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Journal articles on the topic 'Debris covered glaciers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Banerjee, Argha. "Volume-area scaling for debris-covered glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 259 (2020): 880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.69.

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AbstractA volume-area scaling relation is commonly used to estimate glacier volume or its future changes on a global scale. The presence of an insulating supraglacial debris cover alters the mass-balance profile of a glacier, potentially modifying the scaling relation. Here, the nature of scaling relations for extensively debris-covered glaciers is investigated. Theoretical arguments suggest that the volume-area scaling exponent for these glaciers is ~7% smaller than that for clean glaciers. This is consistent with the results from flowline-model simulations of idealised glaciers, and the avai

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2

Anderson, Leif S., and Robert S. Anderson. "Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition." Cryosphere 10, no. 3 (2016): 1105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016.

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Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers are common in rapidly eroding alpine landscapes. When thicker than a few centimeters, surface debris suppresses melt rates. If continuous debris cover is present, ablation rates can be significantly reduced leading to increases in glacier length. In order to quantify feedbacks in the debris–glacier–climate system, we developed a 2-D long-valley numerical glacier model that includes englacial and supraglacial debris advection. We ran 120 simulations on a linear bed profile in which a hypothetical steady state debris-free glacier responds to a step increase of s

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Anderson, L. S., and R. S. Anderson. "Modeling debris-covered glaciers: extension due to steady debris input." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (2015): 6423–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6423-2015.

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Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers are common in rapidly-eroding alpine landscapes. When thicker than a few centimeters, surface debris suppresses melt rates. If continuous debris cover is present, mass balance gradients can be reduced leading to increases in glacier length. In order to quantify feedbacks in the debris-glacier-climate system, we developed a 2-D long-valley numerical glacier model that includes englacial and supraglacial advection. We ran 120 simulations in which a steady state debris-free glacier responds to a step increase of surface debris deposition. Simulated glaciers advan

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Hu, Mingcheng, Guangsheng Zhou, Xiaomin Lv, et al. "Warming Has Accelerated the Melting of Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, but the Debris-Covered Glaciers Are Rapidly Expanding." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010132.

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Glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau are of great importance for regional climate and hydrology and even global ecological changes. It is urgent to understand the effect of climate warming on both clean and debris-covered glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau. This study used the double RF method and Landsat series images to extract clean glaciers and debris-covered glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau from 1985 to 2020 and analyzed their temporal and spatial changes under the background of climate change. The total area of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau showed a retreating trend from 1985 to 2020, wi

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Zhang, Y., Y. Hirabayashi, K. Fujita, S. Liu, and Q. Liu. "Spatial debris-cover effect on the maritime glaciers of Mount Gongga, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (2013): 2413–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2413-2013.

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Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau and surroundings contain a large number of debris-covered glaciers, on which debris cover affects glacier response to climate change by altering ice melting rates and spatial patterns of mass loss. Insufficient spatial distribution of debris thickness data makes it difficult to analyze regional debris-cover effects. Mount Gongga glaciers, maritime glaciers in the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau, are characterized by a substantial reduction in glacier length and ice mass in recent decades. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)-derived

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Zhao, Chuanxi, Zhen He, Shengyu Kang, et al. "Contrasting Changes of Debris-Free Glacier and Debris-Covered Glacier in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau." Remote Sensing 16, no. 5 (2024): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050918.

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Debris-free and debris-covered glaciers are both extensively present in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. High-precision and rigorous comparative observational studies on different types of glaciers help us to accurately understand the overall state of water resource variability and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used multi-temporal simultaneous UAV surveys to systematically explore the surface elevation change, surface velocity, and surface mass balance of two representative glaciers. Our findings indicate that the thinning rate in the debris-free Parlung No. 4 glacier UAV surve

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Brun, Fanny, Etienne Berthier, and Patrick Wagnon. "Les glaciers noirs à l'épreuve du climat (Prix Prud'homme 2019)." La Météorologie, no. 109 (2020): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0042.

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Les glaciers noirs, dont la langue est couverte de débris rocheux, ont un équilibre avec le climat qui diffère de celui des glaciers blancs, en raison du caractère isolant de leur couverture détritique. L'objectif est ici d'observer les changements récents (sur des périodes de 3 à 16 ans) de certains glaciers noirs pour mieux comprendre les processus qui déterminent leur fonte et pour comparer leur évolution à celle des glaciers blancs. Debris covered glaciers respond differently from debris-free glaciers to climate change, due to the insulation properties of debris. Here we observe recent and

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8

Yang, Shujing, Feiteng Wang, Yida Xie, et al. "Delineation Evaluation and Variation of Debris-Covered Glaciers Based on the Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images, Take Glaciers in the Eastern Tomur Peak Region for Example." Remote Sensing 15, no. 10 (2023): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15102575.

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As a particular type of alpine glacier, debris-covered glaciers are essential for local water resources and glacial disaster warnings. The Eastern Tomur Peak Region (EPTR) is the most concentrated glacier in Tien Shan Mountain, China, where the glaciers have not been studied in detail. This paper evaluates the delineation accuracy of Landsat8 OLI, Sentinel-1A, and GF images for debris-covered glaciers in the EPTR. Each image uses the most advanced delineation method for itself to minimize the error of inherent resolutions. The results show that the accuracy of these images for delineating debr

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9

Haeberli, Wilfried, Lukas U. Arenson, Julie Wee, Christian Hauck, and Nico Mölg. "Discriminating viscous-creep features (rock glaciers) in mountain permafrost from debris-covered glaciers – a commented test at the Gruben and Yerba Loca sites, Swiss Alps and Chilean Andes." Cryosphere 18, no. 4 (2024): 1669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024.

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Abstract. Viscous-flow features in perennially frozen talus/debris called rock glaciers are being systematically inventoried as part of the global climate-related monitoring of mountain permafrost. In order to avoid duplication and confusion, guidelines were developed by the International Permafrost Association to discriminate between the permafrost-related landform “rock glacier” and the glacier-related landform “debris-covered glacier”. In two regions covered by detailed field measurements, the corresponding data- and physics-based concepts are tested and shown to be adequate. Key physical a

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Racoviteanu, A. E., L. Nicholson, N. F. Glasser, Evan Miles, S. Harrison, and J. M. Reynolds. "Debris-covered glacier systems and associated glacial lake outburst flood hazards: challenges and prospects." Journal of the Geological Society 179, no. 3 (2021): jgs2021–084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-084.

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Glaciers respond sensitively to climate variability and change, with associated impacts on meltwater production, sea-level rise and geomorphological hazards. There is a strong societal interest in understanding the current response of all types of glacier systems to climate change and how they will continue to evolve in the context of the whole glacierized landscape. In particular, understanding the current and future behaviour of debris-covered glaciers is a ‘hot topic’ in glaciological research because of concerns for water resources and glacier-related hazards. The state of these glaciers i

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Zhao, Chuanxi, Wei Yang, Evan Miles, et al. "Thinning and surface mass balance patterns of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau." Cryosphere 17, no. 9 (2023): 3895–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023.

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Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers are a common feature of the mountain cryosphere in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. A better understanding of these glaciers is necessary to reduce the uncertainties in regional water resource variability and to anticipate potential cryospheric risks. In this study, we quantified the seasonal thinning and surface mass balance patterns of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers (23K Glacier and 24K Glacier) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau with four unpiloted aerial vehicle surveys and in situ measurements. We observed that the thinning of 23K Glacier was

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Nagai, H., K. Fujita, T. Nuimura, and A. Sakai. "Southwest-facing slopes control the formation of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya." Cryosphere 7, no. 4 (2013): 1303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1303-2013.

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Abstract. To understand the formation conditions of debris-covered glaciers, we examined the dimension and shape of debris-covered areas and potential debris-supply (PDS) slopes of 213 glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. This was undertaken using satellite images with 2.5 m spatial resolution for manual delineation of debris-covered areas and PDS slopes. The most significant correlation exists between surface area of southwest-facing PDS slopes and debris-covered area. This result suggests that the southwest-facing PDS slopes supply the largest quantity of debris mantle. The shape of debris-cover

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Yang, Xin, Fuming Xie, Shiyin Liu, et al. "Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers Using High-Resolution Imagery (GF-2) and Deep Learning Algorithms." Remote Sensing 16, no. 12 (2024): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16122062.

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Glacier inventories are fundamental in understanding glacier dynamics and glacier-related environmental processes. High-resolution mapping of glacier outlines is lacking, although high-resolution satellite images have become available in recent decades. Challenges in development of glacier inventories have always included accurate delineation of boundaries of debris-covered glaciers, which is particularly true for high-resolution satellite images due to their limited spectral bands. To address this issue, we introduced an automated, high-precision method in this study for mapping debris-covere

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BHATTACHARYA, ATANU, TOBIAS BOLCH, KRITI MUKHERJEE, TINO PIECZONKA, JAN KROPÁČEK, and MANFRED F. BUCHROITHNER. "Overall recession and mass budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 using remote sensing data." Journal of Glaciology 62, no. 236 (2016): 1115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.96.

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ABSTRACTThinning rates for the debris-covered Gangotri Glacier and its tributary glaciers during the period 1968–2014, length variation and area vacated at the snout from 1965 to 2015, and seasonal variation of ice-surface velocity for the last two decades have been investigated in this study. It was found that the mass loss of Gangotri and its tributary glaciers was slightly less than those reported for other debris-covered glaciers in the Himalayan regions. The average velocity during 2006–14 decreased by ~6.7% as compared with that during 1993–2006. The debris-covered area of the main trunk

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Nagai, H., K. Fujita, T. Nuimura, and A. Sakai. "Southwest-facing slopes control the formation of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 2 (2013): 1673–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-1673-2013.

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Abstract. To understand the formation conditions of debris-covered glaciers, we examined the dimension and shape of debris-covered areas and potential debris-supply (PDS) slopes of 208 glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. This was undertaken using satellite images with 2.5 m spatial resolution for manual delineation of debris-covered areas and PDS slopes. The most significant correlation exists between surface area of southwest-facing PDS slopes and debris-covered area. This result suggests that the southwest-facing PDS slopes supply the largest quantity of debris mantle. The shape of debris-cover

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16

Lu, Yijie, Zhen Zhang, Donghui Shangguan, and Junhua Yang. "Novel Machine Learning Method Integrating Ensemble Learning and Deep Learning for Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (2021): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132595.

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Glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) have a significant impact on human activity. Thus, a detailed and up-to-date inventory of glaciers is crucial, along with monitoring them regularly. The identification of debris-covered glaciers is a fundamental and yet challenging component of research into glacier change and water resources, but it is limited by spectral similarities with surrounding bedrock, snow-affected areas, and mountain-shadowed areas, along with issues related to manual discrimination. Therefore, to use fewer human, material, and financial resources, it is necessary to develop bett

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Yang, Liye, Chaoying Zhao, Zhong Lu, Chengsheng Yang, and Qin Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Time Series Movement of the Cuolangma Glaciers, Southern Tibet with Sentinel-1 Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (2020): 3466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203466.

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Many debris-covered glaciers are broadly distributed across High Mountain Asia and have made a number of contributions to water circulation for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The formation of large supraglacial lakes poses risks for glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Therefore, it is important to monitor the movement of glaciers and to analyze their spatiotemporal characteristics. In this study we take Cuolangma glaciers in the central Himalayas as study targets, where glacier No.1 is a lake-terminating debris-covered glacier and glacier No.2 is a land-terminating debris-covered glacier. The

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Whalley, Brian. "The Identification and Diagnosis of ‘Hidden Ice’ in the Mountain Domain." Glacies 2, no. 3 (2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/glacies2030008.

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Morphological problems for distinguishing between glacier ice, glacier ice with a debris cover (debris-covered glaciers), and rock glaciers are outlined with respect to recognising and mapping these features. Decimal latitude–longitude [dLL] values are used for geolocation. One model for rock glacier formation and flow discusses the idea that they consist of ‘mountain permafrost’. However, signs of permafrost-derived ice, such as flow features, have not been identified in these landsystems; talus slopes in the neighbourhoods of glaciers and rock glaciers. An alternative view, whereby rock glac

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Banerjee, Argha. "Brief communication: Thinning of debris-covered and debris-free glaciers in a warming climate." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (2017): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-133-2017.

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Abstract. Recent geodetic mass-balance measurements reveal similar thinning rates on glaciers with or without debris cover in the Himalaya–Karakoram region. This comes as a surprise as a thick debris cover reduces the surface melting significantly due to its insulating effects. Here we present arguments, supported by results from numerical flowline model simulations of idealised glaciers, that a competition between the changes in the surface mass-balance forcing and that of the emergence/submergence velocities can lead to similar thinning rates on these two types of glaciers. As the climate st

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Tielidze, Levan G., George Iacob, and Iulian Horia Holobâcă. "Mapping of Supra-Glacial Debris Cover in the Greater Caucasus: A Semi-Automated Multi-Sensor Approach." Geosciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070178.

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Supra-glacial debris cover is important for the control of surface ice melt and glacier retreat in mountain regions. Despite the progress in techniques based on various satellite imagery, the mapping of debris-covered glacier boundaries over large regions remains a challenging task. Previous studies of the debris-covered glaciers in the Greater Caucasus have only focused on limited areas. In this study, using the Sentinel 1–2 imagery (2020), DebCovG-carto toolbox, and existing glacier inventory (2020), we produced the first detailed assessment of supra-glacial debris cover for individual glaci

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Ferguson, James C., and Andreas Vieli. "Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers." Cryosphere 15, no. 7 (2021): 3377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3377-2021.

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Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers are commonly found in alpine landscapes of high relief and play an increasingly important role in a warming climate. As a result of the insulating effect of supraglacial debris, their response to changes in climate is less direct and their dynamic behaviour more complex than for debris-free glaciers. Due to a lack of observations, here we use numerical modelling to explore the dynamic interactions between debris cover and geometry evolution for an idealized glacier over centennial timescales. The main goal of this study is to understand the effects of debris c

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Lu, Yijie, Zhen Zhang, and Danni Huang. "Glacier Mapping Based on Random Forest Algorithm: A Case Study over the Eastern Pamir." Water 12, no. 11 (2020): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113231.

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Debris-covered glaciers are common features on the eastern Pamir and serve as important indicators of climate change promptly. However, mapping of debris-covered glaciers in alpine regions is still challenging due to many factors including the spectral similarity between debris and the adjacent bedrock, shadows cast from mountains and clouds, and seasonal snow cover. Considering that few studies have added movement velocity features when extracting glacier boundaries, we innovatively developed an automatic algorithm consisting of rule-based image segmentation and Random Forest to extract infor

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Winter-Billington, A., R. D. Moore, and R. Dadic. "Evaluating the transferability of empirical models of debris-covered glacier melt." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 260 (2020): 978–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.57.

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Supraglacial debris is significant in many regions and complicates modeling of glacier melt, which is required for predicting glacier change and its influences on hydrology and sea-level rise. Temperature-index models are a popular alternative to energy-balance models when forcing data are limited, but their transferability among glaciers and inherent uncertainty have not been documented in application to debris-covered glaciers. Here, melt factors were compiled directly from published studies or computed from reported melt and MERRA-2 air temperature for 27 debris-covered glaciers around the

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Racoviteanu, Adina E., Lindsey Nicholson, and Neil F. Glasser. "Surface composition of debris-covered glaciers across the Himalaya using linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 OLI imagery." Cryosphere 15, no. 9 (2021): 4557–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4557-2021.

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Abstract. The Himalaya mountain range is characterized by highly glacierized, complex, dynamic topography. The ablation area of Himalayan glaciers often features a highly heterogeneous debris mantle comprising ponds, steep and shallow slopes of various aspects, variable debris thickness, and exposed ice cliffs associated with differing ice ablation rates. Understanding the composition of the supraglacial debris cover is essential for a proper understanding of glacier hydrology and glacier-related hazards. Until recently, efforts to map debris-covered glaciers from remote sensing focused primar

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Bellisario, Antonio, Francisco Ferrando, and Jason Janke. "Water resources in Chile: The critical relation between glaciers and mining for sustainable water management." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 46 (December 21, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-5370.2013.30288.

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Rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are often understudied in comparison to their uncovered glacial counterparts (in which stunning surface ice is clearly visible). However, rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers are more abundant, often cover a larger area, and will continue to supply a water resource once other glaciers have melted. The surface rock and weathered material cover on rock glaciers and debris covered glaciers acts as an insulator to protect internal ice. As a result, they maintain a reservoir of ice that will be released as water as the climate warms. In the Central And

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Pellicciotti, Francesca, Christa Stephan, Evan Miles, Sam Herreid, Walter W. Immerzeel, and Tobias Bolch. "Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, from 1974 to 1999." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 226 (2015): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog13j237.

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AbstractThick debris cover on glaciers can significantly reduce ice melt. However, several studies have suggested that debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya might have lost mass at a rate similar to debris-free glaciers. We reconstruct elevation and mass changes for the debris-covered glaciers of the upper Langtang valley, Nepalese Himalaya, using a digital elevation model (DEM) from 1974 stereo Hexagon satellite data and the 2000 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. Uncertainties are high in the accumulation areas, due to data gaps in the SRTM and difficulties with delineation of th

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Basnett, Smriti, Anil V. Kulkarni, and Tobias Bolch. "The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, India." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 218 (2013): 1035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j184.

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AbstractWe investigated area changes in glaciers covering an area of ∼200 km2 in the Tista basin, Sikkim, Eastern Indian Himalaya, between ∼1990 and 2010 using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote-sensing Satellite (IRS) images and related the changes to debris cover, supraglacial lakes and moraine-dam lakes. The glaciers lost an area of 3.3 ± 0.8% between 1989/90 and 2010. More detailed analysis revealed an area loss of 2.00 ± 0.82, 2.56 ± 0.61 and 2.28 ± 2.01 km2 for the periods 1989–97, 1997–2004/05 and 2004–2009/10, respectively. This indicates an accelerated retreat of glaciers

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Lejeune, Yves, Jean-Maxime Bertrand, Patrick Wagnon, and Samuel Morin. "A physically based model of the year-round surface energy and mass balance of debris-covered glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 214 (2013): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j149.

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AbstractDebris-covered glaciers respond to atmospheric conditions in different ways from debris-free glaciers, due to the presence of debris at the surface during the ablation season and at the snow/ice interface during the accumulation season. Understanding the response of debris-covered glaciers to a variety of meteorological conditions in a physically sound manner is essential to quantify meltwater discharge and to predict their response to climate change. To tackle this issue, we developed the Crocus-DEB model as an adaptation of the detailed snowpack model Crocus, to simulate the energy a

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Huo, Da, Zhaohui Chi, and Andong Ma. "Modeling Surface Processes on Debris-Covered Glaciers: A Review with Reference to the High Mountain Asia." Water 13, no. 1 (2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010101.

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Surface processes on debris-covered glaciers are governed by a variety of controlling factors including climate, debris load, water bodies, and topography. Currently, we have not achieved a general consensus on the role of supraglacial processes in regulating climate–glacier sensitivity in High Mountain Asia, which is mainly due to a lack of an integrated understanding of glacier surface dynamics as a function of debris properties, mass movement, and ponding. Therefore, further investigations on supraglacial processes is needed in order to provide more accurate assessments of the hydrological

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Vincent, Christian, Patrick Wagnon, Joseph M. Shea, et al. "Reduced melt on debris-covered glaciers: investigations from Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal." Cryosphere 10, no. 4 (2016): 1845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1845-2016.

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Abstract. Approximately 25 % of the glacierized area in the Everest region is covered by debris, yet the surface mass balance of debris-covered portions of these glaciers has not been measured directly. In this study, ground-based measurements of surface elevation and ice depth are combined with terrestrial photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite elevation models to derive the surface mass balance of the debris-covered tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, located in the Everest region. Over the debris-covered tongue, the mean elevation change between 2011 and 2015 is −0.93 m year

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Herreid, Sam, Francesca Pellicciotti, Alvaro Ayala, et al. "Satellite observations show no net change in the percentage of supraglacial debris-covered area in northern Pakistan from 1977 to 2014." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 227 (2015): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j227.

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AbstractSpatial evolution of supraglacial debris cover on mountain glaciers is a largely unmonitored and poorly understood phenomenon that directly affects glacier melt. Supraglacial debris cover for 93 glaciers in the Karakoram, northern Pakistan, was mapped from Landsat imagery acquired in 1977, 1998, 2009 and 2014. Surge-type glaciers occupy 41% of the study area and were considered separately. The time series of debris-covered surface area change shows a mean value of zero or near-zero change for both surging and non-surging glaciers. An increase in debris-covered area is often associated

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Nagai, H., K. Fujita, A. Sakai, T. Nuimura, and T. Tadono. "Climatic and topographic influences on glacier distribution in the Bhutan Himalaya." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 1 (2014): 1305–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-1305-2014.

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Abstract. The locations and extent of mountain glaciers are affected by climatic constraints such as air temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation, as well as by local topography, which influences avalanche accumulation and debris supply. To evaluate these influences on the elevational distribution of glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya, we created a glacier inventory together with debris-covered area and potential material-supply (PMS) slopes using satellite images with high spatial resolution. The median elevation of a glacier, which is used as a proxy of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA

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Buri, Pascal, and Francesca Pellicciotti. "Aspect controls the survival of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (2018): 4369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713892115.

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Supraglacial ice cliffs exist on debris-covered glaciers worldwide, but despite their importance as melt hot spots, their life cycle is little understood. Early field observations had advanced a hypothesis of survival of north-facing and disappearance of south-facing cliffs, which is central for predicting the contribution of cliffs to total glacier mass losses. Their role as windows of energy transfer suggests they may explain the anomalously high mass losses of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) despite the insulating debris, currently at the center of a debated controversy.

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Tielidze, Levan G., Tobias Bolch, Roger D. Wheate, Stanislav S. Kutuzov, Ivan I. Lavrentiev, and Michael Zemp. "Supra-glacial debris cover changes in the Greater Caucasus from 1986 to 2014." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (2020): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-585-2020.

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Abstract. Knowledge of supra-glacial debris cover and its changes remain incomplete in the Greater Caucasus, in spite of recent glacier studies. Here we present data of supra-glacial debris cover for 659 glaciers across the Greater Caucasus based on Landsat and SPOT images from the years 1986, 2000 and 2014. We combined semi-automated methods for mapping the clean ice with manual digitization of debris-covered glacier parts and calculated supra-glacial debris-covered area as the residual between these two maps. The accuracy of the results was assessed by using high-resolution Google Earth imag

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Kayastha, Rijan Bhakta, and Sandy P. Harrison. "Changes of the equilibrium-line altitude since the Little Ice Age in the Nepalese Himalaya." Annals of Glaciology 48 (2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408784700581.

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AbstractChanges of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in eastern Nepal have been studied using glacier inventory data. The toe-to-headwall altitude ratios (THARs) for individual glaciers were calculated for 1992, and used to estimate the ELA in 1959 and at the end of the LIA. THAR for debris-free glaciers is found to be smaller than for debris-covered glaciers. The ELAs for debris-covered glaciers are higher than those for debris-free glaciers in eastern Nepal. There is considerable variation in the reconstructed change in ELA (ΔELA) between glaciers

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Lamsal, Damodar, Koji Fujita, and Akiko Sakai. "Surface lowering of the debris-covered area of Kanchenjunga Glacier in the eastern Nepal Himalaya since 1975, as revealed by Hexagon KH-9 and ALOS satellite observations." Cryosphere 11, no. 6 (2017): 2815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2815-2017.

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Abstract. This study presents the geodetic mass balance of Kanchenjunga Glacier, one of the largest debris-covered glaciers in the easternmost Nepal Himalaya, which possesses a negative mass balance of −0.18 ± 0.17 m w.e. a−1 for the 1975–2010 study period, estimated using digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from Hexagon KH-9 and ALOS PRISM stereo images. Accurate DEMs, with a relative uncertainty of ±5.5 m, were generated from the intensive and manual editing of triangulated irregular network (TIN) models on a stereo MirrorTM/3D Monitor. The glacier ice-flow velocity field was also calc

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Lambrecht, A., C. Mayer, W. Hagg, et al. "A comparison of glacier melt on debris-covered glaciers in the northern and southern Caucasus." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 1 (2011): 431–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-431-2011.

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Abstract. The glacier coverage in the Caucasus Mountains underwent considerable changes during the last decades. Besides a reduction in glacier area which in some areas is comparable to area changes in the European Alps, also the concentration of supra-glacial debris increased on many glaciers. Only a few glaciers in the Caucasus are monitored on a regular basis, while for most areas no field measurements are available on a continuous basis. In this study the regional differences between the well studied Adyl-su basin on the northern slope of the Caucasus is compared with a similar basin in th

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Compagno, Loris, Matthias Huss, Evan Stewart Miles, et al. "Modelling supraglacial debris-cover evolution from the single-glacier to the regional scale: an application to High Mountain Asia." Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (2022): 1697–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022.

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Abstract. Currently, about 12 %–13 % of High Mountain Asia’s glacier area is debris-covered, which alters its surface mass balance. However, in regional-scale modelling approaches, debris-covered glaciers are typically treated as clean-ice glaciers, leading to a bias when modelling their future evolution. Here, we present a new approach for modelling debris area and thickness evolution, applicable from single glaciers to the global scale. We derive a parameterization and implement it as a module into the Global Glacier Evolution Model (GloGEMflow), a combined mass-balance ice-flow model. The m

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Lambrecht, A., C. Mayer, W. Hagg, et al. "A comparison of glacier melt on debris-covered glaciers in the northern and southern Caucasus." Cryosphere 5, no. 3 (2011): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-525-2011.

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Abstract. The glacier coverage in the Caucasus Mountains underwent considerable changes during the last decades. In some regions, the observed reduction in glacier area is comparable to those in the European Alps and the extent of supra-glacial debris increased on many glaciers. Only a few glaciers in the Caucasus are monitored on a regular basis, while for most areas no continuous field measurements are available. In this study, regional differences of the conditions for glacier melt with a special focus on debris covered glacier tongues in the well-studied Adyl-su basin on the northern slope

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Guo, Wanqin, Shiyin Liu, Junli Xu, et al. "The second Chinese glacier inventory: data, methods and results." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 226 (2015): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j209.

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AbstractThe second Chinese glacier inventory was compiled based on 218 Landsat TM/ETM+ scenes acquired mainly during 2006–10. The widely used band ratio segmentation method was applied as the first step in delineating glacier outlines, and then intensive manual improvements were performed. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model was used to derive altitudinal attributes of glaciers. The boundaries of some glaciers measured by real-time kinematic differential GPS or digitized from high-resolution images were used as references to validate the accuracy of the methods used to

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Banerjee, Argha, and R. Shankar. "On the response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 215 (2013): 480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j130.

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AbstractModelling the response of Himalayan glaciers to rapid climate change is an important problem. The poorly understood effects of debris cover and the variable response of the glaciers have made it difficult to understand their dynamics. We propose a simple model for debris-covered glaciers and validate it against data from Dokriani Glacier, India. Numerical investigations of the model show that the response of debris-covered glaciers to a warming climate has two timescales. There is a period when the glacier loses ice by thinning but the front is almost stationary and it develops a long,

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Bolch, Tobias, Manfred Buchroithner, Tino Pieczonka, and André Kunert. "Planimetric and volumetric glacier changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, since 1962 using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER data." Journal of Glaciology 54, no. 187 (2008): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570782.

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AbstractMultitemporal space imagery from 1962 (Corona KH-4), 1992 (Landsat TM), 2001 and 2005 (Terra ASTER) was used to investigate the glacier changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal. The ice coverage in the investigation area decreased by about 5% between 1962 and 2005, with the highest retreat rates occurring between 1992 and 2001. The debris coverage increased concomitantly with the decrease in total glacier area. The clean-ice area decreased by >10%. Digital terrain model (DTM) generation from the early Corona KH-4 stereo data in this high-relief terrain is time-consuming, and the results s

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Zhou, Weiyong, Min Xu, and Haidong Han. "Spatial Distribution and Variation in Debris Cover and Flow Velocities of Glaciers during 1989–2022 in Tomur Peak Region, Tianshan Mountains." Remote Sensing 16, no. 14 (2024): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16142587.

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In this study, we utilized a feature optimization method combining texture and topographical factors with the random forest (RF) approach to identify changes in the extent of the debris cover around the Tianshan Tomur Peak between 1989 and 2022. Based on Sentinel-1 image data, we extracted glacier flow velocities using an offset tracking method and conducted a long-term analysis of flow velocities in combination with existing datasets. The debris identification results for 2022 showed that the debris-covered area in the study region was 409.2 km2, constituting 22.8% of the total glacier area.

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Che, Yanjun, Shijin Wang, Shuhua Yi, Yanqiang Wei, and Yancong Cai. "Summer Mass Balance and Surface Velocity Derived by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on Debris-Covered Region of Baishui River Glacier No. 1, Yulong Snow Mountain." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (2020): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203280.

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Glacier retreat is a common phenomenon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with global warming during the past several decades, except for several mountains, such as the glaciers in the Karakoram and the western Kunlun Mountains. The dynamic nature of glaciers significantly influences the hydrologic, geologic, and ecological systems in the mountain regions. The sensitivity and dynamic response to climate change make glaciers excellent indicators of regional and global climate change, such as glacier melting and retreat with the rise of local air temperature. Long-term monitoring of glacier ch

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Petersen, Eric Ivan, Joseph S. Levy, John W. Holt, and Cassie M. Stuurman. "New insights into ice accumulation at Galena Creek Rock Glacier from radar imaging of its internal structure." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 255 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.67.

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AbstractThe ice-cored Galena Creek Rock Glacier, Wyoming, USA, has been the subject of a number of studies that sought to determine the origin of its ice. We present new observations of the rock glacier's internal structure from ground-penetrating radar to constrain ice and debris distribution and accumulation. We imaged dipping reflectors in the center of the glacier that are weak and discontinuous, in contrast to strong reflectors toward the edge of the cirque beneath large debris-avalanche chutes. These reflectors form a network of concave-up, up-glacier dipping layers. We interpret these a

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Reid, T. D., and B. W. Brock. "Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 219 (2014): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j045.

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AbstractContinuous surface debris cover strongly reduces the ablation of glaciers, but high melt rates may occur at ice cliffs that are too steep to hold debris. This study assesses the contribution of ice-cliff backwasting to total ablation of Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy, in 2010 and 2011, based on field measurements, physical melt models and mapping of ice cliffs using a high-resolution (1 m) digital elevation model (DEM). Short-term model calculations closely match the measured melt rates. A model sensitivity analysis indicates that the effects of cliff slope and albedo are more

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van Woerkom, Teun, Jakob F. Steiner, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Evan S. Miles, and Walter W. Immerzeel. "Sediment supply from lateral moraines to a debris-covered glacier in the Himalaya." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 2 (2019): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-411-2019.

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Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya play an important role in the high-altitude water cycle. The thickness of the debris layer is a key control of the melt rate of those glaciers, yet little is known about the relative importance of the three potential sources of debris supply: the rockwalls, the glacier bed and the lateral moraines. In this study, we hypothesize that mass movement from the lateral moraines is a significant debris supply to debris-covered glaciers, in particular when the glacier is disconnected from the rockwall due to downwasting. To test this hypothesis, eight

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Reid, Tim D., and Ben W. Brock. "An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 199 (2010): 903–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457218.

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AbstractExtensive covers of supraglacial debris are often present in glacier ablation areas, and it is essential to assess exactly how the debris affects glacier melt rates. This paper presents a physically based energy-balance model for the surface of a debris-covered glacier. The model is driven by meteorological variables, and was developed using data collected at Miage glacier, Italy, during the ablation seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The debris surface temperature is numerically estimated by considering the balance of heat fluxes at the air/debris interface, and heat conduction through t

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PIECZONKA, TINO, TOBIAS BOLCH, MELANIE KRÖHNERT, JULIANE PETERS, and SHIYIN LIU. "Glacier branch lines and glacier ice thickness estimation for debris-covered glaciers in the Central Tien Shan." Journal of Glaciology 64, no. 247 (2018): 835–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.75.

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ABSTRACTInformation about the ice volume stored in glaciers is of high importance for sustainable water management in many arid regions of Central Asia. Several methods to estimate the ice volume exist. However, none of them take the specific characteristics of flat terminus debris-covered glaciers into account. We present a method for deriving spatially-distributed ice thickness for debris-covered dendritic glaciers, which are common not only in Central Tien Shan but also in several other mountain ranges in High Asia. The method relies on automatically generated branch lines, observed surface

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Koutnik, Michelle R., and Asmin V. Pathare. "Contextualizing lobate debris aprons and glacier-like forms on Mars with debris-covered glaciers on Earth." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 45, no. 2 (2021): 130–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133320986902.

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Debris-covered glaciers from around the world offer distinct environmental, climatic, and historical conditions from which to study the effects of debris on glacier-ice evolution. A rich literature on debris-covered glaciers exists from decades of field work, laboratory studies, remote-sensing observations, and numerical modeling. In general, the base of knowledge established by studying periglacial, glacial, and paraglacial landforms on Earth has been applied to aid interpretation of ice-rich or ice-remnant landforms on Mars, but research has progressed on both planets. For Mars, the spatial

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