Academic literature on the topic 'Declaration of building-owner'

Mechanical Engineering (ME) includes the design, manufacturing, assembly, and maintenance of mechanical subsystems for Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner-Operator (AECO) projects. The intense adoption of information and communication technology in the AECO started with building product modelling, which was originally pioneered in the ME domain (i.e., automotive industry). The complexity and limited openness of product models paved the way for Building Information Modelling (BIM). Today, BIM workflows require an exchange of interoperable architecture, structure, and MEP/HVAC models and their seamless integration into a shared BIM model. Many specialized ME systems exist (i.e., medical gases and vacuum) for which BIM is not mature enough and where the role of BIM has not yet been studied. Therefore, a comprehensive cross-disciplinary analysis on the mutual influence of the BIM and the ME domain is needed for researchers and professionals. It identifies research fields and trends at the intersection of BIM and ME and analyzes their scope, limitations, and requirements for future extensions of BIM for better integration with ME. The analysis is based on an extensive literature search considering the interdisciplinary nature of ME. The initial collection of papers has undergone a rigorous bibliometric analysis that used a text mining approach for validation. Results show the field “Industry 4.0” as the most prosperous BIM influencing research field, followed by “Energy optimisation” and “Environmental Product Declaration”, while identifying “Geometric optimisation” and “Reinforced material” as the trendiest. Finally, conclusions on the impact of BIM on ME were drawn and 11 research opportunities were identified. This paper provides directions for studies where research is focused on the integration of ME systems in BIM workflows and on the extension of BIM capability to model future ME systems.

In this article author analyzes the term of ‘special criminological crime prevention’ and determines the main directions by which such crimes prevention is developed and realized. Consideringthe fact that the existing in the Soviet Union times o the system of crimes prevention in Ukraine was destroyed after the declaration of independence, the author emphasizes the necessity of building a new efficient and comprehensive system of crimes prevention in Ukraine, in which the methods on Internet crimes prevention should be reflected. The author deems the problem of realization of special criminological crime prevention in the field of copyright as the cornerstone of the overall process of crimes combating, prevention of committing copyright crimes and enhancement of criminality in Ukraine. This idea is reflected among scientific environment, in particular such scientists as A.A. Lomakina, Y.Y. Fedorishena, O.V. Novikov, M.V. Boruta, I.M. Romanyuk, B.M. Krivolapov and other have been investigated the same legal problem. The author defines the law enforcement agency within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dedicated to combating cyber crime, including the prevention, combating and investigation of Internet copyright crimes – the department of Cyber Police of Ukraine. The author points out that the main tasks of this department include: implementation of the state policy in the sphere of combating cybercrime, early informing of the population on the emergence of new cybercriminals, implementation of software for the systematization of cybercidents. The author emphasizes that the role of the local government bodies couldn’t be overestimated in the building of national crimes prevention system because making of effective decisions subject to assistance to families, people with disabilities, the regulation of tariff and price policy and other, make the general atmosphere in society stable, that helps to avoid new crimes commitments. The author emphasizes that the local government bodies have to carry out special criminological crime prevention activities. In this article the author also proposes new special criminological crime prevention measures in the field of copyright which could be undertaken by relevant authorities, and also notes on the neccessity of the legal implementation of mechanisms for copyright protection on the Internet, which copyright owner can use personally to protect his works. Keywords: special criminological crime prevention measures, Internet copyright crimes prevention, crimes prevention, Internet, ways to prevent Internet copyright crimes, development of new Internet copyright crimes prevention measures.

Joint possession and settlement needed revival in 2011, yet the Legislator did not do much about it. It took from jurisprudence the regulations regarding joint possession (in the broad sense) and simply built a legal regime that in no way can satisfy the economic and social needs of joint holders. And the possibility to enter a management agreement remains in a very theoretical level that is far from practical reality, where such an agreement between joint owners does not exist. Settlement – the place where joint owners end their joint possession – was the second item that required modifications. In 1864, the Legislator took the declarative effect of settlement from French law without an analysis of its consequences on the economic level. Families were protected, but third parties, holders of real rights on the joint goods were sacrificed. This made settlement unattractive and unwanted. In 2011 the Legislator correctly identified the problem and offered the solution – that had been adopted by the French legislator since 2006, even under the rule of the declarative effect – a real subrogation with a particular title: resettlement of the guarantee on the assigned goods. This is sufficient for the rights of guaranteed creditors to be maintained in all cases. With this, the right of each joint owner to fully and efficiently use his joint ownership right was insured. Was another change in this area needed? Apparently not. Nevertheless the Legislator unexpectedly decided in 2011 to renounce the fiction of the declarative effect. What did it replace it with? The translative effect of Roman law? No! It imagined a new effect of settlement: the constitutive effect. The shock of the change was mainly felt psychologically. At that time, the fiction of the declarative effect corresponded to a psychological perception according to which the heir held the goods directly from the decreased, perception that was well grounded after more than 140 years of existence. Just as the fiction of the declarative effect – in fact a rule born out of conjunction –generated numerous debates over centuries, the new constitutive effect of settlement was had to accept in notary practice. The cause? The fear that the new consequences of the constitutive effect will conflict with the imperative rules of the community of goods in the case of settlement parties who were married on the settlement date. Indeed, any community matrimony regime is able to absorb in the settlement estate any goods purchased or obtained with onerous title by any of the spouses. But, the joint ownership right of settlement was that of an own goods. Moreover, the whole settlement was disputing own rights of the married settlement party. The doctrine limited itself to announcing the introduction of the constitutive effect without building a detailed analysis of its effects on the matrimony regimens. On our part, we suggested, at first an exhaustive analysis of the consequences of the translative and declarative effect of settlement. The purpose was to identify a ‛natural’ legal side of settlement that is its constants. Then we proved that the constitutive effect should be unitarily interpreted and applied. First of all, settlement produces a replacing effect. The share is replaced with an exclusive ownership right. It is natural that the exclusive ownership right obtained by each settlement party has the legal nature of the share it replaces. In the marital community field, this is an own goods of the married settlement party. Then, in case of settlement with allowance – that is expected to generate even more controversies – we have shown that is division does not degenerate settlement in two legal acts: settlement and sale. The settlement party who paid the allowance does not purchase anything; the settlement party receiving the allowance does not sell anything. The Legislators does not authorize such an idea, especially now that we are on the realm of the constitutive effect, where the idea of an exchange between settlement parties is excluded. The constitutive effect of settlement with allowance should be unitarily applied. For the married settlement party, the payment of the allowance represents an obligation to give that has the legal nature of an own obligation. Only its execution is carried out by using common funds of the spouses. And the increase acquiring of the goods is not a purchase in itself as it is made in the same spirit of the replacement effect of the share.

Abstract

The Energy Declaration is a law that will come into effect October 1: Th 2006. This report has Värnamo municipality as principal and shall clarify what the estate owner in general and Värnamo municipality in particular need to know about this law. Another part that is going to be dealt with is how large the future need for energy experts in this field will be, and which competence that will be demanded for them.

The work will in general deal with simplified energy declarations for apartment houses and public buildings, since these buildings are the first to be involved with energy declarations.

The energy declaration will consist of a number of important components.

• Energy power i.e. how much energy the building consume

• If the ventilation control is done

• If the radon measurement is carried out

• Recommendations of measures to improve the energy power

• Reference value to compare the buildings energy power against

According to the law the declaration shall been made by an independent expert, which will need certain information for this. The estate owner will need to collect some of this information. To simplify the collection of information a model was developed that can be used by the estate owner.

The model was tested on Trälleborgskolan in Värnamo. It worked well because energy statistics were available from Värnamo municipality estate department. Regarding the energy consumption monthly statistics were also available which was desirable. Some improvement can been made by correlate the heat consumption for a normal year.

There will be an estimated need for about 500-1000 energy experts to work with energy declarations in the future. The requirements on these experts are apart from the right education, also a couple of years of experience from the energy business. This can be hard to fulfil for a newly examined engineer.

This report focuses on the simplified energy declaration. In a couple of years when building will need to be inspected more thoroughly, there might be a need for more information to be collected. How this can be done in the different estate management computer software that are available, could be a base for future work in this area.

The main target was processing of methodology for dividing of building, into residential and non-residential units, and acquaint with jural operations which preceded this fact. There were also dealt with forms of property, problems and possibilities of dividing the apartment building on separate residential and non-residential units including examples of the declaration of building-owner, resolution of agreements and other necessary documents. Diploma thesis provides a comprehensive overview about problems with flat´s property which is arising from apartment-building dividing at residential units, so they can be self-contained property.

The developing communities in their path for rapid development is endeavoring to make all necessary and appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and increase the beneficiation of the energy resources. The energy production, transmission, distribution and utilization efficiency becomes a vital factor and measure of national development. Governmental organizations were established earlier to be responsible for energy planning and efficient utilization, information dissemination and capacity building as well as devising the necessary codes and standards. Throughout the Nation, energy resources are widely used and consumption rates are in general exceeding the International accepted values. Energy rationalization and audit exercises were developed and monitored by Governmental Authorities, Universities and Research centers through the past two decades with a definitive positive energy reduction and beneficiation. The development of the relevant codes for Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency in buildings is underway through the governmental bodies responsible for the research and development in the building Technology sector and is the umbrella under which the National and Unified Arab Codes are developed and issued. A proposed new Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) would fulfill the following main targets of energy performance directive: 1. “Legestilative authorities shall ensure that, when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out, an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner or by the owner to the prospective buyer or tenant, as the case might be. … 2. The energy performance certificate for buildings shall include reference values such as currant legal standards and benchmarks in order to make it possible for consumers to compare and assess the energy performance of the building. The certificate shall be accompanied by recommendations for cost-effective improvement of the energy performance…” The following steps shall be required for the energy certification: 1. Develop methodologies for energy declaration of the buildings. 2. Develop reference values (key numbers) and /or systems for benchmarking. 3. Provide a labeling system for selected buildings. 4. Describe an energy signature for the building.

The Developing communities in their path for rapid development is endeavoring to make all necessary and appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and increase the beneficiation of the energy resources. The energy production, transmission, distribution and utilization efficiency becomes a vital factor and measure of national development. Governmental organizations were established earlier to be responsible for energy planning and efficient utilization, information dissemination and capacity building as well as devising the necessary codes and standards. Throughout the Nation Energy resources are widely used and consumption rates are in general exceeding the International accepted values. Energy rationalization and audit exercises were developed and monitored by Governmental authorities, Universities and Research centers through the past two decades with a definitive positive energy reduction and beneficiation. The development of the relevant codes for Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency in Building is underway through the governmental bodies responsible for the research and development in the building Technology sector and is the umbrella under which the National and Unified Arab Codes are developed and issued. A proposed new Energy Performance in Buildings Directive based on relevant ISO, ASHRAE and LEED would be beneficial to practitioners to meet the following targets of Energy Performance Directive: 1. “Legestilative authorities shall ensure that, when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out, an energy performance certificate should be made available to the owner. 2. The energy performance certificate for buildings shall include reference values such as currant legal standards and benchmarks in order to make it possible for consumers to compare and assess the energy performance of the building. The certificate shall be accompanied by recommendations for cost-effective improvement of the energy performance…”.Ultimately a unique energy standard is sought for Middle East region to harness the energy consumption. This can be achieved by developing methodologies for energy declaration of the buildings and to provide a labeling system and energy signature for selected buildings.