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Winfield, Catherine V. "Clinical decision making in district nursing." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2830/.
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The two studies described here address the question of how District Nurses determine patients' nursing problems and plan care. The theoretical framework for the investigation is derived from Information Processing Theory. A process tracing methodology was used to capture the content of District Nurses' thinking during an assessment visit to a newly referred patient. Data was collected in the natural setting to ensure ecological validity. The assessment visits were tape recorded and immediately following the visit a stimulated recall session was conducted in which the nurse was asked to describe her thinking during the assessment, prompted by the tape recording. This session was itself tape-recorded. Thus two verbal protocols were elicited for each assessment: a visit protocol and a recall protocol. Data were analysed by content analysis. The verbal protocols were assessed to ensure that they met the criteria for validity and reliability of the coding schedules was established using two measures or interrater reliability. The first study sought evidence of hypothetico-deductive reasoning by nurses and describes the type of decisions made by nurses. Although evidence of hypothesis generation and testing was found, nurses' knowledge was found to determine how they interpreted data initially and what data they sought. It was therefore concluded that a model of diagnostic reasoning that focused on cognitive processes alone was insufficient to explain the dynamics of clinical problem solving. The second study, therefore, sought to establish the structure and content of District Nurses knowledge and the cognitive processes they used during an assessment. The results suggest that nurses attend to both clinical and personal phenomena in order to make a judgement about the state of the patient and that their knowledge is organised internally as schema. This provides an explanation of how nurses recognise salient information and determine what further data is required. Four key cognitive activities were identified: search, inference, action and plan. The study concludes by drawing a line of reasoning to show how nurses integrate knowledge and reasoning processes to accomplish clinical problem solving.
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Snellenburg, Sidney C. "Problem solving and The Idea Machine." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-094359/.
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Modir, Bahar. "Problem solving in physics: undergraduates' framing, procedures, and decision making." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36258.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Physics
Eleanor C. Sayre
In this dissertation I will start with the broad research question of what does problem solving in upper division physics look like? My focus in this study is on students' problem solving in physics theory courses. Some mathematical formalisms are common across all physics core courses such as using the process of separation of variables, doing Taylor series, or using the orthogonality properties of mathematical functions to set terms equal to zero. However, there are slight differences in their use of these mathematical formalisms across different courses, possibly because of how students map different physical systems to these processes. Thus, my first main research question aims to answer how students perform these recurring processes across upper division physics courses. I break this broad question into three particular research questions: What knowledge pieces do students use to make connections between physics and procedural math? How do students use their knowledge pieces coherently to provide reasoning strategies in estimation problems? How do students look ahead into the problem to read the information out of the physical scenario to align their use of math in physics? Building on the previous body of the literature, I will use the theory family of Knowledge in Pieces and provide evidence to expand this theoretical foundation. I will compare my study with previous studies and provide suggestions on how to generalize these theory expansions for future use. My experimental data mostly come from video-based classroom data. Students in groups of 2-4 students solve in-class problems in quantum mechanics and electromagnetic fields 1 courses collaboratively. In addition, I will analyze clinical interviews to demonstrate how a single case study student plays an epistemic game to estimate the total energy in a hurricane. My second research question is more focused on a particular instructional context. How do students frame problem solving in quantum mechanics? I will lay out a new theoretical framework based in epistemic framing that separates the problem solving space into four frames divided along two axes. The first axis models students' framing in math and physics, expanded through the second axis of conceptual problem solving and algorithmic problem solving. I use this framework to show how students navigate problem solving. Lastly, I will use this developed framework to interpret existing difficulties in quantum mechanics.
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Stevenson, David M. "Decision making skill and complex problem solving in team sports." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20389.
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This thesis aimed to enhance understanding of the nature of knowledge bases possessed by elite sports performers which underpin perceptual-cognitive and decision making skills. Two main theories were considered; Active Control of Thought (ACT*) and Representational Redescription (RR). The purpose of Study 1 was to examine the anticipatory ability of elite and non-elite players in football and hockey. The results indicated that elite players in both sports were quicker and more accurate in their expectation of pass destination. Study 2 aimed to understand the extent to which knowledge is transferable. The results indicated that elite players’ knowledge is relatively domain specific although some elements of underlying task strategy may transfer. The objective of Study 3 was to explore the means by which elite and non-elite players in football and hockey identify and differentiate between possible decisions. Results showed elite players’ rationale was based on deeper theoretical principles whilst non-experts utilised relatively superficial information and naïve theories. Study 4 focussed on problem representations of elite and non-elite football players. Results revealed elite players’ representations were more pertinent, connected and articulated in a more effective manner. Overall, the findings from the current thesis provide advanced understanding of the knowledge bases responsible for perceptual-cognitive and decision making skill, and such understanding may assist attempts to enhance athletes’ performance and support future research.
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Sycara, Ekaterini P. "Resolving adversarial conflicts : an approach integrating case-based and analytical methods." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32955.
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Mole, Robert H. "Testing the repertory grid for personal decision making and problem solving." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0016/MQ49648.pdf.
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Hintze, Neil R. "First responder problem solving and decision making in today's asymmetrical environment." Thesis, Registration and login required, 2008. https://www.hsdl.org/homesec/docs/theses/08Mar_Hintze.pdf&code=0b11819a26de4946f5547907991d6aad.
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McFadzean, Elspeth. "New ways of thinking : an evaluation of K-groupware and creative problem-solving." Thesis, Henley Business School, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295195.
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Cytryn, Kayla N. "Lay reasoning and decision making related to health and illness." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36903.
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Research in decision making has identified the importance of prior knowledge and heuristics on decision making behaviour. These develop with experience in a fashion similar to how domain experts develop specialized knowledge structures and heuristic reasoning patterns. This research is extended to the domain of health and lay decision making in a series of studies characterizing conceptualizations of health and illness, information-seeking strategies, and the impact of medical information on lay decision making. Lay subjects included those with diabetes, heart disease, and no identified ongoing medical diagnosis.Semi-structured interviews and think aloud methodology were employed. Interviews focused on understanding of health and illness, prior knowledge and beliefs, and decision making. In Study One, subjects were presented with health-related problem scenarios and instructed to think aloud as they reasoned through them to make decisions. In Study Two, subjects (lay and medical) were presented with a telecommunications device and scenarios of data to enter into the system. All data were audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed for factors and strategies related to information-seeking and decision making behaviours.
Lay understanding of health and illness was characterized as feeling well and functioning in everyday life. The knowledge used in making decisions was based on experience and socio-cultural tradition. Knowledge about disease was found to be decoupled from decisions to act related to illness. Additional information was sought using four criteria grounded in common experience: accessibility, familiarity, complexity, and credibility. These characteristics influenced interactions between lay people and domain experts, such as health care providers, and with technology designed by experts for lay users.
Both technical and lay people make decisions with incomplete information and uncertain outcomes. For lay people making decisions about health-related issues, this incomplete knowledge is filled in based on everyday life rather than medical and scientific facts.
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Escalante-Mead, P. R. "Developmental mechanisms influencing decision-making." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/680.
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The main aim of this thesis was to investigate decision making from a broad developmental perspective to clarify the role of the underlying mechanisms influencing it. Problem solving and cognitive inhibitory capacity were chartered initially through the use of hypothetical vignettes depicting socially relevant situations and through the use of the Stroop task, to tap into automatic inhibitory capacity. Initial assumptions that prefrontal cortical refinement would denote enhanced social problem ability were not confirmed. Experience emerged as distinct factor in problem solving/decision-making, with the youngest participants equally as effective in producing solutions to situations that they had the most experience in. A shift in development is observed with maturation denoting greater experience and this being applied directly to problem solving and decision-making situations. Education was identified as a possible contributory factor in decision-making and this was explored in a cross-cultural study that tapped into a non-schooled population. The results reinforced the centrality of experience in shaping decision-making. Decision-making in regards to the use of experience was then looked at through real life decision-making situations, where adolescents were asked to provide their knowledge or experience of situations where risk was involved. Adolescents possessed the necessary knowledge to distinguish between optimal and sub-optimal decisions in terms of the consequences that risk behaviours carried with them. However, many still chose to engage in risky behaviours. This paradox could also be explained by actual experience, with the suggestion that positive experience in a peer group was serving as a pool from which adolescents drew to make future decision-making. If risk behaviours were not experienced adversely, the likelihood of their repetition was high. Taken together the findings suggest that adolescents are well equipped with the cognitive skills to make decisions. Compared to younger children, they have more experience of a greater range of situations from which to extrapolate responses from. They also have a great deal of knowledge and information about the negative consequences associated with a range of challenging situations and risk-taking behaviours. However, when faced with decisions in the social domain, the behaviour of friends and perceptions of what other people are doing are powerful influences on adolescent decisions.
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Van, Dyk Theron Van Zyl. "Decision support systems for solving discrete multicriteria decision making problems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14300.
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Includes bibliography.The aim of this study was the design and implementation of an interactive decision support system, assisting a single decision maker in reaching a satisfactory decision when faced by a multicriteria decision making problem. There are clearly two components involved in designing such a system, namely the concept of decision support systems (DSS) and the area of multicriteria decision making (MCDM). The multicriteria decision making environment as well as the definitions of the multicriteria decision making concepts used, are discussed in chapter 1. Chapter 2 gives a brief historical review on MCDM, highlighting the origins of some of the more well-known methods for solving MCDM problems. A detailed discussion of interactive decision making is also given. Chapter 3 is concerned with the DSS concept, including a historical review thereof, a framework for the design of a DSS, various development approaches as well as the components constituting a decision support system. In chapter 4, the possibility of integrating the two concepts, MCDM and DSS, are discussed. A detailed discussion of various methodologies for solving MCDM problems is given in chapter 5. Specific attention is given to identifying the methodologies to be implemented in the DSS. Chapter 6 can be seen as a theoretical description of the system developed, while Chapter 7 is concerned with the evaluation procedures used for testing the system. A final summary and concluding remarks are given in Chapter 8.
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Orellana, Salomon E. "Coping with policy-making complexity electoral institutions, diversity, and policy problem-solving /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Arrufat, Ondina. "The role of exploration and critical decision making and problem solving in making life choices." FIU Digital Commons, 1997. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1316.
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Although the literature on the types of abilities and processes that contribute to identity formation has been growing, the research has been mainly descriptive/correlational. This dissertation conducted an experimental investigation of the role of two theoretically distinct processes (exploration and critical problem solving) in identity formation, one of the first to be reported. The experimental training design (pre-post, training versus control) used in this study was intended to promote identity development by fostering an increase in the use of exploration and critical problem solving with respect to making life choices. Participants included 53 psychology students from a large urban university randomly assigned to each group. The most theoretically significant finding was that the intervention was successful in inducing change in the ability to use critical skills in resolving life decisions, as well as effecting a positive change in identity status.
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Nguyen, Christopher Minh. "Enhancement of decision-making performance in older adults." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2252.
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Older adults are faced with many complex and critical decisions regarding retirement, health care, finances, and living situation, and their ability to make such decisions successfully has a profound impact on the individual and society as a whole. Numerous neurologically and psychiatrically healthy older adults do not make advantageous decisions: they get swindled and make poor financial choices. The vulnerability of such older adults has been postulated to be the result of disproportionate aging of the frontal lobes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether decision-making performance among older adults can be improved as a result of pharmacological and/or psychoeducational intervention. Healthy community-dwelling persons were recruited to participate in four conditions: Lexapro, placebo, psychoeducational condition (Problem Solving Therapy [PST]), and waitlist control. Twenty-six elderly persons participated. Only six seniors participated in the pharmacological conditions due to unanticipated challenges with recruitment (e.g., lack of interest in drug studies, contraindications to study drug). Statistical comparisons were conducted to compare performance on several laboratory tasks of decision-making under conditions of ambiguity, risk, and deceptive advertising, between the PST group and Control group. The findings suggest that a psychosocial intervention can be effective in the enhancement of decision-making ability under ambiguity among healthy community-dwelling older adults and as such can provide a foundation for future investigations.
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Lu, Jingyan 1971. "Supporting medical decision making with collaborative tools." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103266.
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This study examines the decision-making activities and communicative activities of two groups participating in a simulated medical emergency activity: the control group (CG) using a traditional whiteboard and the experimental group (EG) using a structured interactive whiteboard. The two groups differ in that the EG has a structured template to annotate and share their arguments with each other. Data analysis of the decision-making activities focused on planning, data collecting, managing, and interpreting patient data. Data analysis of the communicative activities focused on informative, argumentative, elicitative, responsive, and directive acts. In the early stage of decision-making the EG spent significantly more time interpreting the situation and less time managing the patient than the CG; in the later stage the EG spent significantly more time managing the patient but less time interpreting the situation. No significant results were found in communicative activities due to low cell frequencies of the utterances. Qualitative results indicated that shared visualizations can disambiguate and clarify verbal interactions and promote productive argumentation and negotiation activities. Shared cognition facilitates the construction of shared situation models and joint problem spaces which lead to better decision making and problem solving.
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Hender, Jillian Mary. "Improving group creativity : an evaluation of the use of creative techniques with a group support system." Thesis, Henley Business School, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387532.
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Balke, Ellen Louise. "A process model for dispute resolution." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287862.
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Wemmerus, Virginia Ann. "How bad is it? : the effects of characteristics of causes on components of problem severity judgements and proposed actions /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487268021746611.
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Michael, Miriam Grace. "Problem Solving, Decision Making, and Kirton Adaption-Innovation Theory in High-Performance Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4745.
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Research on high-performing nonprofit boards has indicated a positive relationship between a board's strength and an organization's effectiveness; however, how boards achieve success remains relatively unknown. The Kirton adaption-innovation (KAI) theory was used to examine board members' cognitive styles in relationship to facilitating problem solving and decision making. This nonexperimental, quantitative study included archived nonprofit board data from 2 American Society of Association Executives (ASAE) studies that had addressed the high performance of boards and factors associated with organizational success. A total of 102 randomly selected, high-performing nonprofit board members completed the KAI Inventory, which was used to measure cognitive style on a continuum; participants also answered questions from the second ASAE study to indicate board performance. Correlational and regression analyses were used to determine whether cognitive style on problem solving and decision making predicted high performance of boards. Results showed that cognitive style was not a significant predictor of problem solving; however, participants with an innovation cognitive style provided answers to the decision-making performance questions that were noticeably lower than participants who were classified as adaption. Findings might be used by nonprofit board members to enhance individual growth, increase organizational agility, and improve problem solving for effective decision making to ensure nonprofit board excellence.
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Prosser, Diane Johnson. "Cognitive complexity, problem solving skill, and career decision making : a structural equation model /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487675687174987.
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Kennah, Richard Burton. "Individual models of the work environment and problem sensing behavior /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148726601122356.
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Gökalp, Elvan. "Modelling and solving healthcare decision making problems under uncertainty." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/102291/.
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The efficient management of healthcare services is a great challenge for healthcare managers because of ageing populations, rising healthcare costs, and complex operation and service delivery systems. The challenge is intensified due to the fact that healthcare systems involve various uncertainties. Operations Research (OR) can be used to model and solve several healthcare decision making problems at strategic, tactical and also operational levels. Among different stages of healthcare decision making, resoure allocation and capacity planning play an important role for the overall performance of the complex systems. This thesis aims to develop modelling and solution tools to support healthcare decision making process within dynamic and stochastic systems. In particular, we are concerned with stochastic optimization problems, namely i) capacity planning in a stem-cell donation network, ii) resource allocation in a healthcare outsourcing network and iii) real-time surgery planning. The patient waiting times and operational costs are considered as the main performance indicators in these healthcare settings. The uncertainties arising in patient arrivals and service durations are integrated into the decision making as the most significant factors affecting the overall performance of the underlying healthcare systems. We use stochastic programming, a collection of OR tools for decision-making under uncertainty, to obtain robust solutions against these uncertainties. Due to complexities of the underlying stochastic optimization models such as large real-life problem instances and non-convexity, these models cannot be solved efficiently by exact methods within reasonable computation time. Thus, we employ approximate solution approaches to obtain feasible decisions close to the optimum. The computational experiments are designed to illustrate the performance of the proposed approximate methods. Moreover, we analyze the numerical results to provide some managerial insights to aid the decision-making processes. The numerical results show the benefits of integrating the uncertainty into decision making process and the impact of various factors in the overall performance of the healthcare systems.
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Paliwal, Divya. "A Negotiation Protocol for Optimal Decision Making by Collaborating Agents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377870642.
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Escalante-Mead, Paul R. "Developmental mechanisms influencing decision-making /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/680.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, March 2009.Roman pagination differs from that of the electronic version in the Digital Research Repository. Electronic version restricted until 17th March 2011.
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Iz, Peri. "A comparative study of three group decision procedures for multiobjective problems." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1283172316.
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O'Bryan, Deborah. "Problem solving with middle school students a program evaluation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p088-0160.
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Yen, Peng-Fang. "Some problems in Bayesian group decisions." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845934.
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One employs the mathematical analysis of decision making when the state of nature is uncertain but further information about it can be obtained by experimentation. Bayesian Decision Theory concerns practical problems of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and also requires the use of statistical and mathematical methods.In this thesis, some basic risk sharing and group decision concepts are provided. Risk is the expected value of the Loss Function of Bayesian Estimators. Group decisions consider situations in which the individuals need to agree both on utilities for consequences and on conditional probability assessments for different experimental outcomes.Department of Mathematical Sciences
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Miller, Lawrence Sheldon. "Psychological well-being among university students: Problem solving, career-decision-making attitudes, and program commitment." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9075.
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University administrators are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of the university experience on students' psychological well-being. Bivariate research studies have suggested that social problem solving orientation, career-decision-malting attitudes, and program commitment may be related to student's psychological well-being. Their role in psychological well-being, as suggested by the literature, may not have been investigated completely. For example, these antecedent variables may change as a function of years of university experience. Also, there may be structural relationships between these variables that are better explained by a mediational model. Accordingly, the goals of this study are threefold. First, the relationships among students' social problem solving orientation, career-decision-making attitudes, university program commitment and psychological well-being were investigated. Second, the role of years of university experience relative to social problem solving orientation and career-decision-making attitudes was explored. Third, a path analytic design was proposed to identify potential mediating relationships among the variables related to psychological well-being. Participants included 394 students from the faculties of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Ottawa. The results confirmed that social problem solving orientation, career-decision-making attitudes, and university program commitment were all significantly positively correlated to students' psychological well-being. A one-way Anova and post-hoc analyses suggested that years of university experience was positively related to social problem solving orientation and career-decision-making attitudes. However, the hypothesized path model was not supported. Rather, the final cross-validated path design begins with years of university experience leading to social problem solving orientation and career-decision-making attitudes. Career-decision-making attitudes was, in turn, directly related to psychological well-being while social problem solving orientation's influence on psychological well-being was mediated by university program commitment and career-decision-making attitudes. These results point to two major implications. First, future research should adopt a multidimensional longitudinal strategy that takes into account the developmental sequence of variables related to students' psychological well-being. Second, university administrators, career counsellors, and academic advisors should consider ways to develop students' social problem solving orientation to facilitate their career-decision-making attitudes, program commitment, and psychological well-being.
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Haase, Stacy Lynn. "The effects of gender composition and socio-political orientation on group satisfaction." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1231.
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Kraetschmer, Nancy. "Preferences of patients undergoing angiogram for participation in treatment decisions, coping style and the Problem Solving-Decision Making Scale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1994. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ51539.pdf.
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Okrusch, Chad Michael 1973. "Pragmatism and environmental problem-solving: A systematic moral analysis of democratic decision-making in Butte, Montana." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11445.
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xii, 167 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Butte, Montana has served as the epicenter of hard rock mining and mineral processing in the Upper Clark Fork River Basin (UCFRB) for nearly 150 years. As a result, the UCFRB contains the largest contiguous complex of major environmental clean-up projects in the United States. Contemporary U.S. environmental problem- solving is characterized by an emphasis on meaningful public participation in environmental decision-making. The U.S. is committed to the realization of environmental justice, which requires that affected publics, especially the working classes who tend to bear a disproportionate share of the environmental burdens, influence environmental clean-up efforts. However, much of the critical literature on the subject suggests that in practice the public is rarely included as a significant force in decision-making. In hard-used places like Butte, Montana, the community's ecological problems are compounded by their democratic problems. This constitutes an integrated crisis in ecology and democracy, the problem at the heart of this inquiry. This dissertation presents a pragmatic interrogation of U.S. environmental problem-solving from an ethical and environmental communication research perspective. It is a work of pragmatic moral philosophy in the tradition of John Dewey. The overarching methodology is Systematic Moral Analysis (SMA), which unfolds in five phases: problem recognition, problem diagnosis, moral analysis, evaluation, and moral action. This research concludes by suggesting philosophically defensible principles to guide future U.S. environmental decision-making based on pragmatic criteria emphasizing the health and well-being of both democratic and environmental systems as the highest good in environmental problem-solving.
Committee in charge: Julianne Newton, Chairperson, Journalism and Communication; Stephen Ponder, Member, Journalism and Communication; Thomas Bivins, Member, Journalism and Communication; John Foster, Outside Member, Sociology
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Singh, Pavan Pratap. "An empirical study of the idea generation productivity of decision-making groups implications for GDSS research, design, and practice /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/NQ56268.pdf.
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Sissoko, Timothé. "Supporting decision-making for solving design issues in the development phase of automotive vehicles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC103.
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L’objectif de nos travaux est d’aider la prise de décision liée à la résolution de problèmes de conception dans la phase de développement de systèmes complexes dans un contexte de simulation numérique. Nous avons conduit nos travaux au sein d’une entreprise automobile multinationale.La première partie de la recherche s'est concentrée sur l'identification des difficultés rencontrées dans le processus de résolution de problème, en s’intéressant particulièrement à la prise de décision, et aux méthodes et outils. Une étude qualitative menée auprès de 11 experts et portant sur 40 problèmes de décision a mis en lumière le fait que les décideurs choisissent parmi un ensemble d'alternatives relatives au processus plutôt que des alternatives liées à l’artefact (i.e. uniquement liées au produit). Les conséquences de ces alternatives relatives au processus telles que le recalcul, l'intégration de nouvelles informations, l'attente de l'évolution de la définition technique du véhicule, etc. ne sont pas explicites. Nous avons constaté que l’absence d'un cadre rigoureux était une perspective d'amélioration.La deuxième partie consista donc à proposer un cadre pour aider la prise de décision en matière de conception. Les questions relatives à l’ingénierie concourante et aux contraintes de ressources liées à la gestion de projet en analyse de la décision n’ont été que rarement approfondies dans la littérature Decision Based Design. Pour tenter de combler cette lacune, nous avons conçu le framework IRDS. Par le biais de IRDS, nous proposons de rendre explicites les alternatives liées au processus, et de rassembler des données économiques et des prévisions d'experts dans un modèle décisionnel fondé sur la théorie prescriptive de la décision, incluant la maximisation de l'utilité espérée et la valeur économique de l’information imparfaite.La troisième partie de nos travaux s’est intéressée à l'impact de l'incertitude sur le processus de collecte des données et sur la décision. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé de réaliser des analyses de sensibilité à partir des données brutes disponibles, en amont l’approfondissement par élicitation d’expert. Les impacts sur le processus décisionnel et les échanges d'informations entre les parties prenantes, ainsi que les ressources consommées par les nouvelles pratiques que nous proposons ont également été étudiés à un niveau plus superficiel. Nous présentons le déploiement et le test de ces méthodes sur 5 études de cas. La validation de cette approche exige de recueillir davantage de données empiriques pour soutenir l'hypothèse selon laquelle de meilleures décisions sont prises à long terme. Nous sommes convaincus que nos recherches serviront de base à de futures études sur la conception et la mise en œuvre de frameworks visant à relever des défis industrielsThe purpose of this research is to support decision-making for solving design issues in the development phase of complex systems supported by numerical simulation. We conducted our studies in a multinational car manufacturing company.The first part of the research was devoted to identifying the difficulties encountered in the issue resolution process, with a particular focus on decision-making issues, methods and tools. A qualitative study done with 11 experts and on 40 decision problems highlighted that the decision-makers choose from a set of process alternatives rather than artifact alternatives. The consequences of these process alternatives such as recalculating, integrating information, waiting for the technical definition of the vehicle to evolve, etc. are not explicit. We identified the lack of a rigorous framework as an opportunity for improvement.The second part was therefore to propose a framework to support design decisions. Concurrent engineering, resources constraints and project management issues have been often overlooked in the Decision Based Design literature. Attempting to bridge this gap, we designed IRDS framework. Through IRDS, we propose to make explicit the process alternatives, to gather economic data and expert forecasts in adecision model based on the prescriptive decision theory, including the maximization of the expected utility and the economic value of imperfect information.The third part of the research is related to the impact of uncertainty on the data collection process and on the overall decision outcomes. This has been done through proposing a sensitivity analysis that is performed with available data, before data gathering through elicitation process. The impacts on the decision-making process and information exchanges between stakeholders, as well as the resources consumed by the new practices we proposed have also been studied on a more superficial level. This work was in particular deployed and tested on 5 cases studies. The validation of this approach requires to collect further empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that better decisions are made on the long run. We are confident that our research will serve as a base for future studies on the design and the implementation of frameworks addressing industrial challenges
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Heater, Deborah J. "Mentoring At-risk Youth: An Intervention for Skill Building in Problem Solving, Decision Making, and Conflict Resolution." DigitalCommons@USU, 2000. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2715.
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Low interpersonal skill level in younger youth has shown to lead to higher rates of delinquent behavior in older adolescents. Utah State University Extension established a program titled Youth and Families with Promise (YFP). This is a research-based mentoring program where mentors were screened, matched to individual youth, and activities planned that focus on 8 of the Search Institute's 40 assets. The program provided services for 156 at-risk youth ages 7 to 16 in six Utah counties, 66 of whom completed a pretest and posttest assessment. This research-based, intervention/prevention program has shown that the interventions used were effective in building skills in youth, assisting them in planning for the future, making better decisions, and resolving conflict nonviolently. This research evaluates three of those eight assets: problem solving, decision making, and peaceful conflict resolution.
Participating college-age mentors from the same six counties were matched with one or two at-risk youth. Group family activities based on the three assets were held monthly. By using a youth self-assessment pre- and posttest survey and a posttest survey for parents, teachers, and mentors, the program was evaluated. This research project is a study of the YFP at-risk youth mentoring program during an 8-month period.
Although results were not statistically significant, youth gained more assets and had a higher score on the posttest, with the exception of four items: avoidance of making decisions, hanging out with troubled friends, doing what friends want even if it will get them into trouble, and pushing back when they themselves are pushed.
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Robbins, Susan Mary. "Teaching and contextual factors influencing student decision making and problem solving abilities in secondary home economics classes /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683401442932.
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Arrufat, Ondina. "The refinement and validation of the critical decision making and problem solving scale moral dilema (CDP-MD)." FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1426.
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This thesis extended previous research on critical decision making and problem solving by refining and validating a measure designed to assess the use of critical thinking and critical discussion in sociomoral dilemmas. The purpose of this thesis was twofold: 1) to refine the administration of the Critical Thinking Subscale of the CDP to elicit more adequate responses and for purposes of refining the coding and scoring procedures for the total measure, and 2) to collect preliminary data on the initial reliabilities of the measure. Subjects consisted of 40 undergraduate students at Florida International University. Results indicate that the use of longer probes on the Critical Thinking Subscale was more effective in eliciting adequate responses necessary for coding and evaluating the subjects performance. Analyses on the psychometric properties of the measure consisted of test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability.
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Kahn, Joshua. "The Development and Validation of a Measure of Administrator Decision-Making in Student Discipline." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23761.
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The art and success of being a competent school administrator relies in large part on the ability to make decisions that address problems effectively, equitably, and efficiently. Despite the importance of this skill, there is a dearth of psychometrically-sound, quantitative measures that focus on school-based administrators (i.e., principals and asst. principals) and the decisions they make. To fill this gap, this study developed and validated a constructed response measure of Administrator Decision-Making in Student Discipline (ADMin-SD). ADMin-SD was developed and validated in three iterative phases: examining the content validity of the items, followed by pilot testing them, and concluding with a field test. The instrument demonstrates adequate reliability and moderate discriminant validity. Implications for researchers include having a tool to conduct future studies of administrator decision-making. As ADMin-SD collects qualitative data and transforms it into quantitative scores, both qualitative and quantitative studies can be conducted. Practitioners have a measurement tool that can help guide instructors of administrative licensure programs in their development of instructional units on decision-making skills. Further, districts and states can identify who is a strong decision-maker in student discipline situations and who needs further professional development.
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Holmberg, Leif. "Health-care processes a study of medical problem-solving in the Swedish health-care organization /." Lund : Lund University Press, 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=1jNrAAAAMAAJ.
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Morçöl, Göktuğ. "Problem structuring: a personal construct theory perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37394.
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Why problem structuring is a crucial activity in policy analysis is discussed making references to literature. The shortcomings of the rational model of decision making and problem solving are pointed out. A theoretical perspective with its ontological and epistemological assumptions are elaborated and developed as an alternative to the rational model. Problem structuring is defined as a cognitive process, and George Kelly's personal construct psychology is adopted as the theoretical basis to develop a problem structuring method. The method developed uses Kelly's repertory grid technique in a particular form that is modified for the specific needs of problem structuring in groups. A computer software developed particularly for this method is used interactively in elicitation of personal constructs and their analyses. The applications of the method are illustrated in two group cases, and the implications for theory and further applications are discussed.Ph. D.
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Streetman, Collin Edward. "The Acquisition and Usage of the SODAS Problem Solving Method Among Adults At-Risk for Homelessness." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4950.
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Individuals experiencing extended homelessness face multifaceted risks in physical health, nutrition, substance use, mental health, continuing unemployment, and incarceration. Some of these adults may benefit from learning a problem-solving decision-making method to assist them in dealing with everyday problems they encounter. This study taught three men with extensive histories of homelessness, but who were currently housed, the SODAS problem-solving decision-making method, and assessed their ability to learn it and guide another adult in the use of the method in simulated role-play problem situations. The acquisition of SODAS from behavioral rehearsal training was evaluated using a multiple-baseline design across participants' role plays during the baseline, and post-training SODAS conditions. After demonstrating their ability to successfully guide another adult through the SODAS process when role-playing problem situations relevant to this population, the participants were instructed and provided SODAS forms for applying this method to their own every day lives' social and non-social problem situations. Social validity follow-up meetings were conducted weekly with each participant, and assessed the extent to which he reported the use and helpfulness of the SODAS method in addressing everyday life issues.
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SCHAEFFER, KAREN RUTH. "COLLABORATIVE DECISION MAKING ACROSS SYSTEM BOUNDARIES: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS AND YOUTH-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin991159010.
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Spaulding, Jeannette. "Tackling Wicked Problems : The Development of a New Decision-Making Tool, Applied to the Estonian Oil Shale Conundrum." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226505.
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Wicked problems are a special subset of particularly complex issues that current problem-solving tools fail tofully address. Because of this deficiency, a new tool for evaluating and resolving wicked problems must be developed. Theories such as anti-positivism and systems thinking are explored in order to understand the nature of wicked problems, which are often defined by the involvement of multiple stakeholders as well as non-linear interrelations between various elements of the problem. Although traditional problem-solving methods are inadequate for wicked problems, there are certain tools that are more appropriate for handling such problems. These tools include the analytic hierarchy process, positional analysis, mess maps and heat maps. With their organized structures, visual languages and collaborative processes, these methods provide features that are well suited for tackling wicked problems. However, no single tool incorporates all of the necessary features. Therefore, a combination of the tools explored can yield a new and even more effective tool for wicked problems. This new tool, called STORM, is demonstrated through an evaluation of oil shale exploitation in Estonia. With Estonia currently dependent on energy from oil shale despite the environmental drawbacks, the situation is an ideal example of a wicked problem. The Estonian example shows how STORM can provide a greater understanding of wicked problems and allow resolutions to be negotiated. As sustainable development issues are usually considered to be wickedto sustainable development research.
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Kotnour, Timothy G. "Design, development, and testing of an automated knowledge-acquisition tool to aid problem solving, decision making, and planning." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063800/.
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Sirichai, Yokota Riegle Rodney P. "Comparing two strategic decision making techniques, consensus and dialectical inquiry, in a Thai organizational culture." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1994. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9521348.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1994.Title from title page screen, viewed April 18, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Rodney P. Riegle (chair), John R. McCarthy, Paul J. Baker, Jeffrey Hecht. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-75) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Park, John Charles. "The effects of simulation modes on the number of alternatives generated by fourth graders in a decision-making task /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262513407234.
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Lichacz, Frederick Michael John Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. ""The effects of perceived collective efficacy on social loafing."." Ottawa, 1992.
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Robinson, Frank Eric. "The Role of Deliberate Behavior in Expert Performance: The Acquisition of Information Gathering Strategy in the Context of Emergency Medicine." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1324248609.
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Peng, Chih-Hung. "Essays on visual representation technology and decision making in teams." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49018.
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Information technology has played several important roles in group decision making, such as communication support and decision support. Little is known about how information technology can be used to persuade members of a group to reach a consensus. In this dissertation, I aim to address the issues that are related to the role of visual representation technology (VRT) for persuasion in a forecasting context. VRTs are not traditional graphical representation technologies. VRTs can select, transform, and present data in a rich visual format that facilitates exploration, comprehension, and sense-making. The first study investigates conditions under which teams are likely to increase the use of VRTs and how the use of VRTs affects teams' consensus development and decision performance. The second study evaluates the effects of influence types and information technology on a choice shift. A choice shift is the tendency of group members to shift their initial positions to a more extreme direction following discussion. A choice shift is also called group polarization. To complement my first two studies, I conduct a laboratory experiment in my third study. I explore the effect of VRTs and team composition on a choice shift in group confidence.
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Landis, Mark J. "The effects of scale and information distribution on group decision-making processes and outcomes." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4377.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on month August 3, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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PARK, SEUNG YIL. "A GENERALIZED INTELLIGENT PROBLEM SOLVING SYSTEM BASED ON A RELATIONAL MODEL FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION (SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT, DECISION AIDS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183779.
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Over the past decade, two types of decision aids, i.e., decision support systems (DSS) and expert systems (ES), have been developed along parallel paths, showing some significant differences in their software architectures, capabilities, limitations, and other characteristics. The synergy of DSS and ES, however, has great potential for helping make possible a generalized approach to developing a decision aid that is powerful, intelligent, and friendly. This research establishes a framework for such decision aids in order to determine the elementary components and their interactions. Based on this framework, a generalized intelligent problem solving system (GIPSS) is deveolped as a decision aid generator. A relational model is designed to provide a unified logical view of each type of knowledge including factual data, modeling knowledge, and heuristic rules. In this knowledge model, a currently existing relational DBMS, with some extension, is utilized to manage each type of knowledge. For this purpose a relational resolution inference mechanism has been devised. A prototype GIPSS has been developed based on this framework. Two domain specific decision aids, COCOMO which estimates software development effort and cost, and CAPO which finds optimal process organization, have been implemented by using the GIPSS as a decision aid generator, demonstrating such features as its dynamic modeling capabilities and learning capabilities.