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1
Diekmann, Martin. "Deciduous forest vegetation in Boreo-nemoral Scandinavia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Biologiska sektionen, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-184361.
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Kruger, Steven Daly. "Measuring Medicinal Nontimber Forest Product Output in Eastern Deciduous Forests." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99236.
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Nontimber forest products (NTFPs) play an important role in the lives of people who rely on forests. An absence of data on the size of harvests, their location, and the economic value of NTFPs prevents effective management and full utilization by all stakeholder groups. We set out to measure one important NTFP sector -- the medicinal plant trade in the diverse deciduous forests of the eastern United States, by surveying licensed buyers of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in 15 states about purchasing of other untracked species. To combat potential coverage and non-response bias we created a place-based model that predicted the probability of purchasing non-ginseng medicinals based on buyer location and used this to build more robust estimates. This viable method for estimating NTFP output is a replicable system that can be applied in other regions and for other products.
We reviewed the literature and hypothesized biophysical and socioeconomic factors that might contribute to the prevalence of non-ginseng purchasing, and tested them on the respondents using multinomial logistic regression. The significant variables were used in two-step cluster analysis to categorize respondents and non-respondents in high or low production areas. Volume was assigned to non-respondents based on respondent behavior within each cluster. Both were then summed to estimate total output. The results depict trade volume and prices paid to harvesters for 11 medicinal NTFP species. There was significant variation between products. Two species, black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), accounted for 72 percent of trade volume and 77 percent of the value paid to harvesters. The total first-order value for all species estimated was 4.3 million $USD. The discrepancy between point-of-sale and retail value implies room for increasing value for all stakeholders at the base of the supply chain. Harvests for most species were concentrated in the central Appalachian coalfields.
We also sought to understand what motivated or deterred participation by conducting qualitative interviews with buyers and other stakeholders. Buyers were interested in knowing the size and value of the trade, but had concerns about losing access to the resource, which was rooted in past experience with land managers and policy-makers, and conflicting discourse between stakeholders about the state of the trade and of wild populations. Many institutional deliverables are not well matched with the realities or priorities of the traditional trade. We describe potential avenues for collaboration and reciprocity, including providing market research and certifying or providing technical support for sustainably wild harvested material in addition to ongoing support for cultivation.PHD
3
Hellberg, Erik. "Historical variability of deciduous trees and deciduous forests in northern Sweden : effects of forest fires, land-use and climate /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s308.pdf.
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Frost, Ethan E. "Throughfall variability in a southern Illinois broadleaved deciduous forest." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 83 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1253509851&Fmt=7&clientId=79356&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ask, Peter. "Biodiversity and deciduous forest in landscape management : studies in southern Sweden /." Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000107/.
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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.Abstract inserted. Appendix includes reprints of a published paper and three manuscripts, each co-authored with a different author. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Nietz, Jennifer Goedhart. "Soil Respiration During Partial Canopy Senescence in a Northern Mixed Deciduous Forest." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276543755.
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Wales, Shea B. "MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PRODUCTION STABILITY IN TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5803.
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A persistent and reliable future terrestrial carbon (C) sink will depend on how stable forest production is under more variable climate conditions. We examined how age, forest structure, and disturbance history relate to the interannual variability of above-ground wood net primary production (NPPw). Our site in northern Michigan spans two experimental forest chronosequences and three late successional stands; the chronosequences have distinct disturbance histories, originating following either clear cut harvesting (“Cut Only”) or clear cut harvesting and fire (“Cut and Burn”), and range from 21 to 108 years old. Annual NPPw was estimated using dendrochronology and site specific allometric equations. We used a portable canopy LiDAR (PCL) system to derive canopy rugosity, a measure of the variability and heterogeneity of vertical and horizontal leaf arrangement, to quantify plot level canopy complexity. Counter to our hypothesis, we found that NPPw stability was greatest in the most frequently disturbed, Cut and Burn stands and lowest in less recently disturbed, late successional forest communities. Opposing trends in chronosequence interannual variation of NPPw indicated that stand age and canopy complexity are not consistently related to production stability. Furthermore, sub-canopy leaf trait properties and breadth were not, as hypothesized, correlated with canopy complexity or NPPw stability. Our mixed findings suggest that multiple factors, including stand age and disturbance history, interact to influence NPPw stability, but also highlight an unexpected dichotomy in which disturbance legacies at our site negatively impact the long-term trajectory of annual forest NPPw, but enhance its interannual stability.
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Hickey, Michael V. "Analyses of Mitigated Wetlands and Reforestation in Deciduous Ecosystems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1383812402.
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Rowland, James D. "Modelling solar irradiance on a slope under a leafless deciduous forest." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59293.
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This thesis investigates variations in solar irradiance incident upon sloping surfaces under deciduous forest in winter. A model is presented for prediction of solar irradiance at the surface which accounts for slope inclination and orientation, surrounding topography, isotropic absorption of solar radiation by the crown space, and shadows cast by the stem space.Field data from two sites of different slope and aspect attest to the validity of the model; errors, based on 20-minute averages of instantaneous values, are 15.5% (RMSE) and $-$1.9% (MBE). Error is partially due to reliance upon global radiation measurements above canopy at a different site (partially cloudy conditions) and sampling error (sunny sky conditions). The variability of solar irradiance at the surface, and in the error of predicted values, is found to vary with sky condition, solar zenith and incidence angles, and slope orientation. However, integration to hourly and/or daily time periods improves model performance significantly.
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Wilfong, Bryan N. "Detecting an invasive shrub in deciduous forest understories using remote sensing." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1217288997.
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Cassing, Gunilla. "Deciduous tree occurrence and large herbivore browsing in multiscale perspectives." Licentiate thesis, Karlstad : Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Biology, Karlstads universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4025.
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Dolby, Andrew S. "An experimental analysis of mixed-species foraging flocks of deciduous-forest birds /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487951595500678.
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Decker, Kelly Louise McChesney. "Ecophysiological and edaphic studies in a Chilean Mixed Evergreen-Deciduous Nothofagus Forest /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488204276531547.
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Mason, Laura M. "Determining the Microbial Bioindicators of Phosphorus Limitation in an Eastern Deciduous Forest." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1532011166794737.
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McLachlan, Stéphane Marc. "Multiple-scale approaches to the restoration of deciduous forest in southwestern Ontario, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22919.pdf.
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Biswas, Suparna. "Coarse Woody Debris Pools and Fluxes in a Northern Deciduous Forest, Michigan, USA." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395841859.
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Daws, Matthew. "Mechanisms of plant species coexistence in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panama." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU160354.
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Niche-differentiation has been proposed to explain the coexistence of large numbers of tree species in tropical forests. Previous studies on established individuals have found little evidence for this. However, niche-differentiation may be apparent at the seed and seedling stages. This study investigated the effects of environmental variation in germination and seedling establishment for a range of Central Panamanian species. Firstly, topography has a large impact on soil water availability; slopes are wetter than nearby plateaux. The potential impact on seedling emergence and survival was studied by monitoring seedling emergence and survival over 15 months. This revealed that small-seeded species are unlikely to establish on plateaux, presumably because of the rider conditions. Secondly, the germination of four pioneer species in response to four environmental variables, related to canopy gap size, was investigated. Species exhibited consistent patterns of response suggesting adaptation for germination in particular gap sizes; Piper marginatum responded to nitrate, had a low base potential for germination and tolerated large temperature fluctuations, suggesting adaptation for germination in comparatively large gaps. Conversely, Pipe peltatum exhibited responses, which suggested adaptations for germination in small gaps. Finally, germination and seedling mortality for four pioneer species in two sizes of canopy gap was predicted using computer modelling. This indicated that large-seeded pioneers can germinate and establish in large gaps. Conversely, percentage germination and survival of small-seeded species was low in large gaps. However, small-seeded species produce greater quantities of seed than large-seeded species. Consequently they may "win by default" in large gaps, because of the absence of seeds of larger species. These results indicate that there are a number of axes of environmental variation along with nice-differentiation can occur. Furthermore, the response is variable between species. Thus niche-differentiation is important for fostering species coexistence, although density-dependent mortality and dispersal-limitation also contribute.
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Dickman, Garrett Joseph. "Inhibition of conifers growing under a deciduous canopy: degrees, seasonality, and causes of suppression." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/dickman/DickmanG1209.pdf.
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The physiological response of conifers to a deciduous overstory is unstudied in the cool temperate zone despite the widespread occurrence of the association. The object of this study is therefore to determine the degree that understory conifers are inhibited by a deciduous overstory, and to identify the factors responsible. Thus, three conifer species (Juniperus scopulorum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa) growing with and without a deciduous Populus canopy were contrasted in regards to environment, seasonal performance, and physiological response to environmental factors. Understory conifer stands were darker, and especially so when the overstory had leaves. Understory environments of P. menziesii and A. lasiocarpa were cooler and had lower vapor pressure deficits than open sites, but were similar in relative humidity and soil water. In contrast, understory sites of J. scopulorum had similar temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and soil water. Relative to conifers in the open, photosynthesis of understory conifers was reduced by roughly the same amount (~10%), regardless of photosynthetic rate. While at intermittent times photosynthesis was reduced by much greater amounts, the expected increase of summertime suppression (>10%) was not seen. Understory conifer suppression was not linked to any seasonally limited resource, such as light, water, or nutrients. The slight suppression over the year was due to an unidentified factor, perhaps the lower temperature of the understory environment (-2C), or seemingly unlikely, an allelopathic effect from Populus. In instantaneous measures, photosynthesis was better correlated with day of year and RH than light, VPD, or temperature. The correlated phenomena relate to season and precipitation rather than canopy condition under study. Slight photosynthetic inhibition of understory conifers is supported by similar observations of suppression in the diameter growth and one-year’s twig growth.
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Perera, G. A. Dhammika. "Regeneration and succession following shifting cultivation and dry tropical deciduous forests of Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242827.
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Gebauer, Tobias. "Water turnover in species-rich and species-poor deciduous forests xylem sap flow and canopy transpiration /." Göttingen : Georg-August-Universität, 2010. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2010/gebauer/gebauer.pdf.
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Lachat, Thibault. "The impact of forest management on saproxylic beetles and other arthropods in a semi-deciduous forest in Southern Benin /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_6950.
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Mueller, Joshua Robert. "The relative controls on forest fires and fuel source fluctuations in the Holocene deciduous forests of southern Wisconsin, USA." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15679.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Geography
Kendra K. McLauchlan
Reconstructing fire regimes and fuel characteristics is an important aspect of understanding past forest ecosystem processes. Fuel sources and disturbance regimes throughout the upper Midwestern United States have been shown to be sensitive to regional climatic variability such as drought periods on millennial timescales. Yet, records documenting the complex connections between disturbance activity and the corresponding fuel source fluctuations in mesic deciduous forests and oak savanna forests in this region are limited. Thus, it has been difficult to provide a framework to evaluate drought conditions on fire activity and the relationships with fuel source fluctuations in this region. Here, I conducted high-resolution charcoal analyses of lake sediments from four sites in southeastern-southcentral Wisconsin (USA) to characterize fire activity and fuel source fluctuation in mesic deciduous forests and prairie-oak savanna over the last 10,000 years. I found that fire regimes across the four study sites have been asynchronous throughout the Holocene, due to site-specific differences that have strongly influenced local fire regimes. I also found that during periods of high fire activity the primary fuels were from arboreal sources, and during periods of low fire activity the primary fuels were from non-arboreal sources. However, fluctuations in fuel sources did not always correspond to changes in vegetation, or changes in fire frequency.
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Kiser, Larry Christopher. "Thirty-year Changes in Mineral Soil C in a Cumberland Plateau Forest as Influenced by Inorganic-N, Soil Texture, and Topography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35725.
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Increases in atmospheric C have resulted in concerns about global warming and interest in finding means to sequester atmospheric C through land management strategies. The purpose of this study was to (i) compare changes in mineral soil C after a 30-year interval and (ii) examine the role of inorganic-N, soil texture, and topography in these changes. Soil samples were collected at permanently identified points on the Camp Branch Watershed, a second growth oak forest on the Cumberland Plateau in central Tennessee, in July of 1976 and archived. These points were re-sampled in July of 2006 and both archived and new samples of the 0 to 10 cm increment of the mineral soil were analyzed for C and N using the same procedures. Paired comparisons revealed changes in C and N were distinct to each of the 8 soil series. Comparison of 2006 samples to 1976 samples indicated changes in C concentration ranged from -13.1% to +12.0%. Changes in C mass ranged from -11.3% to +8.3%. Increases in C were most closely associated with increases in the C/total-N ratio. C was positively correlated to exchangeable inorganic-N in 1976 (r2 = 0.387) and 2006 (r2 = 0.107). Regression analysis revealed C increased with increasing azimuth and decreasing elevation in 1976 (r2 = 0.140). C was predicted only by clay content in 2006 (r2 = 0.079) and exhibited a negative relationship. Since topography was no longer a predictor of mineral soil C in 2006, we speculate that changes in forest cover also influenced changes in mineral soil C.Master of Science
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Muir, Angela M. "Seed predation and dispersal in a deciduous forest understorey herb, wild ginger (Asarum canadense)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22143.pdf.
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Hladilek, Erin Elizabeth. "THE ROLE OF SPIDERS IN THE DETRITAL FOOD WEB OF AN EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/682.
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Historically, terrestrial food web research has focused on describing the structure of aboveground grazing webs, and determining how interactions among plants, herbivores and higher trophic levels influence primary productivity. Detrital food webs however, play a significant role in regulation of ecosystem dynamics through direct impacts on decomposition. Unraveling the complex nature of detrital food web structure is critical to developing a better understanding of ecosystem function. Therefore the primary objective of this research was to describe the structure of the leaf-litter food web in a temperate deciduous forest, with emphasis on interactions between a community of generalist predators, the forest-floor spiders, and arthropod prey.
Elucidating occurrence of trophic interactions in the forest-floor food web was a formidable task due to the high diversity, small body sizes and cryptic habits of many litter-dwelling arthropods. Analysis of natural variation in consumer stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) formed the crux of this research because it simultaneously permitted quantification of the trophic positions of litterdwelling arthropods and identification of spider resources, including prey subsidies from the grazing web. A monoclonal antibody-based ELISA was employed to analyze the gut contents of spiders to quantify predation on a major arthropod taxon, the forest-floor flies. Surveys of spider distributions and prey availability in the litter layer also provided fundamental knowledge of community structure.
Stable isotope analyses suggested that most spiders exhibited strong trophic connections to the detrital web, but weak links to herbivorous prey. Several lines of evidence supported a strong trophic link between large, litterdwelling collembolans (Tomoceridae) and cursorial spiders, including correlation between spider and tomocerid densities on the forest-floor, similarities in spider and tomocerid carbon signatures, and nitrogen enrichment of tomocerids relative to other prey types. Conversely, this research provided conflicting evidence regarding spider consumption of flies. Gut content assays indicated consistent predation on flies by cursorial spiders, while stable isotope models suggested that flies are likely of little importance in the spiders’ diets. This project yielded valuable insights into the role of spiders in the forest-floor food web and the potential importance of species-specific variation in prey consumption for detrital food web dynamics.
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Staats, Wesley A. "USE OF LIDAR-DERIVED TERRAIN AND VEGETATION INFORMATION IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST IN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/24.
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The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) information is gaining popularity, however its use has been limited in deciduous forests. This thesis describes two studies using LiDAR data in an Eastern Kentucky deciduous forest. The first study quantifies vertical error of LiDAR derived digital elevation models (DEMs) which describe the forests terrain. The study uses a new method which eliminates Global Positioning System (GPS) error. The study found that slope and slope variability both significantly affect DEM error and should be taken in to account when using LiDAR derived DEMs. The second study uses LiDAR derived forest vegetation and terrain metrics to predict terrestrial Plethodontid salamander abundance across the forest. This study used night time visual encounter surveys coupled with zero-inflation modeling to predict salamander abundance based on environmental covariates. We focused on two salamander species, Plethodon glutinosus and Plethodon kentucki. Our methods produced two different best fit models for the two species. Plethodon glutinosus included vegetation height standard deviation and water flow accumulation covariates, while Plethodon kentucki included only canopy cover as a covariate. These methods are applicable to many different species and can be very useful for focusing management efforts and understanding species distributions across the landscape.
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Muir, Angela M. (Angela Malia) Carleton University Dissertation Biology. "Seed predation and dispersal in a deciduous forest understorey herb, wild ginger (Asarum canadense)." Ottawa, 1997.
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Turton, Rachael Heather. "The impact of the radiation balance on snowmelt in a sparse deciduous birch forest." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29567.
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The representation of high-latitude surface processes and quantifying surface-climate feedbacks are some of the most serious shortcomings of present day Arctic land surface modelling. The energy balance of seasonally snow-covered sparse deciduous forests at high latitudes is poorly understood and inaccurately represented within hydrological and climate models. Snow cover plays an important role in wintertime fluxes of energy, water and carbon, controlling the length of the active growing season and hence the overall carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems. Snow cover is non-uniform and spatially variable, as wind redistributes snow from areas of exposed open tundra to sheltered areas within the forest, where a deeper snowpack develops. Low solar zenith angles, coupled with sparse deciduous leafless trees, cast shadows across the snow surface. The spatial distribution of canopy gaps determines the timing of direct radiation which penetrates down through the canopy to the snow surface. The forest canopy also excludes incoming longwave radiation and yet also emits longwave radiation to the snow surface. Consequently the forest canopy plays a key role in the radiation balance of sparse forests. To improve our knowledge of these complex processes, meteorological and field observations were taken in an area of highly heterogeneous birch Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii forest in Abisko, Sweden during the spring of 2008 and 2009. Detailed measurements of short and longwave radiation above and below the canopy, hemispherical photographs, tree temperatures and snow surveys were conducted to quantify the radiation balance of the sparse deciduous forest. An array of below canopy pyranometers found the mean canopy transmissivity to be 74 % in 2008 and 76 % in 2009. Hemispherical photographs taken at the pyranometer locations analysed with Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) showed reasonable agreement with a mean canopy transmissivity of 75 % in 2008 and 74 % in 2009. The canopy transmissivity was found to be independent of the diffuse fraction of radiation as the canopy is very sparse. A series of survey grids and transects were established to scale up from the below canopy pyranometers to the landscape scale. Hemispherical photographs analysed with GLA showed the sparse forest canopy had a mean transmissivity of 78 % and a mean LAI of 0.25, whereas the open tundra had a mean transmissivity of 97 % and a mean LAI of < 0.01. Snow surveys showed the sparse forest snow depth to vary between 0.34 and 0.55 m, whereas the snow depth in the open tundra varied between 0.12 and 0.18 m. Observations of canopy temperatures showed a strong influence of incident shortwave radiation warming the tree branches to temperatures up to 15 °C warmer than ambient air temperature on the south facing sides of the trees, and up to 6 °C on the north facing sides of the trees. To reproduce the observed radiation balance, two canopy models (Homogenous and Clumped) were developed. The Homogeneous canopy model assumes a single tree tile with a uniform sparse canopy. The Clumped canopy model assumes a tree and a grass tile, where the tree tile is permanently in shade from the canopy and the grass tile receives all the incoming radiation. These canopy models identified the need for a parameter that accounts for the spatial and temporal variation of the shaded gaps within the sparse forest. JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is the community land surface model used in the UK Hadley Centre GCM suite. Modifications of the land-surface interactions were included in JULES to represent the shaded gaps within the sparse deciduous forest. New parameterisations were developed for the time-varying sunlit fractions of the gap (flit), the sky-view fraction (fv), and the longwave radiation emitted from the canopy (LWtree). These model developments were informed by field observations of the forest canopy and evaluated against the below canopy short and longwave radiation observed data sets. The JULES Shaded gap model output showed a strong positive relationship with the observations of below canopy shortwave and longwave radiation. The JULES Shaded gap model improves the ratio of observed to modelled short and longwave radiation on sunny days compared to the JULES model. The JULES Shaded gap model reduces the time to snow melt by 2 to 4 days compared to the JULES model, making the model output more aligned with in-situ observational data. This shortening of the modelled snow-season directly impacts on the simulated carbon and water balance regionally and has wider relevance at the pan-Arctic scale. When JULES Shaded Gap was evaluated on the global scale, it improved the modelled snowmass across large areas of sparse forest in northern Canada, Scandinavia and Northern Russia with respect to GlobSnow. The performance of the land surface-snow-vegetation interactions of JULES was improved by using the Shaded gap to model the radiation balance of sparse forests in climate-sensitive Arctic regions. Furthermore these observational data can be used to develop and evaluate high latitude land-surface processes and biogeochemical feedbacks in other earth system models.
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McEwan, Ryan W. "Tree-Ring Based Reconstructions of Disturbance and Growth Dynamics in Several Deciduous Forest Ecosystems." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1150748370.
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Davis, Jessica G. "Spatiotemporal dynamics of coarse woody debris in a topographically complex, old-growth, deciduous forest." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1405199554.
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Brandenburg, Marci. "Effects of deer exclosures on forest floor mammals." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1097606609.
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Suzuki, Kazuyoshi, Yuichiro Nakai, Takeshi Ohta, Tsutomu Nakamura, and Tetsuo Ohata. "Effect of snow interception on the energy balance above deciduous and coniferous forests during a snowy winter." IAHS publications, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6967.
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Maurer, Kyle D. "Effects of Climate, Forest Structure, Soil Water, & Scale on Biosphere-Atmosphere Gas Exchange in a Great Lakes Mixed-Deciduous Forest." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366036482.
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Wulf, Monika, and Thilo Heinken. "Colonization of recent coniferous versus deciduous forest stands by vascular plants at the local scale." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4608/.
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Questions:
1. Are there differences among species in their preference for coniferous vs. deciduous forest?
2. Are tree and shrub species better colonizers of recent forest stands than herbaceous species?
3. Do colonization patterns of plant species groups depend on tree species composition?
Location:
Three deciduous and one coniferous recent forest areas in Brandenburg, NE Germany.
Methods:
In 34 and 21 transects in coniferous and deciduous stands, respectively, we studied the occurrence and percentage cover of vascular plants in a total of 150 plots in ancient stands, 315 in recent stands and 55 at the ecotone. Habitat preference, diaspore weight, generative dispersal potential and clonal extension were used to explain mechanisms of local migration. Regression analysis was conducted to test whether migration distance was related to species’ life-history traits.
Results:
25 species were significantly associated with ancient stands and ten species were significantly more frequent in recent stands. Tree and shrub species were good colonizers of recent coniferous and deciduous stands. In the coniferous stands, all herbaceous species showed a strong dispersal limitation during colonization, whereas in the deciduous stands generalist species may have survived in the grasslands which were present prior to afforestation.
Conclusions:
The fast colonization of recent stands by trees and shrubs can be explained by their effective dispersal via wind and animals. This, and the comparably efficient migration of herbaceous forest specialists into recent coniferous stands, implies that the conversion of coniferous into deciduous stands adjacent to ancient deciduous forests is promising even without planting of trees.
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Kaldy, Leah Renee. "Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Geomorphology as Drivers of Succession vs. Flood Disturbance within Riparian Forests of Middle Order Streams of Western New York State, USA." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1471703032.
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Upadhaya, Suraj. "Use of Landsat Data to Characterize Burn Severity, Forest Structure and Invasion by Paulownia (Paulownia Tomentosa) in an Eastern Deciduous Forest, Kentucky." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/23.
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Landsat imagery has been used successfully to assess burn severity and monitor post-fire forest structure in a variety of ecosystems, but to date there are few documented studies on its application in the eastern deciduous forests of the eastern United States. The occurrence of a wildfire in the Daniel Boone National Forest in2010 provided a rare opportunity for research into the use of Landsat data for assessing burn severity and its ecological effects. We used differenced normalized burn ratio (∆NBR) to quantify burn severity. The ∆NBR based burn severity classification had 70% agreement with a qualitative ground-based burn severity assessment. We also examined the relationship between the presence of an invasive species (Paulownia tomentosa), and our assessment of burn severity, where we found a weak but statistically significant relationship (adj R2 0.13, p<0.0001). We also examined the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and forest structure measurements. The relationship between NDVI and basal area was strongly and significantly related (adj R2 0.41, p<0.0001). The relationship of NDVI with stem density was weak but significant (adj R2 0.23. p=0.004). These results indicate that data from Landsat imagery have great potential for quantifying burn severity, identifying potential hotspots for invasive species, and assessing post fire forest structure in the eastern deciduous forest.
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Key, Thomas Lee. "An evaluation of the relative value of spectral and phenological information for tree crown classification of digital images in the eastern deciduous forest /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=107.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1998.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 51 p. : col. ill., col. map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-34).
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Ceballos, Gonzalez Gerardo Jorge. "Population and community ecology of small mammals from tropical deciduous and arroyo forests in western Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184638.
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The natural history, population dynamics, and community ecology of five small mammals from tropical deciduous and semideciduous (arroyo) forests were studied in western Mexico. I evaluated the influence of habitat heterogeneity and productivity on species diversity, population dynamics, and patterns of resource utilization. I expected higher biomass and species diversity and denser populations in the more complex and productive arroyo forest than in the deciduous forest. Species diversity was higher in the arroyo forest but total biomass, population density and fluctuations were very similar in both forests, despite strong differences in habitat heterogeneity and productivity. Reproduction of all species was associated to seasonality in food availability. Populations of all the species had qualitatively similar temporal patterns of reproduction and population fluctuations because they used similar food resources. Peaks in reproduction and population densities coincided with peaks in food production, suggesting that food availability is a limiting factor. Species differed in variables affecting resource utilization such as body mass, diet, and habitat selection. Results indicate that food resource partitioning and macro and microhabitat preferences permit coexistence. This study suggests that habitat heterogeneity and productivity have a profound influence in population and community ecology of small mammals in the Neotropics.
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Gagan, Alison Baird. "The Effects of Prescribed Fire on Millipede and Salamander Populations in a Southern Appalachian Deciduous Forest." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1108102-114822/unrestricted/abgrevision.pdf.
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Corona, Núñez Rogelio Omar. "Multi-analysis of potential and actual above ground biomass in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28844.
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Natural tropical deciduous forest (TDF) is considered with a medium to small height (< 15 m). Particularly, in Mexico TDF shows a remnant of 36.2% of primary forest driving changes in the structure and species composition. This vegetation in Mexico is mainly transformed into grassland for cattle raising, and agriculture, primarily for self-consumption. More information about the ecology and the social pressures on this vegetation can be seen in Chapter I. The general methods, including sampling allocation and collection, characteristics of the study site, as well the procedure of the research proposal is presented in Chapter II. The main aim of this thesis is to improve the accuracy of predictions of net carbon emissions and the spatial distribution of AGB in the Tropical Deciduous Forest of Mexico. To address this aim, it is important to take into consideration the forest structure, spatial patterns and processes in a natural forest in a multi-scale analysis; also, it is necessary to characterize the spatial socio-economic drivers that influence current AGB losses. With the understanding of such elements, it is possible to reconstruct the potential carbon stocks and estimate the allocation of net carbon emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation. This study shows that it is possible to count net carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation at a landscape scale. To come to such estimates, it was necessary to reduce the different sources of uncertainty. Chapter III explores different elements that drive the AGB allocation in a mature forest. The AGB in the mature forest was considered as the potential AGB that the forest could get assuming that it has reached its steady state. Different field sampling strategies and allometric equations were evaluated to account for uncertainty in the AGB estimations. The results showed that small sampling design (300-400 m2) and large-sized plots (4 ha) produce the same tree distribution for trees: ≥30 cm in DBH as well as in AGB. These results contradict what has been reported for others (Chave et al., 2004 and 2005) when they refer to the general definition of tropical forest. However, those other studies referred to forests with a much higher precipitation and which can be classified as tropical rain (perennial) forest (Chave et al., 2004). In the tropical deciduous forest, the kind considered in this study, AGB tends to be allocated in small-sized trees. Diverse biophysical characteristics that may drive AGB allocation were considered over different spatial scales. Water stress was the main driver for AGB density at different spatial scales. Nutrients showed little significance to explain AGB as other studies have suggested in secondary forests and/or chronosequences. With this understanding, Chapter IV shows the use of different multi-variable models. Parsimonious models were the result of the variables selection and sensitivity test. Most of the methodologies showed a better performance to explain AGB allocation than a null-model. However, when they were contrasted with independent observations over different spatial resolutions, it was possible to conclude that only GLM was capable of reproducing the spatial patterns, and its estimations were close to observations. Nevertheless, some observations with very large AGB densities were underestimated by the model. This underestimation was related to the presence of few very large-sized trees. These two chapters depict the possibility of accounting for the potential AGB, and the uncertainty, namely whether the landscape could reach it with the absence of human disturbance. Once the potential AGB map was built and validated, it was transformed to carbon stock, using a local carbon concentration estimate. This potential carbon stock map was contrasted to the different available maps of current carbon stocks. Consequently, it was possible to estimate net carbon emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation (Chapter V), suggesting that the general models tend to agree in the total carbon loss. However, there are some spatial discrepancies in the magnitudes of change. Main differences between maps can be reduced by diverse socio-ecological constraints that dominate the landscape. This is important because it may be possible to make future adjustments that would reduce variability, enabling more accurate AGB estimations. However, to individually account for deforestation and forest degradation, more detailed sources of local information are necessary, such as socio-economic variables. Therefore models with a bottom-up perspective would lead to a better understanding and representation of the landscape. Finally, the growing rural population will have larger demands for wood and food, so while remote or protected areas may have the potential for storing high AGB, forest close to settlements and access routes are likely to continue being disturbed, unless affordable alternatives are available for the sustainable use of the forest. In conclusion, the estimation of spatial heterogeneity of AGB in the landscape is of great importance when measuring carbon stocks and ecological dynamics. Various elements influence the AGB allocation in the mature forest. Among all of them, water availability played the most decisive part of various spatial scales. My models support the hypothesis that water availability plays the major role in explaining AGB in Mexico on a local, sub-regional and landscape scale. Model selection produced contrasting AGB estimates and patterns. Moreover, the results of this study tell us that there is not a clear consensus among various current AGB maps. However, they also show that with a multi-model comparison it is possible to identify carbon emissions drivers and calculate total carbon emissions due to forest disturbances. Socio-economic variables played the major role in explaining AGB losses. Therefore, future studies should look into a bottom-up approach for a better understanding and representation of current AGB.
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Bryant, Kelsey N. "Determining and Comparing Hydraulic Behavior among Trees with Differing Wood Types in a Temperate Deciduous Forest." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617026904705736.
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Lawrence, Jessica. "Impact of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on shrub-dwelling arthropods in an eastern deciduous forest." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1289234685.
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Sierzega, Kevin Paul. "Factors Influencing Avian Habitat Selection between Oak-hickory and Mesic Forests in Southern Illinois." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1929.
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Prolific oak regeneration occurred over past centuries from anthropogenic cutting, grazing, and fire, and has declined over the past century due to decreased disturbance. Mesophication within closed-canopy forests of the eastern deciduous region has resulted. Oaks are a keystone species and provide abundant resources for forest wildlife; the ability of late-successional tree species to provide similar resources is relatively understudied. To determine the importance of oak-hickory stands for forest birds, we examined two habitat-selection hypotheses that influence avian abundance and distribution: (1) Habitat heterogeneity (i.e. differences in forest structure) and (2) Availability and distribution of food resources (i.e. index of arthropod biomass). We examined avian response across a gradient of oak-hickory to non-oak tree-species dominance. Non-oak stands were largely dominated by sugar maple, American beech, and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). We predicted that migratory breeding-species of concern would respond positively to oak-dominated stands and associated vegetation (e.g. oaks and hickories) because they provide more heterogeneity and likely more food than non-oak stands and associated vegetation (e.g. yellow poplar, maples and beech). We hypothesized that oak and hickory species contain more arthropod biomass and diversity than late-successional species. We conducted breeding bird surveys from 30-April to 15-July 2013-2014 in the Shawnee National Forest, Illinois at 22 study sites. We characterized study sites by dominant canopy vegetation. We used a modified version of the branch-clipping technique to sample arthropods on tree species that represented a gradient of succession. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine differences in arthropod metrics. We estimated detection probabilities for PIF-concern, breeding species and modeled density as response to a priori habitat models using hierarchical distance sampling in R package unmarked. We compared best-fit habitat models for each species with a model of our derived index of food availability (i.e. mean total arthropod biomass (g/m)) for each study site. Habitat heterogeneity was higher in oak-hickory dominated sites. Aerial foragers and foliage gleaners responded predominantly to forest composition and structure, whereas ground foragers responded largely to microhabitat. Density estimates from five of seven species that included percent oak-hickory composition in top models exhibited positive responses. All species that included canopy tree diversity (n=6) in top models responded positively to increasing canopy diversity, and canopy diversity was significantly higher in oak-hickory sites than non-oak sites. Yellow poplar, oak and hickory species yielded more total arthropod biomass (g/m), Lepidopteran biomass (g/m), and guild diversity and richness than late-successional beech and maples. Heterogeneity and food biomass both influenced avian abundance of aerial foragers and foliage gleaners. Our results imply that oak-hickory stands are ecologically important for migratory forest birds of concern because heterogeneity and food resources increase as oak-hickory canopy composition increases. Oak regeneration is a challenging process to manage because oaks require frequent disturbance to achieve the high levels of light needed by this genus. Therefore, it may be beneficial to manage stands for yellow poplar dominance because this species grows rapidly. Moreover, our results suggest that yellow poplar yields comparable and higher estimates of arthropod biomass and diversity on hickories and oaks, respectively. However, foraging opportunities are likely restricted on yellow poplar because of limited structure, attributed to excurrent branching.
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Semones, Shawn Wayne. "Inhibition of Canopy Tree Seedlings by Thickets of Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) in an Eastern Deciduous Forest." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29688.
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Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) is an evergreen shrub that grows in dense thickets and currently covers large areas of the understory in the deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. Thickets of R. maximum are inhibitory to recruitment and regeneration of many understory plants including canopy tree seedlings. By effectively lowering the survivorship of woody species trying to establish within thickets, R. maximum could influence stand level regeneration patterns and ultimately the community structure of these deciduous forests. This dissertation outlines research conducted to determine if: 1) below and above ground resources are lower within thickets of R. maximum when compared to forest sites where R. maximum is absent; 2) Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina seedlings growing in thickets have lower mid-day photosynthetic rates; 3) Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina seedlings growing within thickets are low light acclimated when compared to seedlings growing in forest without R. maximum; 4) the presence of R. maximum constrains CO₂ assimilation of Quercus rubra seedlings exposed to light flecks of different durations and intensities; 5) the presence of R. maximum constrains the light fleck responses of Quercus rubra seedlings exposed to eight light flecks in rapid succession; and 6) canopy openness regulates the capacity of Quercus rubra seedlings to assimilate carbon when exposed to eight consecutive light flecks.
Rhododendron maximum thickets altered resource availability for seedlings when compared to areas of forest without R. maximum. Diffused photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) averaged less than 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ throughout the growing season in sites with R. maximum in comparison to 10-30 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in sites without R. maximum. Soil moisture content, measured using Time Domain Reflectometry was approximately 6% lower in forest sites with R. maximum compared to sites without R. maximum throughout the growing season. Most nutrient concentrations (e.g.,, C, N and most cations) and nitrogen mineralization rates were significantly lower in sites with R. maximum. Temperature and atmospheric relative humidity are slightly lower under thickets of R. maximum. In general, sites with R. maximum are associated with lower resource availability above and below ground in comparison with sites without R. maximum.
Attenuation of below canopy PAR by thickets of R. maximum negatively influences the photosynthetic capacity of Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina seedlings as indicated by measurements of mid-day photosynthesis. In 1996, the seasonal mean mid-day photosynthetic rate of first year Q. rubra seedlings growing in R. maximum thickets (1.3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) was 62% lower than the seasonal mean mid-day photosynthetic rate (2.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) of seedlings growing in forest sites without R. maximum. For second year seedlings in 1997, seasonal mean mid-day photosynthesis was 183% higher for plants growing outside of thickets (1.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to the mean rate (0.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) for plants located within thicket sites. The mean mid-day PAR available to seedlings located in forest sites without R. maximum during measurements of photosynthesis was 354% higher in 1996 and 257% higher in 1997. First year Prunus serotina seedlings growing in forest without R. maximum also had greater seasonal mean mid-day photosynthesis (0.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) when compared to the mean rate (-0.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) for plants growing within thickets. Prunus serotina seedlings located in the presence of R. maximum received on average 67% less PAR.
Photosynthetic acclimation to low light was assessed for Q. rubra and P. serotina seedlings growing under both forest conditions by measuring photosynthetic responses to light in situ using even aged one-year old seedlings. Quercus rubra seedlings growing in forest sites without R. maximum had significantly higher light saturated rates of photosynthesis. For both species, photosynthetic responses to light were otherwise similar irrespective of the presence or absence of R. maximum.
The impact of the R. maximum subcanopy on understory PAR and subsequent influence on canopy tree seedling photosynthetic capacity implies that sunflecks are critical for seedling net carbon gain in these forest understory environments. To determine the effect of R. maximum on the photosynthetic response to sunflecks of oak seedlings, light flecks were simulated on 288 randomly chosen, even aged, two-year old seedlings in situ. Half of the seedlings were located within R. maximum thickets. Seedlings were randomly assigned one of four light fleck durations (30, 60, 120, and 300s) and one of three intensities (100, 500, 1000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Half of all seedlings were dark pre-acclimated prior to light fleck simulations by covering with aluminum foil for at least 12 hours, while the remaining seedlings were pre-acclimated under ambient conditions.
Analysis of covariance showed that a significant, positive, linear relationship exists between the length of a light fleck and total carbon gain during a light fleck for seedlings in forest sites with and without R. maximum regardless of pre-acclimation status, or light fleck intensity. Furthermore, there was a significant effect of R. maximum on the slope of the relationship such that following ambient pre-acclimation, seedlings located within thickets assimilated significantly less carbon with increasing light fleck length than seedlings located in forest sites without R. maximum. When seedlings were dark pre-acclimated there was no difference in carbon gain with increasing fleck length between seedlings in forest with and without R. maximum except for flecks of 1000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The data lead to the conclusion that under natural conditions the presence of R. maximum likely prohibits Q. rubra seedlings from utilizing sunflecks as effectively as seedlings growing in forest sites where R. maximum is absent.
Because sunflecks often occur clustered together during a short period of time during the day, another field study was conducted to further characterize the effect of R. maximum on the photosynthetic response of oak seedlings to eight consecutive light flecks. Within 10 paired sites, (i.e., with and without R. maximum) 3 even aged three-year old Q. rubra seedlings were selected. Over each seedling, a hemispherical canopy photograph was taken and analyzed for percent canopy openness. Each seedling was dark pre-acclimated for 12 hours and then exposed to eight light flecks in rapid succession during which time photosynthesis was logged every two seconds. Each light fleck was 500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in intensity and lasted for 120s. Following each light fleck, leaves were exposed to 10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR for 60s before the next light fleck.
Mean carbon gain and maximum photosynthesis achieved during each light fleck was significantly lower for seedlings located in the presence of R. maximum for all flecks in an eight-fleck simulation. In addition, seedlings located within thickets generally had significantly lower pre-illumination photosynthesis following the first of eight light flecks. The mean photosynthetic light use efficiency of seedlings located in forest with R. maximum was significantly lower for the first six of eight light flecks in succession. Using regression analysis and analysis of covariance, percent canopy openness was used to explain the variation in carbon gained from all eight light flecks in succession for seedlings under both forest conditions. However, significant relationships failed to exist between under either forest condition and precluded using analysis of covariance.
The results from these studies lead to the conclusion that light limitation is a major mechanism responsible for the extirpation of canopy tree seedlings from within thickets of R. maximum. Tree seedlings growing in forest sites with R. maximum receive less solar irradiance, have lower mid-day photosynthesis, fail to acclimate to the lower light conditions within thickets, and utilize sunflecks less effectively as well as less efficiently when compared to plants growing in forest sites without R. maximum.Ph. D.
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Barahona, Tupac A. "THE IMPACT OF HUMAN PRACTICES ON FOREST REMNANTS: PEOPLE AND CONSERVATION IN A SMALL NATURE RESERVE IN WESTERN NICARAGUA." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou987449787.
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Hutchison, Sean Taylor. "Eastern Deciduous Forest Phenology and Vegetative Vigor Trends From 2000 to 2013, Mammoth Cave National Park, KY." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1312.
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Global climate change is predicted to affect environmental systems at the midlatitudes, but the scope, severity, and outcomes of these impacts are yet to be fully understood. This study focuses on the implications of short-term climate variability for forests in central Kentucky. Using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from MODerate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument data, the photosynthetic activity of vegetation at Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) is tracked from 2000 to 2013. Three methods were employed to examine the changes and climate influences in vegetation over the study period: 1) aggregating the NDVI of the Park by year and by summer months (June, July, and August) and examining how these productivity trends could be influenced by precipitation and temperature fluctuations, 2) examining the trend of the NDVI at selected dates throughout the study period to detect phenological shifts around leaf-out and leaf-off, and 3) using a generalized vegetation classification of MACA to clip the imagery based on areas of similar vegetation and then testing correlations between those subsets and teleconnections. The results from the aggregated NDVI show there is an insignificant negative trend. A negative relationship between summer forest productivity at MACA and temperature was found, though more data are needed to rigorously validate this result. Changes in phenology indicate forest productivity is decreasing earlier each year throughout the study period. Finally, the Multivariate ENSO Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index are shown to have significant positive correlations with the summer productivity of MACA during the study period.
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Thurston, Eden Elizabeth. "An experimental examination of the impacts of hiking and mountain biking on deciduous forest vegetation and soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ33283.pdf.
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Hawkins, Clare Elaine. "Behaviour and ecology of the fossa, Cryptoprocta ferox (Carnivora: Viverridae) in a dry deciduous forest, western Madagascar." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324435.
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In the first longterm field study of the fossa, mean adult body mass measured was, in males, 7.4 kg (n=17, s.d.=1.2), and, in females, 6.1 kg (n=11 females, s.d.=0.6). Sexual size dimorphism was most marked in canine width. 376 scats yielded 554 prey items, of which the majority were lemurs (>50%)m, tenrecs and snakes. Incidence of prey in scats correlated positively with abundance. Scat composition varied with season, but not with year nor gender of fossa. Sexual dimorphism could not therefore be explained as niche separation. Home ranges were, for two males, 22.74 km2 and 26.20 km2, and for two females, 12.69 km2 and 7.84 km2. These, and incomplete ranges of six others, overlapped between males but not females, and were larger in the dry season than in the wet season. Censuses and radio-tracking generated consistent population density estimates, averaging 0.17 adults per km2, substantially lower than predicted from body size, and indicating that even Madagascar's largest reserve may not hold a viable population of fossas. The unique mating system resembled a lek: females mated with multiple males on traditional sites. One female occupied a site at a time, for up to one week. The system may benefit species with low population density, by increasing mate choice for females and facilitating mate location for males. It may also reduce sexual harassment of oestrous females. Males fought at the sites, but no size-related advantage in male mating success was observed. A different mating system was predicted from the home range data. The first discovery was made of transient masculinization of a female mammal. Juvenile female fossas (n=8) exhibited an enlarged, spinescent clitoris supported by an os clitoridis, and a pigmented secretion that in adults was confined to males. Masculinization was hypothesized to reduce sexual harassment of young females.
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Pfeiffer, Steven S. "Effects of Lonicera maackii on soil water content and tree seedlings in eastern deciduous forest." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375221589.
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Ringselle, Björn. "How Does Past Grazing and Surrounding Landscape Affect the Restoration Sucess of Deciduous Forests?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-46183.
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The Swedish deciduous forest has been actively replaced by coniferous forest during the last two hundred years. In Färna Ekopark, Västmanland, this trend is being reversed by restorations of deciduous forests through the removal of coniferous trees in mixed forests. This field study investigates how successful these restorations have been for plant diversity and how they were affected by past grazing and the proportion of similar mixed and deciduous forest habitats in thesurrounding landscape. Plant species richness was investigated in 370 1m2-plots distributed over 37 sample areas and the surrounding landscape analyzed in a GIS. Results show that a few years after restoration there was higher plant species richness and lower homogenization, at the site scale, compared to the controls. When the restored sites were divided into two subgroups dependant on age, the 5-6 year old restoration displayed higher plot richness than the 2-4 year old restorations, but were also more homogeneous. Past grazing showed a generally positive effect on plant diversity, and these areas also responded with a larger increase of plant species richness and less homogenous plant populations after restorations compared to areas that had not been formerly grazed. The proportion of similar deciduous and mixed forest habitats (more than 40 % deciduous trees) inthe surrounding landscape showed no effect on the plant diversity of deciduous forests in general, though it did display a weak influence over the plot richness of restored deciduous forests without a history of grazing. When restoring deciduous forests to increase plant diversity it would therefore appear wise to focuson the formerly grazed deciduous forests. To take advantage of the beneficial effects to plot richness restored deciduous forests should have a high degree of deciduous and mixed forests within one kilometer.Den svenska lövskogen har aktivt ersatts med barrskog under de senaste tvåhundra åren. I Färna Ekopark, Västmanland, försöker man vända denna trend genom att ta bort barrträd i blandskog ochpå så sätt restaurera lövskog. Denna fältstudie undersöker om restaureringarna har gett ökad växtdiversitet och hur restaureringarna har påverkats av tidigare bete samt andelen av liknande bland- och lövskogshabitat i det omgivande landskapet. Växtartantalet undersöktes med 370 1m2-rutor utspridda över 37 områden och det omgivande landskapet analyserades i ett GIS. Resultaten visar att några år efter restaurering hade områdena högre växtdiversitet och artsammansättningen var mindre likformig i jämförelse med kontrollerna. När de restaurerade områdena delades upp i två grupper, i avseende på ålder, uppvisade de 5-6 år gamla restaureringarna högre växtdiversitet i rutorna än de 2-4 år gamla restaureringarna, men artsammansättningen var även mer likformig. Tidigare bete visade en generellt positiv inverkar på växtdiversiteten och dessa områden fick en ännu större uppgång i artrikedom och ännu lägre likformighet i artsammansättningarna efter restaureringarna än de områden som inte hade betats tidigare. Andelen av liknande bland- och lövskogshabitat (mer än 40 % lövträd) i det omgivande landskapet uppvisade ingen effekt på växtdiversiteten hos lövskog generellt, men det fanns en svag påverkan på växtdiversiteten på rutnivå hos restaurerade lövskogar utan tidigare bete. När man restaurerar lövskog för att öka växtdiversiteten verkar det därför bra att fokusera på tidigare betade lövskogar. Om man vill ta tillvara på den positiva påverkan på växtpopulationerna som omgivande landskap kan ha bör restaurerade lövskogar ha en stor andel bland- och lövskog en kilometer runt omkring sig.