Academic literature on the topic 'Deccan (Inde ; plateau)'

Drought is a burning issue in India and hence needs serious attention of researchers to develop rigorous plan and management. Areas that belong to various plateaus, e.g., Chottanagpur plateau, Deccan plateau, etc., are mostly affected by drought in India. In the past decade, Purulia District of West Bengal, which belongs to northeast part of Chottanagpur plateau, faced severe drought several times. But the assessment of drought in this area was far from a decesive proclamation till date. In this research, an attempt was made to compare the Holt-Winter additive and Holt-Winter multiplicative model in simulation (at 1 month lead time) of meteorological drought (using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) of Purulia District, West Bengal, India. The additive model showed better performance than the multiplicative model with minimized Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and higher correlation coefficient value (R2). The spatial assessment drought at pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon phase indicated that severe drought had occurred in post monsoon and premonsoon phase at the eastern portions of the study area.

The performance of neem based agroforestry system was studied during 2016-17 under rainfed ecosystem on farmers’ fields on participatory mode in Yadagir district in the North-eastern dry zone (Zone II) of Karnataka. Grain and biomass yields and harvest index of pigeonpea did not vary significantly among the agroforestry systems. However, significantly lower grain (1192 kg ha-1) and biomass (5563 kg ha-1) yields of pigeonpea were recorded at 5 m distance away from the neem tree line (P=0.05) compared to the distances of 10 m ( 1450 and 6942 kg ha-1, respectively) and 15 m (1449 and 6720 kg ha-1, respectively) away from the tree line. Significantly higher grain yield (1520 kg ha-1) was observed in control without any proximity of trees compared to the agroforestry systems which accounted for a mean reduction of 11 per cent in yield. Among different agroforestry systems, significantly higher tree height was recorded in bund planting (7.61m) followed by boundary planting (7.38 m) and scattered planting (6.46 m) whereas the crown spread recorded was significantly lower in bund planting (6.27 m) followed by scattered planting (6.38 m) and boundary planting (6.68 m). There also existed non-significant difference in girth, volume and biomass of neem trees grown in different agroforestry systems. Further, the physicochemical properties of soil were found improved in agroforestry systems compared to control and the trend varied among the different agroforestry systems

D’abord capitale des Yadava, au XIIIe siècle, puis conquise par le Sultanat de Delhi au XIVe siècle pour devenir la seconde capitale de l’Inde pendant quelques années, la ville fortifiée de Daulatabad au Maharashtra constitua la clé stratégique entre l’Inde du Nord et le Deccan jusqu’à l’époque Moghole au XVIIe siècle. Constituant un des premiers exemples d’urbanisme Musulman réalisé par les Tughluq en Inde du Sud au XIVe siècle, la ville n’avait jamais fait auparavant l’objet d’une analyse détaillée de ses différentes structures. Cette thèse se propose de faire l’étude chronologique de la ville et de ses différents monuments à travers l’étude comparative d’éléments du bâti et d’une approche morpho-historique de l’ensemble. Au moyen de plans et relevés détaillés du site, cette recherche fut menée de manière comparative avec plusieurs ensembles fortifiés d’un Deccan devenu indépendant sous les sultans Bahmani en 1347. Les caractéristiques de l’urbanisme et la disposition des monuments emblématiques du pouvoir des villes Musulmanes des XIVe et XVe siècle sont décrites et analysées de façon à mettre en perspective l’évolution et les modifications intervenues dans l’orientation des axes principaux de la ville. La répartition des aménagements hydrauliques (adductions, sources statiques) et leur usage y sont abordés, ainsi que la répartition de l’habitat et des structures palatiales. Ces dernières font l’objet d’une analyse stylistique et architecturale. Enfin l’évolution des fortifications et du système défensif est abordée à travers l’étude du bâti, et sous l’angle de la stratégie et de l’armement utilisé
At first capital ofthe Yadava in the 13th century, then annexed by the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century to become the second capital of India for a while, the fortified city of Daulatabad (Maharashtra) remained the key point between North India and Deccan up to the Mughal era in the 17th century. Forming one ofthe earliest Muslim urbanistic example founded by the Tughluq in South India in the 14th century, the many structures of the city had never been so far the subject of a detailed analysis. The aim of this thesis is to draw a chronologic study of the city and its various monuments through the comparisons of building works and a morpho-historical view of the whole site. With the help of maps and detailed drawings of the site, this research was conducted in a comparative manner with several fortified units of the Deccan, independent under the Bahmani kings since 1347. The urbanistic specifications and the layout of the Muslim cities” archetypal authority monuments of the 14th-15th centuries are described and investigated, in an attempt to understand the evolution and change whose main city’s streets orientation has been subject. The distribution of water devices (adductions, wells) and their use are discussed, as well as dwelling distribution and palatial complexes. Besides, the latter will betreated from a stylistic and architectural point of view. At last, changes in the fortifications and defensive system will be addressed through the study of construction, and the aspects of the strategy and the weapons in use

L'étude modélise la genèse du volume montagneux du Ghat occicental au cours de l'ère tertiaire, en confrontant les processus de la géodynamique interne à ceux de l'externe. Quartification des taux de dénudation moyens s'appuie sur la méthode des traces de fission, et les conséquences bioclimatiques du soulévements flexural du Deccan, devenu barrière aux flux de la mousson, sont examinés en détail. L'impact durable de ce soulèvement sur l'organisation de la végétation, du modelé, des sols et systèmes agraires de ce milieu tropical est comparable au cas, mieux connu, de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Des enseignements épismémologiques sont ensuite dégagés au cas indien
A model of the post-cretaceous rift-flank uplift of the western Ghat is proposed, based on apatite fission-track analysis and geomorphological field data. The relevance of geophysical processes to explain uplift is discussed. The bioclimatic consequences of the plateau uplift on the tropical landscape are detailed at length. Since the relief was erected across the path of the monsoon, a steep and durable environmental gradient was installed, and the pattern of soils, wash divides and vegetation appears to be strictly governed by the rainfall pattern and the denudation rate. The theoretical implications for climatic geomorphology, the soil sciences, biogeography, as well as the practical implications for soil fertility and agricultural potential, are set against other, better known examples from the tropical world, namely western Africa. Important questions are raised on the relevance of existing tropical landscape development models

Une étude architecturale à travers quatre monographies des forts du Deccan (Inde), Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad et Bellary dans le contexte des échanges interculturels (Orient-Occident) au sein de la culture technique de la guerre (fortification, artillerie, rôle des défenses, gestion de l’eau) dans la société médiévale et moderne indienne.Finalement, cette thèse cherche à définir les spécificités de l’architecture militaire du Deccan du 14ème au 18ème siècle, comme l’aboutissement technique de la défense médiévale et moderne en Inde
Architectural studies of four forts of Deccan (India): Naldurg, Torgal, Firozabad and Bellary in the context of intercultural exchange (between East-West) in the technical culture of war (fortification, artillery, defenses role, water management) in the medieval and modern Indian society.Finally, this study seek to define specificities of the military architecture of Deccan from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century, as the technical outcome of medieval and modern defense in India

Brahmā est introduit dans l’iconographie tamoule dès la fin du 6ème s. ou le tout début du 7ème s. par les Pallava, probablement originaires du sud de l’actuel Andhra-Pradesh : ils initient simultanément la sculpture sur pierre et le développement de la culture brahmanique dans l’extrême sud de l’Inde. La divinité apparait dans les fondations du Deccan à la même période : elle participe alors essentiellement de la triade qu’elle forme avec Viṣṇu et Śiva. La faveur que connait Brahmā par la suite, puisqu’il préside à la façade nord sur plusieurs temples shivaïtes de la fin de la période Pallava puis de la période Cola, est en revanche inédite dans d’autres traditions régionales : elle trouve sans aucun doute son origine dans la relation complexe de complémentarité et de rivalité qu’il noue avec Śiva - mais aussi Viṣṇu, même si elle est dans ce cas moins conflictuelle - dans l’idéologie royale développée par les rois Pallava, et plus particulièrement telle qu’elle est mise en scène dans l’iconographie narrative du temple Kailāsanātha à Kāñcipuram au début du 8ème s. Les interactions multiples entre les deux divinités s’articulent notamment autour de la confrontation ambiguë du brahmanisme orthodoxe avec une nouvelle forme d’expression du savoir śaiva d’une part, et, d’autre part, autour de la figure du roi, que peut représenter Śiva, et du brahmane, du purohita, incarné par Brahmā. Le contexte et la signification de ces représentations jusqu’au tournant du 10ème s. en regard de l’art contemporain du Deccan mettront en lumière les spécificités du sud tamoul mais aussi ce qui participe de concepts plus largement diffusés qu’il ne semblerait au premier abord
Brahmā was introduced into Tamil iconography at the end of the 6th century or the very beginning of the 7th century by the Pallava, probably from the south of present-day Andhra-Pradesh: they simultaneously initiated stone carving and the development of Brahmanic culture in the far south of India. The divinity appears in the shrines of the Deccan at the same period: he then essentially participates in the triad he forms with Viṣṇu and Śiva. The favor that Brahmā knows thereafter, since he presides over the north facade on several Śaiva temples of the end of the Pallava period then of the Cola period, is by contrast unprecedented in other regional traditions: it undoubtedly finds its origin in the complex relationship of complementarity and rivalry that it establishes with Śiva - but also Viṣṇu, even if it is in this case less conflictual - in the royal ideology developed by the Pallava kings, and more particularly such as it is staged in the narrative iconography of the Kailāsanātha temple in Kāñcipuram at the beginning of the 8th century. The multiple interactions between the two divinities are articulated notably around the ambiguous confrontation of orthodox Brahmanism with a new form of expression of Śaiva knowledge on the one hand, and, on the other hand, around the figure of the king, which Śiva can represent, and of the Brahmin, the purohita, embodied by Brahmā. The context and meaning of these representations up to the turn of the 10th century in relation to the contemporary art of the Deccan will highlight the specificities of southern Tamil imagery but also its connexion to concepts more widely disseminated than it would seem at first sight

Cette thèse s'appuie sur les travaux d'Alexander V. Sobolev sur le recyclage de matériel crustal dans le manteau terrestre en lien avec les processus de mise en place des provinces magmatiques et des iles océaniques. Il s'agit d'utiliser des outils pétrologiques et géochimiques couplés à des données de paléomagnétisme haute résolution, et à de la modélisation thermomécanique dans le but de contraindre les processus profonds à l'origine des Trapps du Deccan et leurs conséquences au niveau planétaire (extinction de masse). Dans un premier temps, cette thèse propose une réinterprétation des diverses contraintes temporelles sur la durée de l'éruption des Trapps du Deccan (datations radiochronologiques, paleomagnétisme, profiles d'altérations, et données paléo-environnementales) et suggère un scénario temporel pour la mise en place de cette province magmatique, le tout principalement basé sur des données paléomagnétiques de hautes résolution de Chenet et al (2008, 2009). Ce scénario implique que la phase principale de l'éruption des Trapps du Deccan s'est produite peu de temps avant la limite Crétacé-Paléogène et qu'elle correspond à la mise en place d'environ 1.106km3 de laves en 50ka. Ces chiffres sont équivalents à 150-200 fois le taux d'éruption actuel de l'ile volcanique d'Hawaii. Ce scénario temporel a ensuite été couplé à des données géochimiques élémentaires qui ont permis de mettre en évidence 1) une origine profonde pour la grande majorité des liquides primaires et 2) d'importantes variations de l'assimilation crustale au cours du temps, notamment juste avant la limite Crétacé-Paléogène. Ces phénomènes sont compatibles avec un unique épisode d'érosion lithosphérique de la plaque indienne par les processus magmatiques dans le manteau sous-jacent. Les données relatives aux Trapps du Deccan peuvent être comparées à celles des Trapps de Sibérie et révèlent notamment que l'importante érosion lithosphérique identifiée dans celles-ci n'ait pas eu lieu dans le cas des Trapps du Deccan malgré des caractéristiques mantelliques similaires. Cette différence peut être attribuée à la plus grande épaisseur de la plaque indienne, ainsi qu'à l'existence de zones de faiblesses, liées à l'héritage tectonique du bouclier indien. Ces zones de faiblesses auraient facilité le passage des magmas à travers la plaque de manière à ce qu'une faible proportion d'entre eux seulement ait été impliquée dans les processus de délamination lithospherique. Un ensemble de données géochimiques sur olivine ainsi que de modélisation des liquides magmatiques primaires et de leur source pour les Trapps du Deccan nous ont permis de montrer 1) l'importante contribution d'une source pyroxenitique à la composition des liquide magmatiques primaires (65%), 2) que la gamme de températures potentielles de ces mêmes sources avait due être de l'ordre de 1600°C et 3) que ces dernières contenaient environ 15% de matériel crustal recyclé. Des mesures et calculs similaires appliquées aux laves de la Réunion ont, par ailleurs, montrés des résultats très différents : 50% de liquides pyroxenitiques dans les liquides magmatiques primaires, une température potentielle mantellique de l'ordre de 1500°C et une teneur des sources magmatiques en matériel crustal recyclé de l'ordre de 7%. Ces résultats sont compatibles avec le modèle de panache matellique pour la mise en place des provinces magmatiques et des iles océaniques ainsi qu'avec l'hypothèse du refroidissement séculaire de ces mêmes panaches. Nous en concluons que l'éruption des Trapps du Deccan fut un événement d'une rapidité exceptionnelle et que son implication dans la crise biologique de la fin du Crétacé fut sans doute particulièrement importante
This PhD aims to build on the previous work by Alexander V. Sobolev and colleagues on crustal recycling within the Earth mantle and LIPs/ocean island magmatism. The PhD focus will be to apply petrology and geochemistry coupled with high-resolution paleomagnetism, and thermo-mechanical modelling in order to constrain the deep processes behind the Deccan Traps (mantle melting and crustal recycling) as well as the consequences at the surface of the Earth (eruption rates and related degassing). Upon revisiting published time constraints on the Deccan eruptions (radiometric dating, paleomagnetism, inter-flow weathering profiles and paleoenvironmental data), we propose a new, paleomagnetism-based (Chenet et al., 2008, 2009), eruption scenario for the Main Deccan Province (Western Ghats). We suggest that the main phase of volcanic activity occurred just before and ended at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary and was responsible for the emplacement of about 1.106km3 of lavas in ~50kyr. This is equivalent to 150 to 200 times present-day eruption rates in Hawaii. Coupling of the paleomagnetism-based timeframe with bulk-rock trace element concentrations revealed that Western Ghats lavas feature 1) a strong garnet signature (Heavy Rare Earth Element depletion), indicative of a deep origin and 2) significant temporal variations in the intensity of crustal assimilation undergone by the rising melts, especially just before the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. We suggest that these excursions are part of a single and localized plume-induced lithospheric erosion event of the Indian lithosphere by the Deccan plume. A comparison of the Deccan Traps with the Siberian Traps exposes significant geodynamical differences. Most notably, the widespread and extensive lithospheric erosion observed in the Siberian Traps did not take place in the Deccan Traps, despite similar mantle characteristics. This difference is attributed to 1) a thicker Indian lithosphere and 2) to the existence of weaknesses in the form of pre-existing structural lineaments. These pre-existing structures facilitated the passage of deep mantle-derived magmas and thus precluded or limited their involvement in a freezing-delamination process. Olivine geochemistry and olivine-based primary melt and source modelling in Deccan Traps lavas showed 1) large contributions of pyroxenite-derived melts (65%) to the primary melts, 2) high potential temperatures of the mantle sources (~1590-1600°C) and 3) that the mantle sources of Deccan Traps magmas contained ~15% of recycled crustal material. These observations contrast with those obtained from Réunion Island lavas (50% of pyroxenite-derived melts, mantle potential temperatures of 1490-1500°C and 7% of recycled crustal material in the sources of Réunion Island magmas. Our results are compatible with the plume model for LIPs and ocean island magmatism as well as with a secular cooling of mantle plumes. We conclude, along with many authors, that the emplacement of the Deccan Traps was a remarkably swift and catastrophic event at the end of the Cretaceous and that it likely played a significant role in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This behaviour has an impounding effect on the bearing capacity and strength of foundation lying on such a soil. Some of the stabilization techniques which are currently being used are physical alternations, sand cushioning, belled piers, under reamed piers, granular pile anchors, chemical stabilization, and fibre reinforcement techniques. This paper focuses on improvement in the strength characteristics of stabilized Chittur soil. The commonly used stabilizer for expansive soils is lime. This paper looks upon alternative materials such as fly ash and polypropylene fibres in order to reduce the lime content. It was concluded from the trials that an optimum combination of 1.5% lime, 10% fly ash and 0.2% polypropylene fibres contribut

Modal properties of a structure can be identified by experimental modal analysis (EMA). Discrete frequency response functions (FRFs) and impulse response functions (IRFs) between responses and excitation are bases for EMA. In calculation of a discrete FRF, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is applied to both response and excitation data series, and a transformed data series in DFT is virtually extended to have an infinite length and be periodic with a period equal to the length of the series; the resulting periodicity can be physically incorrect in some cases, which depends on an excitation technique used. There are various excitation techniques in EMA, and periodic extension in DFT for EMA using periodic random and burst random excitation is physically correct. However, EMA using periodic random excitation needs a relatively long excitation time to have responses to be steady-state and periodic, and EMA using burst random excitation needs a long sampling period for responses to decay to zero, which can result in relatively long response and excitation data series and necessitate a large number of spectral lines for associated DFTs, especially for a high sampling frequency. An efficient and accurate methodology for calculating discrete FRFs and IRFs is proposed here, by which fewer spectral lines are needed and accuracies of resulting FRFs and IRFs can be maintained. The relationship between an IRF from the proposed methodology and that from the least-squares method is shown. A new coherence function that can evaluate qualities of FRFs and IRFs from the proposed methodology in the frequency domain is used, from which meaningful coherence function values can be obtained even with response and excitation series of one sampling period. Based on the new coherence function, a fitting index is used to evaluate overall qualities of the FRFs and IRFs. The proposed methodology was numerically and experimentally applied to a two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system and an aluminum plate to estimate their FRFs, respectively. In the numerical example, FRFs from the proposed methodology agree well with the theoretical one; in the experimental example, a FRF from the proposed methodology with a random impact series agreed well with the benchmark one from a single impact test.