Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déboisement'
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Polcher, Jan. "Etude de la sensibilite du climat tropical a la deforestation." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066232.
Full textMárquez, Rosano Conrado. "Déboisement et conflits d'appropriation territoriale : les forêts tropicales humides de l'espace Lacandon (Chiapas)." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20034.
Full textThe environment, rather than representing a “communal resource belonging to all humanity”, is a collective patrimony in which value and nature acquire meaning at different scales. The renewal of environmental patrimonies is the result of complex processes of appropriation, which rest on a complicated set of tensions that involve different practices, interests, projects and expectations that are often deeply contradictory. Beyond the expected outcomes of biodiversity loss and global warming, the loss of tropical rainforests in the Lacandon region puts into focus the importance of geopolitical interests, the ambiguity of environmental policy strategic decisions, the limitations of decentralization policies, the influence of the Zapatista conflict and the concerns it generates, the weight of history (the colonization process, population dynamics. . . ), as well as those tensions and conflicts that both divide and structure peasant communities
Atta, Kouacou Jean-Marie. "Contribution de la Télédetection et des Sig pour une approche modélisatrice de la déforestation en vue d'une gestion durable des forêts tropicales : cas des forêts classées de Béki et de Bossématié dans l'Est de la Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT3004.
Full textDesjardins, Thierry. "Variations de la distribution de la matière organique (carbone total et #1#3C) dans les sols ferrallitiques du Brésil. Modifications consécutives à la déforestation et à la mise en culture en amazonie orientale." Nancy 1, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1991_0272_DESJARDINS.pdf.
Full textMavoungou, Jacques François. "Écologie et rôle vecteur des stomoxes (Diptera : Muscidae) au Gabon." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30075.
Full textStomoxyine flies are hematophagous and represent, for man and his domestic animals, a plague by their direct harmful effect (harassing and blood predation), and they can be at the same time potential vectors of pathogenic agents. Those of the afrotropical region remain still badly known. The study of populations trapped in eight localities from Gabon made possible to identify seven species: Stomoxys calcitrans, S. N. Niger, S. N bilineatus, S. Omega, S. Inornatus, S. Transvittatus, and S. Xanthomelas. Population survey was carried out for 13 months in Makokou, along a transect crossing three environments: primary forest, secondary forest and a strongly anthropized area (a village). Results showed the major influence of each type of environment on the abundance of flies. The abundance was low in primary forest and very high in secondary forest and anthropized medium The S. Xanthomelas species is characteristic of the forest area while the S. N bilineatus species is strongly localised in the savannah zones. Except S. Omega, which is a crepuscular species, other species have a diurnal activity. The daily activity of the various species varies according to the environment. In primary forest they present a unimodal activity while in the two other media they have a bimodal activity. The stomoxyine flies take their bloodmeals on various vertebrate hosts of wild or domestic fauna, and sometimes on the man. The S. Transvittatus species is ubiquist, and mainly takes his bloodmeals on duikers (Cephalophus spp) while S. Xanthomelas prefers monkeys (Cercopithecus spp. )
Jolivet, Claudy. "Le carbone organique des sols des Landes de Gascogne : variabilité spatiale et effets des pratiques sylvicoles et agricoles." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS064.
Full textLaques, Anne-Élisabeth. "Dynamique d'un front pionnier en domaine forestier tropical : le cas de Ticoporo (Piémont des Andes Vénézuéliennes) : contribution de l'imagerie satellitaire à la conception d'une méthode d'aide à l'aménagement." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20035.
Full textAn analysis of beginning of the territory of ticoporo pioneer front and its functional mechanisms carried out with double preoccupation : a fundamental research to settle the basis knowledge of this region, and an applied research by using to complete this acquirement for an aid to management decision. For this study, the methodological approach called "acord" has been developped. This process is based on integrating the spot satellite image processing and the geosystem issued from the geographical application. The first step of this method allows us to understand the country in a territorial - and - historical way, and then to produce the scenarios of historical revolutiion and a diagnosis of territory in 1989 (map 1 125. 000). The second step processes these knowledges to produce three documents supporting to make a decision : the model of ticoporo allows to organize, synthesize and localize the ecological and socio-economical mechanisms ; the map of the sensitive areas delimiting the sectors subjected to deforestation and fire ; and finally three prospective scenarios are proposed
Poccard-Chapuis, René. "Les réseaux de la conquête : rôle des filières bovines dans la structuration de l'espace sur les fronts pionniers d'Amazonie orientale brésilienne." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100136.
Full textThe growth of livestock production and the deforestation processes have not clear explications, in the eastern Amazon region. How the livestock marketing chain is driving the spatial organization of the pioneer frontiers in this region ? About this question, the author first develops a functional analysis of the livestock marketing chain. The systemic approach is useful to understand the complexity of the relations between actors, and to analyse the influences of every commercialization channel on the individual and collective strategies. In a second time, the author analyses how the marketing channels and integrated in the spatial system of pioneer's areas, and how they drive his evolution. He obtains two kinds of results : comprehension of the mechanisms for interaction between livestock marketing chains and pioneer territories, three tools for monitoring the territorial development of the pioneer areas
Tshibangu, Kabongo wa Tshikamba. "Etude du déboisement et de la crise de combustibles ligneux en tant que source d'énergie domestique à Kinshasa (République démocratique du Congo)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211573.
Full textMillet, Jérôme. "Etude de la biodiversité arborée, de la structure et de l'évolution dynamique du massif forestier de Tan Phu (Vietnam) après son exploitation." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10108.
Full textRoumane, Adil. "Soutenabilité des écosystèmes forestiers face aux modes d'appropriation et de gestion : une illustration par le cas du Maroc." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS002S.
Full textIn almost all the African countries the pace of deforestation is explained by the mismanagement of the ecosystem once based on maintaining a natural balance between the biological and anthropogenic sphere. This failure reflects the unsuitability of exogenous laws in the local context on the one hand, and the non-inclusion of the Traditional Knowledge Premises and the local socioeconomic environment on the other hand. Several empirical studies have shown how indigenous people - through the Local Traditional Organization- managed to ensure optimal management of common resources and maintain consistent performance over time. Thus, it is in this context that the power of autochthonies has been recognized and acclaimed in different international discourses and strategies relating to the conservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of forest areas. In order to justify our hypothesis, we have carried out an empirical study in the Moroccan High Atlas. The Jemaa as the main Local Traditional Organization is studied which allows us to illustrate how local social structures ensure efficient management of forest resources held in common
Zalewski, Sally. "L'impact des politiques de conservation sur les populations rurales de l'Afrique de l'Ouest : mise au point d'une méthode d'évaluation." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112051.
Full textMarichal, Raphaël. "Impact de la déforestation sur les communautés de macrofaune et de vers de terre en Amazonie : relation avec les services écosystémiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066723.
Full textOllivier, Hélène. "Commerce, bioénergie et usages des terres." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EPXX0019.
Full textBiskupovic, Consuelo. "Forger la participation : une ethnographie de la culture civique experte à Santiago du Chili : le cas du réseau de défense de la précordillère." Paris, EHESS, 2015. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01182670.
Full textThis thesis discusses how a citizen association – the Red de Defensa de la Precordillera (RDP) – turns a forest in the Andes foothills in Santiago, Chile, into a defense, claim and research object. This forest, known as « El Panul », located in La Florida commune, is threatened by real estate projects. Citizens gradually undertake to protect the forest they consider « endangered ». Through an ethnography conducted between 2007 and 2010 with the RDP and other associations and citizens of Santiago, this research addresses how everyday citizens invent ways to participate. It is interested in the strategies used by citizens to try to have an impact in a context characterized by the lack of citizen participation policies. Engaged citizens thus forge their own path of contradictions, mistakes, successes and failures to try to influence in projects that affect them and where they do not feel considered by authorities. In order to describe how RDP members enter politics by making public a controversy about a specific territory, we first analyze how the association is configured and how the members configure the problem of the precordillera. We focus on how, following the 1993 mudslide disaster occurred in Lo Cañas, the precordillera becomes a political cause of the association. We then discuss the post-dictatorship process of collective action (1973-1990) to understand the conditions allowing the emergence of new protests in Santiago. Then we focus on the two main strategies used by the citizens of RDP to show the uniqueness and the importance of El Panul: scientific and legal expertise. Finally, we analyze the role of the affective dimension in democratic exchanges, observing how the success or failure of interactions often depend on emotions, affects or empathy between officials and citizens. This thesis proposes to study the possibilities of participation through ethnography, not from institutional structures, but as a political project created by citizens
Trichon, Valérie. "Hétérogénéité spatiale des structures en forêt naturelle de basse altitude à Sumatra, Indonésie." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30028.
Full textValenzuela, de Pisano Ileana. "Elements pour une strategie d'ecodeveloppement agroforestier au guatemala." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0013.
Full textAgricultural expansion and deforestation are complex processes. They are interlinked with different political, economic and social factors at local, national and interna- tional levels. This thesis is a preliminary and not exhastive attempt to analyse these problems in a global and systemic perspective. It studies one local case in peten guatemala, demostrating how agricultural modernization, tropical forest colonization and exportation led-growth have not been historically, the right answers to guatemalan forest development. On the contrary, they have given rise to poverty, violence and environmental degradation all over the country. Following the ecodevelopment principles the thesis proposes some elements of an agroforestry strategy to stop agricultural expansin and tropical forest deforestation. This strategy cant bi an up-down directional model. It has to articulate the global paradigme with democratic decision making at regional and local levels. It has also to coordinate social development with environmental items, promoting the political, institutional and technological changes needed for a sustainable forest development to exist. Finally, the thesis comes to the conclusion that only the peoples's participation and organization would allow a pressure strong enough over the different institutions and governements so as to make them to start implementing these changes. The thesis has four chapters, the firs studies the mains agricultural policies since the 1950s and their influence on the forest and on the living conditions of the rural people. It shows also, briefly, how the united state's agricultural policies had in, fluenced the guatemalan agricultural policies. The second chapter analyzes the agroforestry systems as a possible tool for building a sustainable forest development. The third sudies peten, inorder to undersatnd how the national agricultural policies have influenced the local development. Finally in the conclusions, the thesis proposes some elements for an agroforestry ecodevelopment strategy in guatemala
Durand, Frédéric. "Les facteurs de modification et de recul des forêts en Asie du Sud-Est : le cas de l'Indonésie." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070007.
Full textThe study of deforestation in the tropical region is especialy ticklish, insofar as there is no universal definition of forest and deforestation. Moreover, the debate between foresters and ecologists is generaly impassioned and not very scientific. In south-east asia, forest exploitation and deforestation have taken place earlier than it is generaly state. By the 1950's many countries had only two third or less than half of their territory still covered with forest. The phenomenon still grew in exent since then, in particular because of the development of agriculture and logging. The case of indonesia gives a sound illustration of this. The archipelago which sheltered one of the richest genetic heritage of the earth began to encounter ecological problems in java since the beginning of the 18th century and in sumatra since the middle of the 19th century. By the end of the 1930's, forests covered less than two third of the land. However, it still remained the second largest tropical forest behind brasil. Since the 1960's, logging increased tremendously at the expense of local communities. Concurrently, land clearing expand very rapidly. In the 1980's, indonesia became the second world producer of plywood beking usa, but experts forecast that natural forests won't be sufficient to supply local industries within the next ten years. To compensate this, the country has undertaken large plantations of fast-growing species, but it present new risks for the future
Piketty, Marie-Gabrielle. "Dynamiques régionales et déforestation : le cas de l'Indonésie." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA014012.
Full textScotto, di Vettimo Sébastien. "Structure de l'habitat, variabilité et distribution spatio-temporelle des ressources d'un assemblage de vertébrés frugivores dans une forêt tropicale de montagne chinoise : (Réserve naturelle nationale de Bawangling, île de Hainan, Chine)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0027.
Full textThe aim of this study is to assess the impact of forest logging on plant resources and frugivorous vertebrates assemblages within Bawangling nature reserve. I compared two forest patches among the least disturbed to a patch heavily disturbed. Mapping of the reserve allowed us to assess the level of degradation of the forest. The methods I used combine: vegetation plots sampling (62 plots covering a surface of 4. 43 ha), monitoring of frugivorous assemblage using line transects, fruiting phenology survey with a network of fruit traps. 3443 trees (305 species) were sampled, 5316 birds (35 species) and 1168 mammals (11 species) were observed. Results showed that the highest level of habitat structural disturbance was seen in the heavily disturbed area with a younger plant community where four pioneer species were over-abundant. This difference also impacts the assemblages’ structure and composition which has a poorer and less diverse frugivorous vertebrates community
Momo, Solefack Marie Caroline. "Influence des activités anthropiques sur la végétation du Mont Oku (Cameroun)." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED013.
Full textMount Oku, situated in north-west Cameroon, supports the largest remnants of the Central African montane forest habitat, which is considered as a biodiversity hotspot, hence is undergoing strong species loss. Our objective was to quantify changes in the land cover of Mount Oku over the last four decades, in order to assess the causes of forest regression and to evaluate the future of the forest on this site. We also describe a variation in plant species composition and richness along an altitudinal gradient, that were subsequently linked to environmental changes. For this purpose, we compared changes in land cover, using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1978, 1988 and 2001. Then 102 sample plots were randomly set up in forest fragments along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1800 m to 2749 m. Although remnant forests were naturally protected by elevation and slope, they lost 62. 1% of their area between 1978 and 2001, corresponding to a mean deforestation rate of 579 ha. Year-1. Deforested lands have been replaced by crops or savanna, while few secondary forest recolonizations occurred. New farmland has extended rapidly to fulfill the demands of an increasing population density. Our study also revealed that it is difficult to disentangle the effects of altitude and human activities on vegetation because these two factors are inextricably linked and form a single gradient with antagonistic effects at the extremes. Human activities and natural vegetation belts were organized with respect to the altitudinal gradient: the summit of Mount Oku supported the largest, oldest forest fragments; while areas of low altitude have experienced intense deforestation to provide agricultural land and supported disturbance-related plant communities. However, human activities altered plant assemblages. Even old-growth forests contained species indicative of human presence (due to grazing, fire or former cultivation). Some pioneer species assemblages were very heterogeneous and their altitudinal distribution has spread
Tsayem-Demaze, Moïse. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation tropicale par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil." Orléans, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Full textThis thesis presents a multi-sensor investigation of deforestation due to agricultural clearings and their spatial evolution in Amazonian forests. The methodology we used comprises two main stages. The first consists in characterizing clearing patterns (abattis in French Guiana and pioneers fronts in Brazil) on optical images (NOAA AVHRR, Spot 4 VEGETATION, Landsat TM, Spot XS, aerial photographs) and radar data (JERS, ERS). The second step deals with data processing in order to highlight the spatial evolution of clearings and explain land use dynamics. These two steps lead to the development of a remote sensing-based strategy for the monitoring and the management of Amazonian forest. This strategy is divided into monitoring levels corresponding to sensors characteristics and clearings extension
Naon, Alexandre, and Alexandre Naon. "Perceptions des agriculteurs pour l'agroforesterie sur les flancs de montagne de man en cote d'ivoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36576.
Full textLa région de Man connait une déforestation avancée et cette situation s’est aggravée avec la surexploitation des flancs de montagne pendant la crise militaire qu’a connue le pays entre 2002 et 2011. Pour contrer le déséquilibre écologique causé par ces agressions et pour assurer l’exploitation durable de ces flancs, l’État a initié en 2015 le projet de « reboisement des flancs de montagne dans l’ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire ». C’est donc le volet de «la sensibilisation aux pratiques de l’agroforesterie » de ce projet qui fait l’objet de cette étude. Nous avons adopté une méthode de recherche monographique et ethnobotanique basée sur des observations directes des savoir-faire et pratiques, et du milieu de travail des agriculteurs. Nous avons réalisé des entretiens individuels auprès de 41 agriculteurs et de trois experts ainsi que six focus groupes dans six villages situés à proximité de montagnes de Man. L’analyse des données s’est faite selon une approche qualitative et le logiciel Sonal nous a permis d’encoder et de retranscrire nos entretiens. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que les agriculteurs dont l’âge moyen et le niveau de scolarité sont respectivement de 43 ans et six années scolaires, utilisent plusieurs techniques et savoir-faire traditionnels. Ces derniers ont une perception positive pour les arbres et l’agroforesterie. Cependant, ils ont des craintes pour le régime foncier et certains aspects d’innovations agroforestières tels que les coûts de mise en place des systèmes agroforestiers. Les agriculteurs préfèrent tout de même les systèmes agroforestiers associant des espèces d’arbres locales à leurs cultures.
Doumenq, Erika. "Typologie des biohydrosystèmes malgaches et bioindicateurs dulçaquicoles de modifications environnementales." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30020.
Full textThe study of lotic invertebrate communities in 220 stations spread over several malagasy hydrological basins has permitted to reveal for the whole group of taxons the presence of : a basic cenotic structure on the Western side, a more complex structure on the Eastern side. Both depending on altitude and plant parameters. Nevertheless, these general structures are only surface similarities and can be influenced by various parameters according to the families observed : Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae and Baetidae. We have also compared the wildlife structures in the main watercourses with those in the tributaries, and the discovery of vicarions enabled us to make a comparison between the structures of the different communities in the basins composed of microendemic species. Finally, we have determined an index to assess the effects of deforestation by giving a weight of the various kinds of Hydropsychidae- the weight depending then on their sensitivity to the type of plant cover
Mateo, Séverine. "Activités économiques et déforestation : dynamiques d'interaction : quelques implications pour l'action." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010004.
Full textThe aim of this study is to assess alternative strategies to deforestation that should assure a sustainable development of agricultural areas. A first part analyzes the behavior of agricultural producers whom deforest to develop cattle breeding in the Ecuadorian Andes. It sheds light on the interactions between deforestation and accumulation processes and on the importance of the forest in these accumulative production systems. A survey details the main interesting and limiting aspects of the life cycle hypothesis and of the optimal growth theory for this study. In the second part, a dynamic and deterministic next stochastic model is presented. It represents the long term evolution of agricultural production systems where cattle is substitued for forest. Producers' intertemporal decisions are formalized through the maximization of their utility. This maximization is constrained by the evolution of the farmer's assets (financial wealth, forest, and cattle herd), which depends on production, consumption and saving decisions. The main physical and economic linkages between forest, livestock and capital are taken into consideration, as well as their impacts on the accumulation process (feed-backs). Then, optimal control and dynamic stochastic programming theories are used to define the optimal growth path and the evolution of each asset's marginal value. The qualitative analysis of the results emphasizes various impacts of risk on producers' decisions and studies the evolution of the deforestation rate during time (comparative dynamics). It shows that the deforestation process first increases and then decreases through time, according to the farmer's accumulation stage. The comparison of the model's results with the observed reality allows to validate this approach and to define strategies to reduce deforestation. These strategies recommend to join direct (restrictions on logs' production) and indirect interventions (minimization of the risk's impacts)
Agossou, Ekundayo. "La contribution du droit à l'alignement du REDD+ dans une démarche de développement durable." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28098.
Full textAndrianaivoarivelo, Radosoa A. "Écologie et population de Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1928 (Pteropodidae)." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700678.
Full textForest habitat loss and associated changes in floristic composition are the major threats to the Malagasy terrestrial biodiversity. These processes are responsible for the decline of numerous species. However, for the vast majority of taxa, the mechanisms triggering these declines are poorly understood. Using the Malagasy rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis) as our model organism, we examine different genetic and ecological aspects of how this animal lives in natural habitats and copes with human modified landscapes of different physical and bioclimatic characteristics. This endemic species has a broad distribution, and appears to play a role in the regeneration of native forest. Through radio telemetry, faecal sample analysis, molecular genetics, and morphometric data, we were able to understand different aspects of the life-history traits and dispersal patterns of this taxon. Observations of wild animal placed in flight cages provided important inference on its feeding preferences between native and introduced plants, with economic value. Results indicate that R. Madagascariensis i) uses both: the forest and human modified habitats while foraging; ii) it has a feeding preference for fruits of forest and pioneers species, as compared to plants of commercial importance; iii) it shows weak genetic structure, which is not associated with geographical distance; iv) and morphological variation that correlates with clines in altitude and latitude
Monteny, Bruno A. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions végétation-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide : importance du rôle du système forestier dans le recyclage des eaux de pluie." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112266.
Full textThe tropical rain forest contributes largely to a climatic equilibrium which is maintained by the general atmospheric circulation. However, due to the population pressure, the current evolution of this forest zone requires that an agricultural development should be stimulated in accordance with the characteristics of this zone, which urged us to contribute to this comprehensive program. The first objective consists in studying the behavior of a forest zone covered with Hevea /Brasiliensis (producing rubber) which has been introduced recently in the forest zone of the Ivory Coast as part of a policy of regional development. This study has been made by analyzing the energy balance-Bowen ratio method associated with the water balance. The evaluation of the different processes according to the soil-climatic conditions allowed to modelize the characteristics of the dynamics of the forest zone covered with Hevea and therefore its yield. The second objective consists in characterizing the regional energy balance using an adequate model for evaluation transfers and particularly the water vapor transfer. Due to the large forest areas, any modification in the properties of the forest area alters the heat and water vapor exchanges, thus affecting some physical parameters of the air mass. The study is made on drainage basin situated in the south-western part of the forest zone. Due to its aerial and underground vertical structure, the forest recycles about 55 to 70 % of the annual rainfalls into the atmosphere, thus preserving the physical characteristics of the humid air mass from the ocean. The large-scale introduction of annual crops would alter the regional energy equilibrium whose impact would be observed on the region situated north of the forest zone
Biettlot, Maude. "Regards croisés sur le nexus entre les entités humaines et non humaines : Une analyse éco-philosophique de la politique internationale de lutte contre les émissions résultant du déboisement et de la dégradation des forêts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39113.
Full textFranc, Alex. "Impact des transformations mésologiques sur la dynamique des populations et la grégarisation du criquet nomade dans le bassin de la Sofia (Madagascar)." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30041.
Full textThe Red locust Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville, 1838) Orthoptera: Acrididae is found in southern Africa and in the Indian Ocean islands. Although responsible of plagues in southern Africa, only a few local outbreaks had been reported in Madagascar. Yet, in 2002, it became gregarious in the Sofia basin and threatened the two main rice-producing basins of the country. The overall scope of this thesis is to explain this new gregarisation in Madagascar. Factors controlling the locust population dynamic were determined by a four year field monitoring (2003 to 2007). The ecological requirements of this locust were assessed at the different periods of its life cycle. The locust potential of habitats, at the natural regions and macro regions scale are quantified and mapped. Hypotheses can be drawn from the connection between the Red locust ecological requirements and the environmental modification in the Sofia basin. Satellite images reveal an extensive deforestation thus providing new favourable breeding habitats. It also opened migration pathways between complementary ecological areas. The conjunction of both phenomena renders the Red locust gregarization possible. A Red locust forecasting system is outlined in the scope of a preventive control strategy
Kadet, Pierre Diégane. "Impacts écologiques et socio-économiques des stratégies de lutte anti-érosive dans la zone semi-aride du Sénégal. Le cas des départements de Thiès et de Tivaouane." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30054.
Full textIn Senegal, there has been a vast decrease in most vegetation and an exacerbation of erosion processes. These problems are the result of two things : the decrease in rain that has occurred since the 1960's and the effects of human manipulation of the soil, including an extensive use of the soil to grow peanuts, a lack of fertilizer, and the exploitation of wood (used for providing energy, building structures and producing hay. ) These activities have alterated significantly the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. This degradation is evidenced by gully erosion, the exposure of iron hardpans, the decrease in agricultural production, the increasing scarcity of wood for energy and construction, and the mass depature of rural inhabitants moving to the city. The traditional strategies of AEL (Agronomy and Environment Laboratory), although in some ways effective, have not been able to change the dynamics of soil erosion. Various organizations – using the AEL's most recent research – have developed cultural practices that are more in sync with the region's climate and soil. Their projects include the construction of sandbanks, dikes, compost pits and ploughings isohypses. Despite the fact that the above-mentioned measures were unable to stop erosion, they have contributed to the improvement of the region's soils in a number of other ways. Most notably, they have managed to: use rain water in a more effective way, offer better protection for agricultural soil, increase agricultural and forestal production and output, structure the land in villages more effectively, reinforce the place of the woman in the village community
Guzmán, Matas Gonzalo. "Le développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu dans le bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexique : utilisation des données satellitaires et statistiques pour appréhender la dynamique du paysage." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040023.
Full textFanokoa, Pascaux Smala. "Dynamique des pratiques paysannes face à la déforestation de l'extrême sud de Madagascar." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS012S.
Full textIn the Androy region of southern Madagascar, farmers have been confronted with the questioning of their rights to priority access to natural resources and their agricultural practices are being evaluated. This situation is a confrontation between those promoting the protection and sustainable use of natural resources, and the farmers whose current livelihood practices depend on current extractive use. This necessitates that new practices are introduced to ensure that farmers social structures are redefined to maintain cohesion and meet livelihood needs. The Tandroy people are one of the many groups who develop based on their natural resources. An economic analysis of the productive systems within the landscape of androy is presented to provide insights into the features of the system. Two approaches are presented, firstly a socio-economic method to analyse the co-herence of the production system using natural habitat, and secondly, a socio-anthropological method to understand the position of the farmers and their strategies within their socio-cultural environment. This problem of unsustainable peasant practices is challenging to resolve and this study presents ways that a multidisciplinary approach, namely system dynamics can understand the evolution of interdependence of socioeconomic and ecological systems
Crepin, Léa. "Soybean trade and imported deforestation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AGPT0004.
Full textThe growth in international soy trade is giving rise to mounting concern about its impact on deforestation, and consequently on climate and biodiversity. The role of foreign consumers through their demand for agricultural products is crucial, revealing the considerable weight of foreign trade in deforestation. These findings mark a shift in the way we approach deforestation, from a local resource management issue to an international concern. The concept of imported deforestation illustrates this change in perspective. This thesis aims to shed light on the links between trade and deforestation by focusing on the soy trade in Brazil. Using an empirical approach, it explores these links at different levels of the supply chain, from upstream to downstream.The first chapter analyses production and export decisions by examining the effects of a Brazilian forest conservation policy on the soy sector. In 2008, the government drew up a list of municipalities most vulnerable to deforestation in order to target efforts to prevent and control deforestation. We draw on this quasi-natural experience to estimate the collateral impacts of this policy on the soy sector and changes in land use. This research question addresses the tensions between nature conservation, economic development and international competitiveness in an agricultural context. To answer this question, we use double difference and synthetic generalized control methods. Our results indicate that the soybean sector has benefited from the policy in terms of land use, production and exports.In a world where disruptions to global supply chains are becoming increasingly frequent, it is essential to understand how these chains adjust. The second chapter of this thesis looks at how soybean supply chains in Brazil respond to local supply shocks, using droughts as an example. The results indicate that these shocks lead to a reduction in soybean yields, production and exports at the level of the producing municipalities. Although transactions with exporting firms may be affected at the intensive margin, this does not necessarily affect the existence of relationships between suppliers and buyers. Exporting firms exposed to these shocks show, on average, some resilience by increasing their purchases from other unaffected suppliers. This raises questions for policies against imported deforestation, particularly with regard to market concentration, frictions in supply networks, and the risks of relocation to other suppliers.Finally, the third chapter investigates the credibility of demand policies in the fight against deforestation linked to soy production, by analysing the links between foreign demand and production, and drawing implications for deforestation. We find a positive average elasticity of soy exports with respect to foreign demand, which confirms the effectiveness of demand-side policies. However, this average response conceals heterogeneities among exporters and among Brazilian municipalities. Export elasticities and the potential for soy expansion are positively correlated, meaning that the places where exports respond strongly to demand are also those where there are still large areas of forest. Thus, many municipalities have a high potential for reducing deforestation. From this perspective, it is reasonable to expect that demand-side policies will help to slow deforestation in Brazil
Sako, Nakouma. "Dynamique paysagère et de biodiversité des aires protégées du littoral ivoirien : exemple des parcs nationaux du Banco et des îles Ehotilé (sud-est de la Côte d'Ivoire)." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070076.
Full textIn Côte d'Ivoire, deforestation is an old problem that threatens forests, especially protected areas. In the coastal zone, rapid urbanization, rapid population growths, the economic and industrial development, particularly in Abidjan, have caused rapid deforestation. Destruction of natural environments is at the forefront of the National Parks and Reserves (PNR) policy against deforestation carried out by the government on the national territory, particularly in the littoral zone. This study focuses on national parks and Banco Ehotilé Islands, located in the Ivorian coastal zone. On the one hand, the Banco National Park is located on the outskirts of Abidjan, and it is surrounded by the various districts of the suburbs. Urbanization and pollution caused by human activities are the main threats that cause degradation. On the other side, the National Park of Ehotile Islands is located in a rural area of the Department of Adiake at the mouth of the Aby lagoon in the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by a landscape dominated by agro-industrial plantations, especially oil palm, coconut graves and rubber. This reduces the land within the reach of small farmers and intensifies competition for land. The data used to study the dynamics of the vegetation cover both parks derived from Spot and Landsat satellite images, aerial photographs and our own field observations conducted in 2008 and 2009. These observations are written with the purpose of describing previous samples of vegetation and the other to draw a selective inventory of the flora in national parks. Surveys and interviews are conducted with a sample of 300 residents in the surrounding villages to gather their perceptions on the one hand, and understanding on the other hand their daily practices vis-à-vis forest resources of GNP and the PNIE. Study results show that landscape dynamics differ in the National Parks and Banco Ehotile Islands. Indeed, between 1986 and 2007, in the National Park of Ehotile Islands, the evolution of the vegetation was characterized by a decrease in the dense forest of land for about 49%, while the area covered by the mosaics culture and forest have increased by 156%. In addition, floristic surveys carried out in 123 plots of PNIE helped identify 197 plant species distributed among 64 families and 156 genera. In the park of Banco, unlike Ehotile islands, forest areas have experienced significant growth between 1992 and 2002 where dense closed canopy forests have increased by 115%. The floristic surveys have identified 233 plant species distributed among 73 families and 191 genera. In PNB as PNIE, flora and vegetation are being threatened by human activities including logging for domestic and agriculture
Duval, Laetitia. "Déterminants et implications des transferts migratoires à destination des pays en développement." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4011.
Full textThis thesis proposes four original empirical contributions on the determinants and effects of remittances to developing countries. Using bilateral remittance data from National Bank of Romania, we show that remittances are considered as implicit loan repayments. We find that education and geographic distance positively influence remittances over the period 2005-2007. Using the LSMS panel data collected by the World Bank in Albania from 2002 to 2004, we find that a mix of altruism and exchange may explain the pattern of remittances. We also find that remittances have a positive impact on financial satisfaction of the recipients. This result is robust to the correction of selection either on observables or unobservables. Using the same dataset, we find that Albanian households are more optimistic about the future when they have experienced an improvement of their financial situation in the part and when they have received remittances from foreign countries. Nevertheless, when comparing realized changes and financial expectations, they tend to significantly overestimate their future financial situation over the period 2002-2004. Using a sample of 122 developing countries, we analyze the effect of remittances on environment, with a focus of deforestation in developing countries. We find that the share of remittances in GDP reduces the rate of deforestation over the period 1990-2005
Aguiar, Pinto Geracina. "Développement durable et biodiversité dans le programme "Grande Carajas/CVRD" en Amazonie." Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30104.
Full textEnvironment problems are many in Brazil however they take on a major importance in the Amazon basin, especially with the "Grande Carajas Project" (PGC) of which the "Companhia Vale do Rio Doce" company is the leader. A "US steel" subsidiary was looking for manganese, in that Amazon region when a helicopter crash landing les Bruno Augusto dos Santos to the discovery of the world's biggest open reserve of iron ore. 27000 workers were to set up the Carajas Program in 1982 and it is estimated that more than 500000 mine workers now operate in the Amazon forest. According to the Environment Institute of Brazil IBAMA "when iron ore is important, then there is a special vegetal stratum called "canga", and on top of it grows the typical metalophylic forest, of Carajas" which was to disappear with mining. No rigorous study having been done, mining has led to deforestation and pollution that the Brazilian Institute of Socio Economical Studies IBASE has confirmed. This theoretical study deals with PGC-CVRD socio environmental impact in Amazon, by exploring strategies, policies and relationships of Indians with towns and forests. The inquiry shows social and ecological imbalance as the consequences mainly fall on poorer people, mine workers and landless peasants. We listen to the main "actors" among Indians, elected representatives, trade unions and rural leaders as well as Federal administration, and Parauapebas City hall. I have studied the Privatization of PGC
Ménard, Sylviane. "Le plan d’action pour l’application des réglementations forestières, la gouvernance et le commerce (FLEGT) dix ans après son adoption : déterminants de réussite." Paris 8, 2014. http://octaviana.fr/document/185094627#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe PHD Research aims to specify the drivers for success of the Action Plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), with a special focus on central African countries neighbouring the Congo Basin. Despite the broad agreement on the multiplicity and wealth of forest assets, no international Convention has been adopted to protect forests. Consensus as to the concept of sustainable forest management, had failed to materialize due to the promotion of two antagonistic visions in direct conflict with each other, a specialization of spaces and uses, versus exploitation as the only way to sustain forests. A political consensus was finally reached on a political prescription aimed at the fight against illegal timber trade, thus pointing on the economic aspects of lack of sustainable forest management. It focussed on the enforcement of legal frameworks in producing countries and was developed in regional initiatives for governance enforcement, or reforms at the national levels, of public procurement laws. However, the most comprehensive initiatives to tackle the issue of illegal trade were adopted by the US Amendment to the Lacey Act, voted in 2008 and by the EU Action Plan for Forest Law and Governance and Trade (FLEGT) adopted in 2003, both of which prohibit wood originating from illegal sources in their respective markets. The EU approach is to promote good and strong governance in producing countries in order to have facilitated access its market. We review the different steps of this process and discuss its value added to certification schemes already in place. We discuss further its strengths and limits with reference to the Lacey Act. However the first expected FLEGT licences could not be issued by the date EUTR came into force: this delay created a crisis of confidence and tarnished the first positive results in the FLEGT process. We conclude in suggesting ways for strengthening the efficiency of FLEGT
Ramboarison, Rivo. "La déforestation en pays Sakalava (ouest malgache)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1GE08.
Full textSakalava shows a duality where unity goes together with diversity. In regard to forests, deforestation varies with ethnic groups and production targets. People of sakalava protect well - managed forests. Migrants need more space to keep their cattle ; these migrants manage their firms with the aim to make money. Deforestation is the expression of conflicts between man and nature. It is a very complex phenomenon with intermingled interactions. A good knowledge of the functionning of the whole system is required in order to study deforestation. Deforestation is the result of complex socio-economical and political facts. Thourgh forest clearings for farming, deforestation give an answer to the question of subsistence means which garanties a minimum food security. With woody resources haversting, deforestation may yield a good income at minimum risk and investment. In total, deforestation is a reflection gone area the economy. As long as poverty will not be overcomed, deforestation will sill be practised
Durieux, Laurent. "Etude des relations entre les caractéristiques géographiques de la surface et les nuages convectifs dans la région de l'arc de déforestation en Amazonie." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10059.
Full textDupuy, Julien. "Les dynamiques de l'étagement dans le Massif du Balé : hommes et systèmes forestiers dans le sud-est de l'Ethiopie." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30060.
Full textIn a country like Ethiopia where the highlands have known an early and intensive development of farming activities, the Bale Mountains seem isolated. This vast mountain system remained partially inhabited until the end of the 19een century. Progressively the Oromo’s pastoralist communities have been forced to settle permanently in the higher altitudes. Forests lands are constantly assaulted by generations of landless peasants which are developing barley cultivation on the northern slopes up to 3400 meters of altitude. The southern slopes which are more humid are occupied by the ensete ventricosum or false banana. The dissertation aims at presenting the steps of the progressive colonization of the altitudinal belt together with the description of the cultural and social adaptations to the constraint of the life in higher altitudes. The approach has consisted in studying several communities settled on various agro-ecological zones throughout a decade. The forests appear to be a fundamental indicator of Bale landscapes evolution. The intensification deforestation finds its roots in the agrarian revolution, successive waves of resettlements and more recently large scale investments. Traditional management systems of natural resources are gradually abandoned. There is an evolution of farming activities, with a diminution of cattle rearing and an intensification of crops production. It is nowadays the spatial constraints and competition which are organizing Bale landscapes. The question of the scale of the impact of such environmental change is becoming crucial with the climate change debate. One of the objectives of this study was to categorize the drivers of environmental destruction of isolated mountain ecosystems and analyze the various socio-environmental impacts. The dissertation has been developed in the perspective to pilot tools and methodologies which can contribute to better estimate the environmental impact of deforestation and consolidate management systems
Richou, Elsa. "La filière forêt-bois française confrontée aux défis de l’écologisation : de l’arbre «sensible» à la malforestation." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU1080.
Full textSince the beginning of the 21st century, the French forest-wood sector has been considered a major player in the current debate on the impacts of climate change as well as a tool to address this issue. Wood, which is considered a "renewable" resource, is destined to become a substitute of choice for less "sustainable" resources (i.e. petrochemicals ressources). In this sense, the forest-based sector, which has clearly perceived the challenge, must, but also wishes to produce more. Therefore, the national forest and wood programme (PNFB 2016-2026) foresee an additional mobilization of 12 million cubic metres by 2026. However, the sector is nowadays facing the consequences of the increasing écologisation of the minds at work in French society. On this account, the forestry currently practised is being called into question through the promotion of the notion of malforestation. In addition, society is significantly reinvesting in the forest as a space for resourcefulness, through forest bathing, with the parallel emergence of a new approach to the forest ecosystem based on reflections on the sensitive tree.In this context, our PhD research aims to highlight, on one hand, how the forest-bases sector, and especially its industry, is being questioned by the phenomenon of écologisation ; and on the other hand, how the actors of this same sector perceive the stakes induced by this contemporary questioning
San, Martin Rodrigo. "Fires, land use, and forest loss in the South American Chaco : understanding the links between fires, climate, ecosystems, and human activity through remote sensing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ034.
Full textThis thesis investigates the fire dynamics of the South American Chaco region, focusing on recent changes and potential links to deforestation and land use changes. Covering about 1,100,000 km², the Chaco has a wet eastern subregion and a dry western subregion, encompassing the Gran Chaco dry tropical forest and the Esteros del Ibera wetlands. Historically affected by fires, the region's fire regimes have recently changed due to human activities and climate change.This thesis aims to answer the following scientific questions: (1) What was the temporal and spatial distribution of fires in the South American Chaco over the last two decades? (2) How are fire regimes linked to changes in land cover and land use changes, such as deforestation and agricultural expansion? (3) What role do meteorological and climatic factors play in the fire regimes of the Chaco? (4) What are the links between biomass production, fuel flammability, and precipitation? How does this relationship vary across the precipitation gradient? (5) What are the main causes of fires in the area, especially considering the impact of human activities and climate?Chapter 1 introduces the research context and objectives. In Chapters 2 and 3, we focus on understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of fires between 2001 and 2020, and their links to land cover, land use, and meteorological factors, addressing the first four scientific questions. More precisely, Chapter 2 presents the datasets and methods we used, while Chapter 3 presents our main results, most of which were published in “Fire Ecology”.Our findings show differing fire dynamics between Wet and Dry Chaco. The Dry Chaco experiences fires mainly in the dry season (May to September), while the Wet Chaco has fires in both the dry and wet seasons (May to September and October to April, respectively). In the Dry Chaco, where dry tropical forests prevail, fires are closely linked to deforestation, whereas the land cover in the Wet Chaco remains relatively constant. Also, along the humidity gradient, precipitation affects fires differently: positively correlated in dry areas and negatively in wet areas.Chapters 4 and 5 explore fire drivers to answer the fifth question. First, in Chapter 4, we detail the products and methodologies employed, including the use of machine learning algorithms to investigate the fire drivers at the fire scale, while in Chapter 5, we present and discuss the findings from these analyses. We observed varying fire sizes and influences of human activities and climate. A Fire Weather Index (FWI) was developed to study fire weather changes, links to burned areas, and relationships with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Our findings indicate that La Niña events tend to have a relatively positive impact on the extent of the area burned in the region.Random forest algorithms showed that fire size is influenced by elevation, wind speed, and vegetation type, highlighting topography and meteorology as key drivers. Human factors like population and road densities varied, but fires were generally larger in less populated areas. We also highlighted the region's vulnerability to climate variability, as evidenced by extreme fire events in 2019 and 2020, driven by intense droughts.Finally, Chapter 6 synthesizes our findings and suggests future research directions.Overall, by examining fires at different scales through remote sensing and considering both environmental and human factors, we have described the fire ecology and the evolution of fires in the South American Chaco over the past two decades at a regional level for the first time. The study can serve as an example for similar research in other fire-prone regions worldwide, especially those affected by deforestation and major land use changes
Bernard, Anne, and Anne Bernard. "Utilisation des terres et REDD+ : le renforcement des capacités des communautés dans et autour de la Réserve de biosphère de Luki par une meilleure compréhension des usages." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25512.
Full textLe déboisement et la dégradation des forêts sont majeurs dans les pays en voie de développement et c’est pourquoi on y planifie une stratégie de réduction des émissions dues au déboisement et à la dégradation des forêts (REDD+). Nous nous sommes intéressés à la République Démocratique du Congo, plus particulièrement au projet pilote de la Réserve de biosphère de Luki. Cette recherche visait à comprendre la perception des changements climatiques et le mode d’utilisation des terres des communautés. Ainsi, des groupes de discussion, des ateliers de cartographie participative et une validation terrain ont eu lieu dans quatre communautés, et ce auprès des jeunes, des femmes et des hommes. Les communautés sont conscientes de leur responsabilité face aux changements environnementaux. Actuellement, l’agriculture, la carbonisation et le sciage sont les activités génératrices de revenus des communautés. Pour être durable, la démarche REDD+ doit donc s’attarder aux activités alternatives des communautés locales.
Koutika, Lydie-Stella. "Dynamique de la matière organique en relation avec les propriétés chimiques et structurales des sols dans une chonoséquence forêt-prairies de graminées en Amazonie orientale (état de Para)." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10359.
Full textBouchaud, Charlène. "Paysage et pratiques d'exploitation des ressources végétales en milieux semi-aride et aride dans le sud du Proche-Orient : approche archéobotanique des périodes antique et islamique (IVe siècle aV. J.-C. - XVIe siècle ap. J.-C." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010644.
Full textLapierre, Anne-Marie. "Les catastrophes naturelles et la protection de l'environnement : études de cas en Thaïlande et en Malaysia." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25145/25145.pdf.
Full textBiboutou, Armel. "Dynamiques d'urbanisation et risques écosystemiques dans la région de Libreville (Gabon)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UNIP7047.
Full textSince its creation in 1849, Libreville has experienced unplanned and uncoordinated urbanisation. Over the decades, this anarchic urbanisation has been accompanied by environmental imbalances and has subjected city dwellers to numerous ecosystem risks. This research focuses on anarchic urbanisation, its production universe and the resulting ecosystem risks. Questions that are not often addressed in Gabon are raised: how, by whom and why is anarchic urbanisation produced? What does this form of urban production reveal? To what extent does the production of anarchic urbanisation contribute to the increase in ecosystem risks? The answers are formulated along four lines. In the first axis, land use changes in the city were identified, characterised and analysed. Remote sensing and GIS tools were used to produce land use maps and risk maps. A second axis studies nature-society relations in Libreville, and highlights the perceptions of the city and nature, while identifying the benefits that the population derives from nature, and the ecosystemic risks to which the population is exposed. The urbanisation process underway in Libreville was characterised and analysed in a third axis. These last two axes are based on fieldwork using semi-directive interviews and life stories collected from local populations and actors. In the fourth section, a prospective view of Libreville was taken using land-use simulation maps. The results of this research show a rapid, significant and unstructured expansion of the urban area of Libreville and its surroundings, accompanied by significant deforestation of the region, mainly in the north. The dynamics observed in the city are the result of a vicious circle: anarchic land occupation, access to land by mutual agreement, land speculation, lack of land control by the state and laissez-faire, etc. These results show a widespread perception of nature degradation and conservation and protection practices by both city dwellers and decision-makers, a reduction in biodiversity and evidence of city-nature conflicts. The degradation and extensive deforestation of mangroves and the construction of houses are the main causes put forward by the respondents. Thus, changes in land use and impacts on nature lead to an increase in the ecosystem risks of flooding and coastal erosion, which are perceived differently according to age, location, professional status, etc. Continental erosion is very little perceived as a risk or a problem, despite mapping results showing exposed areas. As a co-production of local populations and actors, the various actors find an interest in uncontrolled urbanisation. Routines structure the co-production of space: precarious settlements, roads and tracks pave the way for urbanisation and deforestation, etc. A lack of synergy, conflicts of competence, insufficient decentralisation, financial mismanagement and excessive politics also mark this anarchic urbanisation. In a laissez-faire scenario, prospective land-use modelling shows a significant reduction in dense vegetation in protected areas. In a control scenario, on the other hand, it shows a conservation of almost all the protected areas. These situations, which provide information on the future of Libreville, raise questions about urban and environmental governance in Gabon. An attempt is therefore made to analyse the possibilities for change based on models of cities in Africa and the world, both on urban and environmental aspects
Turcotte, Yves. "Structure du paysage et écologie comportementale des oiseaux forestiers en hiver." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23015/23015.pdf.
Full textOver the last few decades, many researchers have addressed the impacts of forest loss on forest bird abundance. However, most of these works were conducted during the breeding season. The aim of my research was to document the effects of deforestation on bird populations during winter. Using an experimental approach, I also wanted to assess the effect of behavioral mechanisms potentially affecting population dynamics and spatial distribution of forest birds. Field work was conducted during three winters in Kamouraska County. The structure of 24 landscapes (500-m radius) was described from a satellite image. These landscapes represented a broad gradient of deforestation (forest cover 8–88 %). In half of these landscapes, we provided an unlimited source of food. I evaluated the effects of landscape structure 1) on the spatial distribution of the forest bird community, 2) on the fattening strategies, and 3) the anti-predator behavior of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Forest integrity (a composite of forest cover and edge density) was positively associated with chickadee abundance and species richness in landscapes that were supplemented. However, in control landscapes, chickadee abundance and species richness tended to decrease with an increase in forest integrity. This suggests that the more forested control landscapes facilitated winter emigration when conditions deteriorated. Conversely in highly deforested and fragmented control landscapes, birds became “gap-locked”. Landscape structure did not affect chickadees’ energetic condition. However, food-supplementation improved it and affected the pattern of daily fattening as well. In the more deforested control landscapes, chickadees showed more willingness and ventured farther into the open despite a likely increase in the risk of predation. However, where ad libitum food was available prior to the experiment, chickadees always remained close to the forest edge, regardless of the level of deforestation.
Tulyasuwan, Natcha. "REDD+ et foncier : Une étude de cas de la Thaïlande." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0022/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of de jure and de facto tenure security of local communities in relation to domestic legal framework and a thorough assessment of how REDD+ and current tenure arrangement interacts. Thailand, a country where there is an apparent coexistence of de jure state property and de facto tenure rights, was selected as a case study.There are two primary findings emerging from the study. Firstly, the legal framework with non-recognized customary tenure led to different de facto tenure impacts in different communities. Some communities were found to have their de facto tenure comparatively more secure than others. Secondly, REDD+ could not provide sufficient incentive for the government to expedite tenure clarification. Moreover, the embedded risks of tenure insecurity discouraged REDD+ investment and led to withdrawal of the fund. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on REDD+ and tenure in three main aspects: (1) legal framework and tenure, (2) tenure and deforestation and (3) tenure clarification and REDD+ competing agendas.Policy implications drawn from the study comprise of long-term measures namely comprehensive tenure reform and short to medium-term measures, including re-assessment of government priorities for policy consistency and pilot implementation in form of payment for environmental services (PES) and improvement of REDD+ institutional structure