científicas e que compita com a explicação realista; (ii) defende-se que a hipótese realista não é uma explicação satisfatória para o suces

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