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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Debtor and creditor (Islamic law)'
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1
Heinrich, Stefan. "Covenants als Alternative zum institutionellen Gläubigerschutz : eine rechtsvergleichende und ökonomische Analyse /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998458678/04.
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Kaiser, Martin. "Die europäische Privatgesellschaft und die spanische Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada : rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung mit Schwerpunkt im Bereich des Gläubigerschutzes /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987971042/04.
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Giering, Anastasia. "Risikobezogener Gläubigerschutz im Recht der GmbH : Vorschläge zur Vermögensbindung und Gesellschafterhaftung de lege ferenda /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2009. http://d-nb.info/992686946/04.
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MOTA, PINTO Alexandre Cardoso. "The Europeanization of legal capital : searching for new ways of protecting creditors in limited liability companies." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13174.
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Navickaitė, Justina. "Išieškotojo ir skolininko teisių gynimas vykdymo procese." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20061229_110814-55335.
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The execution process is very important for protection of human rights. If court decisions were not executed the very court decisions would loose their importance. Rights of a creditor and a debtor are written in the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) and in other legal acts, but these rights should be properly explained to the parties of the execution process.
Only the prescription to present the writ of execution is determined in Lithuanian laws, but any prescription for the whole case of execution is not determined usually. It would be reasonable to determine such a period of time at least for enforcement of administrative sanctions.
A proposal to fulfil a decision is an important mean to offer to a debtor to pay the debt by himself. But according to CPC the proposal is sent not in every case. For example, it is not sent in cases of enforcement of administrative sanctions. According to the new Instruction on Execution of Judgements, there is an alternative document to the proposal. To have in mind that both these documents have the same functions and almost the same content, there is a doubt if it is reasonable to regulate the same thing in different laws.
The Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania has decided that the Instruction on Execution of Judgements adopted in 2002 years violates other legal acts adopted by the Government. So there is a problem which Instruction should be implemented for the executive cases which were started before adopting the new Instruction... [to full text]
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Jokubauskaitė, Giedrė. "Išieškojimas iš įkeisto turto." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090122_141510-68145.
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Sparčiai vystantis kreditavimo santykiams, taip pat bankams bei kitoms kredito įstaigoms aktyviai plečiant įvairialypio finansavimo politiką, neišvengiamai susiduriama su efektyvių prievolių įvykdymo užtikrinimo būdų ieškojimu. Tačiau šiuo ekonominiu laikotarpiu ypatingai kreipiamas dėmesys ne tik į patikimiausius bei efektyviausius prievolių įvykdymo užtikrinimo būdus, bet ir į procedūras, taikomas išieškant iš įkeisto turto. Būtent šio darbo objektas yra išieškojimo iš įkeisto turto procesas, tokio proceso problematika. Darbe iškeliamas tikslas išanalizuoti išieškojimo iš įkeisto turto procesą, nustatyti kylančias problemas, apsunkinančias efektyvią kreditorių interesų apsaugą bei skolininkų interesų garantiją, pasiūlyti galimus sprendimo būdus. Tikslo pasiekimas įgyvendinamas šiais uždaviniais: palyginti išieškojimo iš įkeisto turto procesą su išieškojimo procesu bendra tvarka, atlikti išsamią išieškojimo iš įkeisto turto procesą reglamentuojančių teisės normų analizę, nuodugniai išstudijuoti susiformavusią teismų praktiką taikant teisės normas, reglamentuojančias išieškojimą iš įkeisto turto.
Pirmajame darbo skyriuje nustatomi išieškojimo proceso iš įkeisto turto ir išieškojimo proceso bendra tvarka esminiai skirtumai ir panašumai. Vadovaujantis nustatytais esminiais skirtumais ir panašumais, atskleidžiamas minėtų išieškojimo procesų tarpusavio ryšys. Antrajame darbo skyriuje analizuojamas išieškojimas iš įkeisto nekilnojamojo turto. Skyrius suskirstytas į du poskyrius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The effective kinds of security of performance of obligations are becoming more important not only in the period of rapidly developing credit intercourses, but also as banks and other credit institutions are actively expanding their miscellaneous credit policy. At this economically dramatic period not only kinds of security of performance of obligations are targeted, but also the procedures which are applied in order to recover from collateral. Thus the object of this master degree thesis is the process of the recovery from collateral, the issues of such recovery process. The aim of the final master degree thesis is to deliver an exhaustive analysis of the process from collateral, to ascertain the problems, which compound the effective security of creditor’s interests and the appropriate guarantee of debtor’s interests, also propose possible solutions of determined problems. The above goals are achieved through the comparison of recovery process from collateral and recovery process in general, the analysis of rules of law, regulating the recovery from collateral, the exhaustive analysis of application of aforementioned rules of law in practice. The first section of the thesis discusses the essential differences and similarities of the recovery process from collateral and recovery process in general. By discussing it the intercourse of these processes is determined. The second section gives an analysis of the recovery process from the mortgaged assets. The section is divided... [to full text]
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Castillo, Freyre Mario. "On obligations and their classification." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108646.
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It’s impossible to conceive the human being without the Law of Obligations. This branch ofCivil Law allows persons to satisfy their needs,reason why it’s important to study it carefully.In this article, the author presents us an introductory study of what obligations are, as well as their diverse classification. Without a doubt, this is a mandatory reading for all lawyers and Law students.Es imposible concebir al ser humano sin el Derecho de las Obligaciones. Esta rama del Derecho Civil permite que las personas puedanver satisfechas sus necesidades, por lo que es importante estudiarla con cuidado.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un estudio introductorio sobre qué son las obligaciones, así como su variada clasificación. Sin duda un material de lectura obligatoria paratodos los abogados y estudiantes de Derecho.
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Bressler, Steffen. "Schuldknechtschaft und Schuldturm : zur Personalexekution im sächsischen Recht des 13.-16. Jahrhunderts /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=010703580&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Riggert, Lars. "Die Rechtsverfolgung der Gläubiger dinglicher Kreditsicherheiten in der Unternehmensinsolvenz des Schulderner : am Beispiel des Sicherungseigentums, des Pfandrechts, des Eigentumsvorbehalts under der Sicherungsgrundschuld /." Hamburg : Kovac, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014732626&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wagner, Eberhard. "Vertragliche Abtretungsverbote im System zivilrechtlicher Verfügungshindernisse /." Tübingen : Mohr, 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/271863889.pdf.
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Skulski, Bohdan J. (Bohdan Jan) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "The Exigibility of RRSPs on account of income tax arrears." Ottawa, 1999.
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Spaičienė, Jurgita. "Bankruptcy Law development in the Republic of Lithuania." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080515_104127-60668.
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Introduction
Recently, companies’ bankruptcy law in Lithuania is being changed most frequently. The experience in using formal laws is ignored by legislative power while paying no attention toward it as a new source of the law. Nowadays, the legal acts involve only procedure of bankruptcy of companies, there is few theoretical and conceptual basics of the bankruptcy law. Therefore Lithuania has had no research of bankruptcy and insolvency law. Because of the predictable basic changes there are no scientists being able to make precise forecast of some changes. Therefore the need for new law ideas and issues is evidently present. Today it is common to adopt the law of other states, but it is still required to conform it to the European Union’s law standards as well as it is possible to create legal acts that are specifically accommodated to Lithuania. Nevertheless it is confirmed that many problems, which exist today, were also faced and solved in the past. That is why these solutions can be improved and used today.
Research problem: Acceptation of legal acts, which have had different experience of the bankruptcy law application and adjustment of the relations between insolvent debtors and their creditors, were influenced by the diversity of law that existed in 1918 – 1940 in the Republic of Lithuania and analysis of the most significant elements that influenced the development of bankruptcy law from 1918 to 2007. During all the research period the problem of bankruptcy... [to full text]Tiriamoji problema. Bankroto teisės suvienodinimo galimybės ir vystymasis 1918-1940 m. Lietuvos Respublikoje bei galima to laikotarpio bankroto teisės ir kitų veiksnių įtaka šiuolaikinės bankroto teisės raidai. 1918-1940 metais Lietuvos Respublikoje reguliuojant nemokių skolininkų ir jų kreditorių teisinius santykius įvairiose Respublikos dalyse buvo recepuota kelių valstybių bankroto teisė. Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu egzistavo bankroto, konkurso (kaip vienos iš bankroto rūšių), prekybos proceso įstatymų suvienodinimo problema, kuri iki 1940 m. Lietuvoje taip ir nebuvo iki galo išspręsta. Tačiau nepaisant to, kad paveldėtas visuomeninių santykių modelis nebuvo pakeistas kokybiškai nauju, visgi susistemintuose recepuotuose teisės dokumentuose buvo daromos pataisos, užtikrinusios tolimesnį kokybinį bankroto teisės vystimąsi, atitikusį tuometinius socialinius – ekonominius poreikius Lietuvos Respublikoje. Nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu jau buvo aiškūs skolininkų nemokumo, bankroto bei konkurso institutų teisinio sureguliavimo trūkumai, apibrėžtos problemos, moksliniame lygmenyje (lyginamuoju aspektu pasinaudojant kitų valstybių mokslininkų darbais) pasiūlyti jų sprendimo būdai, suformuluotos naujos idėjos bei domimasi kaimyninių valstybių, išgyvenusių analogišką bankroto teisės raidos etapą (pvz., Lenkijos), patirtimi. Darbe, analizuojant bankroto teisės taikymo problemas 1918-1940 m., nagrinėjami trys pagrindiniai to laikotarpio teisės institutai, susiję su skolininko nemokumo paskelbimu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Frank, Robert 1966. "Creditor's use of the oppression remedy." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30298.
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This thesis examines creditors' use of the oppression remedy under the Canada Business Corporations Act and its provincial equivalents from historical and critical perspectives, assesses the consequences of the increasing willingness of Canadian courts to make the remedy available to creditors and concludes by offering some solutions to the problems that are identified. Part I traces the historical development of the oppression remedy, first in the United Kingdom and then in common law Canada. Next, the current state of the law relating to the oppression remedy is briefly examined, followed by a review of recent developments with respect to the use of the oppression remedy by creditors. Part II is a critical review of the evolving law with respect to creditors' use of the oppression remedy. This part of the thesis focuses on: (i) the relationship and potential conflict between the oppression remedy and other available remedies; and (ii) the impact of creditors' uses of the oppression remedy on the relationship between the corporation and its other stakeholders, including issues of shareholders' and directors' liability. In Part III, it is argued that the present use of the oppression remedy by creditors is not being developed in a coherent and principled manner. Certain guidelines are offered to provide the courts with reasonable controls on and principles to guide the use of the oppression remedy by creditors. In particular, it is argued that the oppression remedy should not be available to creditors when there are, either under corporate legislation or other, general legislation, appropriate remedies already available. The result would be that the oppression remedy should be available to creditors only in the limited category of cases where the creditor has no other effective remedy and the conditions for the use of the oppression remedy are met.
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Niemeyer, Carl Michael. "Der Schutz inlandischer Glaubiger bei Errichtung grenzuberschreitender Niederlassungen /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014912927&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ludorf, Michael. "Die Schuldrechtsreform und die verwaltungsrechtlichen Verträge : eine Untersuchung der Änderungen im Zivilrecht und ihrer Auswirkungen auf den verwaltungsrechtlichen Vertrag /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/476187052.pdf.
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Vlček, Libor. "Porovnání úspěšných a neúspěšných reorganizací." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201750.
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Restructuring as one of the ways of solving insolvency is a method, that is supposed to allow preservation of the operation of the debtor`s company. Part of the restructurings however later converts into bankruptcy orders. The objective of this thesis is an identification of the key factors that lead to a successful fulfilment of the restructuring plan and also factors that might lead to their conversion into bankruptcy orders. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to insolvency and methods of its resolution among others according to the act no. 182/2006 Coll. on Insolvency and Methods of its resolution (Insolvency Act). The second part is dedicated to the selected factors and their possible influence on successful or unsuccessful completion of the restructuring. The conclusion includes a summary of important findings concerning whether and if so, what kind of connection is there between the selected factors and their influence on the successful completion of restructurings.
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Pond, Keith. "Investigating personal insolvency : a progression of studies into individual voluntary arrangements." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/3039.
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This doctoral submission represents over ten years of focused research that has resulted in a unique collection of academic and professional articles. The epithet "unique" is adopted to reflect that over those years this area of study has been relatively untouched by other academic researchers. This submission presents a total of eight academic and seven professional journal publications that chronicle the major output of numerous research projects undertaken between 1992 and 2002. The publications adhere to a central aim - to investigate the practical use and complex interactions between stakeholders of the individual insolvency rescue vehicle the Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA). The research projects employed a variety of relevant methodologies to populate an emerging conceptual model of the prime factors affecting the incidence, usage and outcomes of IVA cases. The first five articles report and develop the data collected during the various projects. The articles build on each other, analysing results and comparing these with previous studies to underline reliability in the data. The final three articles draw threads from the research data and develop the conceptual model further. As a research progression this submission contains all of the necessary ingredients of a doctoral thesis. It focuses on a discrete body of knowledge, builds on a conceptual model, gathers valuable data and tests it, draws strong conclusions and, finally, establishes and contributes new theory in this area of study.
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Pfeiferová, Andrea. "Reorganizace jako způsob řešení úpadku v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191751.
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The aim of the thesis is to assess the whole reorganization proceedings between 2008 and 2013. Assessment will be based on the methodology that will consist in the definition of the selected indicators, through which an analysis of the values observed data obtained from the insolvency register. Based on the analysis of the indicators examined and will set the key risk factors that may lead to a possible successful or unsuccessful completion of the reorganization proceedings. To assess the course of the reorganization proceedings will be examined successfully and unsuccessfully completed the reorganization and further currently ongoing reorganization. Selected indicators shall include the number of insolvency proposals related to the reorganization proceedings, the duration of the reorganization, the method of its solution and compare the satisfaction of secured and unsecured creditors.
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Schlag, Jenny Melanie. "Tort law liability of directors and officers towards third party creditors : a comparative study of common and civil law with special focus on Canada and Germany." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81234.
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Where individuals standing outside of the corporation have been harmed by the acts of one of its directors or officers, the question becomes whether they have only a claim against the corporation or whether they may have also a personal claim against the executive inflicting the harm on them.The issue of how far it should be possible to hold directors and officers personally liable for tort has been a contested one and even courts within one and the same jurisdiction provide different solutions. On the one hand, there is the general basic principle that individuals causing harm to others should be held responsible. On the other hand, the fact that directors and officers act as agents on behalf of the corporation might call for an exception to this basic tort law principle.
This thesis will compare the solutions proposed by Common law (with focus on the law of Ontario) and German law as an example of a Civil law jurisdiction. An attempt will be made to see in how far the proposed solutions are consistent with legal principles like the separate legal entity of the corporation and the concept of limited liability as well as with arguments related to economic efficiency.
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李小林. "A comparative study on international cooperation in cross-border bankruptcy matters." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586419.
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Zahradníková, Lenka. "Institut "Úvěrové financování" v insolvenčním řízení." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162969.
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The Master's Thesis is focused on the problem of securing an operational cash flow for maintaining entrepreneurship activities of organizations that enter into insolvency proceedings because of their insolvency or excessive indebtedness. This issue is addressed by the insolvency law through a new institute of debtor-in-possession financing which is a part of the main purpose of this law to assist companies that have a certain economic potential to create value added in the future prospect. The issue is with obtaining such post-petition financing because there is not many banking or non-banking institutions that would provide this high-risk financing. From the above-mentioned reason, an idea has been developed with the cooperation of Česká Spořitelna a.s. to create a new credit product provided by the banking institution for the Czech financial market. The assessment of rationality, effectiveness, and recoverability, as well as the proposal of standards and requirements for completion of contracts and their structure about debtor-in-possession financing are compiled in the Master's Thesis.
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Schlicht, Christian Rainer. "Die kumulative Schuldübernahme in der Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts und in der zeitgenössischen Literatur /." Frankfurt a. M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/397620772.pdf.
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徐斌. "第三人侵害債權制度研究". Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1643118.
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鍾小瑜. "論第三人侵害債權 = Discussion about damage of credit committed by third party". Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182077.
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Hudáková, Jana. "Obtíže podniku a jejich řešení (srovnání francouzské a české právní úpravy)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112807.
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Difficulties of enterprises constitute negative phenomenon in society. They occur so often that both French and Czech legislator decided to regulate them by adoption of relevant legal provisions that offer particular ways of solution of debtor's bankruptcy. Bankruptcy law, term generally denoting this legal area, passed through "rich" historical development, what reflects in its legal, economic and social framework. Thesis is divided into four parts. The first one briefly defines difficulties of enterprises. The second one deals with different ways of solution of debtor's bankruptcy in French law, introduces principal changes that were made by the latest amendments from the area of bankruptcy law and by means of attached statistics illustrates number of bankruptcies and ways of their "treatment" in France. The third part deals with Czech insolvency law and underlines changes introduced by the new law of bankruptcy and ways of its solution that entirely replaced previous "law about bankruptcy and settlement". The last part summarizes findings of my thesis, proposes eventual ways of mutual inspiration derived from French or Czech bankruptcy law, deals with reflections de lege ferenda and outlines some terminological problems.
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Šimáková, Barbora. "Insolvenční proces z pohledu věřitele." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-142152.
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This thesis first describes the insolvency proceedings in general, explains basic concepts, describes the different stages of insolvency proceedings and introduces the reader to the entitiesin the insolvency process. It also explains what is a bankruptcy and presents possible ways of solving it. The current situation in relation to insolvency proceedings is shown based on the basic statistics. In the next section, the thesis is focused on the classification of debts and the possibility of creditors to submit their claims in an insolvency proceeding. It also deals with special cases that may occur. The final part of the thesis describes an example application of claims in practise, incl. complications that the creditor must solve.
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邱庭彪. "澳門賭場內消費借貸非刑事化及保障制度之研究". Thesis, University of Macau, 2003. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1643100.
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Lentz, Matthias. "Konflikt, Ehre, Ordnung : Untersuchungen zu den Schmähbriefen und Schandbildern des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1350 bis 1600) ; mit einem illustrierten Katalog der Überlieferung /." Hannover : Hahn, 2004. http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0f4i4-aa.
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Achour, Dehlila. "Cautionnement et droit des sociétés." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30065.
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À l’heure actuelle, le droit du cautionnement est une matière totalement désagrégée. Cet éclatement du droit du cautionnement provient essentiellement de l’abondance et de la superposition des textes : on ne compte plus les multiples interventions du législateur, ni les rebondissements jurisprudentiels. La matière aurait pu être simplifiée si elle avait bénéficié de la réforme du droit des sûretés avec l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Mais il n’en est rien.Associée au droit des sociétés, cette matière en devient d’autant plus complexe. En droit des sociétés, le cautionnement est une garantie des plus répandues. Il constitue la plupart du temps, pour la société, un acte dangereux car il peut avoir des conséquences préjudiciables pour celle-Ci. En même temps, la réglementation doit garder une certaine souplesse afin de respecter les exigences de rapidité de la vie des affaires. Cette conciliation est délicate à réaliser.Cette étude se propose d’appréhender le lien existant entre le cautionnement et les règles du droit des sociétés. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, il convenait d’envisager le sujet sous deux angles, à savoir d’une part le cautionnement donné par une société, et d’autre part, celui consenti au profit d’une personne morale.Un tel cautionnement qu’il soit donné par une société, ou en sa faveur, est de nature à soulever des difficultés au regard des principes gouvernant le droit des sociétés. C’est pourquoi, certaines règles ont été fixées. Le cautionnement se trouve ainsi gouverné par des règles de droit des sociétés spécifiques, au-Delà des règles de droit commun qui le régissent. Mais cela passe également par l’exploitation du formalisme supposé protéger la caution personne physique, les obligations du créancier telles que l’obligation d’information, de mise en garde, le principe de proportionnalité…Si la loi Dutreil a échoué dans son impératif de cohésion et de simplification du droit du cautionnement, peut-On dire que l’avenir est à une unification des différentes législations relatives au cautionnement ?At present, surety law is a matter that has totally been breaking apart. This fragmentation of surety law is mainly due to the abundance and overlapping of legislative acts: there are more interventions on the part of the legislator, more jurisprudential developments than we can count. The matter could have be simplified, had it benefited from the reform of security law in accordance with the order of 23 March 2006. But that was not the case.In relation to corporate law, the subject is becoming even more complex. In corporate law, surety is the most widespread guarantee. To a company it represents, most of the time, an unsafe act because it may suffer adverse consequences from it. At the same time, regulation should retain some flexibility to meet the speed requirements of the business world. This is a delicate balance to achieve.This study aims at grasping the relationship between surety and the rules of corporate law. To carry out this undertaking, it was appropriate to consider the subject from two different angles, namely the surety bond as it is issued by a company, and that as granted for the benefit of a legal person.Such guarantee whether it is granted by a company or to it, is liable to give rise to difficulties with regard to the principles governing corporate law. Which explains why certain rules have been set. The guarantee is therefore governed by specific corporate rules that transcend the common law rules made to that effect. But it also involves meeting the formal requirements designed to protect the individual guarantor, and binding the creditor to obligations such as the duty of disclosure, duty of warning, the principle of proportionality ...If the Dutreil law has failed to observe the requirements of cohesion and simplification of surety law, can we therefore say that the future is dependent on a unification of the various laws pertaining to surety?
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Couturier, Nicolas. "La protection des intérêts respectifs du créancier et du débiteur dans la saisie en compte bancaire. Etude en droit français, allemand, anglais et européen." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3040.
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L’exécution forcée est une pierre essentielle à l’effectivité d’un système juridique. Ce constat, conjugué à l’omniprésence du compte bancaire dans les différents patrimoines a motivé cette étude sur l’état de la saisie en compte bancaire dans trois principaux modèles juridiques européens : la France, l’Allemagne et l’Angleterre. Un amalgame de convergences et de spécificités nationales en est ressorti, articulé autour d’une balance abstraite pesant les intérêts respectifs du créancier et du débiteur. A la confrontation entre droit à l’exécution du créancier et droit de l’exécution, qui garantit le respect des droits fondamentaux du débiteur, s’est ajoutée la prise en compte de différents intérêts susceptible d’être également présents : intérêt général, créanciers saisissants concurrents, collectivité de créanciers lors d’une procédure collective, etc. De plus, la protection spécifique de l’intérêt du débiteur-personne physique démontre la recherche des droits nationaux à protéger l’individu et sa dignité. Ce partage d’une philosophie de l’exécution interroge avec le phénomène d’européanisation des relations entre créancier et débiteur du au marché intérieur de l’Union européenne. Face au maintien de la fragmentation d’un espace juridique, coordonné par la politique de l’espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice, l’Union a déjà posé la première pierre grâce à la procédure d’ordonnance européenne de saisie conservatoire. Grâce aux analyses des droits nationaux étudiés et à celle du droit européen, l’élaboration en deux temps d’une saisie d’exécution européenne en compte bancaire fut permise afin de bâtir une procédure européenne d’exécution forcéeEnforcement is essential for the effectiveness of a legal system. This observation, combined with the omnipresence of the bank account in the different patrimonies, motivated this study on the bank account attachment in three main European legal models: France, Germany and England. An amalgam of convergences and national specificities emerged, based on an abstract balance weighing the respective interests of the creditor and the debtor. In addition to the conflict between the creditor's right to performance and the civil enforcement proceedings, which guarantees respect for the debtor's fundamental rights, various interests that may also be present were also taken into account : public interest, competing between creditors, collective creditors in collective proceedings, etc. The balance between the creditor's right to performance and the right to enforcement was also taken into account. Moreover, the specific protection of the debtor's interest as a natural person demonstrates the search for national rights to protect the individual and his dignity. This sharing of a philosophy of enforcement raises questions with the phenomenon of the europeanisation of relations between creditor and debtor due to the internal market of the European Union. Faced with the continuing fragmentation of a legal area coordinated by the area of freedom, security and justice, the Union has already laid the first stone with the European attachment order procedure. Thanks to the analysis of the national laws studied and the analysis of European law, the development in two stages of a European attachment order for bank accounts was made possible in order to build a European enforcement procedure
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Dabner, Justin. "An historical and comparative analysis of the development of the avenues of recovery available to creditors of insolvent companies and the consequential erosion of the privilege of limited liability." Thesis, 1994. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19626/1/whole_DabnerJustin1995_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis provides an historical and comparative analysis of the
development of the avenues of recovery from corporate controllers
available to creditors of limited liability companies.
The thesis proposes that the conflicting goals of the promotion of
enterprise through the provision of the privilege of limited liability and
the protection of creditors through the provision of a recovery regime
have presented both the judiciary and legislatures with a difficult
balancing act. This will be demonstrated with evidence of a history of
piecemeal and reactive common laws and legislation.
In particular it will be observed that the common law has identified a
limited category of circumstances where the privilege of limited liability
will be rescinded although these have seldom been of advantage to
creditors with the exception of a limited fiduciary duty owed by directors
to creditors.
It will also be demonstrated that whilst the legislature initially perceived
creditor protection in terms of corporate disclosure together with a
simplified procedure to enhance the effectiveness of the common law
remedies, the inadequacies of these remedies soon witnessed the
creation of statutory remedies in the form of fraudulent and, latter,
reckless/wrongful trading provisions. These became the lynchpin of the
creditor recovery regime notwithstanding a history of deficiencies. The
thesis acknowledges that although recent legislative reforms, in the
form of an insolvent trading provision, are an improvement these
reforms are also not without their limitations.
The thesis will also explore issues that have arisen in creditor
protection with the emergence of group companies. It will be
acknowledged that the legislative response has been limited and
creditors have sought to exploit other legal avenues, with torts law
providing some assistance. However, against the complexities raised
by the multinationalisation of company groups little avenue for redress
exists. From a comparative analysis of the development of creditor recovery
regimes overseas (the United Kingdom, South Africa and New
Zealand) it will be concluded that, whilst the Australian approach has
merit, experiences in these jurisdictions provide some useful lessons.
Possible responses to the inadequacies of the law, including the
thematic development of the fraudulent and reckless trading provisions,
are then explored and a tentative reform proposal consisting of a
tripartite structure which distinguishes between small private
companies, "typical" trading companies and group companies is put
forward. This proposal is compared with the Government's recent
legislation which will be shown to essentially satisfy one limb of the
reform equation. Outstanding reforms are elaborated upon.
The thesis concludes with the proposition that the underlying theme of
the creditor recovery regime is that the transfer of risk inherent in the
provision of the privilege of liability involves an implicit undertaking by
corporate controllers that they will not transfer an inappropriate degree
of risk onto creditors and, through them, the community. This is
embodied in the requirement that they maintain the solvency of their
company or risk recision of the privilege.
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Borowicz, Maciej Konrad. "Law and Macro-Finance: The Legal Origins of Credit Booms and Busts." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-phtg-4d59.
Full textAbstract:
Law and Macro-Finance is a theoretical framework explaining the relationship between law and the macro-financial variables of liquidity and leverage. The framework's central theoretical claim is that strong creditor rights exacerbate the procyclicality of liquidity and leverage. Strong creditor rights have that effect because they create different incentives in different parts of the economic cycle. Strong creditor rights encourage creditors to lend in a credit boom, thereby increasing leverage and making the economy vulnerable to shocks through various leveraged-related channels. However, in a credit bust, the enforcement of strong creditors' rights can trigger an economic downturn or make it more difficult for the economy to recover from the shocks. The normative part of the Law and Macro-Finance framework revolves around regulating liquidity primarily through a countercyclical design of the strength of creditors' rights in bankruptcy and collateral law to ensure adequate levels of leverage in different parts of the economic cycle. The key elements of bankruptcy and collateral law that could be used for that purpose are the rules establishing the strength of money market investors' rights, including bankruptcy safe harbors, true sales doctrine, and rules around collateral rehypothecation.
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Bishara, Fahad Ahmad. "A Sea of Debt: Histories of Commerce and Obligation in the Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1940." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5497.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a legal history of debt and economic life in the Indian Ocean during the nineteenth and early-twentieth century. It draws on materials from Bahrain, Muscat, Bombay, Zanzibar and London to examine how members of an ocean-wide commercial society constructed relationships of economic mutualism with one another by mobilizing debt and credit. It further explores how they expressed their debt relationships through legal idioms, and how they mobilized commercial and legal instruments to adapt to the emergence of modern capitalism in the region.
At the same time, it looks at the concomitant development of an Indian Ocean-wide empire of law centered at Bombay, and explores how this Indian Ocean contractual culture encountered an Anglo-Indian legal regime that conceived of legal documents in a radically different way. By mobilizing written deeds in imaginative ways, and by strategically accessing British courts, Indian Ocean merchants were able to shape the contours of this growing legal regime.
Most broadly, the dissertation argues that law and courts became increasingly central to economic life in the Indian Ocean, and that economic actors in the region employed a wide range of different legal strategies in adapting to a changing world of commerce. In the Indian Ocean, as elsewhere, the histories of commerce and law were inextricably intertwined.
Dissertation
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Antonov, Sergei Alexandrovich. "Law and the Culture of Debt in Moscow on the Eve of the Great Reforms, 1850-1870." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8QF90T6.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a legal and cultural history of personal debt in mid-nineteenth-century Moscow region. Historians have shown how the judicial reform of 1864 dismantled an old legal apparatus that was vulnerable to administrative interference and ultimately depended upon the tsar's personal authority, replacing it with independent judges, jury trials, and courtroom oratory. But as many legal scholars will agree, political rhetoric about law and high-profile appellate cases fail to capture the full diversity of legal phenomena. I therefore study imperial Russian law in transition from the perspective of individuals who used the courts and formed their legal strategies and attitudes about law long before the reform. I do so through close readings of previously unexamined materials from two major archives in Russia: the Central Historical Archive of Moscow and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, including the records of county- and province-level courts and administrative bodies, supplemented by the records of the charitable Imperial Prison Society. I also analyze the relevant legislation found in imperial Russia's Complete Collection of the Laws. Specific topics covered in the study include the cultural and social profiles of creditors and debtors and of their relations, the connection between debt and kinship structures and strategies, the institution of debt imprisonment and its rituals, various aspects of court procedure, as well as the previously unstudied issue of white-collar crime in imperial Russia. I have found that debt was ubiquitous in Russian life, as in other pre-industrial societies in which cash was scarce, incomes erratic, and formal credit institutions insufficient. It was also overwhelmingly personal, relying heavily on kinship, acquaintance, and the reputations of borrowers and lenders. My research contradicts the conventional view of Russian society at mid-century as a system of predominantly separate and closed estates. The system of private credit centered in Moscow connected merchants, civil servants, and the landowning gentry, and even wealthy peasants, some of whom lived or owned property in far-away provinces (privately-owned serfs were of course subordinate to their landlords in matters involving property). The credit network was sufficiently extensive and diverse to place an additional burden on Russia's already overworked legal system. The central theme of my study is the engagement of ordinary Russian lenders and borrowers of varying wealth and status, male and female, with each other and with the legal system (and through it with the state) during a crucial turning point in Russia's social and political history. My research also questions the dominant notion of a closed system of inquisitorial justice in pre-reform courts. The cases I examined reveal the pre-reform legal process as messy, incomplete, polyphonic, and open to extra-legal influences, including those of tsarist administrative officials. Private individuals retained significant discretion and initiative both according to the law and in practice, beginning with the way a debt transaction was formalized and ending with the decision to imprison a debtor or to commit an insolvent to a criminal trial. I therefore argue that pre-reform law with all its faults was a site of conflict, cooperation, and negotiation among diverse individuals seeking to protect and promote their property interests and between private persons and government officials. I show the law to be a key tool for Russia's propertied classes for asserting their own rights against other private individuals and/or against the state. Thus, I reinterpret the relationship between individuals and the administration, modifying the commonly held view of the Nicholaevan bureaucracy as a monolith imposing itself on the tsar's subjects. As the only study of imperial civil law in practice, this dissertation offers unique evidence on the operations of state and society in Russia at the key period of the Great Reforms, as well as establishes a basis for understanding subsequent legal developments.
35
"Mareva-type injunctions in respect of the proceeds of documentary credits." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14005.
Full textAbstract:
LL.M. (Commercial Law)Applications for prohibitory injunctions or interdicts against payment under documentary credits are seldom awarded. However, both English and South African law provide alternative forms of relief. These alternative orders focus on how the beneficiary deals with the proceeds of the credit rather than the prevention of payment thereof. One such alternative is the Mareva injunction of English law which, through freezing the beneficiary’s assets, prevents the removal thereof from the area of the court’s jurisdiction once judgment is given. The South African equivalent of the Mareva injunction is known as the anti-dissipation interdict and has yet to be applied to the law of documentary credits by the South African courts. However the South African attachment application has been so applied. Therefore this dissertation seeks to conduct a comparative analysis between South African and English law Marevatype injunctions on the proceeds of documentary credits, focusing especially on the judgments handed down in Intraco Ltd v Notis Shipping Corporation of Liberia and Ex Parte Sapan Trading (Pty) Ltd. Chapters Two, Three and Four will explore the nature, development, requirements and effects of the injunctions and interdicts through local and international case law as well as the prospects of a successful application under each. Finally Chapter Five will critically analyse, comment and draw conclusions from Ex Parte Sapan Trading (Pty) Ltd.
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HEJLOVÁ, Anežka. "Uplatňování pohledávek v insolvenčním řízení." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394687.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the thesis is to analyse the process of debt collection in insolvency proceed-ings, to define the rights and obligations of all parties to the proceedings and to apply in practice. The whole thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the issue of claims enforcement from the theoretical point of view. There is defined the insolvency pro-ceedings and the ways of it is solution, the typology of claims, review and subsequent satisfaction of claims. The conclusion of the theoretical part of the thesis is a brief com-parison of insolvency proceedings in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The second part of the thesis builds on the previous theoretical knowledge and analyses the process of asserting claims in a real Czech company. The subject of the research is to analyse the methodological processes of the company in the event that the client en-ters into insolvency proceedings. The practical part of the thesis also includes the appli-cation of the claim according to the methodological procedures of the company. Based on the information obtained through application practice in a particular company, the thesis concludes with de lege ferenda proposals with regard to current sources of law.
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Rampersad, Kereen. "The interface between the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 and the National Credit Act 34 of 2005." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9771.
Full textAbstract:
The Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 regulates the debtor’s estate when sequestrated for the
benefit of creditors. The debtor must prove that sequestration will be to the advantage
creditors and as such creates a stumbling block in the way of the debtor when
applying for the voluntary surrender of his estate. Sequestration is viewed as a drastic
measure due to the consequences attached to it. The sequestration procedure is often
used by debtors as a form of debt relief as, subsequent to the sequestration procedure,
the debtor may become rehabilitated. The effect of rehabilitation is that it discharges
the debtor of all pre-existing debts and disabilities resulting from sequestration.
Compulsory sequestration is often used as a debt relief measure by the debtor in the
form of the so-called ‘friendly sequestration’. One of the reasons for this is that the
onus of proof is much less burdensome as compared to the onus required in voluntary
surrender by the debtor of his estate. South African law provides for alternative debt relief measures falling outside the
scope of the Insolvency Act, including debt rearrangement in terms of section
86(7)(b) or debt restructuring in terms of section 86(7)(c) as a result of debt review in
terms of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 (NCA). However this procedure does not
offer the debtor the opportunity of any discharge from his debts as the order expires
only after the administration costs and all of the listed creditors have been paid in full.
Further the NCA does not mention the Insolvency Act and this has led to problems in
the application of both Acts and inconsistencies between them. An application for
debt review by the debtor has been held to constitute an act of insolvency. Thus the
creditor can use this very act of the debtor to have the debtor’s estate sequestrated.
This is possible as an application for the sequestration of the debtor’s estate is not
considered to be an enforcement of a debt by legal proceedings for the purposes of
section 88(3) of the NCA and such actions by the creditor are not prohibited by the
NCA. This was stated in Investec Bank Ltd v Mutemeri 2010 (1) SA 265 (GSJ) and
was subsequently confirmed by Naidoo v ABSA Bank 2010 (4) SA 597. The
consequence of this is that a debtor’s estate may be sequestrated even where he has
applied for debt review. Currently, as stated by Van Heerden and Boraine, there is no
explicit regulation by the legislature of the interaction between the provisions of theInsolvency Act and the NCA. In terms of FirstRand Bank v Evans 2011 (4) SA 597 (KZD) a debtor’s estate may be sequestrated even after a debt rearrangement order
has been confirmed by a court in terms of the NCA. This clearly operates to the
disadvantage of a debtor.
Comparing the position with that in foreign jurisdictions such as the United States of
America and England and Wales shows a lack of balance between the interests of the
creditor and the debtor. South African insolvency law is not aligned with
internationally acceptable standards because it is too creditor orientated and debtors
are not provided with effective remedies to deal with their financial difficulties. This research paper will focus on reform in South African law to assist debtors in
need of debt relief. There is a need for a system to be put into place to regulate
application for debt review by a debtor and the application for the sequestration of the
debtor’s estate by the creditor. In addition there is a need for the introduction of new
legislation or amendment to the NCA which could be effective in redressing the
current situation.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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Dąbrowski, Michał. "Prawnokarna ochrona wierzyciela w świetle zasady subsydiarności i proporcjonalności prawa karnego w kontekście art. 300 k.k." Phd thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11320/12552.
Full textAbstract:
Przyjęty temat rozprawy obejmuje szeroko pojętą ochronę wierzyciela na gruncie prawno-karnym w jej korelacji z zapożyczeniami instytucji prawnych z innych gałęzi prawa oraz naczelnych zasad prawa karnego gospodarczego. Temat pracy skupia się za sprawą tak przyjętych ram na podmiocie przestępstwa w zakresie profesjonalizmu lub jego braku a także przedmiotu ochrony rozdziału XXXVI k.k. i jego przełożenia na art. 300 k.k. Uzupełniany jest poprzez rozważania na tle zasad prawa karnego gospodarczego. Autor bada odmienne podejście do przedmiotowych problemów, z perspektywydwóch różnych systemów gospodarczych – gospodarki centralnie sterowanej oraz wolnorynkowej. Najważniejszym jednak elementem przedmiotowej dysertacji w zakresie historycznym jest przedstawienie problemu w perspektywie ostatnich 30 lat obowiązywania prawnokarnej ochrony wierzycieli, w zakresie udaremnienia lub uszczuplenia zaspokojenia wierzyciela. W zakresie dogmatycznych rozważań praca porusza problem głównych rozbieżności, związanych z ochroną prawnokarną wierzycieli. Autor poddaje analizie dogmatycznej, wytypowane różnice interpretacyjne w instytucjach pozakarnych, z ich zestawieniem w rozbieżnościach doktrynalno-jurydycznych. Aby dopełnić rozważania historyczno-dogmatyczne niezbędnym było wprowadzenie elementu empirycznego, w postaci badań aktowych oraz studium przypadku (casestudy). Wskazane dwie formy badawcze pozwoliły na zobrazowanie problemu prawnokarnej ochrony wierzycieli oraz jej aktualnych słabych i mocnych stron.The dissertation's chosen topic is the broadly understood protection of the creditor on criminal and legal grounds, as well as the borrowings of legal institutions from other disciplines of law and the economic criminal law's guiding principles. The theme of the work is focused on the subject of crime in terms of professionalism or lack there of, as well as the subject of protection of Chapter XXXVI of the Penal Code and its translation into Art. 300 of the Penal Code, as a result of the frame work selected in this manner. It is supplemented by arguments against the principles of economic criminal law. The author examines a different approach to the problems in question from the perspective of two different economic systems - a centrally controlled economy and a free market economy. However, in terms of historical breadth, the most important aspect of this research is the presentation of the problem in the context of the last 30 years of the validity of the criminal law protection of creditors, in terms of frustrating or diminishing creditor satisfaction. From the dogmatic point of view, the dissertation examines the issue of the major inconsistencies in creditor protection under the criminal law. The author offers a dogmatic study of chosen interpretative disparities in non-criminal institutions, as well as the juxtaposition in doctrinal-juridical disagreements. In order to complete the historical and dogmatic considerations, it was necessary to introduce empirical element in the form of file research and a case study. These two study methods helped to show the dilemma of creditor protection under the criminal law, as well as its current strengths and flaws.
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydział Prawa
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Sibanda, Mandlaenkosi. "A critical appraisal of the creditor protective mechanisms under the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1365.
Full textAbstract:
LLMDepartment of Mercantile Law
This research examined the mechanisms that were employed by the Companies Act 71 of 2008 in order to protect the interests of creditors in company affairs. At the preamble of the aforementioned Act lies an undertaking from legislature to provide appropriate redress to investors and third parties/creditors. It was on that basis that the researcher sought to establish whether legislature had indeed fulfilled its commitment to provide appropriate redress to creditors. Traditionally, companies have been run to promote the interests of shareholders with little attention given to the interests of other stakeholders such as creditors. It is this research`s findings that South African company law has moved from the traditional view, that is the shareholder value approach, to the enlightened shareholder value approach: a model of corporate governance which permits directors to have regard, where appropriate, to the interests of other stakeholders but with shareholders’ interests retaining primacy. It is thus found that creditors cannot be protected by contract laws alone but that their protection should be enhanced by mandatory corporate laws which regulates the manner and conduct of company controllers in a way that ensures that the interests of all stakeholders, including creditors, are given due regard. Finally, it has been found that much work has been done by legislature in developing the re-enacted creditor protective mechanisms and also in statutorily adopting new mechanisms which are aimed at advancing creditor interests. Recommendations have thus been made to legislature for possible amendments to refine its corporate laws.
NRF
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Ntsoane, Lefa Sebolaisi. "A legal comparison of a notarial bond in South African law and selected aspects of a pledge without possession in Belgian law." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22063.
Full textAbstract:
A real security right improves a creditor’s chances of recovering a debt owed to him by the debtor. In the case of an ordinary pledge, the pledgor delivers physical control of his movable property to his creditor to serve as security for the repayment of the principal debt. The increasing value and use of movable property as an object of security coupled with technological advancement have resulted in many countries calling for legal reform of real security rights over movable property. In South Africa this led to the introduction of the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. The Act regulates only special notarial bonds and does not apply to general notarial bonds. The real security right vests in the bondholder upon registration of the bond, provided that the movable property encumbered is described in a notarial bond in a way that makes it readily recognisable. The Act has substituted delivery with registration in the Deeds Registry. Registration of the notarial bond in the Deeds Registry is questioned as to whether it complies with the publicity principle. This is because movable property can be shifted from one place to another without any knowledge on the part of the creditor due to the inaccessible and costly registration system. The third party then receives the property subject to the real security right of the creditor. The substitution of delivery with registration is the controversial feature in this study. Linked to the legal problems regarding compliance with the publicity principle, is the description and identification requirement as provided for under the Act, the exclusion of general notarial bonds from the application of the Act, and the question of whether it is appropriate to regard special notarial bonds as pledges without possession. This study questions whether the current land registry system should be used for the registration of notarial bonds and suggests that a new system designed specifically for the registration of real security rights over movables be considered. I compare the position in the Belgian legal system as regards developments in real security rights over movables to identify possible solutions and recommendations for the South African approach.Private Law
LL. M.
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Loubser, Anneli. "Some comparative aspects of corporate rescue in South African company law." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3575.
Full textAbstract:
South African company law has provided for the rescue of financially distressed
companies since 1926 when the statutory procedure of judicial management was
introduced by the Companies Act 46 of 1926. Unfortunately, judicial management
has never been regarded as a successful corporate rescue procedure and for most
of its existence it has been severely criticised on many grounds. The Companies Act
61 of 1973 that replaced the Companies Act 46 of 1926 did very little to improve this
situation and judicial management remained underutilised. As a result, the
Companies Act 71 of 2008 now introduces two newly-created corporate rescue
procedures in the form of business rescue proceedings and the compromise with
creditors.
This study analyses judicial management and the new corporate rescue
procedures to establish whether the identified weaknesses of judicial management
have been adequately and effectively addressed in the new procedures. A
comparative study with similar procedures in England and Germany is undertaken
to determine whether the South African legislature has delivered on its promise to
create a system of corporate rescue that will meet the needs of a modern South
African economy.
Several weaknesses in the new procedures are identified and a number of
recommendations are made to improve the relevant provisions and to assist in
providing South African company law with an efficient and acceptable corporate
rescue regime.Mercentile Law
LLD (Mercentile Law)
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Wiese, Mitzi. "Die aard en werking van retensieregte : 'n regsvergelykende studie." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8478.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansThis thesis deals with the nature and operation of liens in South African law. Whereas enrichment liens are classified as real rights, debtor creditor liens are not (sometimes they are referred to as personal rights). The South African law of lien is principally founded on Roman Dutch law and is similar to Dutch law before the enactment of the current Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW). In Dutch law the BW specifies which persons have a lien and under what circumstances. In South African law a creditor can establish a lien against an owner who has a duty to perform in terms of an agreement between the parties or, in the absence of such an agreement, on the basis of unjustified enrichment. My research has shown that a lien is not a subjective right but a capacity vested in a creditor by operation of law. It empowers him to retain an owner’s (debtor) thing until the creditor’s claim against him has been discharged. Extra-judicially the lien holder can rely on his lien or he can raise it as a defence against the owner’s rei vindicatio. The categorisation of liens as either enrichment liens, or debtor creditor liens is at the most an indication of the different sources of the creditor’s right to which the lien is accessory. In Dutch law liens are classified as verhaalsrechten on the owner’s estate. These rights (verhaalsrechten) are further classified as specific opschortingsrechten. A lien is therefore a capacity granted to certain creditors by law to retain an owner’s (debtor) thing. Regarding the operation of liens against third parties (derdenwerking), Dutch law distinguishes between a third party with an older right to the thing and a third party with a later right to the thing. In South African case law derdewerking (real operation) of liens is often used to explain the fact that the lienholder may, in the absence of an agreement with the owner, retain the owner’s thing until his claim against the owner has been discharged. In South African law a lien is a defence to the owner’s rei vindicatio. Reliance on real operation (derdewerking) is often a means of explaining that a lien exists against an owner with whom the creditor had no agreement. Real operation, however, refers to the question against whom other than the owner the lien may be enforced once its existence has been established. A lien can be enforced against the creditors of the owner (debtor), the curator of the debtor’s insolvent estate, heirs, mortgagees and servitude holders. In Dutch law the BW grants preference to liens. Owing to the particular provisions of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 liens in South African law enjoy preference above other secured creditors of the insolvent owner (debtor).
Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die aard en werking van retensieregte in die Suid- Afrikaanse reg. Verrykingsretensieregte word algemeen as saaklike regte bestempel en skuldeiser-skuldenaar-retensieregte nie. Laasgenoemde word soms as persoonlike regte tipeer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg insake retensieregte is hoofsaaklik op die Romeins-Hollandse reg geskoei en stem in ‘n groot mate ooreen met die posisie in die Nederlandse reg voor die inwerkingtreding van die huidige Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW). In die Nederlandse reg bepaal die BW uitdruklik watter persone in watter omstandighede ‘n retensiereg het. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg kan ‘n skuldeiser ‘n retensiereg vestig teen ‘n eienaar wat prestasiepligtig is op grond van ‘n ooreenkoms met die skuldeiser of, in die afwesigheid van ‘n ooreenkoms, op grond van verryking. My navorsing toon dat ‘n retensiereg nie ‘n subjektiewe reg is nie, maar ‘n terughoudingsbevoegdheid wat deur regswerking totstandkom. Dit stel die skuldeiser in staat om die eienaar (skuldenaar) se saak te hou totdat die eienaar voldoen aan die vorderingsreg wat die skuldeiser teen hom het. Die retensiereghouer kan buitegeregtelik daarop steun, of dit as ‘n verweer teen die eienaar se rei vindicatio aanwend. Die kategorisering van retensieregte in skuldeiser-skuldenaar-retensieregte en verrykingsretensieregte is hoogstens aanduidend van die verskillende ontstaansbronne van die vorderingsreg waartoe die retensiereg aksessoor is. In die Nederlandse reg word retensieregte in die BW as verhaalsregte op die eienaar se boedel geklassifiseer. Hierdie verhaalsregte word uitdruklik as besondere opskortingsregte getipeer. ‘n Retensiereg is dus ‘n terughoudingsbevoegdheid wat deur die objektiewe reg aan sekere skuldeisers verleen word. Ten aansien van die derdewerking van retensieregte tref die Nederlandse reg ‘n onderskeid tussen ‘n derde met ‘n later reg op die saak en ‘n derde met ‘n ouer reg op die saak. In die Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak word “derdewerking” dikwels aangewend om te verklaar waarom die retensiereghouer ‘n eienaar se saak mag terughou totdat hy vergoed is vir uitgawes wat hy aan die eienaar se saak aangebring het, terwyl hy geen ooreenkoms met die eienaar gehad het nie. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is ‘n retensiereg ‘n verweer wat teen die eienaar se rei vindicatio geopper kan word. Die beroep op “derdewerking” is dus dikwels die kapstok om te bepaal of ‘n retensiereg teen die eienaar geopper kan word, terwyl dit eintlik verwys na die afdwingbaarheid van ‘n bestaande retensiereg teen ander persone as die eienaar. ‘n Retensiereg kan teen skuldeisers van die skuldenaar, die kurator van die skuldenaar se insolvente boedel, erfgename, verbandhouers en serwituutgeregtigdes afgedwing word. In die Nederlandse reg verleen die BW voorkeur aan retensieregte. Vanweë die besondere bepalings in die Insolvensiewet 24 van 1936 geniet retensieregte in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg ook voorkeur bo ander versekerde skuldeisers van die insolvente eienaar (skuldenaar).
Private Law
LL.D.
43
Dekker, Louise. "Vorderingsregte as sekerheidsobjektesekerheidsessies of notariele verbande?" Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6545.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansDie doel van saaklike sekerheidstelling is om 'n saak as eksekusievoorwerp tot die beskikking van die kredietgewer te stel. Vorderingsregte as sekerheidsobjekte voldoen hieraan en moet daarom as deel van die saakbegrip beskou word. Vorderingsregte word in die praktyk as sekerheidsobjekte aangewend of by wyse van sekerheidsessies of deur middel van die registrasie van 'n notariele verband daaroor. Alhoewel die regspraak by sekerheidsessies voorkeur gee aan 'n verpandingskonstruksie, is Scott van mening dat 'n algehele sekerheidsessie nog moontlik is. Die toepassing van die verpandingskonstruksie lewer aanvaarbare resultate en voldoen meestal aan die kontrakterende partye se behoeftes. Die vereiste van publisiteit by pandreg sal egter in sekere gevalle nie vir die partye aanvaarbaar wees nie en kan algehele sekerheidsessies hier 'n oplossing bied. By notariele verbande is die bestaande posisie ingevolge waarvan 'n onderskeid gemaak word tussen liggaamlike en onliggaamlike sake as sekerheidsobjekte, onuithoudbaar en is wetgewing in die verband nodig. The aim of real security is to have objects available to a creditor for execution. Personal rights may be used for this purpose and should therefore be included in the definition of property. In practise claims (personal rights) are used as security objects by way of a security cession or through the registration of a notarial bond over the claims. Although the courts give preference to personal rights in security by way of pledge, Scott is of the opinion that these decisions do not exclude out-and-out security cessions. The results that application of the law of pledge causes, are acceptable and will mostly fulfil the need of the parties. In certain situations the requirement of publicity will however be unacceptable in which instance out-and-out security cessions may be the solution. The current position where a distinction is made between corporeal and incorporeal property as security objects, is unacceptable and legislation is needed in this regard.
Private Law
LL.M.
44
PAVLISOVÁ, Lucie. "Konkurz v ČR a EU." Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46857.
Full textAbstract:
In economic and legal practice situations often occur when infringement of rights or neglect of duty can{\crq}t be sanctioned by common means of procedural law. The most typical example of this is when the debtor has liabilities towards a number of creditors and it isn{\crq}t within his power to fulfill them all. Such a situation is usually described as bankruptcy and it is solved in accordance with the Bankruptcy Act. Bankruptcy is considered to be the last resort of settlement of unfavourable financial and economic relations between the creditor and the debtor and it leads to the settlement of their property relations. The purpose and the aim of this procedure is to settle the liabilities towards the aggrieved parties, so that all creditors of one debtor which is in bankruptcy get as equal and just satisfaction as possible. Liquidation or reorganization of multinational companies which are in bankruptcy causes a whole range of legal complications. The expansion of multinational companies and also the considerable number of great bankruptcies with international effects has triggered a debate about the need of creating a system which would involve solving such situations in transnational context.
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RADOŠOVSKÁ, Šárka. "Pohledávky z právního, účetního a daňového pohledu v podmínkách ČR." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-48675.
Full textAbstract:
From an economic point of view the claims mean a capital part of a company. They are a special part of intangible property and a treatment with them mean very complicated juristic, accounting and tax probems. The claim means a reason of creditor to urge to debitor a charge of definite engagement. Ever business subject can secure the discharge of the engagement by the help of a security instrument, for example of an advance, a right of lien, a penalty, a liability etc. When the claim will become after all these precautions the overdue claim, the creditor must face up to costs of their recovery, for example by the help of a forfaiting, a factoring, a eviction recovery, a bilateral cleaning of claims etc. The overdue claims we can depreciace or create discretionary entries on them under the rule of law or of bylaw. The company should realize all these facts and keep a general and consistent register of claims. The register is an objectives of this work.
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Zielnik-Kołodzińska, Róża. "Statut alimentacyjny w prawie Unii Europejskiej." Doctoral thesis, 2014.
Abstract:
Celem pracy jest kompleksowa analiza i ocena przepisów Protokołu haskiego o prawie właściwym dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych z 23 listopada 2007 r. pod kątem jego celów oraz przesłanek jego ratyfikacji przez Unię Europejską. Poprzez ratyfikację protokołu prawodawca unijny pragnął zapewnić jednolite stosowanie regulacji dotyczących statutu alimentacyjnego na jak największym obszarze. Celami protokołu są natomiast zwiększenie pewności prawnej oraz przewidywalności, a tym samym umożliwienie wierzycielom alimentacyjnym działania z pełną wiedzą o ich sytuacji i unikania problemów wynikających z różnorodności krajowych systemów prawnych, oraz sprawiedliwe wyważenie interesów wierzyciela i dłużnika alimentacyjnego poprzez przyjęcie nowej regulacji kolizyjnej. Praca opiera się na tezie, że konstrukcja postanowień protokołu haskiego nie zapewnia pełnej realizacji jego celów.The goal of the dissertation is to scrutinise the Hague Protocol of 23 November 2007 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations with regard to its aims and the reasons for its ratification by the European Union. The EU has adopted this new international instrument to ensure consistent application of regulations on the law applicable to maintenance cases in as many states as possible. The objectives of the Hague Protocol are: (i) to improve legal certainty and predictability by creating common provisions on the law applicable to maintenance obligations and, therefore, to enable creditors to act in full knowledge of their situation, without being subject to diverse national systems, and (ii) to create fair balance between the interests of the maintenance creditors and debtors by introducing new conflict rules. The thesis is that the construction of the provisions of the Hague Protocol does not let it achieve its objectives completely.