Academic literature on the topic 'Debt type'
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Journal articles on the topic "Debt type"
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Colla, Paolo, Filippo Ippolito, and Kai Li. "Debt Structure." Annual Review of Financial Economics 12, no. 1 (2020): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-012820-015057.
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We review the literature on debt structure, which is a central element in a firm's capital structure. We first survey both theoretical and empirical research pertaining to debt characteristics—maturity and priority—and debt types—bank loans, corporate bonds, credit lines, commercial paper, and capital leases. We then present comprehensive empirical evidence on public US firms’ debt structure over the period 2002–2018, highlighting that more than three-quarters of US firms concentrate their borrowing in one debt type, and offer some suggestive explanations for the observed pattern. Finally, we discuss directions for future research, including a better understanding of debt structure choices by non-US firms and by private firms, the cross-sectional and temporal variations in debt structure, the corporate policy implications of firms’ debt structure choices, and the interaction between types of assets and debt structure.
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Coste, Tristan, Caroline Henchoz, and Boris Wernli. "Debt and Subjective Well-Being: Does the Type of Debt Matter?" Swiss Journal of Sociology 46, no. 3 (2020): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2020-0022.
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AbstractBased on longitudinal analyses of data from the Swiss Household Panel, this paper investigates the effect of different types of debt on two evaluative measures of subjective well-being: financial satisfaction and life satisfaction. Payment arrears reduce financial satisfaction more than loans or the accumulation of different types of debt (arrears and loans). This negative effect is stable over time. Conversely, each additional year with arrears decreases life satisfaction, confirming the overall and general negative effect of arrears on all domains of daily life, especially for the elderly.
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Xiao, Jing Jian, Chengyang Yan, Piotr Bialowolski, and Nilton Porto. "Consumer debt holding, income and happiness: evidence from China." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 5 (2021): 789–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-08-2020-0422.
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PurposeThe relationship between debt and happiness is an emerging research topic with significant implications for both theory and practice in economics and business. In China, where the consumer credit market is at an early stage of development, the topic remains under-investigated and the evidence on the debt–well-being link is scarce. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between debt holding and happiness and the moderating role of income in it.Design/methodology/approachData used in the study were from three waves (2013, 2015 and 2017) of the China Household Finance Survey. Fixed-effect regressions on panel data were used for data analyses.FindingsThe results show that any type of debt holding is negatively associated with happiness. Among seven specific types of debts, four types show negative associations with happiness, which in the order from higher to lower associations, are medical, education, other and housing debt. In addition, negative associations between debt holding and happiness vary among income groups. The results suggest that any debt holding potentially decreases happiness for low- and middle-income consumers only. In addition, holdings of three specific types of debts (medical, education and housing debt) may decrease happiness for both low- and middle-income consumers, and holding two types of debts (business and other debt) may decrease happiness for middle-income consumers only.Research limitations/implicationsData used in this study originate from one country only. It limits the generalizability of findings to other countries with different institutional backgrounds and different socio-economic characteristics of populations. The results have implications for researchers who study consumer debt behavior and business practitioners who do businesses with Chinese companies and consumers.Practical implicationsChina is an emerging economy that is at the early stage of credit market development. The results of this study provide helpful information and insights for business practitioners to explore credit markets and serve credit product clients with various income levels in China.Social implicationsThe results of this study are informative for public policies. When introducing credit market-related policies, policymakers should pay attention to people's happiness and to differential welfare effects of holdings of different types of debts and among consumers with various levels of incomes.Originality/valueUnique contributions of this study include using data from the most recently available waves of the China Household Finance Survey (2013, 2015 and 2017) to study the associations between debt holding and happiness. In addition, the findings of this study enrich the literature of debt and happiness by adding evidence from China, the largest emerging economy in the world, which is helpful for future theory building and business practice on the relationship between debt holding and happiness.
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Khan, Kanwal Iqbal, Faisal Qadeer, Mário Nuno Mata, Rui Miguel Dantas, João Xavier Rita, and Jéssica Nunes Martins. "Debt Market Trends and Predictors of Specialization: An Analysis of Pakistani Corporate Sector." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 5 (2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14050224.
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Recently, debt structure research has started focusing on the strategic perspective of financing choices, particularly to understand the reasons for debt specialization (DS). This paper examines trends of specialization over time and industry by using a comprehensive dataset on types of debt employed by the public limited companies during 2009–2018. The objective of the current study is to analyze the effect of debt market conditions by identifying significant predictors of DS. Time-series and cross-sectional results confirm the existence of DS, which is further validated by the findings of the cluster analysis. The empirical results indicate that overall, 61% of the companies solely rely on a single type of debt, mostly on short-term obligations accompanied by long-term secured and other debts. Moreover, small, mature, rated, group-affiliated, and low-leverage companies incline more towards this strategy. Credit rating, debt maturity, financial and interest coverage ratios serve as the primary determinants of the debt market that are significantly associated with the measures of DS. The results contribute to the capital structure literature by specifying that financing choice has an important implication in deciding the debt structure composition of the organizations.
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Xiao, Jing Jian, and Rui Yao. "Debt types and burdens by family structures." International Journal of Bank Marketing 38, no. 4 (2020): 867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2019-0262.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine family structure differences in debt types and burdens of American families.Design/methodology/approachData was from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances. Eight types of family structures, five specific debts, and two debt burden indicators are examined with multivariate logistic regressions.FindingsAfter controlling for several socioeconomic variables, multivariate logistic regression results show that married with children families are more likely than five other family types to have any debt. In terms of specific debt, married with children families are more likely than six other types of families to have mortgages, four other types to have credit card loans, five other types to have to vehicle loans, three other types to have education loans, and one other type to have purchase loans. Married with children families are more likely than three other types of families (childless married couples, single males, and single females) to be late in debt payment for 60 or more days.Research limitations/implicationsThe data is limited to one-year cross-sectional data. To gain more insights on this topic, panel data could be used.Practical implicationsThe findings can be used for financial service professionals to identify loan demand and risk associated with various family structures and develop effective marketing strategies to serve these clients.Social implicationsThe findings are informative for public policymakers to develop family friendly economic policies and for consumer educators who help consumers make effective financial decisions when borrowing various types of loans.Originality/valueFirst, this study uses an innovative definition of family structure that counts several nontraditional family structures. Second, this study examines family structure differences in holdings of five specific debts together.
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Khan, Kanwal Iqbal, Faisal Qadeer, Mário Nuno Mata, et al. "Core Predictors of Debt Specialization: A New Insight to Optimal Capital Structure." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090975.
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Debt structure composition is an essential topic of discussion for the management of capital structure decisions. Researchers made extensive efforts to understand the criteria for selecting debts, specifically, to know about the reasons for debt specialization, concealed in identifying its predictors. This question is essential not only for establishing the field of debt structure but also for the financial managers to design corporate financial strategy in a way that leads to attaining an optimal debt structure. Sophisticated financial modeling is applied to identify the core predictors of debt specialization, influencing the strategic choices of optimal debt structure to address this issue. Data were collected from 419 non-financial companies listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2015. This study has validated debt specialization by showing that short-term debts maintain their position over the years and remain the most popular type of loan among Pakistani firms. Further, it provides a comprehensive view of the cross-sectional differences among the firms involved in debt specialization by applying a holistic approach. Results show that small, growing, dividend-paying companies, having high expense and risk ratios, followed the debt specialization strategy. This strategy enables firms to reduce their agency conflicts, transaction costs, information asymmetry, risk management and building up their good market reputation. Conclusively, we have identified the gross profit margin, long-term debt to asset ratio, firm size, age, asset tangibility, and long-term industry debt to asset ratio as reliable and core predictors of debt specialization for sustainable business growth.
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Park, Won. "Relationship between Debt Ratio and Earnings Effect of Earnings Management's Estimating Method, Debt Type." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 15, no. 4 (2014): 1932–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.4.1932.
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Nepomnyaschy, Emory, Eickmeyer, Waller, and Miller. "Parental Debt and Child Well-Being: What Type of Debt Matters for Child Outcomes?" RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.06.
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Respatia, Wimba, and Fidiana Fidiana. "KEBIJAKAN RESTRUKTURISASI UTANG MELALUI DEBT TO EQUITY SWAP." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 14, no. 1 (2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2010.v14.i1.2118.
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This research aim to obtain the understanding about debt restructuring to improve the efficiency and its productivity. An essential difference between these and the usual swapping of debt into equity is that the former allow a wider range of aplications. The firm’s owner have the option of choosing the sequence of restructuring negotiation with the creditors. The firm can combine the existing models, which is certainly with the agreement of the creditor and investor. This research has studied the choice of debt restructuring model carried out by PT X which is caused by the fact that the companies have difficulty paying their debts. Data collecting methods were conducted through literature study and field research from financial report of PT X. The result of this research indicate that PT X should choose debt for equity swap by converting their debt for equity swap that which giving lower cost of capital. By choosing debt for equity swap enable to change the liability profile from one to the other type, to create a more optimal capital structure debt equity and equity debt in what is called recapitalisation. Decision of converting their debt for equity swap will cause PT X be a mojority shareholder and increase the ability to compete with other aluminium company.
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Kang, Maya. "Analysis of Farm Household Debt by Farm Type." Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development 24, no. 1 (2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12653/jecd.2017.24.1.0063.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Debt type"
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Figueiredo, Gabriela de. "Determinantes da composição do endividamento de longo prazo das empresas brasileiras listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo: uma abordagem empírica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-19102007-110741/.
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Bastante recorrente na área de Finanças Corporativas, o estudo da estrutura de capital das empresas continua despertando o interesse de muitos pesquisadores. No entanto, a maioria das existentes trata da escolha da empresa no que diz respeito ao uso de capital próprio ou de terceiros para financiar suas atividades. Entendendo que esta decisão envolve também a opção sobre que tipo de recurso de terceiro utilizar, o presente estudo analisa a composição do endividamento da empresa em relação à fonte de financiamento: se recursos privados (i.e. dívida bancária) ou públicos (i.e. títulos de dívida). Para tanto, foram estimados modelos estatísticos tendo como variáveis as informações financeiras de empresas brasileiras com ações listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) e na Sociedade Operadora do Mercado de Ativos (SOMA) e não atuantes no setor de Finanças e Seguros. Os testes foram realizados para duas amostras distintas: uma com o total de empresas e outra apenas com as empresas que efetivamente acessaram o mercado público de dívida corporativa. Foram utilizados dados em painel e três métodos de estimação: pooled, efeitos aleatórios e efeitos fixos. Os resultados apontaram que as empresas, em geral, consideram questões relativas às suas oportunidade de crescimento futuro, disponibilidade de ativos tangíveis, nível de alavancagem e lucratividade são as variáveis relevantes para a tomada de decisão sobre que tipo de dívida utilizar. Mas a partir do momento que passam a ter acesso ao mercado público, o custo da dívida passa a ser importante, assim como o total de ativos imobilizados e nível de endividamento. Tem-se ainda que optam pela dívida privada aquelas empresas com maior potencial de crescimento e mais ativos tangíveis, além de menor lucratividade e menor endividamento. No caso das empresas com dívida pública em seu balanço, quanto menor o custo da dívida privada, maior será sua importância para as mesmas.<br>A subject extensively studied in the Corporate Finance theme, the capital structure researches continue to motivate annalists around the world. On the other hand, the majority of the existent papers discuss the company?s choice between own capital and third parties resources used to finance its operations. As we understand that such decision also involves the option about which third parties resources to use, the present paper analysis the company?s indebtedness composition related to the financing source: private (i.e. bank debt) or public (i.e. debt bound). For this purpose, it was estimated statistics models using as variables the financial information of the listed companies at São Paulo?s Stock Exchange (BOVESPA) and at Sociedade Operadora do Mercado de Ativos (SOMA) and that not act in the Financial Sector. The tests were done for two samples: one with all the companies and the other only with the companies that effectively used public debt. The data were disposal in panel and three models were estimated: pooled, random effects and fixed effects. The results pointed out that, in general, the companies consider the variables related to future growth opportunities, tangible assets available, indebtedness level and profitability as the major relevant to choice the type of debt related to the financing source. But when the companies access the public debt market, the debt cost becomes important, as the total tangible assets and the indebtedness level. The results also show that the private debt is preferred by the companies with bigger growth opportunities and larger volume of tangible asset, and with lower profitability and indebtedness level. For the companies with public debt on their balance sheet, the lower the private debt cost, the higher its importance to them.
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Cruz, Fernando Baptista da. "Composição de dívidas corporativas no Brasil: fatores que explicam a emissão de debêntures." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4307.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z<br>The purpose of the debt and the enterprise’s sector are important variables for the debate on corporate indebtedness composition in the context of the agency theory. The Brazilian empirical literature does not include those variables in its models. The aim of this study is to investigate if the purpose of the public debt and the enterprise’s sector have an influence on the financing source. In this context, it was used the LOGIT model in order to analyze these variables with others that were significant in past studies. The results imply that regulated sectors and resources allotted to the acquisition of equity participation increase the chance of choosing public debt. Furthermore, it was not found any evidence that a higher fixed assets to total assets ratio has an influence on the decision to issue a public debt.<br>A destinação dos recursos captados através de dívida e o setor de atuação da empresa são variáveis importantes na discussão da teoria de agência para a composição das dívidas corporativas. A literatura empírica brasileira não incorpora tais variáveis em seus modelos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se essa destinação e se o setor de atuação da empresa influenciam na decisão de emitir dívida pública. Desta forma, utilizou-se o modelo LOGIT para analisá-los em conjunto com outras variáveis, que se mostraram significativas em outros estudos. Os resultados sugerem que os setores regulados e que os recursos destinados para aquisição de participações acionárias aumentam a chance de uma empresa de capital aberto utilizar dívida pública. Além disso, não se encontrou evidências de que uma maior proporção de ativos imobilizados sobre ativo total influencia na decisão de emissão de dívida pública.
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Simic, Arijana. "Det (eko)logiska valet : En sociologisk studie om relationen mellan handlingar och etiska principer." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46873.
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This study targets to design the understanding of the relationship between actions and ethical values. An example of this kind of obliquity is illustrated by how environmental issues gets positive response from a majority while a minority have an environmentalfriendly behaviour towards it. This is studied by examining how private persons percieve the link between their consciousness and their effort to make a change. The method that has been used was single interviews with six male collegestudents. The main questioin is how it is possible to understand values and behaviour among men during education. The main theory involves cognitive dissonance, where the importance of differences between moral and deeds are discussed. The theory also focus on the problems with social traps in the society. The result shows that differences occur in the environmental behavour of people. These are caused by neutrality or the absence of information. Meanwhile, people who state to have environmental issues as a main interest sees more problems facing the ecological sustainability since they are more aware. The result also displayed environmental actions as ethically correct and if not performed causes a bad self-image. Connecting the collegestudents’ attitudes, cognitive dissonance och social traps, three general types of characters have been found for the analysis. The conclusion is to start engaging the population to greener actions by bigger co-operations between organisations and the society by including self-interest. This makes the population gain trust and make rational choices before co-operating.<br>Denna studie riktar sig mot att skapa en förståelse för relationen mellan handling och etiska principer. Ett exempel på ett snedvridet förhållande är hur miljöproblem får positiv respons av majoriteten av populationen, medan en minoritet möter problemen med ett miljövänligt beteende. Undersökningen utgår från hur privatpersoner reflekterar kring länken mellan sitt samvete och sin insats att göra skillnad. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med sex manliga universitetsstudenter. Den huvudsakliga frågeställningen är hur det är möjligt att förstå värderingar och beteende hos män under utbildning. Den huvudsakliga teorin grundar sig i kognitiv dissonans för att belysa betydelsen kring skillnader mellan moral och handling. Teorin fokuserar även på problemen med sociala fällor i samhället. Resultatet visar att skillnader finns i människors miljöorinenterade beteendemönster, vilka orsakas av neutralitet eller brist på information. Resultaten visar även att individer som visar stort engagemang för miljöfrågor också ser fler hot mot den ekologiska hållbarheten eftersom de är mer insatta i ämnet. Resultaten visar också att miljövänliga handlingar uppfattas som etiskt korrekta och skadar självbilden om de inte genomförs. Genom att sammankoppla studenternas attityder, kognitiva dissonans och sociala fällor har tre generella karaktärstyper konstruerats och framställts i analysen. Slutsatsen är att uppmuntra populationen till grönare handlingar genom ett större samarbeten mellan organisationer och samhället där egenintresset inkluderas. Detta får populationens förtroende att växa och göra rationella beslut före samarbetet.
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McDermott, Dean Patrick. "A description of public debt types and the issuance of municipal bonds." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1991. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Hedén, Victoria, and Anna Efverström. "Hur blir det nu? Personers upplevelser av att diagnostiseras med typ 2-diabetes : En intervjustudie." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333301.
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Bakgrund: Typ 2-diabetes är ett växande folkhälsoproblem. Trots detta finns det få studier som undersöker hur personer upplever det att få denna diagnos, hur de hanterar nödvändiga livsstilsförändringar samt hur stödet från diabetessjuksköterskan upplevs. Syfte: Att beskriva individers upplevelser och erfarenheter av att diagnostiseras med typ 2-diabetes samt hur de upplever stödet från diabetessjuksköterskan på vårdcentralen den första tiden efter diagnos. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor. Nio deltagare inkluderades med bekvämlighetsurval. Intervjuerna analyserades med både manifest och latent innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundmans metod. Resultat: Analysen från intervjuerna resulterade i två teman och sju subteman. Det första temat var Upplevelser och känslor den första tiden efter en diabetesdiagnos med följande subteman: Upplevelser vid diagnostillfället, Upplevelser och känslor av att leva med diabetes samt Hantering av vardagslivet. Det andra temat var Upplevelser och erfarenheter av diabetesvården med tillhörande subteman: Upplevelser av stöd från diabetessjuksköterskan, Multiprofessionellt team, Förbättringsområden och Hälsolitteracitet. Slutsats: Upplevelsen av att få diagnosen typ 2-diabetes kunde komma chockartat eller som en lättnad att det inte var värre. Trots att kunskapen fanns om nödvändiga livsstilsförändringar så var det svårt att få till hållbara strategier och lösningar i vardagen. Stödet från diabetessjuksköterskan var viktigt och kunde påverka hur motiverade deltagarna var att införa hälsosamma rutiner i sitt liv.<br>Background: Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health problem. Despite this, there are few studies exploring how people react to this diagnosis, how they deal with the necessary lifestyle changes and what they think about the support offered by the diabetes nurse. Aim: To describe individuals’ perceptions and experiences of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes as well as their impressions of the support offered by the diabetes nurse at the primary health center during the initial period after the diagnosis. Methods: Qualitative interview study with semi structured questions. Nine participants were selected through convenience sampling. The interviews were analysed through both manifest and latent content analysis in accordance with the Graneheim and Lundman method. Results: The analysis of the interviews resulted in two themes and seven subthemes. The first theme concerns Perceptions and emotions during the initial period of a diabetes diagnosis with the following subthemes: Perceptions at the time of diagnosis, Views and emotions regarding life with diabetes and Handling of everyday life. The second theme concerns Views on and experiences of diabetes care with the following subthemes: Views on the support received from the diabetes nurse, Multi-professional team, Areas of improvement and Health literacy. Conclusion: The announcement of a type 2 diabetes diagnosis sometimes came as a chock and sometimes as a relief. Despite being aware of the necessary lifestyle changes, the interviewees had difficulties applying sustainable strategies and solutions in their daily lives. Support from the diabetes nurse was important and could influence the participants’ commitment to introducing healthy habits into their lives.
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Chen, Qing. "An Empirical analysis of the effects of market response to bank loan announcements in the Hong Kong stock market." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1205.
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This study will validate several key results from previous studies of bank loan announcement effects by using the data from Hong Kong market following the 1997 Asian crisis. Banks are believed to play a unique role in financial market which could effectively reduce the problem of information asymmetry and moral hazard. Banks could access borrowers’ inside information which is not available to other participants. Thus bank loan announcements convey valuable information to the market, and market response of the stock price should be positive. However, because of the significant reform in both financial market and information market, the valuation of bank loan announcement conveyed need to be reconsidered. This study investigates whether banks are still “unique” in the financial market or whether they are like middlemen between borrowers and investors. Data used in this study is collected from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Index, and a standard event study with the market model is applied in the research to conduct the empirical analysis. The results suggest bank loan announcements are associated with significantly higher positive abnormal returns than non-bank loan announcements. Based on the market model of event study, market response is found to be significantly positive for loan syndication, short maturity loan and borrower’s debt ratio, and negatively related to firm size and loan size. Bank loans with refinancing and capital expenditure and no specific purpose have significantly higher positive abnormal returns, and borrowers with property and industrial industry type have more significant positive abnormal returns compared to other industry type. The findings also suggest the Hong Kong stock market is efficient in both strong and semi-strong form for bank loan announcements. A strong evidence of information leakage problem is found for non-bank loan announcements. The results are generally consistent with the existing literature.
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Keller, Jean-François. "Effets de l’activation du récepteur TLR2 dans les odontoblastes humains." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10090.
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Mielot, C. "Etude d'une cavité accélératrice supraconductrice de type spoke et de son coupleur de puissance associé." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00023906.
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Cette thèse cofinancée par le CNRS et Framatome a porté sur l'étude d'une cavité supraconductrice de type spoke et de son coupleur de puissance associé. Les résultats ont été utilisés dans le cadre du 5ème PCRD et notamment pour l'accélérateur linéaire de protons de forte intensité(6mA) du projet de réacteur hybride XADS. La cavité (F=352MHz, BETA=0.35) a été testée à 4K et 2K. Ses performances à 4K donnent des marges confortables par rapport au cahier des charges XADS, ce qui est utile pour la fiabilité de l'installation. A 2K le champ accélérateur maximum est de 16MV/M ce qui est une référence mondiale.Le port de couplage de la cavité a été optimisé : sa position et son diamètre ont été modifiés pour diminuer les pertes HF sur l'antenne et limiter les risques de multipacting. Pour minimiser les pertes HF le mode de couplage avec la cavité choisie est électrique.Différents types de fenêtre céramique ont été étudiés afin de rendre fiable ce point critique du coupleur : disques coaxiaux avec ou sans chokes ou cylindrique creux coaxial . L'optimisation a porté sur la puissance réfléchie, les pertes dans la céramique, et le champ électrique de surface. Le disque muni de choke a également été modélisé et a fait l'objet d'une étude grâce à la théorie des lignes. L'ensemble des fenêtres a été étudié de manière systématique en fonction de différents paramètres géométriques. Le disque sans chokes semble un bon candidat pour notre application. La source de puissance sera un amplificateur état solide. Un coupleur entièrement coaxial est réalisable et sera fabriqué et testé prochainement.
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Wahlund, Casper. "Detection And Quantification Of Equine Type I Interferons." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medicinska fakulteten, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159198.
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Type I interferons (IFNs), perhaps the most important of cytokines in fighting viral infections, have been target for detailed research only the past few decades and much is yet to be investigated. Hidden in the mysteries of IFNs might be powerful anti-viral and anti-tumor therapies, alongside greatly increased understanding of vertebrate immunology. This project aims at investigating IFN expression of in vitro stimulated equine cell lines and studies of IFN expression in horses, both healthy and a number of horses diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Amongst equine diseases, IBD is of increasing concern and scientific progressions within the project are, in several aspects, also applicable for human medicine.
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Eilefors, Carola, and Michaela Nordgren. "Hur påverkas unga människors sexuella beteenden av olika typer av sexualundervisning? : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för vård och natur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5999.
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Sexuellt beteende kan bidra till oönskade konsekvenser hos unga människor. Genom sexualundervisning kan sexuella risktaganden samt oönskade konsekvenser minska hos unga människor. Syftet med denna studie var att studera sexualundervisning och hur den påverkar beteendet hos unga människor mellan 12-24 år. Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades noga. Artiklarna inhämtades från vetenskapliga databaser. Resultatet från litteraturstudien påvisade att sexualundervisning i skolan var en betydelsefull kunskapskälla då den oftast är obligatorisk samt att en del ungdomar inhämtade kunskap från andra källor som till exempel föräldrar, media och kompisar där sexualundervisningen var otillräcklig. Unga människor visade sig ha en varierad kunskap om sexuell hälsa och skillnader mellan kön, etnicitet och sociala förhållanden konstaterades. Inom ämnet behövs fortsatt forskning, för att öka förståelsen för nödvändigheten av obligatorisk sexualundervisning i skolan och eventuellt på andra arenor.
Books on the topic "Debt type"
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Mukherjee, Mohua. How does Brady-type commercial debt restructuring work? Cofinancing and Financial Advisory Services Dept., World Bank, 1991.
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Razin, Assaf. A Brazilian-type debt crisis: Simple analytics. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Blood debt. Kensington Pub. Corp., 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Debt type"
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Kutsuri, Georgiy N., Lola D. Sanginova, and Svetlana S. Galazova. "Warranties of Public-Law Entity as a Type of Debt Obligation in a Systemic Economy." In Scientific and Technical Revolution: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47945-9_119.
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Kano, Kenji, Osamu Shirai, Yuki Kitazumi, Kento Sakai, and Hong-Qi Xia. "Fundamentals of DET-Type Bioelectrocatalysis." In Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8960-7_3.
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Monnet, Éric, and Blaise Truong-Loï. "The History and Politics of Public Debt Accounting." In A World of Public Debts. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48794-2_19.
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AbstractA country’s public debt figures vary considerably in any given year, depending on the definitions used. It creates difficulties in constructing and interpreting long-term statistical series. This chapter examines the policy issues behind the definition and accounting of public debt through history. Based on a critical analysis of widely used historical sources, as well as case studies, it discusses how to interpret historical public debt statistics. Analyzing general trends in the historical development of comparability of public debt statistics since the nineteenth century, it identifies three perspectives on debt accounting that have framed the construction of statistics over time: “financial”, “circuitist” and “benchmarking”. Since public debt accounting and policy depend on the way in which public debt is issued and traded and on the identity of creditors, each of these ideal-types roughly corresponds to a debt regime, and more broadly to a historical period of capitalism.
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Kano, Kenji, Osamu Shirai, Yuki Kitazumi, Kento Sakai, and Hong-Qi Xia. "Protein-Engineering Approach for Improvement of DET-Type Bioelectrocatalytic Performance." In Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8960-7_5.
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Brown, Meta, Donghoon Lee, Joelle Scally, and Wilbert van der Klaauw. "The Graying of American Debt." In Remaking Retirement. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867524.003.0003.
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Real aggregate debt in the hands of Americans age 50 to 80 increased by 59 percent between 2003 and 2015. Meanwhile, real debt held by Americans in their 20s and 30s was approximately flat. Using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Consumer Credit Panel, we describe the extent of this debt increase and the distribution of debt growth by loan type. Real per capita home-secured debts held by older consumers show the steepest growth, though older borrowers have increased their obligations in all major debt categories. For long-held debts, these developments lead us to evaluate how such changes emerged.
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Bunte, Jonas B. "Measuring Borrowing Portfolios and Group Strength." In Raise the Debt. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866167.003.0008.
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This chapter describes how data for the statistical analysis were obtained. First, the dependent variable captures countries’ borrowing portfolios, that is, the share of loans obtained from a particular type of creditor. The main difficulty lies in obtaining reliable data on loan inflows from emerging creditors, such as China. In contrast to existing approaches focused on loan outflows from China, this book instead collects information on the loan inflows as recorded in the budgets of recipient countries. Second, the key independent variable is the type of societal coalition. The relative political strength of Labor, Industry, and Finance determines which type of coalition is present. However, their relative political influence cannot be observed directly. The chapter describes how proxies were derived by combining information about the groups’ ability to overcome collective action problems with their importance to the domestic economy.
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Bunte, Jonas B. "Governments’ Borrowing Decisions across the Developing World." In Raise the Debt. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866167.003.0009.
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Societal coalition shape governments’ borrowing decisions across the developing world. The analyses use a compositional data model to estimate the effect of societal coalitions on the share of loans obtained from four types of creditors. The results indicate that borrowing portfolios differ significantly across coalitions: Corporatist Coalitions rely primarily on BRIC loans, Capital Coalitions on private creditors, Consumer Coalitions on bilateral loans from Western governments. These differences remain significant after controlling for economic factors (recipient GDP, current account, existing debt levels, trade, and natural resources) and political considerations (democracies versus autocracies, type of electoral system, or government ideology). Furthermore, the results are robust to analyzing China separately from Brazil, India, and Russia, as well as when combining Western bilateral with multilateral loans. The evidence strongly supports the argument that developing countries make choices among competing loan offers.
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Butrica, Barbara A., and Nadia S. Karamcheva. "Is Rising Household Debt Affecting Retirement Decisions?" In Remaking Retirement. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867524.003.0008.
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Household debt among older Americans approaching retirement has increased dramatically over time. Older households have become increasingly more indebted and more leveraged. While mortgages remain the predominant type of debt among households in their 50s and 60s, student loan debt has also risen among these households in recent years. This chapter uses household survey data to show that more indebted older adults are more likely to work, less likely to be retired, and, on average, expect to work longer than those with less debt. Furthermore, the chapter examines how different types of debt such as mortgages, credit card debt, and student loans affect those decisions.
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Aguilar, Benjamin, Ajit Jain, and Kevin Neaves. "Short-Term Funding and Financing Alternatives." In Debt Markets and Investments. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877439.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the different types of short-term funding and financing alternatives that are available in the commercial money and capital markets. First, it covers commercial paper market activity, issue maturity, and quality. Second, the chapter addresses common uses and terms for commercial and standby letters of credit as well as common issuing requirements and covenants, and discusses the parties, processes, and risks involved. Third, it covers bilateral and trilateral repurchase agreements. Fourth, the chapter discusses asset-based loans, including accounts receivable factoring and purchase order financing. Finally, it covers revolving credit facilities and their associated costs. In sum, short-term funding is important for borrowers seeking additional liquidity to finance working capital or other short-term investments. For each type of short-term funding alternative, the chapter discusses the expected return and potential risks that the borrower and lender should evaluate before entering the financial transaction.
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Bunte, Jonas B. "Explaining Variation in Borrowing Portfolios." In Raise the Debt. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866167.003.0001.
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This chapter illustrates that borrowing patterns differ significantly across developing countries, even if they have the same credit rating, income level, and degree of democracy. Some rely on private creditors, others on multilateral institutions; some use loans from Western governments like the United States, while others borrow from emerging creditor governments such as China. These empirical patterns suggest that it is not only creditors who determine loan allocations, but that recipient governments have preferences and act upon them. This book argues that governments choose their creditors to satisfy the demands by the dominant societal interest groups. These groups prefer one type of creditor to others because the conditions attached to the monetary transfers imply positive (or negative) distributional consequences for the groups. The chapter concludes with a preview of the qualitative and quantitative evidence presented later in the book.
Conference papers on the topic "Debt type"
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Silva, Marcelino Campos Oliveira, Marco Tulio Valente, and Ricardo Terra. "Does Technical Debt Lead to the Rejection of Pull Requests?" In XII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2016.5969.
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Technical Debt is a term used to classify non-optimal solutions during software development. These solutions cause several maintenance problems and hence they should be avoided or at least documented. Although there are a considered number of studies that focus on the identification of Technical Debt, we focus on the identification of Technical Debt in pull requests. Specifically, we conduct an investigation to reveal the different types of Technical Debt that can lead to the rejection of pull requests. From the analysis of 1,722 pull requests, we classify Technical Debt in seven categories namely design, documentation, test, build, project convention, performance, or security debt. Our results indicate that the most common category of Technical Debt is design with 39.34%, followed by test with 23.70% and project convention with 15.64%. We also note that the type of Technical Debt influences on the size of push request discussions, e.g., security and project convention debts instigate more discussion than the other types.
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Curtis, Bill, Jay Sappidi, and Alexandra Szynkarski. "Estimating the size, cost, and types of Technical Debt." In 2012 Third International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtd.2012.6226000.
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Maldonado, Everton da S., and Emad Shihab. "Detecting and quantifying different types of self-admitted technical Debt." In 2015 IEEE 7th International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtd.2015.7332619.
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Lee, Seung-Mok, and Hyun Myung. "Interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers for flocking behavior." In 2011 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2011.5936637.
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Dinovitzer, A., R. Lazor, L. B. Carroll, et al. "Geometric Dent Characterization." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27076.
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The Canadian pipeline design standard (CSA Z662) requires the repair of smooth dents with depths exceeding 6% of the pipeline’s outside diameter. This limit on dent depth is reduced in the presence of additional localized effects such as pipe wall gouges, corrosion, planar flaws or weld seams. It has been noted, however, that pipelines have operated satisfactorily with dents in excess of 10% while others with 3% dents have failed. Based upon observation of this type the question arises, “Is there more to characterizing a dent than its depth?” An ongoing group sponsored project at BMT Fleet Technology Limited (FTL) is exploring the issue of dent characterization using a dent assessment model developed at FTL. The objective of this project is to develop a rapid dent life expectancy characterization technique based upon dent geometry, line pressure history and line pipe material properties. This paper will outline the general characterization approach being considered and demonstrate some of the observed and expected relationships between service life and dent geometry. The relative importance of each dent characteristic (geometric measures, line pipe material and line pressure history) will be discussed to demonstrate the potential of the rapid characterization approach being developed.
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Cho, Seung-Yoon, Joon-Woo Lee, and Ju-Jang Lee. "Type-2 Fuzzy PD Controller Tuning using Quantum-inspired Evolutionary algorithm." In 2011 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2011.5936641.
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Bouchouicha, Ranoua, Alexey Zhukovskiy, and Heidi Falkenbach. "Leverage and types of debt in the Listed Real Estate Companies' capital structure decisions." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2016_147.
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Park, Kyoung Taik, Doo Hyeong Kim, Chang Don Lee, and Han Me Kim. "Power assistance system of working habiliments type for painting worker in ship building." In 2011 5th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (DEST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dest.2011.5936633.
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Zarea, Mures, Stephane Hertz-Clemens, Remi Batisse, and Philippe Cardin. "Experimental Investigation on Combined “Dent and Gouge” Defects on Vintage Steel Transmission Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33538.
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Mechanical Damage on pipelines is the most frequent in service failure cause, at least in Europe. The category of Mechanical Damage actually covers on one hand rock dents, on the other hand, combined “Dent and Gouge” defects resulting from an impact by a ground moving machinery. The latter are complex defects in terms of geometry and mechanical behavior. Improved understanding of toughness reduction in these defects and their vicinity, especially in the case of vintage pipelines, and its impact on burst pressure and remaining fatigue lifetime is crucial in order to ensure a high safety level at the best economic conditions for transmission pipelines. PRCI and DOT/PHMSA supported a large experimental program to investigate the burst and fatigue strength of such defects in modern pipes as well as in vintage pipes by producing very detailed reference experimental data in order to support improvement of current burst and fatigue strength models for these defects. This paper focuses on experimental results data for two vintage pipes removed from service, one 26″ in diameter, X52 grade (from US) with high carbon content and sulfur content involving very low toughness and another 24″ in diameter, X63 grade (from Europe) characterized by alternated pearlite and ferrite bands. In each pipe, two different types of combined “Dent and Gouge” defects were created, “shallow dent with shallow gouge” and “severe dent with moderate gouge”. Each defect was reproduced three times: • One for destructive metallurgical investigation; • A second one for highly instrumented burst test; • A third one for highly instrumented fatigue test. The defect profile was monitored during pressure increase until burst, and a camera recorded pictures at each fatigue cycle to detect crack initiation at the gouge bottom and its further propagation. The different features of the experimental work and results described in this paper are: • Material characterization; • Metallurgical and residual stress investigation on combined dent and gouge defects; • Burst tests conditions and results; • Fatigue tests conditions and results. • Comparison with results from modern pipes containing the same types of defects. All this experimental data is made available for an in-depth understanding of the “Dent and Gouge” type defects leading to improved models, as well as reference data for validating these improved models for burst and fatigue strength of these defects.
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Wang, Rick Yahua, Richard Kania, Udayasankar Arumugam, and Ming Gao. "Characterization of Topside Mechanical Damage." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33510.
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Mechanical damage, such as gouge, is the damage to the pipe surface caused by external forces and is usually caused by third-party damage during construction and excavation. This normally results in a highly deformed, work hardened surface layer with possible metal removal. In many cases, dents are coincident with gouges. Industry standards and regulators treat this type of mechanical damage as critical and require immediate investigation. Therefore, from a pipeline operator perspective, distinguishing between plain dent and dent with gouge is a great challenge for topside dents because quite often they are caused by un-authorized third party activity and contain gouge. In a previous study[1,2], the present authors developed an approach that combines dent strain-severity criterion with MFL signal recognition to identify dent with gouge and crack. In this paper, an extension of the previous study to topside dents is presented. The enhanced approach for distinguishing between plain dents and dent with gouge/crack for topside dents is summarized. Case studies are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for identify topside dent with gouge.
Reports on the topic "Debt type"
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Razin, Assaf, and Efraim Sadka. A Brazilian-Type Debt Crisis: Simple Analytics. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9606.
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Wogensen, Lotta. Möjligheternas bibliotek : lärande i det livslånga biblioteket. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/maulib/2021/11.
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Bibliotek från olika sektorer – om det så är skol-, folk-, sjukhus- eller högskolebibliotek – vilar på en gemensam värdegrund där demokratisk kunskapsdelning och fri åsiktsbildning är centrala värden. Trots det sker det sällan kompetensöverföring och utbyte mellan personal i de olika sektorerna. Genom medel för kompetensutveckling från Region Skåne har åtta bibliotekarier från olika bibliotekssektorer haft möjlighet att lära känna varandras verksamheter och målgrupper. Projektet Möjligheternas bibliotek undersöker hur bibliotekarier genom ett ökat samarbete och en fördjupad kunskap om andra typer av bibliotek, kan underlätta medborgarnas tillgång till bibliotek genom det livslånga lärandet.
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Montefusco, Maria. Ett nordiskt samarbete för alla – Funktionshindersintegrering i Nordiska ministerrådets verksamhet 2021. Nordens välfärdscenter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52746/zdjo7646.
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Det nordiska samarbetet ska vara tillgängligt och inkluderande, och den politik som genereras ska vara relevant för alla nordbor oavsett funktionsförmåga. I den här rapporten presenteras hur arbetet går, och vad som händer område för område. Att integrera ett funktionshindersperspektiv handlar för Nordiska ministerrådet om att synlig- och tydliggöra situation och behov hos personer med funktionsnedsättning samt att främja inkludering genom universell utformning och tillgänglighet. Det kan gälla praktiska saker, så som att politiska möten ska vara tillgängliga och det ska gå att ta del av ministerrådets rapporter och hemsida även med digitala hjälpmedel. Det handlar också om att främja inkludering av personer med olika typer av funktionsnedsättning i den politik som utvecklas genom samarbetet. Målet är att alla relevanta politikområden, administration och institutioner inom det nordiska samarbetet ska ha ett integrerat funktionshindersperspektiv. I den här statusrapporten går vi igenom allt arbete som skett under 2021, område för område. De olika områdena blickar också framåt och ser vad nästa steg är för att blir ännu mer inkluderande och tillgängliga.