Journal articles on the topic 'Debian project'

Cloud gaming, also known as gaming-as-a-service, is a transformative technology that leverages cloud infrastructure to deliver high-quality gaming experiences by streaming games from remote servers to various devices. This approach eliminates the need for powerful local hardware, making gaming more accessible and cost-effective. Cloud gaming architectures vary significantly across different companies, each leveraging unique technologies and infrastructure to deliver seamless gaming ex- periences. Microsoft’s Xbox Cloud Gaming (formerly Project xCloud) utilizes custom blade servers hosted in Azure data centers to stream Xbox games to various devices, emphasizing low latency and high availability NVIDIA’s GeForce NOW transforms local devices into high-performance gaming PCs by streaming games from NVIDIA’s data centers, using advanced video en- coding and adaptive bitrate streaming to optimize performance. Google Stadia, built on Debian Linux and Vulkan API, streams games from Google’s data centers, offering features like 4K res- olution and integration with YouTube for enhanced interactivity. Sony’s PlayStation Now, integrated into the PlayStation Plus service, uses custom servers to stream a wide range of PlayStation games, focusing on delivering console-quality experiences across multiple devices. This paper provides a comparison of the different architectures used by various companies.

Modern software engineering establishes software supply chains and relies on tools and libraries to improve productivity. However, reusing external software in a project presents a security risk when the source of the component is unknown or the consistency of a component cannot be verified. The SolarWinds attack serves as a popular example in which the injection of malicious code into a library affected thousands of customers and caused a loss of billions of dollars. Reproducible builds present a mitigation strategy, as they can confirm the origin and consistency of reused components. A large reproducibility community has formed for Debian, but the reproducibility of the Maven ecosystem, the backbone of the Java supply chain, remains understudied in comparison. Reproducible Central is an initiative that curates a list of reproducible Maven libraries, but the list is limited and challenging to maintain due to manual efforts. Our research aims to support these efforts in the Maven ecosystem through automation. We investigate the feasibility of automatically finding the source code of a library from its Maven release and recovering information about the original release environment. Our tool, AROMA, can obtain this critical information from the artifact and the source repository through several heuristics and we use the results for reproduction attempts of Maven packages. Overall, our approach achieves an accuracy of up to 99.5% when compared field-by-field to the existing manual approach. In some instances, we even detected flaws in the manually maintained list, such as broken repository links. We reveal that automatic reproducibility is feasible for 23.4% of the Maven packages using AROMA, and 8% of these packages are fully reproducible. We demonstrate our ability to successfully reproduce new packages and have contributed some of them to the Reproducible Central repository. Additionally, we highlight actionable insights, outline future work in this area, and make our dataset and tools available to the public.

The article discusses the development of an instrument complex (bench, stand) for the study of digital radio communication standards: APCO P25, DMR and TETRA, based on software-defined radio systems (SDR) technologies in voice mode. The bench is based on the HackRF One broadband SDR transceiver and the GNU Radio open software toolkit. Along with the SDR transceiver HackRF One, it is proposed to use the SDR TV tuner AstroMeta Digital TV Dongle as an available receiver. The structure of the hardware and software parts of the bench is proposed. The software implementation of listed digital radio communication standards is based on the open libraries of the Osmocom project: the BoadBot OP25 and TETRA Live Monitor libraries. The operating system Linux Debian 10 and the software toolkit GNU Radio 3.7 were used for practical testing of the bench functioning. The practical testing results of the developed bench are presented both when interacting in voice mode with radio stations of the specified radio communication standards, and between the SDR transmitter HackRF One and the SDR TV tuner AstroMeta Digital TV Dongle. For the radio communication standards APCO P25 and DMR, the receiving and transmission modes of the speech signal have been practically tested on the developed bench, and for the radio communication standard TETRA, the modes of scanning the radio broadcast and receiving the speech signal have been tested. As a bench operability confirmation for the listed radio communication standards, the screenshots of programs implementing the specified modes of interaction between the bench hardware components are given. The proposed bench architecture allows to expand the list of supported radio standards. The developed bench can be used: 1) for educational purposes in the study of radio communication standards; 2) in the development and debugging of radio communication systems under development; 3) for control testing during the release of radio systems.

Marketers and finance people seldom see eye to eye. The marketers say, “This product will open up a whole new market segment.” Finance people respond, “It’s a bad investment. The IRR is only 8%.” Why are they so often in opposition? The financial criteria used to decide if a project will be profitable arc entirely consistent with the tenets of competitive marketing analysis. Correctly applied, good financial analysis complements rather than contra­ dicts good marketing analysis. In practice, though, the analysis usually falls short. That explains why a strate gic investment’s projected returns arc so often out of line with the marketing and strategic logic.

A watershed in which the observed discharge data is not available or incomplete becomes a problem in thewater utilization projects. Observation discharge data obtained from Pos Duga Air Sungai Temef is less reliable because the measurement of water level data for the last few years has been carried out by direct observation without using a discharge measuring device. Obtain river discharge data, it can be done by simulating rainfall data into discharge data, one of them is NRECA Model. In NRECA Model, there are several parameters, namely index soil moisture capacity (nominal), Percent Sub Surface (PSUB), Ground Water Flow (GWF), and crop coefficient (kc). Determination of the parameters NRECA Model was obtained by trial and error based on the value limit so that the coefficient correlation (r) between observation discharge and simulation discharge was close to 1. The values used for the index soil moisture capacity (nominal), percent sub surface (PSUB), ground water flow (GWF), and crop coefficient (kc) are 0,20; 0,85; 0,50; and 0,60.

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate a debiasing-based approach to assessing the learning materials in problem-based learning (PBL) environments. Background: Research in cognitive debiasing suggests nine debiasing strategies improve decision-making. Given the large number of decisions made in semester-long, problem-based learning projects, multiple tools and techniques help students make decisions. However, instructors may struggle to identify the specific tools or techniques that could be modified to best improve students’ decision-making in the project. Furthermore, a structured approach for identifying these modifications is lacking. Such an approach would match the debiasing strategies with the tools and techniques. Methodology: This debiasing framework for the PBL environment is developed through a study of debiasing literature and applied within an e-commerce course using the Model for Improvement, continuous improvement process, as an illustrative case to show its potential. In addition, a survey of the students, archival information, and participant observation provided feedback on the debiasing framework and its ability to assess the tools and techniques within the PBL environment. Contribution: This paper demonstrates how debiasing theory can be used within a continuous improvement process for PBL courses. By focusing on a cognitive debiasing-based approach, this debiasing framework helps instructors 1) identify what tools and techniques to change in an PBL environment, and 2) assess which tools and techniques failed to debias the students adequately, providing potential changes for future cycles. Findings: Using the debiasing framework in an e-commerce course with significant PBL elements provides evidence that this framework can be used within IS courses and more broadly. In this particular case, the change identified in a prior cycle proved effective and additional issues were identified for improvement. Recommendations for Practitioners: With the growing usage of semester-long PBL projects in business schools, instructors need to ensure that their design of the projects incorporates techniques that improve student learning and decision making. This approach provides a means for assessing the quality of that design. Recommendation for Researchers: This study uses debiasing theory to improve course techniques. Researchers interested in assessment, course improvement, and program improvement should incorporate debiasing theory within PBL environments or other types of decision-making scenarios. Impact on Society: Increased awareness of cognitive biases can help instructors, students, and professionals make better decisions and recommendations. By developing a framework for evaluating cognitive debiasing strategies, we help instructors improve projects that prepare students for complex and multifaceted real-world projects. Future Research: The approach could be applied to multiple contexts, within other courses, and more widely within information systems to extend this research. The framework might also be refined to make it more concise, integrated with assessment, or usable in more contexts.

This paper offers some outcomes of a more far-reaching research into causality and contractual liability. The aim of the paper is to examine the dogmatic history of two statues of the Chilean Civil Code, articles 1672 and 1676, insofar as they show the formulation of hypothetical causality schemes regarding to the effects of the loss of the thing due. The method followed has been that of investigating the sources of the Chilean Civil Code on this matter, for which a relevant starting point is Bello's notes to the 1853 Project. The study provides evidence that the hypothetical causality schemes introduced in the Chilean Civil Code have an origin in the work of Joseph Pothier and, through this author, became relevant certain passages of the Digest, precisely those that allow establishing accurately the set of assumptions contained in said schemes.

Este artículo busca reconocer el proceso de creación de las escuelas normales rurales en Colombia entre 1934 a 1951, que mostró avances legislativos que quedaron reducidos a una Política Educativa que fue truncada por la falta de recursos y disputas bipartidistas, además porque fue limitada a formar para la emergencia y no para la consolidación de un proceso permanente que llegará a las zonas apartadas donde se encontraba la población campesina, quienes debían conocer sobre nociones elementales, agrícolas y de higiene. Esta investigación se sustentó en la Historia Social de la educación. Para ello, se abordaron fuentes primarias, y secundarias como: folletos, periódicos, revistas, memorias de los ministros Nacionales localizadas en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Archivo General de la Nación, Hemeroteca Luis Ángel Arango.
 
 This article seeks to recognize the creation of rural Normal Schools and their impact on the national educational project between 1934 to 1951, which showed legislative advances that were reduced to an Educational Policy that was truncated due to the lack of resources and bipartisan disputes, also because it was limited to form for the emergency and not for the consolidation of a permanent process that will reach the remote areas where the peasant population was, who had to know about elementary, agricultural and hygiene notions. This research is based on the Social History of education. For this, primary and secondary sources were approached as: brochures, newspapers, magazines, memories of the National Ministers located in the UPTC, General Archive of the Nation, Luis Ángel Arango Hemeroteca.

RESUMENEn el presente trabajo se muestra el proyecto mediante el cual se adecuó la estructura del edificio de un hotel de 100 años de antigüedad para su utilización como institución bancaria.La estructura resistente del antiguo edificio estaba materializada por muros de mampostería con algunas columnas metálicas en su interior, los entrepisos y techos son de perfiles metálicos con bovedillas de mampostería cerámica. Se debían mantener las fachadas y los entrepisos y techos originales. Por otra parte, había que demoler gran parte de los muros interiores portantes.Ante esta situación se tuvo que:- Reforzar los muros de mampostería que no se demolían;- Diseñar la estructura de reemplazo de los muros a demoler;- Y diseñar nuevas estructuras para garantizar la estabilidad del nuevo edificio terminado y durante su construcción, de acuerdo a las normativas actuales.Palabras clave: Rehabilitación; modelo; diafragma rígido; estabilidad espacial.ABSTRACTA project of rehabilitation of a 100 years old building is presented. The structure of the old building consisted of masonry walls with some metal columns inside them, the slabs and ceilings have metal girders with small arches made of ceramic bricks. The original facades, slabs and ceilings were to be kept. On the other hand, to adapt the building to de new destination, most of the load-bearing walls were to be removed.Before these requirements the following was decided:- To make stronger the non removed masonry walls.- To design a replacement structure for the removed walls.- To design new structures that guarantee the stability of the new building during and after construction, in accordance to standards.Key words: Rehabilitation; model; rigid diaphragm; spatial stability.

En la actualidad, la articulación múltiple es utilizada por pocos clarinetistas virtuosos por su complejidad a la hora de desempeñarla y a la supuesta falta de repertorio donde aplicarla. Por tanto, el objetivo es utilizar las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) para demostrar que es necesario aprender la articulación múltiple para interpretar el repertorio clarinetístico. Primeramente, se buscó bibliografía en Dialnet y Google Scholar para conocer la velocidad máxima de picado simple de un músico con alto dominio del clarinete mediante la cadena de búsqueda “Clarinete AND articulación múltiple AND tecnología”. Se buscaron partituras en International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) donde hubiese notas picadas a mucha velocidad y, en aquellas que no poseían indicaciones numéricas, se recopilaron 7 grabaciones de calidad de YouTube y Spotify para medir las velocidades con “TAP Tempo” de ZyMi. Tras realizar la revisión se recopilaron fragmentos de 52 obras de las que 24 no indicaban el tempo al que debían interpretarse. Por ello, se midió la velocidad de un total de 168 vídeos donde se observó que las velocidades eran altísimas, todas superiores a las señaladas en la evidencia científica. Por tanto, se puede concluir que la articulación múltiple es útil y necesaria para cualquier instrumento como es el clarinete. Además, se ha mostrado, gracias al uso de las TIC, que en muchas ocasiones las velocidades de todos los pasajes incluidos en el estudio son muy altas para interpretarlos con picado simple y que la técnica facilitaría su interpretación.

El trabajo que se presenta en este artículo trata sobre el desarrollo de productos en material de cantera. Desde la perspectiva social del diseño, se busca una innovación sistémica, donde los saberes tradicionales de una comunidad como el Ejido de Escalerillas, en el estado de San Luis Potosí, México, son el referente para reflexionar sobre los cambios esperados en la localidad. El proceso del proyecto consideró, como parte del sistema, a tres ejes de indagación: lo productivo, lo social y lo comercial. A partir del reconocimiento de esos aspectos, se hicieron las siguientes preguntas: ¿Es necesaria una adecuación o cambio en sus procesos productivos? ¿Qué debería permanecer o quizá movilizarse de manera más pausada en los aspectos sociales? ¿Qué dirección debían tomar los cambios comerciales? Esto se hizo con el fin de poder generar propuestas de diseño comprometidas con la trayectoria cultural del grupo. El resultado fue, por un lado, una línea de productos utilitarios de pequeñas dimensiones en cantera como principal material y con un alto valor simbólico. Además, emergieron otros proyectos de carácter interdisciplinar, colaborativo y de investigación, donde la comunidad del Ejido y la institución educativa han mantenido doce años de intercambio permanente. Este artículo se centra en las bases que dieron inicio al proyecto.
 Palabras clave: Diseño, innovación, desarrollo social, localidad, cantera.
 AbstractThe work presented in this article discusses the development of products in tuff volcanic stone. From the social perspective of design, a systemic innovation is sought where the traditional knowledge of a community, such as the Ejido of Escalerillas in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, is the reference to reflect on the expected changes in the locality. The project’s process considered three axes of inquiry as part of the system: the productive, the social, and the commercial. Based on the recognition of these aspects, the following questions were asked: Is an adaptation or change necessary in their production processes? What should remain, or perhaps move more slowly, in the social aspects? What direction should the commercial changes take? This was done in order to beable to generate design proposals committed to the cultural trajectory of the group. The result was, on the one hand, a line of utilitarian products of small dimensions with quarry as the main material and a high symbolic value. In addition, other interdisciplinary, collaborative, and research projects emerged where the Ejido community and the educational institution maintained twelve years of permanent exchange. This article focuses on the foundations that started the project.
 Keywords Design, innovation, social design, locality, tuff volcanic stone.

LABURPENA: Lan horrek Europako Batasuneko Justizia Auzitegiaren epaia aztertzen du, bi zentral nuklearren ekoizpenarekin jarraitzeko baimenari buruzko auzi batean. Epaiak aintzat hartzen du ingurumen-inpaktuaren ebaluazioari buruzko araudiaren aplikazioa (2011/92 Direktiba) lege-egintzen kasuan, bai eta Habitatei buruzko Direktiba ere. Auzitegiak emandako baimenak proiektu bati buruzkoak zirela ondorioztatu zuen, Direktibaren zentzuan, eta haren ondorioak legegintza-prozesuan ebaluatu behar zirela. Era berean, ingurumen-ebaluazioari buruzko arauak habitatei buruzko zuzentarauaren arabera aplikatzen direla adierazi zuen. Zuzentarau horren ondorioetarako, Auzitegiak adierazi zuen eragindako estatu kidearen hornidura elektrikoa eteteko mehatxu «erreal eta larria» saihesteko beharra bakarrik izan zitekeela aurreikusitako proiektuak gauzatzea justifikatzen zuen segurtasun publikoko arrazoi bat. ABSTRACT: This comment analyses the judgment of the European Court of Justice in a case regarding the authorization granted to two nuclear power stations. The Court considers the application of the environmental impact assessment Directive (2011/92) in the case of the adoption of legislative acts and also of the Habitats Directive. The Court concludes that the authorization related to a project as defined in the former Directive and that their effects should have been assessed in the legislative procedure. Likewise, the Court held that the rules on environmental assessment under the habitats Directive were also applicable. Within the context of this Directive, the Court held that the only ground capable of constituting a public security ground for the purposes of that directive that would justify proceeding with the project was the need to avoid a genuine and serious threat of rupture of that Member State’s electricity supply. RESUMEN: Este trabajo examina la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en un asunto relativo a la autorización a dos centrales nucleares. La sentencia considera la aplicación de la normativa de evaluación de impacto ambiental (Directiva 2011/92) en el caso de actos legislativos, así como de la Directiva de hábitats. El Tribunal llega a la conclusión de que las autorizaciones concedidas se referían a un proyecto, en el sentido de la Directiva y que sus efectos debían haberse evaluado en el proceso legislativo. Igualmente, afirmó la aplicación de las normas sobre evaluación ambiental bajo la directiva de hábitats. A los efectos de esta directiva, el Tribunal afirmó que solo la necesidad de evitar una amenaza «real y grave» de corte del suministro eléctrico del Estado miembro afectado podía constituir una razón de seguridad pública que justificase la ejecución de los proyectos previstos.

Nowadays in Brazil, some social organizations, governments and mass media are discussing the need to establish an oversight committee to guarantee the quality of television programmes, as well as the need to set a system to determine what kind of program is appropriate for every television time slot. Across Brazil, a representative body of children and young people have come to the conclusion that the right to receive quality television programmes is not enough. The children of the new generations think they have the right to access new technologies and the production of their own messages, in accordance with their own creativity, interests and lifestyle projects within society. Es ya tradicional que organizaciones sociales, administraciones políticas, educadores y medios de comunicación debatan en Brasil la necesidad de cuestionar la calidad de los programas televisivos y la necesaria discusión sobre los horarios de exhibición. Pero además de este permanente y creciente debate, por primera vez, una cantidad representativa de niños y jóvenes de distintas partes del país han comenzado a reclamar ellos mismos el derecho de recibir una programación de calidad. Las nuevas generaciones comienzan a reconocer sus derechos al acceso a las tecnologías y a la producción de mensajes, en virtud a su creatividad, formación y proyectos de vida en la sociedad.

The Noi Techpark project in Bolzano has substantially transformed a portion of the Bolzano surroundings, localizing university and management functions in an area characterized by the presence of a dismissed industrial settlement built between the two World Wars by the Montecatini group. The project was pursued through the creation of a technology park, renovating the structures of the old factory which was in a state of abandon and then acquired by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano. This allowed the establishment of a pole of new public- private structures for technology transfer. The present paper intends to retrace the history of this intervention, describing its main characteristics in terms of urban form, functions and presence of public spaces in relation to the achievement of the objective of re- evaluating an entire urban area. including the relevant residential zone. But at the same time the ambition of the essay lies in the attempt to represent how, in the assessment of the complexity of local policies of territorial development, a significant role is played by the ability to contribute to economic growth in terms of birth of new businesses, improvement of competitiveness of existing ones, enhancement of financial resources, human and material present in the area and, finally, the ability to attract new productive factors in the area. In this sense, the Noi Techpark project is emblematic. Il Progetto Noi Techpark a Bolzano ha trasformato in maniera sostanziale una porzione consistente della periferia di Bolzano, localizzando funzioni universitarie e direzionali in un’area caratterizzata dalla presenza di un insediamento industriale dismesso realizzato, negli anni tra le due guerre mondiali, dal gruppo Montecatini. L’intervento è stato perseguito mediante la realizzazione di un parco tecnologico che, attraverso il risanamento delle strutture del vecchio opificio – acquisito al patrimonio della Provincia autonoma di Bolzano dopo il suo abbandono – ha permesso l’istituzione di un polo di nuove strutture pubblico-private destinate al trasferimento tecnologico. Il presente contributo intende ripercorrere la storia di questo intervento, soffermandosi nel descriverne le principali caratteristiche in termini di forma urbana, funzioni e presenza di spazi pubblici in relazione al raggiungimento dell’obiettivo di rivalutare un’intera area urbana. Ivi compreso quella occupata dal tessuto residenziale di pertinenza. Ma allo stesso tempo l’ambizione del saggio risiede nel tentativo di rappresentare come, nella valutazione della complessità delle politi- che di sviluppo locale di un territorio, un ruolo rilevante sia ricoperto dalla capacità di contribuire alla crescita economica nei termini di nascita di nuove imprese, di miglioramento della competitività di quelle esistenti, di valorizzazione delle risorse finanziarie, umane e materiali presenti in loco e, infine, dalla capacità di attrarre nuovi fattori produttivi sul territorio. Proprio in questo senso Il progetto del parco tecnologico Noi Techpark sembra emblematico. Nell’aver perseguito, oltre al risanamento di un’area industriale di smessa, l’obiettivo della creazione e della diffusione dell’innovazione per mezzo di un brand territoriale. In questo modo, al vantaggio di arginare la perdita di valore del contesto edilizio dell’intera area, si aggiunge il risultato prestigioso di aver messo in contatto i laboratori di ricerca, da un lato, e il tessuto imprenditoriale, dell’altro. L’intera operazione restituisce, dunque, un contesto entro cui è stato possibile sviluppare la capacità di trasferire know-how, di diffondere informazioni tecnologiche sul territorio, di creare un network di relazioni che stanno alla base della diffusione e della creazione della conoscenza e dello sviluppo di un ambito territoriale. Tutti elementi, non immediatamente quantificabili in termini economici nel breve periodo, ma che ci sembra debbano essere presi in considerazione nelle valutazioni complessive del vantaggio dell’opportunità di portare a termine questo tipo di iniziative.

Il Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) ha previsto lo stanziamento di 191,5 miliardi di euro per l'Italia.Se da un lato si innovano le infrastrutture fisiche, "l'hardware logistico", dall'altro si dovrebbe investire nel ridisegno dei servizi per gli utenti, nella reingegnerizzazione dei processi di lavoro e nel rafforzare e modificare competenze e ruoli professionali, "il software organizzativo". La parte hard è stata ampiamente affrontata con un preciso processo di project management top-down che coinvolge l'intera filiera istituzionale, dal Ministero alle Regioni, e da queste alle aziende sanitarie pubbliche. La dimensione che riguarda la seconda variabile, ovvero la riprogettazione dei servizi, la reingegnerizzazione dei processi e delle competenze di lavoro è stata di fatto delegata alla piena autonomia delle regioni o, qualora queste siano altrettanto silenti, delle aziende sanitarie pubbliche.Il presente articolo presenta al proposito un framework di innovazione disruptive dei servizi territoriali, con un particolare focus sui processi di prevenzione, sui pazienti cronici e fragili e sulle nuove modalità di accesso e fruizione per tutti i pazienti occasionali. In particolare, si ritiene che i macroprocessi che più debbano essere sottoposti a un ridisegno siano i seguenti:" le modalità di accesso e di reclutamento dei pazienti ai servizi e ai programmi di prevenzione;" i modelli di presa in carico e di case management;" i modelli di programmazione e prenotazione delle prestazioni e dei setting di cura;" le modalità di dialogo e scambio di informazioni tra cittadino e SSN.

Tesi Il giudice dell’Ontario può modificare l’atto istitutivo di un trust, attraverso il potere di rectification, per rimediare all’errore commesso da un avvocato in un progetto di pianificazione patrimoniale, non aderente alle intenzioni del disponente e dalle conseguenze fiscali indesiderate. Secondo la giurisprudenza della Supreme Court of Canada, l’esercizio di tale potere è possibile a condizione che le parti non intendano modificare il loro accordo ma solo l’atto che lo formalizza e che tale modifica non sia voluta per ottenere una pianificazione fiscale retroattiva. Nel diritto italiano non esiste una norma equivalente al potere di rectification, che discende dall’equity, ma sono presenti due previsioni che permettono di giungere a un simile risultato. Il codice civile permette di rettificare l’errore in un contratto con l’intervento giudiziale e la legge notarile consente di correggere l’errore in un atto notarile senza che le parti debbano essere presenti. The author’s view The Ontario court may amend a trust deed, through the power of rectification, to remedy a lawyer's mistake in an estate planning project that did not reflect the settlor's intentions and had undesirable tax consequences. According to Supreme Court of Canada case law, the exercise of this power is possible provided that the parties do not intend to amend their agreement but only the instrument recording it and that such amendment is not sought to achieve retroactive tax planning. In Italian law there is no equivalent rule to the power of rectification, which derives from equity, but there are two provisions that allow a similar result. The civil code allows the rectification of an error in a contract with judicial intervention and the notarial law allows the rectification of an error in a notarial deed without the requirement of the parties being present.

La siguiente ponencia pretende discutir a través del análisis de datos obtenidos durante el desarrollo de Proyectos de Investigación Acción llevados adelante desde la Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina, la necesidad de rediseñar las políticas publicas existentes en torno a la erradicación del trabajo infantil en la Argentina. En la actualidad este fenómeno social se aborda teniendo como eje de trabajo los individuos, esta ponencia propone que el eje de trabajo necesariamente deben ser los grupos de referencia de los niños trabajadores ya sean grupos de pares o familias, puesto que el trabajo infantil se gesta en una red de relaciones sociales. Siendo así si se erradica debe ofrecer otra red de contención al niño ya que la necesidad de afiliación social es uno de los derechos que como ser humano debe prevalecer. Las políticas publicas deben generar dispositivos de afiliación social que reinserten a los niños en el sistema de educación formal, para ello la educación popular es un instrumento y quizás los técnicos deban diseñar muchos más en función de las características culturales de cada población, en este sentido la antropología puede ofrecer interesantes aportes.The aim of this research is to discuss the need to revise the current public policies on the eradication of child labour in Argentina by means of the analysis of the data obtained during the development of research projects carried out by the Universidad Nacional del Sur in Argentina. Currently, this social phenomenon is analysed from the point of view of the individual. This research suggests that the focus should instead shift to the working children�s reference groups, whether couples or families, since child labour is the outcome of a network of social relations. Hence, if child labour is eradicated a different means of contention should be offered to the child since the need for social affiliation is one of the rights which should prevail for the child as a human being. Public policies should create tools for social affiliation facilitating the child�s incorporation into the formal education system.Popular education is a useful tool for achieving this objective, which is why professionals should design tools by taking into consideration the cultural aspects of different communities. In this sense, anthropology might offer interesting input.

RESUMOO objetivo do trabalho é inscrever os enfrentamentos para implementação de um projeto interdisciplinar em escola pública periférica, sobre a cultura afro-brasileira. Justifica-se a partir de evidências cotidianas e estatísticas onde os sujeitos negros são “invisibilizados” nas narrativas que compõem a identidade nacional brasileira. Pelas narrativas das professoras envolvidas no projeto, buscou-se problematizar, contextualizar e refletir a partir de bibliografia majoritariamente negra, as crises e dramas do cotidiano escolar específicos ao recorte racial. Considera-se que professoras e professores necessitam fazer voz para que a prática de enaltecer a pluralidade de existências e a luta do povo negro no Brasil ocorra não apenas em datas específicas, mas ao longo de todo o ano letivo.Consciência negra. Racismo. Escola. Narrativas. Projeto interdisciplinar. ABSTRACTThe work objective is to register the confrontations for the implementation of an interdisciplinary project in a peripheral public school, about Afro-Brazilian culture. It is justified based on daily evidence and statistics where black people are “invisible” in the narratives that make up the Brazilian national identity. Through the narratives of the teachers involved in the project, we sought to problematize, contextualize, and reflect from a mostly black bibliography, such as crises and dramas of the school routine specifics to the racial profile. It is considered that qualified teachers need to make a voice so that the practice of extolling the plurality of existences and the struggle of the black people in Brazil occurs not only on specific dates, but throughout the school year.Black awareness. Racism. School. Narratives. Interdisciplinary project. RESUMENEl objetivo del trabajo es registrar los enfrentamientos para la implementación de un proyecto interdisciplinario en una escuela pública periférica, sobre la cultura afrobrasileña. Se justifica con base en evidencias y estadísticas diarias donde los sujetos negros son “invisibilizados” en las narrativas que conforman la identidad nacional brasileña. A través de las narrativas de las docentes involucradas en el proyecto, se buscó problematizar, contextualizar y reflexionar desde una bibliografía mayoritariamente negra, las crisis y dramas de la rutina escolar propios del contorno racial. Se considera que las profesoras y los profesores necesitan hacer una voz para que la práctica de ensalzar la pluralidad de existencias y la lucha del pueblo negro en Brasil ocurra no solo en fechas específicas, sino durante todo el año escolar.Conciencia negra. Racismo. Escuela. Narrativas. proyecto interdisciplinario. SOMMARIOL'obiettivo del lavoro è registrare i confronti per l'attuazione di un progetto interdisciplinare in una scuola pubblica periferica, sulla cultura afro-brasiliana. È giustificato sulla base di prove e statistiche quotidiane in cui i soggetti neri sono "invisibili" nelle narrazioni che compongono l'identità nazionale brasiliana. Attraverso le narrazioni dei docenti coinvolti nel progetto si è cercato di problematizzare, contestualizzare e riflettere da una bibliografia prevalentemente nera, le crisi e i drammi della routine scolastica tipica del profilo razziale. Si ritiene che gli insegnanti e le insegnanti debbano farsi una voce in modo che la pratica di esaltare la pluralità delle esistenze e la lotta dei neri in Brasile avvenga non solo in date specifiche, ma durante l'intero anno scolastico.Coscienza nera. Razzismo. Scuola. Narrazioni. progetto interdisciplinare.


 
 
 ResumenEn el siguiente artículo se estudian diferentes factores que dan cuenta de la reaparición del concepto “masas” en el discurso público entre las décadas de 1950 y 1970 en Uruguay. El primero de ellos está relacionado con un realineamiento de diversos sectores y tendencias políticas dentro de los partidos tradicionales, tras el agotamiento de los modelos de acción política desarrollados en el período previo. Y el segundo, está asociado a una nueva utilización del término en el abanico de los partidos de izquierda. Globalmente, se trató de estrategias de captación de nuevas adhesiones, con el objetivo de legitimar nuevos proyectos políticos de respuesta a las modalidades de actuación tradicional, así como a la crisis económica. Se repasa también la incidencia que tuvo el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación —expansión de la prensa, generalización de la radio e inicios de la transmisión televisiva— como vía privilegiada de propagación de mensajes que debían reproducirse a un público extendido. Las nuevas estrategias de adhesión social por parte de la política y el uso de los medios de comunicación para ello, son analizados como síntomas del ingreso de una sociedad en las lógicas de la modernidad.
 Palabras claveMasas; Acción política; Medios de comunicación
 AbstractThe following article studies the different factors that show for the reappearance of the concept “masses” in public discourse between the 1950s and 1970s in Uruguay. The first of them is related to a realignment of different sectors and political tendencies within the traditional parties, after the exhaustion of the political action models developed in the previous period. And the second one, is associated with a new use of the term in the range of left parties. Globally, these were strategies for attracting new members, with the aim of legitimizing new political projects in response to the traditional methods of action, as well as the economic crisis. It also reviews the impact of the development of the media -expansion of the press, generalization of radio and the beginning of television broadcasting- as a privileged way of propagating messages that should be reproduced to an extended public. The new strategies of social adhesion on the part of the policy and the use of the means of communication for it, are analyzed as symptoms of the entrance of a society in the logic of the modernity.
 Key WordsMasses; Political action; Mass media
 
 
 

EN The study is based on a training project completed in Italy as part of a qualifying course for high school teachers of L2 English. The project moves around the framework that Rod Ellis proposed in 2010 on the relationship between Second Language Acquisition and Language Pedagogy and it argues the need for student teachers (STs) to take the role of classroom researchers during their learning process and carry out critical observations through a solid theoretical lens, such as the 10 principles for instructed language learning by Ellis (2005a, 2005b). Three case studies are analyzed to explore how STs observed classroom activities armed with the knowledge of the principles. Data is based on feedback they gave during seminar discussions and remarks made in written reports. Moreover, a follow-up survey of informants after five years’ in-service practice questions whether and how this experience influenced the quality and degree of their understanding of teaching and learning. Considering these results, suggestions are made for future implementations of this kind of project. Key words: INSTRUCTED LANGUAGE LEARNING, SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION, LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY, COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH, ITALIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL, ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) ES El estudio se basa en un proyecto de capacitación realizado en Italia como parte de un curso de cualificación para profesores de inglés como L2 de nivel secundario. El proyecto se basó en el marco que Rod Ellis propuso en 2010 sobre la relación entre la adquisición de segundas lenguas y la pedagogía lingüística. Este estudio sostiene que los estudiantes necesitan recibir una lente teórica sólida para la observación crítica, como los 10 principios para el aprendizaje de idiomas instruido de Ellis (2005a, b), y asumir el papel de investigadores dentro del aula durante su proceso de aprendizaje. La análisis de tres estudios de caso explora cómo los estudiantes observaron las actividades del aula armados con el conocimiento de los principios. Los datos se basan en los comentarios que dieron durante los debates del seminario y en las observaciones realizadas en los informes escritos. Además, una encuesta de seguimiento de los informantes después de cinco años de docencia en servicio cuestiona si esta experiencia influyó, y de qué manera, en la calidad y el grado de su comprensión de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, se hacen sugerencias para futuras implementaciones de este tipo de proyectos. Palabras clave: APRENDIZAJE DE IDIOMAS INSTRUIDO, CAPACITACIÓN DE PROFESORES DE SEGUNDA LENGUA, PEDAGOGÍA DEL LENGUAJE, ENFOQUE COMUNICATIVO, ESCUELA SECUNDARIA ITALIANA, INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA IT Lo studio si basa su un progetto di tirocinio inserito in un corso di abilitazione per docenti d’inglese nella scuola superiore (TFA). Il progetto si ispira al quadro teorico proposto da Rod Ellis nel 2010 sul legame tra acquisizione della seconda lingua e didattica delle lingue e si basa sull’idea che i tirocinanti debbano effettuare le osservazioni in classe vestendo i panni di ricercatori, con una lente teorica solida come i 10 principi per l’insegnamento delle lingue di Ellis (2005a, b). L’analisi esplora il processo di formazione dei tirocinanti in tre casi studio e le modalità in cui essi si sono mossi nell’osservazione delle lezioni di lingua, armati della conoscenza dei principi di Ellis. I dati includono le riflessioni dei tirocinanti durante le discussioni seminariali e nelle loro relazioni di fine percorso. Inoltre, dopo cinque anni d’insegnamento di ruolo, quegli stessi tirocinanti sono stati intervistati per ricevere informazioni su se e come questa esperienza abbia influenzato la qualità e il livello della loro consapevolezza dei processi di insegnamento e apprendimento. Sulla base dei risultati, vengono avanzate alcune proposte per lo sviluppo di questo tipo di progetti. Parole chiave: APPRENDIMENTO DELLA LINGUA, FORMAZIONE PER DOCENTI DI LINGUA, DIDATTICA, APPROCCIO COMUNICATIVO, SCUOLA SECONDARIA ITALIANA, INGLESE COME LINGUA STRANIERA

Abstract: This essay recuperates the 15-year career of Haitian Pan-Africanist Benito Sylvain from 1890 into the first part of the twentieth century. Despite his critical contributions to the evolution of Black internationalist thinking, Sylvain's activism has been largely overlooked. I argue that he is an important figure in Black internationalist history who centered Africa and the unity of the Afro-descended people as pillars to uplift the race. In so doing, I take up Marlene Daut's call to reinscribe Haitian intellectuals at the vanguard of Black liberatory writing. To draw into relief Sylvain's thinking and activism, I draw on his newspaper La Fraternité , founded in 1890; his 1894 presidency of the African and Oriental committee of the French Société d'Ethnographie; a reading of Du sort des indigènes dans les colonies d'exploitation (1901), his published monograph that critiqued the colonial project; and the organization he founded in 1905, L'Œuvre de Relèvement Social des Noirs. I use these materials as guideposts for Sylvain's career to show how his initial support for the civilizing mission in Africa, despite reservations, soon transformed into a deep critique of the colonial project and led him to develop the thesis that people of African descent should lead the project of regeneration of the race. Sylvain was a pivotal figure who traced the contours of Blackness and ushered in new modes Black internationalism to Western civilization that subsequent generations would continue. Résumé: Cet essai revient sur la carrière de quinze ans du panafricaniste haïtien Benito Sylvain, qui a débuté en 1890 et s'est poursuivie jusqu'à la première partie du XXe siècle. Malgré ses contributions essentielles à l'évolution de la pensée internationaliste noire, l'activisme de Sylvain a été largement négligé dans la littérature. Je soutiens que Sylvain est une figure importante de l'histoire internationaliste noire qui a centré l'Afrique et l'unité des peuples d'origine africaine comme piliers de l'élévation de la race. Ce faisant, je reprends l'appel de Marlene Daut à réinscrire les intellectuels haïtiens à l'avant-garde de l'écriture libératrice noire. Pour mettre en relief la pensée et l'ampleur du militantisme de Sylvain, je m'appuie sur son journal La Fraternité , fondé en 1890, sa présidence en 1894 du Comité Africain et Oriental de la Société d'Ethnographie Française, une lecture de Du sort des indigènes dans les colonies d'exploitation (1901), sa monographie publiée qui critiquait le projet colonial, et l'organisation qu'il a fondée en 1905, L'Œuvre de Relèvement Social des Noirs. J'utilise ces documents comme des repères tout au long de la carrière de Sylvain pour montrer comment son soutien initial à la mission civilisatrice en Afrique, malgré des réserves, s'est rapidement transformé en une critique profonde du projet colonial et l'a conduit à développer la thèse selon laquelle les personnes d'origine africaine devraient mener le projet de régénération de la race. En fin de compte, je soutiens que Sylvain était une figure centrale qui a tracé les contours de la négritude et a inauguré de nouveaux modes d'internationalisme noir dans la civilisation occidentale que les générations suivantes perpétueraient. Resumen: Este ensayo recupera la carrera de quince años del panafricanista haitiano Benito Sylvain, que comenzó en 1890 y se prolongó hasta la primera parte del siglo XX. A pesar de sus contribuciones críticas a la evolución del pensamiento internacionalista negro, el activismo de Sylvain ha sido en gran medida pasado por alto en la literatura. Sostengo que Sylvain es una figura importante en la historia internacionalista negra que centró a África y la unidad de los pueblos afrodescendientes como pilares para la elevación de la raza. Al hacerlo, retomo la llamada de Marlene Daut a reinscribir a los intelectuales haitianos en la vanguardia de la escritura liberadora negra. Para poner de relieve el pensamiento y el activismo de Sylvain, me baso en su periódico La Fraternité , fundado en 1890; en su presidencia del comité africano y oriental de la Société d'ethnographie francesa en 1894; en una lectura de Du sort des indigènes dans les colonies d'exploitation (1901), una monografía publicada que criticaba el proyecto colonial; y en la organización que fundó en 1905, L'Œuvre de Relèvement Social des Noirs. Utilizo estos materiales como puntos de referencia a lo largo de la carrera de Sylvain para mostrar cómo su apoyo inicial a la misión civilizadora en África, a pesar de sus reservas, pronto se convirtió en una crítica profunda del proyecto colonial y lo llevó a desarrollar la tesis de que los afrodescendientes debían liderar el proyecto de regeneración de la raza. En última instancia, sostengo que Sylvain fue una figura fundamental que trazó los contornos de la negritud e introdujo nuevos modos de internacionalismo negro en la civilización occidental que las generaciones posteriores continuarían.

The reform of lease accounting for lessees has brought about a major change that has required the interpretation of the concept of assets and liabilities. The lease project arose from a lack of information about the entity's liabilities, as some users believed that operating lease commitments should be reported as liabilities of the entity.Concepts are fundamental in a principles-based standard. IFRS 16 was a controversial standard and subject to strong pressure, especially from preparers, and not only conceptual positions were involved in the deliberation process. As a principles-based standard should be interpreted following those principles, this paper examines the interpretative decisions following the adoption of IFRS 16 to analyze whether they are consistent with the concepts used in the standard, particularly the concept of liabilities.Our results show that the standard and the basis for its conclusions have needed clarification or, in some cases, were interpreted inconsistently with the criteria under which IFRS 16 was issued. We argue that these departures have occurred because the Basis for Conclusions of IFRS 16 does not clearly reflect the concept of liabilities and they suggest that an explicit interpretation of the concepts is needed, either in the standard or in the doctrinal literature; otherwise, the standard may abandon its vocation of principles-based regulation. Our findings are relevant to standard setters, particularly for the IASB when addressing the post-implementation review of IFRS 16, and preparers and auditors who must apply the standard. La reforma de la contabilidad de los arrendamientos para los arrendatarios ha supuesto un cambio importante que ha requerido la interpretación del concepto de activo y pasivo. El proyecto de arrendamientos surgió de la falta de información sobre el pasivo de la entidad, ya que algunos usuarios consideraban que los compromisos por arrendamiento operativo debían reconocerse como pasivos de la entidad.Los conceptos son fundamentales en una norma basada en principios. La NIIF 16 fue una norma controvertida y sometida a fuertes presiones, especialmente por parte de los preparadores, y en el proceso de deliberación no solo intervinieron posiciones conceptuales. Dado que una norma basada en principios debe interpretarse de acuerdo con dichos principios, este trabajo examina las decisiones interpretativas adoptadas tras la adopción de la NIIF 16 para analizar si son coherentes con los conceptos utilizados en la norma, en particular el concepto de pasivo.Nuestros resultados muestran que la norma y el fundamento de sus conclusiones han necesitado aclaraciones o, en algunos casos, se han interpretado de forma incoherente con los criterios conforme a los cuales se emitió la NIIF 16. Argumentamos que estas desviaciones se han producido porque la base de conclusiones de la NIIF 16 no refleja claramente el concepto de pasivo y sugerimos que es necesaria una interpretación explícita de los conceptos, ya sea en la norma o en la literatura doctrinal; de lo contrario, la norma podría abandonar su vocación de regulación basada en principios. Nuestras conclusiones son relevantes para los responsables de la elaboración de normas, en particular para el IASB a la hora de abordar la revisión posterior a la aplicación de la NIIF 16, y para los preparadores y auditores que deben aplicar la norma.

En España el sedentarismo y la inactividad física son elevados en población adulta e infantil, lo que puede influir en las elevadas tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad. El objetivo fue valorar la acogida de los alumnos ante una intervención sobre los hábitos de ejercicio físico a través de los deberes activos y obtener información para el diseño del estudio principal. Así como innovar en estrategias educativas en el ámbito universitario para el fomento y la concienciación de los hábitos saludables. Desde la asignatura de educación para la salud, optativa del grado en educación primaria, especialidad de educación física, se propuso abordar la problemática del sedentarismo y la inactividad física a través de los deberes activos. Los alumnos (n=47) debían realizar un registro de ejercicio físico, cumpliendo con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, de manera semanal, a lo largo de toda la asignatura. Para realizar dicho registro los alumnos podían utilizar, en función de la actividad realizada, aplicaciones móviles, pulsómetros o pulseras de actividad, entre otros. Se utilizó la información del registro de los alumnos, así como el foro virtual de la asignatura para la recogida de información. Con los resultados obtenidos en el proyecto piloto se ha diseñado la intervención para el estudio principal, en el que se recogerán diversos parámetros relacionados con el estado de salud, la actividad física y el sedentarismo, con mayor tamaño muestral, diferenciando entre grupo control y grupo intervención. Los deberes activos para la promoción del ejercicio físico han resultado ser un trabajo motivante e innovador, que permite el aprendizaje significativo, positivo para el alumno en el aprendizaje, la salud, y el futuro laboral como maestro. Abstract. Sedentarism, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating habits are lifestyle factors that could have an influence on health status. In Spain, sedentarism and physical inactivity are high in both adults and children, which could have a role in the elevated rates of overweight and obesity in these populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention promoting healthy habits to improve students’ global health status by means of the methodology of active homework, as well as to work on self-evaluation as a competence. Moreover, to introduce innovative educational strategies promoting and raising awareness on healthy habits at the university level. From the subject of education for health, an elective course within the bachelor program in primary education, specialty of physical education, we attempt to solve the problem of sedentarism and physical inactivity with active homework. Students (n=47) were asked to create a weekly log of their physical exercise throughout the duration of the course, according to the World Health Organization recommendations. To make this log, students could use apps, heart rate monitors, activity wristbands, etcetera. Students’ log information was combined with that obtained from a virtual forum of the course. We designed the intervention for the principal study based on the results from the pilot project, including the collection of health parameters related with physical activity and sedentarism. The intervention was applied to a larger sample, split into control and intervention groups. The active homework represented a motivational and innovative means to promote physical exercise, giving students the chance to acquire significative learnings, which are positive during the teaching-learning process, as well as better health and professional future.

Abstract.2 TO 3 YEARS OLD CHILDREN´S MOTIVATION THROUGH THEIR PARENTS` PERCEPTIONThis paper shows the research done for the perspective of parents of children in the second cycle of primary education (EI) on the motivation towards learning of the latter, which were involved 256 parents of children aged 3, 4 and 5 years old, belonging to both public and private schools in the province of León. One of the two versions of EMAPI (Motivation Scale to children’s learning), where parents had to take the place of their children and answer the items as if they were children of 3, 4 and 5 years was used. The results indicate 7 new factors or components of motivation concerning parents of 3, 4 and 5 years of age in relation to the 4 determinants theoretical motivation of those who departed for the development of one of the versions adapted designed instrument. In conclusion, the data obtained show that the determinant arising out of the 7 factors are the beliefs and expectations of children, specifically referring to the perceived self-efficacy and selfesteem, the second determinant outstanding powers, and to a large extent, related to external and controllable causes. Finally, as future research, training guidelines to parents to instill in their children and encourage the need to strive in learning throughout compulsory education, seems the best way to get motivation of students not fall along the school years. This research has been possible thanks to the University of León, which funded the ULE20011-4 project granted to Ana Mªd e Caso Fuertes to the 2012 year.Keywords Academic motivation, childhood education, parents, perception, motivational determinants, evaluation.Resumen.El presente trabajo muestra la investigación realizada para conocer la visión de los padres de niños del segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil (EI) acerca de la Motivación hacia el aprendizaje de éstos últimos, en el que estuvieron involucrados 256 padres de niños de 3, 4 y 5 años de edad, pertenecientes a centros tanto públicos como privados de la provincia de León. Se utilizó una de las dos versiones del EMAPI (Escala de Motivación hacia el APrendizaje Infantil), donde los padres debían de ponerse en el lugar de sus hijos y contestar a los ítems como si lo hicieran los niños de 3, 4 y 5 años. Los resultados permiten establecer 7 nuevos factores o componentes de la motivación referentes a padres de niños de 3, 4 y 5 años de edad, en relación a los 4 determinantes teóricos de la motivación de los que se partió para la elaboración de una de las versiones adaptadas del instrumento diseñado. Como conclusiones, los datos obtenidos muestran que el determinante que destaca de los 7 factores resultantes, son las creencias y expectativas de los niños, concretamente la referida a la autoeficacia percibida y a la autoestima, siendo el segundo determinante sobresaliente las atribuciones, y, en gran medida, las referidas a causas externas y controlables. Finalmente, como futuras líneas de investigación, entregar a los padres pautas para que inculquen y fomenten en sus hijos la necesidad de esforzarse en el aprendizaje a lo largo de la educación obligatoria, parece ser la mejor forma de conseguir que la motivación de los alumnos no descienda a lo largo de los cursos escolares. Esta investigación ha sido posible gracias a la Universidad de León, al financiar el proyecto ULE20011-4 concedido a la Dra. Ana María de Caso Fuertes para el año 2012.Palabras clave Motivación académica, educación infantil, padres, percepción, determinantes motivacionales, evaluación.

Abstract Background: Transition from pediatric to adult care has been a recent focus of sickle cell programs across the country due to patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) to living longer. 1 Transition programs for other chronic conditions focus largely on patient knowledge of the disease, treatments, and appointment compliance but for patients with SCD, social determinants of health (SDOH) must also be considered when guiding patients toward adult care. 2 Historically, lack of acknowledgement of the importance of relationships and trust building when addressing SDOH has led to barriers in patient responsiveness. 3 To facilitate this aspect of transition, our recently hired Community Health Worker (CHW) developed a Community Health Transitional Questionnaire (CHTQ) and conducted a Quality Improvement (QI) project to address SDOH in a patient-centered manner during transition to adult care visits at the clinic. Aims: Refine the CHTQ by gathering the "voice of the customer" to provide a more patient-centered approach to transition to adult care for patients with SCD. Complete the CHTQ with 70% of transition-aged (12-25 years) patients by 7/1/21. Methods: The CHTQ consists of 32 questions about SDOH in 8 categories (Food, Housing, Money/Finances, Transportation, Education/Work, Family and Other Support, Stress Prior to/After COVID, and Sleep). Thirty pediatric sickle cell patients were identified as being within the established transitional age group. A series of Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles were used to refine the CHTQ. Through patient/caregiver feedback, small increments of change were used to establish a CHTQ that would improve patient care and be accepted by the patients/caregivers. PDSA #1: During regularly scheduled appointments, two patients and their caregivers met with the CHW who described the purpose of the CHTQ and then asked the patient to privately complete the CHTQ. PDSA #2: Because of feedback received from PDSA #1, the CHW allowed the next two patients to have caregivers present while answering the CHTQ, but explained that ideally the patient should be able to answer the CHTQ without input from their caregiver before transition to an adult environment. PDSA #3: Because of the feedback received from PDSA #2, the CHW accompanied the clinic RN to the exam room and worked the CHTQ into the nursing check-in questions in an informal manner making the questions seem more routine. Results: After 3 PDSA cycles, 17 additional patients/caregivers completed the CHTQ without issues or concerns. A total of 22/30 (73%) CHTQs met the goal of completion by 7/1/21. One additional CHTQ has been completed since. Using the information from the CHTQ, the team has been able to better address individualized SDOH for each patient. For example, one area of concern identified was transportation with 9/23 (39%) patients expressing concerns getting to & from appointments and/or school/work. Transportation needs were then discussed with the clinic social worker who is now working with those patients, giving them tools to arrange transportation. Conclusion For SCD patients, it appears imperative that a relationship be established prior to inquires about SDOH. Using an informal patient-centered approach with the CHTQ was more likely to gain patient trust and allowed the CHW to obtain information needed to assist the patient with SDOH issues. Once SDOH issues were identified through the CHTQ, the CHW was able to find patient-driven, individualized resources addressing those concerns. References DeBaun, M.R. & Telfair, J. (2012). Transition and Sickle Cell Disease. PEDIATRICS, 130(5), 926-935 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3049 Andermann, A. (2016). Taking action on the social determinants of health in clinical practice: a framework for health professionals. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(17-18), E474-E483. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160177 Cheney, C., Pecci, A., & Porter, S (2020, May). Social Determinants of Health: Lead or Partner. HealthLeaders. https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/clinical-care/social-determinants-health-lead-or-partner-0 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract Background: SickleCell Disease (SCD) is a chronic illness characterized by vaso-occlusive complications leading to unpredictable episodes of pain, cumulative organ damage and high health care utilization rates. National estimates of total hospital costs for sickle cell related hospitalizations are approximately $488 billion (Steiner 2006). 30 day readmission rates are used as a quality metric for a variety of chronic diseases: 33% of patients with SCD are readmitted within 30 days, compared to 3.4% for asthma, 12% for pneumonia, 16% for heart failure and 20% for diabetes (Brousseau 2010, Berry 2011). Multiple factors contribute to this high utilization rate and not all are modifiable. Increasing age and psychosocial comorbidities are associated with a greater length of stay (LOS). 18-30 year old patients, public insurance and admissions for pain crisis are associated with a higher 30 day readmission rate. Lack of outpatient follow up with a trained hematologist following hospital admission has been demonstrated to increase SCD readmission rates (Leschke 2012). Debaun et al have noted that written discharge management guidelines alone had low utilization rates, however when intensive ongoing patient and provider education by a nurse educator was also included, the 30 day readmission rate decreased from 28 to 11% (Frei-Jones 2009). Hydroxyurea responders have been shown to have a reduced LOS. Hypothesis: Implementation of an individualized, multimodal care plan during inpatient stay and at inpatient to outpatient discharge will reduce acute care utilization. It is likely that the implementation of the comprehensive care plan at this key transition point will be more effective due to (1) greater psychological readiness in the patient/ family to accept escalation of care soon after an acute event (2) decreased instances of “missed opportunities” in the event that the patient does not follow up with a provider with sickle cell specific expertise and (3) improvement in communication amongst inpatient providers, outpatient providers with specific hematology expertise and the multi-disciplinary team. Methods: A SCD quality improvement effort was initiated at The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore (CHAM) in July 2012 with the specific goals of reducing the 30 day readmission rates and length of stay (LOS). Secondary endpoints included admission rates, ED return rates and cost savings. Our efforts were directed at consistent and comprehensive implementation of best-practice guidelines, improved pain management strategies, a multimodal approach to patient care, andutilization of the hospital admission as an opportunity to design a comprehensive care plan. Representatives from the inpatient team, the primary hematologists, nursing, social work, psychology and pain management met weekly to create the care plan. A pre–post design was utilized, comparing data 3.5 years before to 1 year after the initiation of the transition intervention. Results: A significant reduction rate in LOS by 10% and 30 day readmission rate by 37%, with even greater gains in the 18-21 year age group was noted. This was not accompanied by an increase in ED visits (3 and 7 days) and in fact there was a significant reduction in the 3 day ED return rate in older patients. We also saw an overall reduction in the SCD inpatient admission rate by 22% and increase in hydroxyurea use. Table 1: Outcomes from the ongoing SCD Quality Improvement project Number of admissions 3 Day ED Return (%) 7 Day ED Return (%) 30 Day Readmission Rate % LOS (days) < 18 years National Average 17 4.21 Before 556 3.3 0.95 18.1 4.1 After 140 3.4 1.01 14.7 4.0 p-value 0.9 0.8 0.059 0.6 ≥ 18 years National Average 41.1 6.8 Before 1685 11.5 0.9 41.4 6.6 After 592 5 2.1 18.6 5.4 p-value 0.02 0.2 <0.0001 0.04 All Ages Before 2241 5 0.94 24 4.7 After 732 3 1.23 15 4.2 p-value 0.8 0.52 <0.001 0.018 * “Before” and “After” represent data prior to and after the implementation of the ongoing QI initiatives respectively Conclusion: We demonstrate the feasibility of reducing acute care utilization in SCD patients, with the implementation of an individualized, multimodal, comprehensive care plan during hospital admission and at discharge. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Information technology (IT) firms are paying developers in Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects, leading to the emergence of hybrid forms of work. In order to understand how the firm–project hybridisation process occurs, we present the results of an online survey of participants in the Debian project, as well as interviews with Debian Developers. We find that the intermingling of the commercial logic of the firm and the communal logic of the project requires rhetorical legitimation. We analyse the discourses used to legitimise firm–project cooperation as well as the organisational mechanisms which facilitate this cooperation. A first phase of legitimation, based on firm adoption of open licenses and developer self-fulfilment, aims to erase the commercial/communal divide. A second more recent phase seeks to professionalise work relations inside the project and, in doing so, challenges the social order which restricts participation in FOSS. Ultimately, hybridisation raises the question of the fair distribution of the profits firms derive from FOSS.

This is the data file that is used as part of the research for the course CSE 3000 Research Project. This file contains the formatted data on Debian packages for the paper "Using a Time Dependency Graph to find the most widely used Debian package".

The world is going ahead with this technical and digital era. As the usage of digital systems and things based on AI are much more advanced. The required security for these systems must be advanced. These systems are coming with a lot more vulnerabilities and bugs. To make this as an assessment and give hands on practice for the new learners, this is a platform. This will be an open-source Operating system with some pre-installed applications and framework which will be very useful for basic EH (Ethical Hacking) learners. This OS (Operating System) is a Debian distribution of the latest 11th version with custom User and Root with their own passwords, this will work similarly to another Linux OS. Smooth and Classic like every other OS. This application (OS) will consist of basic applications like ZMAP, SQL Injection, ZENMAP, & framework like METASPLOIT, website crawlers like BURP SUITE (Professional Edition), etc. With this, an unknown/new application of SVT (Security Vulnerability Tester) which is not available in the market, that’s what we are developing. This application is designed to reduce the risk of attackers and protect from unauthorized persons system exploitation, networks and technologies. This application will check the website address and will find the vulnerability in the site. The ultimate aim of this project is to build a bootable pen drive which will consist of this OS with pre-installed frameworks, software and SVT application for the beginner/learners of Ethical Hacking.

Introduction While Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that Free Software is not Open Source, he is only half right—or only speaking about the question of motivation (the half that matters to him). The definition of Open Source, as enshrined in the Open Source Definition (OSD) is a nearly verbatim copy of the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). Both the OSD and DFSG are practical articulations of Stallman’s Free Software Definition (FSD). Open Source, with a different political and philosophical basis, can only exist because the FSD is broad enough to allow for its translation into other terms yet defined enough to allow for a directed and robust social movement. As much as Stallman might want to deemphasize Open Source, he would never change the broadly defined definition of freedom that made its existence possible. This level of translatability within the domain of Free and Opens Source Software (FOSS) is echoed in the accessibly of its philosophies and technologies to groups from across the political spectrum. Recalibrating the broad meaning of freedom outlined in the FSD to align with their own philosophies and politics, these groups perceive FOSS as a model of openness and collaboration particularly well suited to meet their own goals. In this process of re-adoption and translation, FOSS has become the corporate poster child for capitalist technology giants like IBM, the technological and philosophical weapon of anti-corporate activists, and a practical template for a nascent movement to create an intellectual “Commons” to balance the power of capital. In these cases and others, FOSS’s broadly defined philosophy—given legal form in licenses—has acted as a pivotal point of inspiration for a diverse (and contradictory) set of alternative intellectual property instruments now available for other forms of creative work. Iconic Tactics As a site of technological practice, FOSS is not unique in its ability to take multiple lives and meanings. For example, Gyan Prakash (1999) in Another Reason_ _describes the way that many of the principles and practices of early twentieth century techno-science were translated, in ways similar to FOSS, during India’s colonial era. British colonizers who built bridges, trains, and hospitals pointed to their technological prowess as both a symbol of a superior scientific rationality and justification for their undemocratic presence in the subcontinent. Prakash describes the way that a cadre of Indian nationalists re-visioned the practice and philosophical approach to techno-science to justify and direct their anti-colonial national liberation movement. Techno-science, which was an instrument for colonialism and an icon for idea of progress, was nonetheless re-valued and redirected toward “another reason,” thus acting as a “tactic” productive of other social and political practices. We call this dynamic iconic tactic. FOSS has been deployed as an iconic tactic in a wide range of projects. FOSS philosophy simply states that it is the right of every user to use, modify, and distribute computer software for any purpose. The right to use, distribute, modify and redistribute derivative versions, the so called “four freedoms,” are based in and representative of an extreme form of anti-discrimination resistant to categorization into the typical “left, center and right” tripartite political schema. This element of non-discrimination, coupled with the broad nature of FOSS’s philosophical foundation, enables the easy adoption of FOSS technologies and facilitates its translatability. FOSS’s broadly defined freedom acts as an important starting point and one conceptual hinge useful in understanding the promiscuous circulation of FOSS as a set of technologies, signs, methodologies and philosophies. Also helpful is an analysis of the way in which this philosophical and legal form is animated and redirected in historically particular, and at times divergent, ways through the use of FOSS technologies and licensing schemes. It is to three contrasting examples of such transmutations that we now turn to. Translation in FOSS With over USD 81 billion in yearly revenue deriving in no small part from the companies vast patent and copyright holdings, IBM is an example of global capitalism whose bedrock is intellectual property. With a development methodology that IBM recognizes as more agile and profitable than proprietary models in many situations, IBM was quick to embrace FOSS. Hiring a cadre of FOSS developers to work in-house on FOSS software, IBM launched the first nationwide advertising campaign promoting the FOSS operating system GNU/Linux. In their first campaign, they highlighted the ideas of openness and freedom in ways that, unsurprisingly, reinforced their corporate goals. Featuring the recognizable Linux mascot Tux the penguin and a message of “Peace, Love, and Linux,” IBM connected using and buying FOSS-based enterprise solutions with 1960’s counter-cultural ideals of sharing, empowerment, and openness. IBM’s engagement with FOSS is representative of a much larger corporate movement to translate FOSS principles into a neoliberal language of market agility, consumer choice, and an “improved bottom line.” While their position, as the recent SCO and IBM court cases over Linux have demonstrated, is not uniformly shared in the corporate world, IBM is a highly visible example of a larger corporate push toward Free Software as the basis of a service-based business model. While the money behind IBM’s advertising machine makes their take on FOSS particularly visible, they hold no monopoly on the interpretation of FOSS’s meaning and importance. This is evidenced by the extensive use of FOSS as an iconic tactic by leftist activists around the world. Also bearing a three letter acronym, the Independent Media Centers (IMC) are a socio-political project whose mission and spirit are completely contrary to the goals of a large corporation like IBM. Indymedia is a worldwide collective of loosely affiliated grassroots online media websites and non-virtual spaces that allow activists to directly make, move, and “become” the media. IMCs are an important and integrated part of the anti-corporate and counter-globalization movement. In their work, IMC activists have aligned FOSS philosophy with their goals and visions for openness, media-reform, and large-scale socio-political justice. Like IBM, IMCs use existing FOSS software and create their own tools. IMC software, is, by charter, FOSS. As a volunteer organization with limited economic resources, FOSS has been crucial in its technology-heavy operations. Beyond use for pragmatic reasons, there is widespread support and admiration for FOSS, which is often identified as a revolutionary example of mutual aid, structural openness and the power of collaboration. The following quotes from the IMC’s online-meeting where the decision to formally adopt FOSS was made exemplify activist’s understandings of how FOSS can be used as a tool to further their political aspirations. xxxx: I assume it is safe to say that we are making this choice in order to try to choose the thing which has the least chance of benefiting any corporation, or any other form of hoarding in any way xxxx: There is a wonderful pool of very well-developed free software out there. Earlier, someone said that IMC is a revolutionary project, and free software is a revolutionary tool for it. I stan[d] very firmly behind using free software first These activists—and others in the IMC and anti-corporate, anti-capitalist, and counter-globalization movements—find inspiration in FOSS as proof of the possibility of successful alternatives to capitalist forms of production. In recent years, a political position—with a centrist political philosophy distinct from both capitalists like IBM and anti-capitalists like the IMC—has emerged with FOSS as its primary point of philosophical justification. This group is constituted by a growing number of North American and European scholars who have employed the metaphor of a “Commons” to argue for legally protected resources and knowledge for common use by all. The commons endeavor is one example of a larger “liberal” critique of the neoliberal face of “socially destructive unfettered capitalism” which is seen as a threat to democracy (Soros 2001). The information commons movement, largely spearheaded by Lawrence Lessig (1999; 2001; Creative Commons) and David Bollier (2002; Public Knowledge), explicitly points to FOSS as its inspiration. Within the Commons movement, FOSS has been tactically held up as proof that Commons are achievable and as a model of the process through which they can be created; the Creative Commons organization, a key institution within the Commons movement, has adopted FOSS-style licensing to foster and protect other other kinds of non-technical knowledge. Conclusion These three cases, which don’t exhaust the examples of translation, demonstrate how FOSS functions as an iconic tactic for a range of projects, which is not the simple result of the lexical ambiguity of the words free or open. The ability of FOSS to act as an “engine of translation” is one of the most compelling political aspects of FOSS and an important starting point in the assessment of the variable ways in which FOSS has been used as a set of technologies and an icon for openness—one we feel is often overlooked or obscured in popular and scholarly accounts on the broader implications of FOSS. The terms openness and freedom are often the key categories by which advocates, activists, journalists, and scholars approach the social and political implications of FOSS. While some accounts attribute a type of radical political intention to the domain of FOSS, others critique FOSS as indicative of late-capitalism’s drive to create and exploit free labor (Terranova 2000). Some problematically collapse the efforts of Lessig and Creative Commons with those of FOSS (Boyton 2004) obscuring some of the important differences between the goals and licenses of the groups. Certainly, the way in which FOSS is translated also shifts the ways that FOSS developers understand their own actions and motivations. However, commentators often interpret isolated cases of this process of inspiration, adoption, and re-valuation as indicative of the whole. In this early stage of research into FOSS, it behooves us to be wary of wholesale pronouncements on the social, political, and economic nature of FOSS. We should instead remain mindful of the range of socio-historical processes by which FOSS has enabled a diversity of ideas and practices of opennesses. We should be open to the idea that an analysis of the interplay between FOSS philosophy and practices as it travels through multiple social, economic and political terrains may reveal more than (first) meets the eye. About the Authors Biella Coleman is a cultural anthropologist from the University of Chicago currently writing her dissertation on the ethical dynamics and political implications of the Free and Open Source movement. She spent nearly three years doing research on the Debian project and studying hacker and technology activism in the Bay Area. Her next project draws from this research to investigate the use of expressive and human rights among psychiatric survivors as a political vector to make claims against forced treatment and to halt the global exportation of an American model of psychiatry. email: egcolema@uchicago.edu and biella@healthhacker.org Benjamin "Mako" Hill is a Free and Open Source Software developer and advocate. He is a director of Software in the Public Interest and a member of the Debian project—by most accounts the single largest Free Software project. In addition to volunteer and professional Free Software work, Hill writes and speaks extensively on issues of free software, intellectual property, collaboration, and technology. email: mako@bork.hampshire.edu Works Cited Boynton, Robert. ”The Tyranny of Copyright.”New York Times Magazine http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/25/magazine/25COPYRIGHT.html Bollier, David. Silent Theft: the Private Plunder of our Common Wealth. New York: Routledge, 2002. Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books, 1999. .The Future of ideas. New York: Random House, 2001. Prakash, Gyan. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Soros, George. Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism. New York: Public Affairs, 2000. Terranova, Tiziana. “Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Global Economy.” Social Text. (18): 2: 33-57, 2000. Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. New York: Zone Books, 2002. Weblinks: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html http://www.debian.org/social_contract.html#guidelines, http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php http://www.slweekly.com/editorial/2004/feat_2004-01-22.cfm http://www.indymedia.org http://creativecommons.org/ http://www.publicknowledge.org/ Citation reference for this article MLA Style Coleman, Biella & Hill, Mako. "How Free Became Open and Everything Else Under the Sun" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/02_Coleman-Hill.php>. APA Style Coleman, B. & Hill, M. (2004, Jul1). How Free Became Open and Everything Else Under the Sun. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/02_Coleman-Hill.php>

“As the old technologies become automatic and invisible, we find ourselves more concerned with fighting or embracing what’s new”—Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels: The Stage of Literacy Technologies What constitutes a computer, as we have come to expect it? Are they necessarily monolithic “beige boxes”, connected to computer monitors, sitting on computer desks, located in computer rooms or computer labs? In order for a device to be considered a true computer, does it need to have a keyboard and mouse? If this were 1991 or earlier, our collective perception of what computers are and are not would largely be framed by this “beige box” model: computers are stationary, slab-like, and heavy, and their natural habitats must be in rooms specifically designated for that purpose. In 1992, when Apple introduced the first PowerBook, our perception began to change. Certainly there had been other portable computers prior to that, such as the Osborne 1, but these were more luggable than portable, weighing just slightly less than a typical sewing machine. The PowerBook and subsequent waves of laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and so-called smart phones from numerous other companies have steadily forced us to rethink and redefine what a computer is and is not, how we interact with them, and the manner in which these tools might be used in the classroom. However, this reconceptualization of computers is far from over, and is in fact steadily evolving as new devices are introduced, adopted, and subsequently adapted for uses beyond of their original purpose. Pat Crowe’s Book Reader project, for example, has morphed Nintendo’s GameBoy and GameBoy Advance into a viable electronic book platform, complete with images, sound, and multi-language support. (Crowe, 2003) His goal was to take this existing technology previously framed only within the context of proprietary adolescent entertainment, and repurpose it for open, flexible uses typically associated with learning and literacy. Similar efforts are underway to repurpose Microsoft’s Xbox, perhaps the ultimate symbol of “closed” technology given Microsoft’s propensity for proprietary code, in order to make it a viable platform for Open Source Software (OSS). However, these efforts are not forgone conclusions, and are in fact typical of the ongoing battle over who controls the technology we own in our homes, and how open source solutions are often at odds with a largely proprietary world. In late 2001, Microsoft launched the Xbox with a multimillion dollar publicity drive featuring events, commercials, live models, and statements claiming this new console gaming platform would “change video games the way MTV changed music”. (Chan, 2001) The Xbox launched with the following technical specifications: 733mhz Pentium III 64mb RAM, 8 or 10gb internal hard disk drive CD/DVD ROM drive (speed unknown) Nvidia graphics processor, with HDTV support 4 USB 1.1 ports (adapter required), AC3 audio 10/100 ethernet port, Optional 56k modem (TechTV, 2001) While current computers dwarf these specifications in virtually all areas now, for 2001 these were roughly on par with many desktop systems. The retail price at the time was $299, but steadily dropped to nearly half that with additional price cuts anticipated. Based on these features, the preponderance of “off the shelf” parts and components used, and the relatively reasonable price, numerous programmers quickly became interested in seeing it if was possible to run Linux and additional OSS on the Xbox. In each case, the goal has been similar: exceed the original purpose of the Xbox, to determine if and how well it might be used for basic computing tasks. If these attempts prove to be successful, the Xbox could allow institutions to dramatically increase the student-to-computer ratio in select environments, or allow individuals who could not otherwise afford a computer to instead buy and Xbox, download and install Linux, and use this new device to write, create, and innovate . This drive to literally and metaphorically “open” the Xbox comes from many directions. Such efforts include Andrew Huang’s self-published “Hacking the Xbox” book in which, under the auspices of reverse engineering, Huang analyzes the architecture of the Xbox, detailing step-by-step instructions for flashing the ROM, upgrading the hard drive and/or RAM, and generally prepping the device for use as an information appliance. Additional initiatives include Lindows CEO Michael Robertson’s $200,000 prize to encourage Linux development on the Xbox, and the Xbox Linux Project at SourceForge. What is Linux? Linux is an alternative operating system initially developed in 1991 by Linus Benedict Torvalds. Linux was based off a derivative of the MINIX operating system, which in turn was a derivative of UNIX. (Hasan 2003) Linux is currently available for Intel-based systems that would normally run versions of Windows, PowerPC-based systems that would normally run Apple’s Mac OS, and a host of other handheld, cell phone, or so-called “embedded” systems. Linux distributions are based almost exclusively on open source software, graphic user interfaces, and middleware components. While there are commercial Linux distributions available, these mainly just package the freely available operating system with bundled technical support, manuals, some exclusive or proprietary commercial applications, and related services. Anyone can still download and install numerous Linux distributions at no cost, provided they do not need technical support beyond the community / enthusiast level. Typical Linux distributions come with open source web browsers, word processors and related productivity applications (such as those found in OpenOffice.org), and related tools for accessing email, organizing schedules and contacts, etc. Certain Linux distributions are more or less designed for network administrators, system engineers, and similar “power users” somewhat distanced from that of our students. However, several distributions including Lycoris, Mandrake, LindowsOS, and other are specifically tailored as regular, desktop operating systems, with regular, everyday computer users in mind. As Linux has no draconian “product activation key” method of authentication, or digital rights management-laden features associated with installation and implementation on typical desktop and laptop systems, Linux is becoming an ideal choice both individually and institutionally. It still faces an uphill battle in terms of achieving widespread acceptance as a desktop operating system. As Finnie points out in Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream: “to attract users, you need ease of installation, ease of device configuration, and intuitive, full-featured desktop user controls. It’s all coming, but slowly. With each new version, desktop Linux comes closer to entering the mainstream. It’s anyone’s guess as to when critical mass will be reached, but you can feel the inevitability: There’s pent-up demand for something different.” (Finnie 2003) Linux is already spreading rapidly in numerous capacities, in numerous countries. Linux has “taken hold wherever computer users desire freedom, and wherever there is demand for inexpensive software.” Reports from technology research company IDG indicate that roughly a third of computers in Central and South America run Linux. Several countries, including Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, have all but mandated that state-owned institutions adopt open source software whenever possible to “give their people the tools and education to compete with the rest of the world.” (Hills 2001) The Goal Less than a year after Microsoft introduced the The Xbox, the Xbox Linux project formed. The Xbox Linux Project has a goal of developing and distributing Linux for the Xbox gaming console, “so that it can be used for many tasks that Microsoft don’t want you to be able to do. ...as a desktop computer, for email and browsing the web from your TV, as a (web) server” (Xbox Linux Project 2002). Since the Linux operating system is open source, meaning it can freely be tinkered with and distributed, those who opt to download and install Linux on their Xbox can do so with relatively little overhead in terms of cost or time. Additionally, Linux itself looks very “windows-like”, making for fairly low learning curve. To help increase overall awareness of this project and assist in diffusing it, the Xbox Linux Project offers step-by-step installation instructions, with the end result being a system capable of using common peripherals such as a keyboard and mouse, scanner, printer, a “webcam and a DVD burner, connected to a VGA monitor; 100% compatible with a standard Linux PC, all PC (USB) hardware and PC software that works with Linux.” (Xbox Linux Project 2002) Such a system could have tremendous potential for technology literacy. Pairing an Xbox with Linux and OpenOffice.org, for example, would provide our students essentially the same capability any of them would expect from a regular desktop computer. They could send and receive email, communicate using instant messaging IRC, or newsgroup clients, and browse Internet sites just as they normally would. In fact, the overall browsing experience for Linux users is substantially better than that for most Windows users. Internet Explorer, the default browser on all systems running Windows-base operating systems, lacks basic features standard in virtually all competing browsers. Native blocking of “pop-up” advertisements is still not yet possible in Internet Explorer without the aid of a third-party utility. Tabbed browsing, which involves the ability to easily open and sort through multiple Web pages in the same window, often with a single mouse click, is also missing from Internet Explorer. The same can be said for a robust download manager, “find as you type”, and a variety of additional features. Mozilla, Netscape, Firefox, Konqueror, and essentially all other OSS browsers for Linux have these features. Of course, most of these browsers are also available for Windows, but Internet Explorer is still considered the standard browser for the platform. If the Xbox Linux Project becomes widely diffused, our students could edit and save Microsoft Word files in OpenOffice.org’s Writer program, and do the same with PowerPoint and Excel files in similar OpenOffice.org components. They could access instructor comments originally created in Microsoft Word documents, and in turn could add their own comments and send the documents back to their instructors. They could even perform many functions not yet capable in Microsoft Office, including saving files in PDF or Flash format without needing Adobe’s Acrobat product or Macromedia’s Flash Studio MX. Additionally, by way of this project, the Xbox can also serve as “a Linux server for HTTP/FTP/SMB/NFS, serving data such as MP3/MPEG4/DivX, or a router, or both; without a monitor or keyboard or mouse connected.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) In a very real sense, our students could use these inexpensive systems previously framed only within the context of entertainment, for educational purposes typically associated with computer-mediated learning. Problems: Control and Access The existing rhetoric of technological control surrounding current and emerging technologies appears to be stifling many of these efforts before they can even be brought to the public. This rhetoric of control is largely typified by overly-restrictive digital rights management (DRM) schemes antithetical to education, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Combined,both are currently being used as technical and legal clubs against these efforts. Microsoft, for example, has taken a dim view of any efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux. Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, who has repeatedly referred to Linux as a cancer and has equated OSS as being un-American, stated, “Given the way the economic model works - and that is a subsidy followed, essentially, by fees for every piece of software sold - our license framework has to do that.” (Becker 2003) Since the Xbox is based on a subsidy model, meaning that Microsoft actually sells the hardware at a loss and instead generates revenue off software sales, Ballmer launched a series of concerted legal attacks against the Xbox Linux Project and similar efforts. In 2002, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft simultaneously sued Lik Sang, Inc., a Hong Kong-based company that produces programmable cartridges and “mod chips” for the PlayStation II, Xbox, and Game Cube. Nintendo states that its company alone loses over $650 million each year due to piracy of their console gaming titles, which typically originate in China, Paraguay, and Mexico. (GameIndustry.biz) Currently, many attempts to “mod” the Xbox required the use of such chips. As Lik Sang is one of the only suppliers, initial efforts to adapt the Xbox to Linux slowed considerably. Despite that fact that such chips can still be ordered and shipped here by less conventional means, it does not change that fact that the chips themselves would be illegal in the U.S. due to the anticircumvention clause in the DMCA itself, which is designed specifically to protect any DRM-wrapped content, regardless of context. The Xbox Linux Project then attempted to get Microsoft to officially sanction their efforts. They were not only rebuffed, but Microsoft then opted to hire programmers specifically to create technological countermeasures for the Xbox, to defeat additional attempts at installing OSS on it. Undeterred, the Xbox Linux Project eventually arrived at a method of installing and booting Linux without the use of mod chips, and have taken a more defiant tone now with Microsoft regarding their circumvention efforts. (Lettice 2002) They state that “Microsoft does not want you to use the Xbox as a Linux computer, therefore it has some anti-Linux-protection built in, but it can be circumvented easily, so that an Xbox can be used as what it is: an IBM PC.” (Xbox Linux Project 2003) Problems: Learning Curves and Usability In spite of the difficulties imposed by the combined technological and legal attacks on this project, it has succeeded at infiltrating this closed system with OSS. It has done so beyond the mere prototype level, too, as evidenced by the Xbox Linux Project now having both complete, step-by-step instructions available for users to modify their own Xbox systems, and an alternate plan catering to those who have the interest in modifying their systems, but not the time or technical inclinations. Specifically, this option involves users mailing their Xbox systems to community volunteers within the Xbox Linux Project, and basically having these volunteers perform the necessary software preparation or actually do the full Linux installation for them, free of charge (presumably not including shipping). This particular aspect of the project, dubbed “Users Help Users”, appears to be fairly new. Yet, it already lists over sixty volunteers capable and willing to perform this service, since “Many users don’t have the possibility, expertise or hardware” to perform these modifications. Amazingly enough, in some cases these volunteers are barely out of junior high school. One such volunteer stipulates that those seeking his assistance keep in mind that he is “just 14” and that when performing these modifications he “...will not always be finished by the next day”. (Steil 2003) In addition to this interesting if somewhat unusual level of community-driven support, there are currently several Linux-based options available for the Xbox. The two that are perhaps the most developed are GentooX, which is based of the popular Gentoo Linux distribution, and Ed’s Debian, based off the Debian GNU / Linux distribution. Both Gentoo and Debian are “seasoned” distributions that have been available for some time now, though Daniel Robbins, Chief Architect of Gentoo, refers to the product as actually being a “metadistribution” of Linux, due to its high degree of adaptability and configurability. (Gentoo 2004) Specifically, the Robbins asserts that Gentoo is capable of being “customized for just about any application or need. ...an ideal secure server, development workstation, professional desktop, gaming system, embedded solution or something else—whatever you need it to be.” (Robbins 2004) He further states that the whole point of Gentoo is to provide a better, more usable Linux experience than that found in many other distributions. Robbins states that: “The goal of Gentoo is to design tools and systems that allow a user to do their work pleasantly and efficiently as possible, as they see fit. Our tools should be a joy to use, and should help the user to appreciate the richness of the Linux and free software community, and the flexibility of free software. ...Put another way, the Gentoo philosophy is to create better tools. When a tool is doing its job perfectly, you might not even be very aware of its presence, because it does not interfere and make its presence known, nor does it force you to interact with it when you don’t want it to. The tool serves the user rather than the user serving the tool.” (Robbins 2004) There is also a so-called “live CD” Linux distribution suitable for the Xbox, called dyne:bolic, and an in-progress release of Slackware Linux, as well. According to the Xbox Linux Project, the only difference between the standard releases of these distributions and their Xbox counterparts is that “...the install process – and naturally the bootloader, the kernel and the kernel modules – are all customized for the Xbox.” (Xbox Linux Project, 2003) Of course, even if Gentoo is as user-friendly as Robbins purports, even if the Linux kernel itself has become significantly more robust and efficient, and even if Microsoft again drops the retail price of the Xbox, is this really a feasible solution in the classroom? Does the Xbox Linux Project have an army of 14 year olds willing to modify dozens, perhaps hundreds of these systems for use in secondary schools and higher education? Of course not. If such an institutional rollout were to be undertaken, it would require significant support from not only faculty, but Department Chairs, Deans, IT staff, and quite possible Chief Information Officers. Disk images would need to be customized for each institution to reflect their respective needs, ranging from setting specific home pages on web browsers, to bookmarks, to custom back-up and / or disk re-imaging scripts, to network authentication. This would be no small task. Yet, the steps mentioned above are essentially no different than what would be required of any IT staff when creating a new disk image for a computer lab, be it one for a Windows-based system or a Mac OS X-based one. The primary difference would be Linux itself—nothing more, nothing less. The institutional difficulties in undertaking such an effort would likely be encountered prior to even purchasing a single Xbox, in that they would involve the same difficulties associated with any new hardware or software initiative: staffing, budget, and support. If the institutional in question is either unwilling or unable to address these three factors, it would not matter if the Xbox itself was as free as Linux. An Open Future, or a Closed one? It is unclear how far the Xbox Linux Project will be allowed to go in their efforts to invade an essentially a proprietary system with OSS. Unlike Sony, which has made deliberate steps to commercialize similar efforts for their PlayStation 2 console, Microsoft appears resolute in fighting OSS on the Xbox by any means necessary. They will continue to crack down on any companies selling so-called mod chips, and will continue to employ technological protections to keep the Xbox “closed”. Despite clear evidence to the contrary, in all likelihood Microsoft continue to equate any OSS efforts directed at the Xbox with piracy-related motivations. Additionally, Microsoft’s successor to the Xbox would likely include additional anticircumvention technologies incorporated into it that could set the Xbox Linux Project back by months, years, or could stop it cold. Of course, it is difficult to say with any degree of certainty how this “Xbox 2” (perhaps a more appropriate name might be “Nextbox”) will impact this project. Regardless of how this device evolves, there can be little doubt of the value of Linux, OpenOffice.org, and other OSS to teaching and learning with technology. This value exists not only in terms of price, but in increased freedom from policies and technologies of control. New Linux distributions from Gentoo, Mandrake, Lycoris, Lindows, and other companies are just now starting to focus their efforts on Linux as user-friendly, easy to use desktop operating systems, rather than just server or “techno-geek” environments suitable for advanced programmers and computer operators. While metaphorically opening the Xbox may not be for everyone, and may not be a suitable computing solution for all, I believe we as educators must promote and encourage such efforts whenever possible. I suggest this because I believe we need to exercise our professional influence and ultimately shape the future of technology literacy, either individually as faculty and collectively as departments, colleges, or institutions. Moran and Fitzsimmons-Hunter argue this very point in Writing Teachers, Schools, Access, and Change. One of their fundamental provisions they use to define “access” asserts that there must be a willingness for teachers and students to “fight for the technologies that they need to pursue their goals for their own teaching and learning.” (Taylor / Ward 160) Regardless of whether or not this debate is grounded in the “beige boxes” of the past, or the Xboxes of the present, much is at stake. Private corporations should not be in a position to control the manner in which we use legally-purchased technologies, regardless of whether or not these technologies are then repurposed for literacy uses. I believe the exigency associated with this control, and the ongoing evolution of what is and is not a computer, dictates that we assert ourselves more actively into this discussion. We must take steps to provide our students with the best possible computer-mediated learning experience, however seemingly unorthodox the technological means might be, so that they may think critically, communicate effectively, and participate actively in society and in their future careers. About the Author Paul Cesarini is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Visual Communication & Technology Education, Bowling Green State University, Ohio Email: pcesari@bgnet.bgsu.edu Works Cited http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/debian.php>.Baron, Denis. “From Pencils to Pixels: The Stages of Literacy Technologies.” Passions Pedagogies and 21st Century Technologies. Hawisher, Gail E., and Cynthia L. Selfe, Eds. Utah: Utah State University Press, 1999. 15 – 33. Becker, David. “Ballmer: Mod Chips Threaten Xbox”. News.com. 21 Oct 2002. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-962797.php>. http://news.com.com/2100-1040-978957.html?tag=nl>. http://archive.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/08/13/020813hnchina.xml>. http://www.neoseeker.com/news/story/1062/>. http://www.bookreader.co.uk>.Finni, Scott. “Desktop Linux Edges Into The Mainstream”. TechWeb. 8 Apr 2003. http://www.techweb.com/tech/software/20030408_software. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/29439.html http://gentoox.shallax.com/. http://ragib.hypermart.net/linux/. http://www.itworld.com/Comp/2362/LWD010424latinlinux/pfindex.html. http://www.xbox-linux.sourceforge.net. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/27487.html. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/26078.html. http://www.us.playstation.com/peripherals.aspx?id=SCPH-97047. http://www.techtv.com/extendedplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3356862,00.html. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,61984,00.html. http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/about.xml http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/philosophy.xml http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2869075,00.html. http://xbox-linux.sourceforge.net/docs/usershelpusers.html http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/fun.games/12/16/gamers.liksang/. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Cesarini, Paul. "“Opening” the Xbox" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>. APA Style Cesarini, P. (2004, Jul1). “Opening” the Xbox. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/08_Cesarini.php>