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1
Choirunnisa, Sutiani. "Legal Protection Against Women Victims of Sexual Harassment Through Social Media (Cyberporn)." Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i3.48266.
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guarantee of protection and discrimination against women in Indonesia as contained in various international regulations including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, then the International Covenant on Civil Rights. and Political Rights 1966, International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights 1966, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) in 1979, the Vienna Declaration (1986), the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women in 1994, and the most monumental is the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995). The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal protection for women victims of sexual harassment through social media (cyberpron).
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Syroyid, Tetyana. "Women’s right to health – modern challenges: international legal aspect." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 4 (December 29, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-4-74-81.
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The article contains a detailed analysis of international legal acts regulating women's right to health; the focus is on problematic aspects that need to be addressed, including: violence, HIV / AIDS, protection during a pandemic of COVID-19. The article highlights the provisions of the following universal and regional acts of a general nature: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (2011), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003). The article also covers proceedings of international intergovernmental forums, strategic documents, reports of the UN Secretary-General focusing on the general protection of women's rights and, in particular, the right to health, including the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action (1993), the Beijing Declaration (1995), Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health (2010), Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health (2016-2030), Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (2020), Report of the Secretary-General UN "Shared Responsibility, Global Solidarity: Responding to the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19" (2020) etc. The emphasis is placed on the importance of general and special recommendations developed by international treaty monitoring bodies - the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in the field of women's health, which oblige states to comply with, protect and enforce rights in this area. In order to improve the situation in the field of protection of women's rights, the appropriate conclusions and recommendations on the im-plementation of the provisions of these acts into national state legislation have been made.
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Rashid, Sinan Salah. "The role of contemporary international provisions in reducing violence and discrimination against women." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 21 (September 28, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i21.238.
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Violence against women is related to the issue of human rights, especially the importance of the subject in the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993, which states the following ((any act characterized by violence based on religion, gender, self or arbitrary deprivation of liberty Whether it occurs in public affairs or private affairs in life, and psychological violence that occurs in the family)), and we note that the most critical societies are the most prevalent of violence against women, although women have the right to equal enjoyment and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms In the political, economic, social, cultural and civil fields, international provisions define the measures that each country should take alongside the specialized agencies and agencies of the United Nations in order to eliminate violence against women
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Tabe, Simon Tabe. "Traditional Law and Discriminatory Customary Practices against Women in Cameroon: A Critical Perspective." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, no. 3 (August 2020): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0321.
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This article highlights the cultural and traditional practices that continue to discriminate against women in Cameroon, given that gender equality has been recognised and guaranteed in the Constitution of Cameroon and all international human rights instruments which Cameroon has ratified, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and its Optional Protocol, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, and all other international and regional conventions and covenants relating to discrimination against women. The article points out that the status of a woman under traditional law is far less than that of a slave. A woman is regarded as an abominable object and subjected to harmful customary practices. Some customs still continue to affect the physical and psychological development of the village woman. It is suggested that the village woman should be empowered financially, economically and socially to fight against customary practices that violate their rights.
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FADHLEEN, MAHMUD NOOR, ISNIN NADRAWINA, MAHDI ASMAHANI, and EDWARD DAUNG ANGIE. "WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN WOMEN’S NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i1.553.
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Women’s NGOs in Sarawak plays a substantial role to provide a unique opportunity for leaders in gender equality and women’s empowerment to influence the United Nation’s agenda. This includes advocating the human rights of women and girls and supports the United Nations’ consensus documents such as the Beijing Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and other UN agreements such as the Declaration on Population and Development and the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights.This study revealed that the factors that motivate women’s participation in women’s NGOs are to contribute and serve the society, to gain knowledge and skills, to develop networking, to enhance career path and to develop self-esteem. Meanwhile factors that hinders women for being actively involved in women’s NGOs are lack of time due to their focus on family and house matters, men still think that women can’t do what men can do, lack of awareness on benefits in joining the women’s NGOs, limited access to knowledge on NGOs and women feel intimidate and not confident to be socialize in NGOs
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Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Ngozi, and Ifeyinwa Success Asuzu. "Women and leadership in modern African literature: A focus on Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of Savannah." OGIRISI: a New Journal of African Studies 15, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v15i1.2s.
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The discourse on women is one which cannot be over- emphasized. The United Nations in its Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women in 1980, made expansion of opportunities for women as a key demand. The declaration contends among others, greater the participation of women in decision making. Hence, the present study examines women and leadership in modern African literature to account for their (women) involvement and the impact of their participation cum non participation, focusing on Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of Savannah. The aim is to ascertain women leadership and its impact in the wider society, with reference to Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of Savannah. The study adopts Feminism (Post structural perspective) as its theoretical consideration. Finding from the study shows that women are not adequately represented in leadership positions. However, in cases where they lead, they functioned optimally for the betterment of their society. Beatrice, for instance, a Senior Assistant Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, is a noble female leader who by her role and conduct stood out. She affected those around her positively and was a source of inspiration to Ikem, a male character, in the novel.
Keywords: Leadership, Gender, Participation, Adequately, Women, Inspiration.
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Arief, Hanafi. "LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST WOMEN VICTIMS BY THE INDONESIAN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT 23, 2004." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss1.12.pp110-121.
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Domestic Violence, particularly against women is a social phenomenon which tends to increase from year to year and even from day to day. Many countries enacted special legislation to protect women from domestic violence based on the United Nation Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (CEDAW). Indonesia adopted the conventions based on the Indonesian Act No. 7 of 1984 on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and issued Presidential Decree No. 9 of 1998 concerning the Commission on Violence against Women. Indonesia then enacted special legislation on domestic violence in 2004, namely Domestic Violence Act 23, 2004. This paper aims to understand how the Domestic Violence Act 23, 2004 protects women victims of domestic violence. The sources of law study are the basic rules and regulations, international conventions which have binding force legally. This is a library research using normative judicial approach, and the analysis is descriptive qualitative. The legal protection of women victims of domestic violence is an obligation, especially for countries that uphold human rights, because of the domestic violence constitutes crimes against humanity that are outstanding. This crime happens at any time either known or not, so it is described as an iceberg phenomenon. In addition, because this matter is private, many people do not want to intervene the matter. The strong culture of not interfering ones’ affairs also influences the police in law enforcement. Police often gives less respect for the report of the victims, and even ask the victims to go back to her husband or family
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Krisnanto, Wahyu, and Martika Dini Syaputri. "Kelemahan Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Perempuan Dari Kekerasan Seksual di Ruang Publik." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 20, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v20i2.924.
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Indonesia is one of the countries that has ratified the Declaration on the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and follow up with the issuance of various laws and implementing regulations. Even though Indonesia has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women and has published various legal instruments for the protection of women, referring to the results of the 2018 National Commission on Violence Against Women there were 348,446 cases of Violence Against Women, of which 3,528 cases occurred in the public sphere and 2,670 cases of violence in the form of sexual violence. Based on these problems, a study was conducted to find out how people's perceptions of women's body autonomy and other forms of sexual violence in public spaces were experienced by women. Theoretical understanding is expected to be used as a basis for legal reform to be more effective in protecting women from sexual violence in the public sphere. This research is legal research with a social science approach. With empirical research, the method used is a qualitative research method by conducting structured interviews with women and in-depth interviews with police officers. The analysis technique that will be used is descriptive qualitative. From the results of the study obtained data, that sexual violence is caused by the unequal power relations between men and women resulting in the view of women as other people. Women do not have autonomy over their bodies. The female body is only used as an object of sexual attraction for men. The dominance of masculinity does not only manifest in the form of violence, but also the norms and rules of law. Legal norms and rules are more nuanced masculine that is not sensitive to the existence of women. There is a need for existing legal reforms to show the real form of gender equality.
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Solomon, Alexandra. "Gender, women, and the future of tobacco control." Drugs and Alcohol Today 20, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-02-2020-0005.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide a gendered analysis of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) benchmarked upon the global commitments to women’s health and well-being in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. It reviews evidence of the global consequences of neglecting women’s tobacco use and health, as well as analyzes persistent issues related to sex and gender that compromise the efficacy of tobacco control and science. Actionable recommendations are made to the Conference of the Parties to the FCTC and other key stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws upon empirical studies, literature reviews and global health data at the varying intersections of gender, sex, tobacco and global health. Findings The global tobacco control framework and its implementation by state governments have been largely gender blind to date with dire health and economic consequences, including inequitable positive outcomes for men compared to women, and an increase in women’s smoking with associated morbidity and mortality. Gender equitable progress in combatting the tobacco epidemic will not be possible without resolving the gender bias, stigmatization, sexism and lack of intersectionality that plague tobacco control policy, research and interventions for cessation and harm reduction. Originality/value This paper provides an updated global overview of current trends in women’s tobacco use and comprehensively details the persistent structural barriers in tobacco control and science that limit their capacity to effectively analyze and address tobacco use and its impact on women.
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Petrechenko, S. A. "Women’s election right in Ukraine in the aspect of protecting their political rights." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.14.
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Democratic societies must enable men and women to participate equally in all spheres of life, including politics, in particular at the highest levels of socially important decision-making. For almost 30 years of Ukraine’s independence, issues of gender equality have still not been resolved. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees equality in rights and responsibilities regardless of race, color, age, property status, place of residence, religious, political, ideological be¬liefs, ethnic and social origin, language and other characteristics. Ukrainian legislation guarantees equality between men and women. Equality of rights in politics regardless of gender is defined at the international level by the Univer¬sal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimi¬nation, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women. Today, gender equality is one of the fundamental areas of legislative and political activity in the modern world. The goals set by our state to ensure gender equality are to overcome the limitations of their rights and opportunities for self-realization in the private and public spheres, both at the legislative level and in real life. In order to find possible solutions to this problem, the article illustrates the main international and regional regu¬lations governing gender equality in Ukraine, analyzes the state of equality in relation to future women politicians de facto, formed possible measures to influence to ensure the observance of women’s political rights, protection of their violated rights, preventive measures and increase the influx of women into politics in Ukraine. Monitoring of existing programs for the protection of women’s suffrage has become the subject of this work, as well as an assessment of the current state of this reality in our country. The focus was on the relationship between policy officials and women who are being expelled, violated their rights, disregarded gender equality and improperly enforced electoral quotas.
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Magsi, Hussan Ara, and Faraz Ahmed Wajidi. "SAARC Female Prime Ministers Policies For Women Empowerment In Their Region." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 13, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v13i1.186.
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This article aims to assess the perceptions and practical steps of All female Prime Ministers of SAARC Countries (Benazir Bhutto, Indra Gandhi, Sheikh Hasina Wajid, Begum Khalida Zia and Sirimavo Bandranaike etc), had taken for the betterment of women in their respective countries etc. The socio-economic and geographical approach will be applied in this research paper to gauge to progressive measures introduced by the female prime ministers of SAARC countries. The female prime ministers rose to such a high position due to dynastical family background. These female prime ministers are symbol of female empowerment and representation, and they are gender sensitive and gender conscious to promote the womenfolk in every walk of life. All of them had worked in the areas: health, education, and economic, political representation, control the violence etc. The mirror is placed among the SAARC female prime ministers that how they wore the gender lens to prove themselves as a dynamic leader and also worked by rejecting the orthodox traditions in a patriarchal society to empower their women in their regions. They had signed different international instruments i.e. CEDAW (Convention regarding the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) 1979, Beijing Declaration 1995, in order to transform their national policies according to the principles of these documents. They were highly aware that SAARC region is less gender sensitive, and had taken various steps to promote the womenfolk in every walk of life. They had accepted all the national and international challenges to tread upon the path of modernization and progressiveness and to bring at par their women with men. Their progressive policies laid far-reaching imprints upon the sand of SAARC soil that they realized that nation cannot progress until and unless our women are supported to participate in national building activities.
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Khodary, Yasmin, and Nehal Hamdy. "FGM in Egypt between socio-cultural barriers and lack of political will." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-03-2019-0406.
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Purpose This study aims to detect the main factors impeding the anti-female genital mutilation (FGM) efforts in Egypt post the January 25 revolution, with a special focus on the era of president El-Sisi. The purpose of this paper is to explain the reasons behind the continuation of violence against women in Egypt, namely, FGM, in light of the patriarchal structures and the state willingness to address that challenge. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes a qualitative methodology. The study embarks on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 23 participants who experienced FGM and nine key informants from medical, religious, political and civil society backgrounds, including a professor of pathology, a gynecologist, a diplomatic researcher in Al-Azhar, three members of parliament, a representative of the Ministry of Population, the reporter of the National Council for Women and a representative of Nazra non-governmental organization for feminist studies in Egypt. Findings The findings reveal that FGM remains prevalent not only due to the persisting socio-cultural context that continues to embrace and reproduces gender inequalities, but also because of the insufficient political will to combat FGM and enforce the required laws. Social implications FGM is considered one form of gender inequality perpetuated by social, cultural and economic structures. It is recognized internationally as a crime and a violation against women’s rights as per the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, etc. Although the Egyptian Government passed laws banning the practice of FGM, it continues to form a challenging problem to social workers, women activists, human rights groups and public health officials. Originality/value Little work has been done to investigate FGM post the January 25 revolution in Egypt and identify the main factors impeding the anti-FGM efforts in Egypt. This work fills this gap and concludes with some lessons learnt to fight FGM and improve the anti-FGM efforts.
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Mavrov, Momchil. "INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT OF EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 2057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28062057m.
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The right to equal access to health care is a fundamental irrevocable right for every person which should be guaranteed in every legal system. It is clear from the established international standards in the field of health that the right of access to healthcare guarantees universal access on an equal basis to really available quality and acceptable health services and health facilities. According to the World Health Organization, access to health services also includes health promotion and disease prevention. In regard to people with disabilities and disadvantaged people, ensuring effective access to healthcare is extremely important, in mind their vulnerability and increased need for moral, social and financial support. The international community has always paid serious attention to the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of people with disabilities, especially their health care rights. Evidence for this positive policy is the many legal acts adopted within the United Nations system and within the European Union.The most important of these acts are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, all adopted by the United Nations, as well as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the European Disability Strategy and other European acts. The listed legal instruments proclaim the right of every person to the highest attainable standard of health and as an element of it is protected and the right to equal access to quality health care for all persons.At the same time with creating an appropriate legal framework to protect the health rights of people with disabilities, specialized bodies have been set up within the United Nations system and within the European Union to monitor and control the implementation of international treaties. This approach of the international community deserves support, as only the introduction of comprehensive and adequate measures could provide for a sufficiently high level of protection of the rights of persons with disabilities, who as full citizens of society should have equal and appropriate conditions for full exercising their subjective health rights, without discrimination on the basis of their disability.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Liliya Menkova. "Woman in the diplomatic service: history, problems and prospects." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-7.
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Problem setting. Today, one of the priorities of the European policy direction is the effective implementation of such a principle as gender equality. Ensuring and ensuring the equal participation of women and men in socially important decisions, equal opportunities for them to combine professional and family responsibilities, preventing gender-based violence, and ensuring that women have a real opportunity to participate in diplomacy, including embracing high-level positions are one of the most important goals that modern democracies must fully achieve. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The topic of gender equality in their works was considered by such scholars as: O. Zakharova, T. Martsenyuk, V. Kobylyatska, E. Makarenko, G. Rudenko, T. Zonova, S. Khabibullina and others, but the current state of women’s participation in the diplomatic life of Ukraine scientists have considered superficially. Target of research. The purpose of this article is to consider the historical development of the principle of gender equality of women in relation to their participation in the diplomatic life of states, as well as to determine the current state and problems of compliance with this principle in Ukraine and identify ways to solve them. Article’s main body. Ukraine has ratified the main international instruments on equal rights and opportunities for men and women, namely the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and acceded to the UN Millennium Declaration and committed itself to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Defining for itself the provision and implementation of gender equality as one of the priorities of public policy. At the national level, gender equality is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Labor Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men”, the State Program for Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men until 2016 and other legislation. The prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex was also included in the new law on civil service. However, the statistics and realities of our state say otherwise, as the number of women diplomats in high positions differs significantly from the number of men who hold them. The main reasons for this situation are traditional gender stereotypes, cultural customs, insufficient attention of foreign policy institutions to ensure gender equality and more. Of course, our state needs a modern revision and an effective legislative and practical solution to this issue. In this article, the authors review the historical development of the establishment and implementation of the principle of gender equality in different countries, namely the direct participation of women and their high positions in the performance of diplomatic functions in the diplomatic service; the opinions of scholars who express the positive impact of women’s participation in the diplomatic sphere, as well as the arguments of those who do not agree with this position; the current state of the quantitative indicator of women in positions in diplomatic missions of Ukraine, including in high positions, is studied; the modern directions of our state concerning the effective decision of a gender problem and full realization of this principle are analyzed; Obstacles that affect the implementation of a balanced gender policy in Ukraine are identified and some ways to solve them are suggested. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors came to the conclusion that the involvement of as many women as possible in the diplomatic service of Ukraine will ensure the effective implementation of gender equality and will indicate real reforms in the diplomatic sphere. Stereotypes about women’s weakness and vulnerability must be a thing of the past, as history has repeatedly shown strong women capable of changing their own country or even world trends. Therefore, for our country, the active encouragement of women to diplomatic work will only demonstrate the desire of a democratic state to seek new and innovative in this area. It is with the active participation of women in all world processes, including in diplomatic life, that we will be able to guarantee equality in society, peace and cohesion in different countries of the world.
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AL-OBAIDI, Bushra Salman Hussain. "THE CRIME OF FORCED MARRIAGE A STUDY FROM A LEGAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 05 (June 1, 2021): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.5-3.6.
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Forced marriage is a form of marriage that takes place without the consent of the parties, or is done under coercion by one of the parties to the contract. The difference revolves around between compulsory marriage and regular marriage, as the latter depends on the agreement and consent of the parties to the contract, and with the consent of the parents of both parties. As for forced marriage, it obligates one or both parties to the contract to accept, even if it is necessary to use psychological pressure or physical violence. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the rate of forced marriage, which has reached more than 20 percent, according to statistics from personal status courts, while the percentage of victims of these marriages is more than 40 percent of women, indicating that most divorce cases are among young people who were forced to marry before reaching the legal age. The phenomenon was very small during the nineties, but it increased significantly after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003. There are legal treatments for the phenomenon, through declarations, the agreements that Iraq joined or ratified, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil, Political and Social Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence and Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, all of which contain texts stating not to be forced into marriage. Forced for whatever reason. The problem lies in the failure to criminalize the perpetrators of forced marriage by the penal laws and legislations. The Iraqi Penal Code of 1969 did not include any criminalization of it, but the Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959 mentioned the penalty of imprisonment for the person who is forced to marry if he is the relative of the victim of the first degree, and imprisonment for a period Not more than 10 years, if otherwise. One of the most common types of forced marriage is reciprocal, or by presenting a woman as a substitute for the dowry, whether it is a sister or a daughter, and there is another type of marriage, which is a blood allowance, that is to offer a woman as compensation for the harm that befell the other clan in the event that one of her clan members kills One of the members of that clan, and there is a gift marriage, and such marriages had receded. There is kidnapping marriage, which is widespread in one of the sects and is criminalized by the Penal Code with life imprisonment for its perpetrator. In addition to the problem of marriage outside the courts with the approval of a cleric, and this matter is not related to individual cases, but in tens of thousands of cases throughout the country. About 9,800 cases of marriage outside the courts were recorded in Baghdad alone during 2017, according to Judicial Council numbers, while about 59,000 were registered. A situation throughout Iraq, with the exception of the Kurdistan region, a large part of which is the marriage of minors (under the legal age) whose families want to impose a fait accompli on the courts. From all the foregoing, it becomes clear how important the research topic is, as it affects the human rights and freedoms of girls and women and negatively affects the family and society, and thus the security and community peace. The research aims to include detailed texts in the Personal Status Law that include all forms of forced marriage and its material, moral and psychological aspects and all parties and persons in the forced marriage process or the reason for its occurrence and the various cases of its occurrence, as well as addressing legislative contradictions and mitigating or exempting excuses stipulated in the Penal Code, which allow For the perpetrators with impunity. And that the forms of the crime of forced marriage are included with its provisions in the penal code and not in the personal status law, and heavy penalties are imposed on the perpetrators, and that the degree of relationship of the perpetrator to the victim is a reason for the severity of the punishment and not to reduce it, so that the closer the degree, the more severe the punishment
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Kaur, Sarvinder. "THE NECESSITY FOR A SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT IN MALAYSIA." IIUM Law Journal 17, no. 2 (July 13, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v17i2.39.
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Sexual harassment is a major problem at the workplace. The options of recourse available to a person subjected to sexual harassment are: complaining to the employer, complain to the Labour Department, pursuing criminal proceedings under the Penal Code and commencing action under the law of tort. All of these options are not conducive. In 1999 the Ministry of Human Resources launched the Code of Practice on the Prevention and Eradication of Sexual Harassment in the workplace. The aim is to provide guidelines to employers on the establishment of in-house mechanisms at the company level to prevent and eradicate sexual harassment in the workplace. While the Code has been the first concrete step towards recognising the seriousness of the issue, it is a voluntary code and the Ministry cannot compel companies to adopt it. A proposed Sexual Harassment Bill, which could give effect to the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women that seeks to eliminate as far as possible discrimination involving sexual harassment in the workplace, was rejected by Parliament. In the absence of a specific statute, sexual harassment at the workplace is often dealt with as dismissal cases under the Industrial Relations Act 1967. This prevents our courts from dealing with sexual harassment issues such as the burden of proof, definition and other matters. This is important as many sexual harassment cases are unreported because of unawareness on the part of the victim as to whether the action actually constituted sexual harassment, and if so, where to complain and what to do. Apart from the legal implications of sexual harassment, sexual harassment could also affect the well-being of the victim.
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Nurlatifah, Laila. "PROTECTION OF WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RIGHTS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND REGULATION ON LAWS IN INDONESIA." Lampung Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v2i1.2030.
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Women’s health is one of the 12 critical issues stipulated in the Declaration and Action Plan of the Fourth International Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 until now the issue of reproductive health in Indonesia women are still the main study given the high mortality rate of women caused by disorders of the reproductive organs. This research focuses on the Protection of Women’s Reproductive Health Rights Under International Law and Legislation in Indonesia. This type of research used in this study is normative legal research sourced from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material whose data collection is carried out by library study techniques.The results of the study indicate two things: (1) Protection of women’s reproductive health rights in international law is found in International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the International Labor Organization (ILO Convention) Number 183 of 2000 concerning Protection of Pregnancy. Action plans for women’s reproductive health rights include the Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing; International Conference on Population and Development Cairo; Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs. (2) Protection of women’s reproductive health rights in legislation in Indonesia is regulated in; The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; Republic of Indonesia Law Number 39 Year 2009 concerning Health; Law Number 39 Year 1999 concerning Human Rights; the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 13/2003 concerning Manpower; the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. National policies related to reproductive rights include Government Regulation Number 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health; Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 43 of 2016 concerning Minimum Service Standards in the Field of Health. Regional policies related to Reproductive Health include Lampung Province Regional Regulation Number 17 of 2014 concerning the Provision of Exclusive Breast Milk.
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"United Nations General Assembly: Resolutions 50/202 and 50/203 Approving the Amendment to Article 20 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and Endorsing the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action." International Legal Materials 35, no. 2 (March 1996): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900032812.
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"THE RIGHT OF ELDERLY PEOPLE TO HEALTH – THE CHALLENGES OF TODAY." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Law", no. 30 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-1834-2020-30-19.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the topical issues in the area of ensuring the right of the older persons to health, taking into account modern realities. In particular, it focuses on the existing problematic aspects through the prism of the right to decent treatment and autonomy. The issue of abuse of the elderly, which negatively affects their physical and mental health and providing palliative care, which helps to improve the quality of life of patients with diseases that limit life expectancy have been analyzed; it focuses on the problem of dementia, which is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among older people around the world; given the fact that older people are at high risk during COVID-19, the focus is on protecting this category of people during a pandemic. The main results of the study. An analysis of the existing legal framework for cooperation between states to overcome the negative trends in the provision of health care to the elderly, in particular: the Toronto Declaration on the Global Prevention of Elder Abuse, the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, the European Social Charter (revised), the Inter-American Convention on Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons, the Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025, the “Towards a Dementia Plan” Guide , World Health Organization Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Cognitive Function and Dementia. In addition, attention is paid to the recommendations of the main bodies of international intergovernmental organizations, in particular the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, and international treaty bodies in this field - the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (General recommendation № 24, General recommendation № 27) etc. Relevant conclusions and recommendations have been made. Conclusions. It should be noted that the existing tendency of the population to age is a reality of today and encourages society to seek new ways of life in these circumstances. Aging is no longer seen as a problem, but rather as a challenge and an opportunity for society to respond and take timely adaptation measures. The international community is making significant efforts to create a legal framework, develop standards, and develop international cooperation to ensure a decent old age for the elderly. The task for governments is to implement international norms into national legislation and to optimize national measures in this area. The field of healthcare for the older persons is the most sensitive, as it is a question of a decent standard of living, so it needs a balanced strategy, which should include: disease prevention (diagnosis, medical care, etc.); development, improvement, introduction of an affordable and inexpensive system of long-term care with the involvement of the elderly themselves in this work and training of specialists who will work in this field; training of persons who informally care for the elderly; regular independent monitoring of long-term care services, based on clear principles and rights that older people can exercise on their own; giving preference to home care; creation of appropriate services to provide advice, psychological, legal assistance to the elderly. It is also important for society to be aware of aging in order to understand the problems and not to cause repeated psychological trauma to the older persons so they don’t feel like a “burden” for society, rather than full members.