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Books on the topic 'Declarative sentences'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Watkins, T. Arwyn. Constituent order in the positive declarative sentence in the medieval Welsh tale 'Kulhwch ac Olwen'. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1988.

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2

True to form: Rising and falling declaratives as questions in English. New York: Routledge, 2003.

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3

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Transfer of offenders : Inter-American Convention on Serving Criminal Sentences Abroad (with declaration), Managua, June 9, 1993, signed by Canada July 8, 1994, ratified by Canada June 4, 1995, in force for Canada April 13,1996 =: Transfèrement des délinquants : Convention interaméricaine sur l'exécution des décisions pénales à l'étranger (avec déclaration), Managua, le 9 juin 1993, signée par le Canada le 8 juillet 1994, ratifiée par le Canada le 4 juin 1995, en vigueur pour le Canada le 13 avril 1996. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1997.

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4

Murray, Sarah E. Declarative sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 develops a compositional implementation of this analysis for evidentials in declarative sentences that does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. In particular, I use an update semantics where both truth‐conditional content and anaphoric potential is encoded (Update with Centering). The formal implementation builds on work in dynamic semantics and the semantics of assertion and questions. This compositional, dynamic implementation integrates the different kinds of semantic contributions discussed in Chapter 3 into a single representation of meaning.

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5

Hackett, Paul M. W. Declarative Mapping Sentences in Qualitative Research. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351013994.

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6

Declarative Mapping Sentences in Qualitative Research: Theoretical, Linguistic, and Applied Usages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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7

Hackett, Paul M. W. Declarative Mapping Sentences in Qualitative Research: Theoretical, Linguistic, and Applied Usages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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8

Hackett, Paul M. W. Declarative Mapping Sentences in Qualitative Research: Theoretical, Linguistic, and Applied Usages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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9

Hackett, Paul M. W. Declarative Mapping Sentences in Qualitative Research: Theoretical, Linguistic, and Applied Usages. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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10

Portner, Paul. Sentence mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.003.0003.

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Sentence mood is the linguistic category which marks the fundamental conversational function, or “sentential force,” of a sentence. Exemplified by the universal types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences (as well as by less-common types), sentence mood has been a major topic of research in both linguistics and philosophy. This chapter identifies the two main theories which address the topic, one based on speech act theory and the other on dynamic approaches to meaning. It explains and evaluates current research which uses the two theories, and identifies the most important insights which come out of each.

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11

Portner, Paul. Commitment to Priorities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0011.

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Imperative sentences can be used to perform a range of speech acts, some of which are intuitively “stronger” than others. We can distinguish several different pragmatic features related to judgments of imperative strength, including speaker authority and whether or not the imperative allows an inference to a strong or weak modal declarative. Building on the observation that such features are sometimes tied to the utterance’s intonation, this paper argues for an extension to imperatives of Gunlogson’s (2001) theory of rising and falling intonation in declaratives. Within the framework of dynamic pragmatics, this analysis states that the initial discourse effect of imperatives can vary depending on whether it concerns the speaker’s discourse commitments, the addressee’s commitments, r the interlocutors’ mutual commitments.

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12

Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.

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This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.

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13

Jackendoff, Ray. Representations and Rules in Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0007.

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In both traditional grammar and cognitive science, the standard view of language distinguishes sharply between words (lexicon) and rules (grammar). Here I undermine this distinction, presenting a continuum of phenomena that lie between undisputed words like cat and undisputed “rules” such as the pattern for transitive verb phrases. Mainstream linguistics makes a further distinction between productive rules “in the grammar,” such as the regular English past tense, and partially productive rules “in the lexicon,” such as forming a noun like construction by affixing –tion to a verb. I show that this distinction too has been misconceived: productive rules have all the properties of partially productive rules, but have in addition “gone viral.” These phenomena argue that rules of grammar are declarative schemas for licensing well-formed sentences, rather than either procedures for assembling sentences, as in mainstream generative grammar, or simple association and analogy, as in connectionist and exemplar-based approaches.

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14

Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.

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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.

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15

Murray, Sarah E. The Semantics of Evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.001.0001.

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This book gives a compositional, truth‐conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentials set in a theory of the semantics for sentential mood. Central to this semantics is a proposal about a distinction between what propositional content is at‐issue, roughly primary or proffered, and what content is not‐at‐issue. Evidentials contribute not‐at‐issue content, more specifically what I will call a not‐at‐issue restriction. In addition, evidentials can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, contributed by sentential mood. Building on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, the proposed semantics does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, I argue that all sentences make three contributions: at‐issue content, not‐at‐issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At‐issue content is presented, made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground. Not‐at‐issue content directly updates the common ground. The illocutionary relation uses the at‐issue content to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type (e.g., declarative, interrogative), can trigger further updates. Empirical support for this proposal comes from Cheyenne (Algonquian, primary data from the author’s fieldwork), English, and a wide variety of languages that have been discussed in the literature on evidentials.

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16

Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Intonation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0011.

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Intonation in African languages remains an especially understudied topic of investigation. Chichewa is, then, rather exceptional, as there exist both purely impressionistic studies of intonation for the language, such as Kanerva (1990), as well as more phonetically informed studies, such as Carleton (1996), Myers (1996, 1999a, b), Downing (2011a, 2017), and Downing et al. (2004). Based on this work as well as our own investigations, the first three sections of the chapter provide an overview of intonation in three basic constructions: declarative sentences (both simple and complex), content questions and answers, and polar questions. Emphasis prosody (as opposed to focus prosody) is also discussed. Intonational phenomena covered include: downstep, final lowering, continuation rise, emphasis raising, suspension of downstep, and polar question intonation. The implications of Chichewa intonation for the typology of intonation in tone languages is discussed in the concluding section of the chapter.

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17

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. Sentence Types. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.8.

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“Declarative,” “interrogative,” and “imperative” are grammatical labels, while “statement,” “command,” and “question” describe type of speech act. The major sentence types correspond to these types, and are found in every language. There are also minor, less well-described types, such as exclamatives. Boundaries between sentence types are not water-tight. A command can be phrased using a statement, or as a question, with a difference in illocutionary force. A question may imply a statement rather than seeking information or pronounced with command intonation, and then be understood as a plea, a request, or an order. The versatility of sentence types is often rooted in cultural conventions and strategies of “saving face.” Speech acts reflect numerous communicative tasks, and can be mapped onto the sentence types in a specific way. The number of sentence types in a given language is finite, while the number of potential communicative tasks can be open-ended.

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18

Iverson, Cheryl. Punctuation. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0008.

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Periods, question marks, and exclamation points are the 3 end-of-sentence punctuation marks. Periods are the most common end-of-sentence punctuation marks. Use a period at the end of a declarative or imperative sentence and at the end of each table footnote and each figure legend...

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19

Stokke, Andreas. Lying and Insincerity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.001.0001.

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This book is a comprehensive study of lying and insincere language use. Part I is dedicated to developing an account of insincerity qua linguistic phenomenon. It provides a detailed theory of the distinction between lying and ways of speaking insincerely without lying, as well as accounting for the relation between lying and deceiving. A novel theory of assertion in terms of a notion of what is said defined relative to questions under discussion is used to underpin the analysis of lying and insincerity throughout the book. The framework is applied to various kinds of insincere speech, including false implicature, bullshitting, and forms of misleading with presuppositions, prosodic focus, and different types of semantic incompleteness. Part II discusses the relation between what is communicated and the speaker’s attitudes involved in insincere language use. It develops a view on which insincerity is a shallow phenomenon in the sense that whether or not a speaker is being insincere depends on the speaker’s conscious attitudes, rather than on deeper, unconscious attitudes or motivations. An account of a range of ways of speaking while being indifferent toward what one communicates is developed, and the phenomenon of bullshitting is distinguished from lying and other forms of insincerity. This includes insincere uses of language beyond the realm of declarative sentences. The book gives an account of insincere uses of interrogative, imperative, and exclamative utterances.

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20

Loong, Schin. Spencerian Penmanship Practice Book : the Declaration of Independence: Example Sentences with Workbook Pages. Ulysses Press, 2018.

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21

Stokke, Andreas. What is Said. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0004.

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This chapter provides a new theory of the notion of what is said that is central to the book’s account of assertion, and hence of lying. It argues that what is said by utterances, in context, is relative to discourse structure, in particular, to socalled questions under discussion. The chapter shows that utterances of the same declarative sentence can be used to say, and hence assert, different things relative to which question is being addressed. In turn, the same declarative utterance may be a lie relative to one question under discussion and merely misleading relative to another question under discussion. Discourse-insensitive accounts of what is said fail to capture the lying-misleading distinction. A semantics for questions is provided and is employed in a detailed definition of what is said relative to questions under

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22

Nikolaeva, Irina. Analyses of the Semantics of Mood. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.3.

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This article examines the semantics of “mood”, both in the sense of the opposition among clause types, that is, “sentential/sentence moods,” or “sentential forces”, and in the sense of the distinction between realis and irrealis, or indicative and subjunctive. It begins by considering the most important sentence moods, namely, declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamatives and optatives. It then discusses the notions of realis and irrealis or indicative and subjunctive. It concludes by underscoring the importance of a study of interpretive effects in elucidating the interaction between semantics and pragmatics, since the semantics of mood appears to depend on a set of contextual clues which arise from different sources and provide non-conceptual input to the pragmatic process of utterance interpretation.

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23

Gunlogson, Christine. True to Form: Rising and Falling Declaratives As Questions in English. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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24

Szaif, Jan. Plato and Aristotle on Truth and Falsehood. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.1.

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The chapter starts off with an analysis of the pre-philosophical usage of truth terminology in ancient Greek, followed by a brief survey of some relevant conceptual developments in the pre-Socratic and Sophistic literature. This serves as a foil for the analysis of the various usages of truth terminology in Plato’s metaphysics and epistemology of “Forms.” Whereas truth is here conceived primarily as a quality of the objects of scientific knowledge, the chapter then also describes the development of a theory of falsehood and truth as qualities of assertions or beliefs in some of Plato’s late works. The section on Aristotle addresses his theory of the declarative sentence, his analysis of propositional truth and falsehood, his theory of the underlying “truth-making” relations, and his ontology of truth-makers. Finally, the chapter also discusses whether the approach we find in Aristotle should be classified as a correspondence theory of truth.

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25

Belohlavek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben, and George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.001.0001.

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The term “fuzzy logic” (FL) is a generic one, which stands for a broad variety of logical systems. Their common ground is the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic—the principle of bivalence—according to which each declarative sentence has exactly two possible truth values—true and false. Each logical system subsumed under FL allows for additional, intermediary truth values, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. These systems are distinguished from one another by the set of truth degrees employed, its algebraic structure, truth functions chosen for logical connectives, and other properties. The book examines from the historical perspective two areas of research on fuzzy logic known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense (FLN) and fuzzy logic in the broad sense (FLB), which have distinct research agendas. The agenda of FLN is the development of propositional, predicate, and other fuzzy logic calculi. The agenda of FLB is to emulate commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. In addition to FL, the book also examines mathematics based on FL. One chapter in the book is devoted to overviewing successful applications of FL and the associated mathematics in various areas of human affairs. The principal aim of the book is to assess the significance of FL and especially its significance for mathematics. For this purpose, the notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts in science, mathematics, and other areas are introduced and employed as useful metaphors.

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