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Journal articles on the topic 'Declarative sentences'
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Wagoner, David. "Simple Declarative Sentences." Hopkins Review 6, no. 4 (2013): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/thr.2013.0070.
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Marco, Gian Arturo. "Non-declarative sentences." Journal of Pragmatics 9, no. 2-3 (June 1985): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(85)90034-7.
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Rudin, Deniz, and Andrea Beltrama. "Default agreement with subjective assertions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4597.
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This paper puts forward a formal proposal for a judge-dependent notion of assertion that derives asymmetries in the discourse profile of subjective and objective assertions while preserving a unary illocutionary profile for utterances of declarative sentences. We propose that when a speaker asserts a sentence, they commit to that sentence being true as judged by themself, but project acceptance of the truth of that sentence as judged by all interlocutors. This account makes different predictions, then, for assertions of declarative sentences with judge-invariant denotations, and assertions of declarative sentences with judge-variant denotations.
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Panther, Klaus-Uwe, and Klaus-Michael Köpcke. "A prototype approach to sentences and sentence types." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 6 (November 26, 2008): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.6.05pan.
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This paper proposes a new solution to the age-old problem of defining the sentence and sentence types. Arguing against traditional definitions, we propose that the category SENTENCE exhibits a complex prototypical structure on the levels of morphosyntactic form, conceptual content, and pragmatic function. By positing that the central member of the category SENTENCE is the declarative sentence type, we can show how imperative sentences are related to the prototypical declarative sentence type and that imperatives exhibit an internal prototypical structure of their own. Finally, using a scenario approach, we show how the conceptual and pragmatic functions of declarative and imperative sentences may overlap.
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Muzakki, Kholid Akhmad, Ahmad Rizza Firdaus, and Annisa’ Fatmayanti. "Tindak Tutur Tak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)." Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 96–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v1i1.44.
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Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act. The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is Surah Al-Kahfi. In the Surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.
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Muzakki, Kholid Akhmad. "(كلام غير مباشر في سورة الكهف (دراسة تحليلية تداولية Tindak Tutur Tidak Langsung Dalam Surat Al-Kahfi (Kajian Analisis Pragmatik)." Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2018): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31538/nazhruna.v1i1.125.
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Sentences by mode can be divided into three: sentence (declarative), interrogative, and command (imperative) sentences. Conventionally, declarative sentences are used if the speaker wants to declare or convey information to his or her opponent. Interrogative sentence is the sentence used if the speaker wants to get the information, the reaction or the expected answer. As for the imperative sentence, is if the speaker wants to enjoin or forbid his opponent to do something. But in pragmatic studies, there are times when the sentence is used non-conventionally. Declarative sentences, in addition to functioning to deliver the news, also enabled to ask; interrogative sentences other than enabled to ask is also enabled for the request or command. Meanwhile, the command line can only be used conventionally, and can not be used non-conventionally. When all three sentences are conventionally functioned, the speech is called direct speech act, whereas when used in a non-conventional way, it is called indirect speech act.
The use of sentences indirectly has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. A command that explanation by using the sentence news or sentence, will be felt by the opponent said lighter, even for the opponent said the command on him is not perceived as a command. In the Qur'an there are many unusually functional sentences, indicating that the Qur'an is a holy book that strongly upholds language-based pride. One of them is surah Al-Kahfi. In the surah Al-Kahfi, found some verses which are indirect speech. In Surah Al-Kahfi, the forms of indirect speech are as follows. First, Declarative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 16, 45, 52, 60 and 78. Second, Interrogative texts mean imperative is found in the verse 6, 9 and 50. Third, Interrogative texts mean declarative is found in the verses 15, 37, 57, 68, 75, 102 and 103.
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Donaho, S. "Are declarative sentences representational?" Mind 107, no. 425 (January 1, 1998): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/107.425.33.
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GASKIN, RICHARD. "The Unity of Declarative Sentence." Philosophy 73, no. 1 (January 1998): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819197000065.
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The problem of the unity of the sentence is to explain how a sentence manages to say something, to ‘make a move in the language-game’. In the particular case of the declarative sentence, which is characterized essentially by its ability to say something true or false (cf. Aristotle De Int. ch. 4), the challenge is to explain how the sentence as a whole manages to attract this property, given that its components do not have it. In his book Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Thought, Nicholas Denyer implicitly commits himself to two conflicting accounts of what this unity consists in. The conflict is illuminating because it can be seen as giving expression to two attractive but apparently opposed thoughts on the nature of the sentence: the thought that all significant components of a sentence must have reference, or semantic role (a position which in the writings of Donald Davidson and Michael Dummett is truistic), and the thought that the semantically significant components of the sentence cannot all be names, since then the sentence would lose its peculiar unity — its ability to say something (true or false) — and degenerate into a mere list. In this paper I shall try, using Denyer's text as my point of departure, to resolve the conflict by suggesting how a unified sentence can, after all, be composed of names.The first account which Denyer gives of the unity of the sentence is not offered as such, but it emerges from his discussion of the differences between three primitive kinds of language, which he calls Agglomerative (A), Orthographic (O) and Sentential (S). The three languages have in common that their basic ‘sentences’ all consist of linear strings of unambiguous names of primary elements, themselves arranged linearly. Thereafter they diverge in the following respects. In A and O, these basic ‘sentences’ are, according to Denyer, only by courtesy so called, for they are really complex names; but whereas in A the order in which the names are listed is insignificant, in O it is significant. Thus ‘ab’, for example, would in A merely designate a complex object composed of the simple objects designated by ‘a’ and ‘b’, and is not semantically distinguishable from ‘ba’; in O, on the other hand, these two composite names additionally signify two different ways in which the complex consisting of a and b may be composed, for example, that a is to the left of b, and that b is to the left of a, respectively. In S, by contrast with both A and O, the basic ‘sentences’ are said to be genuine sentences: they are not merely lists of names, but are suitable for the making of assertions. In S, a symbol such as ‘ab’ says that (for example) a is to the left of b.
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Firdaus, Ahmad Riza. "al-Kalam Ghairu al-Mubasyir fi Surah al-Anbiya’." International Journal of Arabic Language Teaching 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ijalt.v1i02.1788.
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Declarative sentences, in addition to being used to convey news, are also functioned to ask questions; Interrogative sentences are not only used for asking questions but also for requests or orders. Meanwhile, the command sentence can only be used conventionally, and cannot be used unconventionally. If the three sentences are used conventionally, the speech is called a direct speech act, whereas if it is used unconventionally, it is called an indirect speech act. The use of indirect sentences has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. An order that is told by using a news sentence or question sentence will be perceived by the interlocutor as lighter, even for the interlocutor the command to himself is not felt as an order. In the Alquran there are many sentences that are used unconventionally, which shows that the Alquran is a holy book that upholds the politeness of language. One of them is surah al-Anbiya’. In the surah al-Anbiya’, several verses which are indirect speech are found. In the surah al-Anbiya’ the forms of indirect speech are as follows; Four declarative utterances with imperative meanings are in verses 39, 41, 45, and 47. Seventeen interrogative utterances have declarative meaning in verses 3, 6, 10, 21, 24, 30, 34, 36, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 59, 66, and 67. Three meaningful interrogative speeches are found in verses 38, 80, and 108.
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Sari, Ihram. "TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF ANTARA DOSEN DAN NAHASISWA DALAM PERKULIAHAN MATA KULIAH BAHASA INDONESIA DI UMI." Multilingual 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v18i2.107.
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The writer is interested in examining directive discourse between lecture and studentsin indonesian learning process as general subject in indonesia muslim university. The problem statement of this research is how the politeness forms from lecturer to students, students to lecturer, and students to students in Indonesian Language Subject at Universitas Muslim Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of politeness in the interaction of lecturers to students, students to lecturers, and students to students. This study focused on lecturers who teach general Indonesian language subject at the Faculty of Letters and first semester students, especially those who program general subject in Indonesian. The collected data will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. Based on the results of the research found, forms of language politeness in the interaction of lecturers to students in the form of declarative sentences,namely obeying the maxim of wisdom, praise, and agreement; interrogative sentences, namely obeying the maxim of wisdom; imperative sentence, namely obeying the maxim of wisdom; the exclamation sentence, namely obeying the maxim of wisdom; and language politeness in the interaction of students to lecturers in the form of declarative sentences, namely obeying the maxim of generosity and agreement; interrogative sentences, namely obeying the maxim of generosity; the exclamation sentence, namely obeying the maxim of wisdom; and the form of politeness in the interaction of students to students in the form of declarative sentences, namely the maxim of wisdom, generosity, agreement and sympathy; interrogative sentences, namely the maxim of wisdom and sympathy; imperative sentence, namely the maxim of wisdom; exclamation sentence, namely the maxim of wisdom. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the use of politeness in the formal setting is very useful for people's lives, including in the education side.
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Astuti, Sri Puji. "Analisis Fungsi Sintaksis Kata Apa dan Mana dalam Bahasa Indonesia." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.12.4.206-215.
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The characteristic of interrogative sentence, one of them is the presence of a question word of apa, mengapa, siapa and others. Apa and mana and its derivative forms are also often found in declarative sentences. In this paper, it is explained that it can fulfill syntactic functions of apa and mana and its derivative forms contained in sentences either interrogative sentences or declarative sentences. The data collection in this research is in the form of basic technique of tapping.This stage ends with an orthographic transcription in the form of recording on the data card systematically. In the data analysis was used the method of distribution namely the method of data analysis in the form of connection between phenomena in its particular language. The techniques used in this research were substitution, expansion and delisi techniques. Based on the results of the research, it is found that apa and mana and its derivative forms can fulfill the functions of S, V, O, complement, and Adverb. Expansion with kah does not change the function in sentence.
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Rudin, Deniz. "Embedded Rising Declaratives and Embedded Quotation." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4594.
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Declarative sentences uttered with rising intonation are used to ask biased questions. Do they share a denotation with interrogatives, despite their declarative form? Or do they serve as requests for information despite sharing a denotation with other declaratives? This paper explores the behavior of rising declaratives embedded under rogative speech-act verbs, and shows them to be invariably quotative. As such, these observations might just as likely pose problems for the semantics of embedded quotation under rogative verbs as for the semantics of rising declaratives. This paper pursues the former path.
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Jazuli, Ahmad. "MODUS KALIMAT PERINTAH DAN LARANGAN DALAM “ASBAB WURUD AL-HADITS” KARYA IMAM SUYUTHI KAJIAN PRAGMATIK." Jurnal CMES 12, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34870.
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This article aims to explain the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in hadits by using Searle's speech act theory. The purpose of this study focused to describe the commands and prohibitions of the prophet Muhammad in seen from sentence mode. Results of this study indicate that there are several characteristics of the use of the phrase mode commands and prohibitions of the Prophet Muhammad such us declarative sentences mode with verb sentence form and noun sentence form; Imperative sentences mode with fi‘lul-amri form, ismu fi‘lil-amri form, dan la an-nahiyah form; and the interrogative sentences mode with using “َ ”أand “.”
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Liusti, Siti Ainim. "ANALISIS KALIMAT BERDASARKAN POLA KALIMAT DASAR DAN KALKULUS PREDIKAT." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2016.15203.
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This study aims to analyze the sentences based on the basic sentence patterns of Indonesian and predicate calculus. These approaches put the predicate as a core component in the sentence structure. The object of study is focused on declarative sentences of Indonesian. The data analysis consists of several stages. Basic sentence patterns of Indonesian consist of identifying the type of sentences, identifying the elements forming sentences, and putting on elements which are based on basic sentence patterns of Indonesian. Predicate calculus consists of identifying atomic or compound propositions, determining the predicate and other components, defining a form of expression predicate calculus, and making a notation function. The results showed that the basic sentence pattern analysis only identifies the internal elements in a single sentence, while the predicate calculus can as well identifies the internal elements of a single or compound sentence.
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Ferrero, Eliana Mariel. "OFFICIAL REVIEW OF DECLARATIVE SENTENCES OF INCAPACITY." Perspectivas 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/perspectivas-2018-v8n1a01.
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Rahman, Ahmad Fadilahtur. "TUTUR PUJIAN GURU DALAM INTERAKSI PEMBELAJARAN DI KELAS." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 13, no. 1 (April 3, 2016): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v13i1.10.
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This study aimed to describe the form and function apreciation speech act in the interaction in the classroom. This study used descriptive qualitative approach. From the research found a form of apreciation speech act in the learning interaction in the form of declarative sentences, sentence introgatif, and imperative sentences. While the function of speech act earned praise for smoothing function apreciation, smoothes warning, advise, and provide reinforcement.
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Muzakky, Muhammad, Fahriany Fahriany, and Meli Aulia Utami. "The Process of Acquiring Declarative Sentence on Aphasia." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 11, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2021.v11.i01.p01.
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The present study investigates the process of acquiring declarative sentences in aphasia language learners. This study seeks to address the question of how the process of an aphasia language learner to acquire declarative sentences. Using a case study, the process of interview was implemented to explore the subject's response toward this issue. The subject is an adult language learner who is 69 years old. The data were obtained from interviews and documents. The interview section was used to explore the process of acquiring declarative sentences, and the documents were used to check the validity of the interview. The data analysis of acquiring declarative sentences showed: (1) the process of acquiring the language on an adult is through behaviorist theory that consists of subject's routinizes in reading books, newspapers, and comics. (2) In adult language learners, the duration of acquiring the language is not too long and challenging. The subject takes a significant effort to deal with various activities, and it is the characteristic of an adult in acquiring the language. (3) In the construction of declarative sentences, the subjects could produce six sentences correctly and no grammar errors. He also could interact with others through those sentences. The challenge is on the way he produces, which is slowly mouth movement. Additionally, we open the gate of future research with pieces of evidence. It was recommended the future research on this study might be conducted in a quantitative method with more adult language learners involved.
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Bernardi, R. "Generalized Quantifiers in Declarative and Interrogative Sentences." Logic Journal of IGPL 11, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/11.4.419.
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林, 倩君. "The Syntactic Structure of German Declarative Sentences." Modern Linguistics 03, no. 02 (2015): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2015.32006.
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Adiantika, Hanif Nurcholish. "Contrastive Analysis between Indonesian and English Declarative Sentences." ELT in Focus 3, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35706/eltinfc.v3i1.3695.
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The issue of English acquisition in Indonesian context where English is taught as a foreign language has been circulating for years. The presents study aims at contrasting two languages as, Indonesian language as the Source Language (SL) and English as the Target Language (TL). Participants were chosen purposively and generated 10 students of Senior High School. Data were collected through written test. The researcher provides 21 Indonesian declarative sentences as the main instrument. The result of this research was initiated qualitatively. The findings of the study indicate that the similarities of declarative sentence patterns between Indonesia and English language revealed in three categories. They are transitive, bitransitive, and intransitive. Furthermore, the differences are indicated by four categories, those are nominal, adjectival, prepositional, and numeral category. The presents study suggests to initiate the study of contrastive analysis in different languages to obtain deeper understanding and horizon about the language.
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López Arroyo, Belén, and Roda P. Roberts. "Unusual sentence structure in wine tasting notes." Languages in Contrast 15, no. 2 (November 6, 2015): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.15.2.01lop.
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Certain sentence structures occur more frequently than others in specialized texts. The vast majority of sentences in the English of both science and technology seem to be declarative in nature, while imperative sentences, which are the normal method of expressing instructions, occur far more frequently in English for Technology than in English for Science. Despite such differences in sentence structure, all these specialized texts have one element in common: they all use regular or major sentences. What sets wine tasting notes apart from other specialized genres is their use of irregular or minor sentences, along with regular sentences. The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of irregular sentences in English and Spanish tasting notes — their frequency, their positioning, possible reasons for their use — using an English and Spanish comparable corpus. Our starting point was the hypothesis that English wine tasting notes would contain more irregular sentences than the Spanish notes. However, our corpus analysis showed that this was not the case.
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Wan, Guangrong, and Chengfa Yu. "A Corpus-Based Study on Mood Combination Preference in Two-Clause Composite Sentences in Modern Chinese." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p311.
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Every clause is associated with a specific expressive intention and bears a specific mood: declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamative. Different moods are combined with the juxtaposition of clauses. A compound sentence has a homogeneous mood combination between its constituent clauses, while the mood in a complex sentence is usually counted on its main clause with the mood in its subordinate clause(s) drowned. Clauses in a Chinese sentence, however, are independent in terms of mood; that is to say, the mood of the whole sentence is the combination of moods of each clause. Tendency for mood combination of two-clause composite sentences in modern Chinese is demonstrated as follows: 1) Homogeneous mood combinations greatly exceed heterogeneous ones; the “declarative + declarative” type outnumbers other types; and there are more combinations with a declarative mood than those without; 2) The more convincing the meaning of a particle indicates, the more frequently the corresponding mood appears in the first part of the combinations; and the mood realized by a modal adverb appears in the second part if another mood is not realized by a modal adverb; 3) A conjunction highly restricts the mood combination; and the frequency of mood combination in coordinate and causal clauses is approximately equal, much higher than that in adversative clauses.
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Bundschuh, John. "Please remind me: A history of the Japanese particle of recollection kke." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4978.
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The Japanese sentence-final particle kke is a marker of epistemic modality with evidential and mirative overtones. Its most common application is indexing the uncertainty of one’s recollection in interrogative sentences, but in declarative sentences it indexes a reaffirmation of the certainty of the utterance. This study traces the grammatical development of kke from the older Japanese perfect auxiliary -kyeri, citing examples from 8th-century Japanese through today. Through examining kke’s diachrony, it provides evidence that modal sentence-final particles can develop from auxiliaries when the contexts in which they are used become restricted over time.
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Rispoli, Matthew, and Pamela Hadley. "The Leading-Edge." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 5 (October 2001): 1131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/089).
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This research explored the relationship between sentence disruptions and the length and complexity of sentences spoken by children developing grammar. The study was cross-sectional in design and used samples of naturalistic, conversational interaction between 26 typically developing children (ages 2;6 to 4;0) and a primary caregiver. The active, declarative sentences produced by these children were coded for the presence of disruption, length in morphemes and words, and clausal complexity. The results showed that, for the majority of the children, disrupted sentences tended to be longer and more complex than fluent sentences. The magnitude of the differences in length and complexity was positively correlated with the children's grammatical development, as measured by the Index of Productive Syntax. It was also found that differences between the average complexity of disrupted versus fluent sentences increased with grammatical development even when sentence length was held constant. As grammatical development proceeded, disrupted sentences were more apt to be sentences on the "leading-edge" of the child's production capacity. Although these more advanced grammatical structures are part of the child's grammatical competence, the child cannot produce these sentences without an increased risk of processing difficulty. The results are congruent with proposals concerning the incremental and procedural nature of adult sentence production.
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Kölbel, Max. "Expressivism and the Syntactic Uniformity of Declarative Sentences." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 29, no. 87 (January 9, 1997): 3–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.1997.1067.
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Para los propósitos de este artículo, debe entenderse que "expresivista respecto a una clase de enunciados X" incluye cualquier teórico que niegue que los enunciados en X (o sus contenidos) pueden ser verdaderos o falsos y por lo tanto ofrece una alternativa para estos enunciados: la semántica no veritativa condicional. Primero discuto cómo pueden responder los expresivistas a la bien conocida objeción de Frege-Geach, señalando la diferencia entre enfoque indicador de la fuerza (p.e. Blackburn) y el enfoque indicador del contenido. Luego examino una dificultad que surge para los expresivistas en el enfoque indicador de la fuerza debido a la manera en que responden al problema de Frege-Geach. Esta dificultad, que señaló por primera vez Bob Hale, surge de la uniformidad sintáctica de todos los enunciados declarativos, incluyendo aquellos respecto a los cuales las personas has sido expresivistas. Mediante la generalización de la idea de Hale muestro que cualquier expresivismo con respecto a una clase de enunciados con cierta propiedad sintáctica es insostenible. Es insostenible por lo menos en la forma clásica, en el que el expresivista sostiene una semántica veritativa condicional para enunciados no problemáticos y una semántica expresivista separada para enunciados problemáticos. La única salida para estos expresivistas consiste en generalizar su semántica sin excepciones y convertirse por ello en expresivistas radicales. Señalo por úlltimo que puede haber excepciones para este resultado, y considero brevemente el expresivismo de Edgington respecto a los enunciados condicionales como una de esas posibles excepciones. Traducción: Héctor Islas
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D. M., Magomedov. "DECLARATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE." BULLETIN OF THE G.TSADASA INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND ART 1, no. 18 (2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33580/2227-7978-2019-17-2-23-27.
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Oktaviyanti, Sara. "Analizyng The Lingual Elements of Sampoerna Hijau Advertisement Published on Youtube." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 6, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.6.1.1279.33-41.
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The research aims to find any lingual elements and meanings used by advertisers in “Sampoerna Hijau” Cigarette advertisements on Youtube. There are 5 editions of advertisements that are analized, “Edisi Dateng Kondangan”, “Edisi Selfie di Kondangan”, “Edisi Minum Es Kacang Ijo”, “Edisi Punyaku Lebih Nikmat” and the last is “Edisi Hijau Panas”. Seven Types of Meaning theory by Leech is used on this research. This study is design in a qualitative research. Researcher collected the data using observation methods. Then in the analysis of research data using Agih method with the basic technique that is Bagi Unsur Langsung or BUL techniques. The BUL method and technique are used by researcher to analyze the signs and forms found in Sampoerna Hijau cigarette advertisements so that they can easily classify these lingual signs and forms. The researcher found that the lingual form in the five editions of Sampoerna Hijau Cigarette Advertisements, namely: 10 interrogative sentences, 13 imperative sentences, 13 declarative sentences, 14 exclamation sentences, 2 nouns and 1 adjective. The meanings found in each lingual form are 5 meanings, with the following description: sentences that contain reflections as many as 12 sentences, sentences containing affective meanings of 22 sentences, sentences containing conceptual meanings of 15 sentences, sentences that contains a colloquial meaning of 2 sentences and the last sentence that contains connotative meaning of 1 sentence.
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Idris, Mardjoko. "Prohibition in Quran: Structure and Meaning." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v2i1.1445.
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Quran is the word of Allah written in Arabic. In conveying its message, the Quran uses different sentences, including declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences. This research will focus on prohibition sentences with analysis of speech acts. Prohibition sentence is a sentence that requires the termination of an act from the interlocutor, from the higher position to the lower one. It is assumed that besides being intended for conventional meanings, the prohibition sentences in the Quran also function as other meanings other than the original meaning, by previously understanding the context that becomes the background of a prohibition. The theory used is pragmatics, especially speech acts. The method used is the refer method and the recording technique. The research of prohibition sentences with pragmatics has obtained two prohibition tools those are sharîh and not sharîh. The prohibition sentences in the Quran are not only used for original meaning but also function as other meanings, such as for the purpose of prayer (do’a), offer (iltimâs), suggestion (irsyâd), continuous (dawâm), information as a result (bayânul 'âqibat), pessimistic (tayîs), threat (tahdîd), calming (i'tinâs), disfiguring (taubîh), and ignoring ('adamul-mubâlah).
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Allen, George D., and Patricia M. Arndorfer. "Production of Sentence-Final Intonation Contours by Hearing-Impaired Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 2 (April 2000): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4302.441.
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Studies of intonation in the hearing impaired (HI) are often concerned with either objective measures or listener perceptions. Less often has the focus been on how these two aspects of communication interrelate. This study examined the relationship between certain acoustic parameters and listeners’ perceptions of intonation contours produced by HI children. Six severe-to-profound HI children and 6 normal-hearing (NH) children, ages 7;9 to 14;7, were individually tape recorded while reading 10 declarative sentences and 10 phonemically matched interrogative sentences within the context of a script. Each sentence ended with a carefully chosen disyllabic (target) word. Twelve adult listeners, inexperienced with the speech of the HI, listened to a randomized audio tape presentation of all of these productions and categorized each one as a statement, question, or other. Fundamental frequency (FO) and duration measurements were obtained for the target (final) word of each sentence, and intensity measures were recorded for each entire sentence. Acoustic analysis showed that all 6 of the NH children and 4 of the 6 HI children produced acoustically different intonation contours for declarative versus interrogative sentences. The HI children’s productions were, in general, similar to the NH children, in that they used FO, duration, and intensity cues to mark the distinction. Their contrastive use of these acoustic cues, however, was less pronounced than for the NH children. Analysis of listener responses indicated that, although listeners were able to differentiate between some of the declarative and interrogative sentences produced by these 4 HI children, judgments corresponded with their intended type less often for the HI than for the NH children. (Judgments of NH children’s utterances were 100% correct.) Multiple logistic regression of listeners’ responses to the HI children’s utterances showed that 4 acoustic measures, all derived from the sentence-final word, were significantly predictive: (1) sentence-final FO, (2) slope between the target word’s initial and final FO, (3) duration of the target word, and (4) dB difference between the target word’s 1st and 2nd syllables. Results were similar for the NH children’s data, except that the ratio of the 2 syllables’ durations was significant, rather than total word duration. These findings differ in several important ways from previously published data for HI children’s intonation contours and suggest that many HI children have the ability to benefit substantially from training in the production of intonation.
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Wahya, Wahya. "Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung Karya Samseodi." Metahumaniora 9, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v9i1.22875.
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Partikel euy merupakan salah satu partikel fatis dalam bahasa Sunda. Partikel ini, sebagaimana partikel fatis lain, tidak memiliki fungsi sintaksis dalam kalimat, yakni sebagai unsur ekstraposisi dalam kalimat. Tulisan ini yang berjudul “Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung”membahas perilaku sintaksis partikel euy, yaitu keberadaannnya dalam jenis kalimat berdasarkan bentuk sintaksisnya, dan makna gramatikal partikel euy dalam lingkungan kalimat deklaratif, interogatif, imperatif, dan eksklamatif. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknk catat. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih atau distribusional. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah novel anak-anak yang berjudul Budak Teuneung (2018) karya Samsoedi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan 46 data kalimat yang memuat partikel euy. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap 46 data tersebut dengan pendekatan sintaksis dan semantik, dapat disimpulkan bahwa partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat deklaratif, tetapi dominan berposisi di tengah kailimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di tengah dan di akhir kalimat interogatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di awal kalimat. Partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, dan di akhir kalimat imperatif, tetapi dominan berposisi di akhir kalimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di awal dan di akhir kalimat eksklamatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di tengah kalimat. Secara semantik, partikel euy bersama jenis kalimat yang memuatnya memiliki keragaman makna gramatikal. Secara umum dapat dikatakan partikel euy beserta unsur lingusitik yang mendampinginya dalam kalimat deklaratif memiliki makna ‘meberitahukan atau menyatakan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat interogatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’; dalam kalimat imperatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’ atau ‘memerintahkan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat eksklamataif. memiliki makna ‘mengungkapkan atau menyampaikan sesuatu’.Particle euy is just one-structured particles in the Sundanese language. This particle, as another particles phatic, does not have the syntactic function in the sentence, namely as an element in extraposition sentence. This article entitled "Dimensions of Syntax and Semantics of the Euy Particle in Novel of Budak Teuneung" discuses the behavior of particles in syntax dimension, namely it’s distribution in the type of sentence based on syntactic and grammatical meaning of particles in the environment, namely in declarative sentences, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative ones. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collected by using observation techniques to record. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using distributional method. Source data used is a children's novel titled Budak Teuneung (2018) written by Samsoedi. Based on the results of the study, found that 46 data sentence contains particles here. Based on an analysis of 46 data with the approach of syntax and semantics, it can be concluded that the particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a declarative sentence, but a dominant position in the middle; particle euy simply positioned in the middle and at the end of interrogative sentences, no position early in the sentence; particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the imperative sentence, but a dominant position in the end of the sentence; particle euy only just plays in the beginning and at the end of the exclamative sentence, no position in the middle of a sentence. Semantically, particle euy with the kind of sentences contain a variety of grammatical meaning. Generally speaking, the particle with linguistic elements that accompany the declarative sentences have meaning 'report missing or declared something'; interrogative sentences have meaning 'ask anything'; imperative sentences have meaning 'ask anything' or 'ordered something'; exclamative sentences have meaning 'reveal or convey something'.
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Wahya, Wahya. "Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung Karya Samseodi." Metahumaniora 9, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v9i1.22875.
Full textAbstract:
Partikel euy merupakan salah satu partikel fatis dalam bahasa Sunda. Partikel ini, sebagaimana partikel fatis lain, tidak memiliki fungsi sintaksis dalam kalimat, yakni sebagai unsur ekstraposisi dalam kalimat. Tulisan ini yang berjudul “Dimensi Sintaksis dan Semantik Partikel Euy dalam Novel Budak Teuneung”membahas perilaku sintaksis partikel euy, yaitu keberadaannnya dalam jenis kalimat berdasarkan bentuk sintaksisnya, dan makna gramatikal partikel euy dalam lingkungan kalimat deklaratif, interogatif, imperatif, dan eksklamatif. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode simak dengan teknk catat. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan metode agih atau distribusional. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah novel anak-anak yang berjudul Budak Teuneung (2018) karya Samsoedi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan 46 data kalimat yang memuat partikel euy. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap 46 data tersebut dengan pendekatan sintaksis dan semantik, dapat disimpulkan bahwa partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat deklaratif, tetapi dominan berposisi di tengah kailimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di tengah dan di akhir kalimat interogatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di awal kalimat. Partikel euy dapat berposisi di awal, di tengah, dan di akhir kalimat imperatif, tetapi dominan berposisi di akhir kalimat. Partikel euy hanya berposisi di awal dan di akhir kalimat eksklamatif, tidak ada yang berposisi di tengah kalimat. Secara semantik, partikel euy bersama jenis kalimat yang memuatnya memiliki keragaman makna gramatikal. Secara umum dapat dikatakan partikel euy beserta unsur lingusitik yang mendampinginya dalam kalimat deklaratif memiliki makna ‘meberitahukan atau menyatakan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat interogatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’; dalam kalimat imperatif, memiliki makna ‘meminta sesuatu’ atau ‘memerintahkan sesuatu’; dalam kalimat eksklamataif. memiliki makna ‘mengungkapkan atau menyampaikan sesuatu’.Particle euy is just one-structured particles in the Sundanese language. This particle, as another particles phatic, does not have the syntactic function in the sentence, namely as an element in extraposition sentence. This article entitled "Dimensions of Syntax and Semantics of the Euy Particle in Novel of Budak Teuneung" discuses the behavior of particles in syntax dimension, namely it’s distribution in the type of sentence based on syntactic and grammatical meaning of particles in the environment, namely in declarative sentences, interrogative, imperative, and exclamative ones. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collected by using observation techniques to record. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using distributional method. Source data used is a children's novel titled Budak Teuneung (2018) written by Samsoedi. Based on the results of the study, found that 46 data sentence contains particles here. Based on an analysis of 46 data with the approach of syntax and semantics, it can be concluded that the particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a declarative sentence, but a dominant position in the middle; particle euy simply positioned in the middle and at the end of interrogative sentences, no position early in the sentence; particle euy can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the imperative sentence, but a dominant position in the end of the sentence; particle euy only just plays in the beginning and at the end of the exclamative sentence, no position in the middle of a sentence. Semantically, particle euy with the kind of sentences contain a variety of grammatical meaning. Generally speaking, the particle with linguistic elements that accompany the declarative sentences have meaning 'report missing or declared something'; interrogative sentences have meaning 'ask anything'; imperative sentences have meaning 'ask anything' or 'ordered something'; exclamative sentences have meaning 'reveal or convey something'.
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Tenenbaum, Sergio. "Realists Without a Cause: Deflationary Theories of Truth and Ethical Realism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 561–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1996.10717468.
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In ‘The Status of Content,’ Paul Boghossian points out an embarrassment in which A.J. Ayer finds himself in his extensive irrealism. Ayer embraces both an emotivist theory of ethics and a deflationary theory of truth. According to an emotivist theory, sentences that look like perfectly good declarative sentences, such as ‘One ought not to kill,’ should be interpreted as non-declarative sentences. According to a deflationary theory of truth, ‘truth’ is not a predicate of sentences, and sentences of the form ‘“p” is true’ are equivalent to sentences of the form ‘p.’ Boghossian argues that emotivism and deflationism turn out to be incompatible.Boghossian's criticism should not be presented before we ask this question: What motivates Ayer's subversion of surface grammar? A typical motivation to provide an analysis of a certain region of discourse is to find a way in which patterns of inference and compositionality could be more perspicuously presented.
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Yu.O., Haidenko. "TRANSPOSITION OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES IN THE NOVELS BY CHARLOTTE BINGHAM." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-12.
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Purpose. The purpose of the current article is to describe syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures. The above-mentioned figures are classified, their percentage ratio and stylistic functions in the novels by Charlotte Bingham are outlined.Methods. The current study uses a combination of general scientific (analysis-synthesis method, continuous sampling method, descriptive method, quantitative analysis) and linguistic methods. The definitional analysis is used to clarify linguistic terms and notions specified by the research topic. The word-formation analysis is used to single out word-formation patterns of the analysed language units. The stylistic analysis is used to research into syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures and study their stylistic colouring in certain communicative situations.Results. The article presents a study of syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures in the novels by Charlotte Bingham. The term “transposition of syntactic structures” has been defined as transposition of the sentence model in the context that results in the unexpected turn in the logical meaning and additional connotations. Syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures have been classified into three groups: quasi-declarative, quasi-interrogative and quasi-negative sentences. It has been researched that in the novels by Charlotte Bingham transposition of syntactic structures is chiefly represented by quasi-affirmative sentences (48.8%). It has been revealed that quasi-declarative sentences are used in dialogues to mark colloquial speech. It has been ascertained that the transposition of interrogative sentences is less frequent (41.3%) and is mainly used to refer to the character’s self-talk. It has been substantiated that quasi-negative sentences are infrequent (9.9%) and are chiefly used to weaken the positive qualities of the denoted reality.Conclusions. The novels by Charlotte Bingham contain all types of syntactic stylistic figures based on the transposition of syntactic structures. The above-mentioned figures are chiefly represented by the transposition of declarative (48.8%) and interrogative (41.3%) sentences. Quasi-negative sentences are infrequent (9.9%).Key words: declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, negative sentence, reevaluation, syntactic stylistic figures. Мета пропонованого дослідження – розглянути синтактико-стилістичні фігури із транспозицією типів речень, здійснити їхню типологізацію, визначити їхнє кількісне співвідношення та охарактеризувати їхні стилістичні функції у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем.Методи. У роботі використано загальнонаукові (аналіз та синтез, суцільна вибірка, описовий метод, кількісний аналіз) і власне лінгвістичні методи. Дефініційний аналіз – для уточнення лінгвістичних термінів та понять, окреслених темою дослі-дження; словотвірний аналіз – для встановлення словотвірних структур відповідно до способів словотвору; стилістичний аналіз – для вивчення синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень, з’ясування їхнього стилістичного забарвлення в аналізованих комунікативних ситуаціях.Результати. Дослідження присвячено вивченню синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем. Визначено, що транспозиція типів речень – це використання синтаксичних структур у невластивих їм логіко-предметних значеннях та з додатковими конотаціями. Синтактико-стилістичні фігури з транспозицією типів речень поділено на три групи: із переосмисленням розповідного (І група), запитального (ІІ група) та заперечного (ІІІ група) речень. Встановлено, що у романах Шарлотти Бінґхем превалюють фігури першої групи (48,8%). Розкрито, що вони використовуються у діалогічному мовленні персонажів як маркер розмовного стилю. З’ясовано, що фігури другої групи вживаються авторкою дещо рідше (41,3%), передусім позначаючи ведення персонажем внутрішнього діалогу. Розкрито, що третя група фігур є найменш численною (9,9%) і використовується насамперед задля послаблення позитивних якостей позначуваного.Висновки. У романах Шарлотти Бінґхем представлено всі різновиди синтактико-стилістичних фігур із транспозицією типів речень. З-поміж них найбільш поширеними є фігури з переосмисленням розповідного (48,8%) та запитального (41,3%) речень. Група фігур із переосмисленням заперечного речення є найменш репрезентативною (9,9%).Ключові слова: заперечне речення, запитальне речення, переосмислення, розповідне речення, синтактико-стилістичні фігури
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Luana Ardalia, Lintang, and Mimas Ardhianti. "PEMEROLEHAN KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA PADA ANAK USIA 3 TAHUN DI KB YAA BUNAYYA SURABAYA." Buana Bastra 6, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/bastra.vol6.no1.a3597.
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The acquisition of Indonesian sentence on 3 years old children tend to be very simplethat describes the mindset, behavior, and personality to tell the events that happened thoughsometimes still not right and not yet become a complete sentence. The purpose of this study isto know and describe the acquisition of sentences in children aged 3 years in KB YaaBunayya Surabaya. In the form of declarative sentences, interrogative imperatives, andsentence solicitation. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative researchmethod. technique of data collection using conversation involve gathering technique,recording technique, and record technique. The analytical techniques used are transcript thedata, recording, classifying, and retell. The result of this research is the acquisition ofdeclarative sentence of 3 years old child there are four kinds. In addition to the declarativesentence, there are also 3 interrogative sentences that are interrogative sentences thatrequire the recognition of "yes" or "no" answers, about a thing. Both types of interrogativesentences that ask for answers are 'reasons', and the third Sentence type that asks forinformation. Found 2 more sentences namely sentence invitation and imperative sentence.Conclusions and suggestions are given so that this research is useful for the readers,especially for the development and improvement of the development of learning methods forchild 3 years old for more re-interaction and productive in the use of good and correctIndonesian.
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MALLOGGI, PATRIZIO. "Verbzweitsätze aus kontrastiver Sicht (Deutsch-Italienisch): Das topologische Modell zur Verbstellung." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 46, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2019.46.2.07.
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The present paper focuses on the syntactic description of verb-second-sentences from a contrastive view (German-Italian). The study is based upon a corpus of texts written by Italian native speakers of the course German Language for Tourism at the University of Pisa. This paper is composed of two parts: the first one aims at pointing out the main grammatical structural differences between Italian and German declarative sentences as far as the position of the verb is concerned; the second one shows the results gained by analysing the corpus of written texts referring to the position of the verb in declarative sentences in order to provide a successful methodological approach to verb-second-sentences in the didactics of German as foreign language
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Lingga, Yulima Melsipa. "THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH SENTENCES BY CHILDREN OF FOUR AND FIVE YEARS OLD." Journal of English Teaching, Applied Linguistics and Literatures (JETALL) 2, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jetall.v2i2.7331.
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The objectives of this research were to find out types of English sentences acquired by boys and girls of four and five years old children. This research also aims to find the tendency of English acquisition between boys and girls. The sources or subjects of this research were 20 kindergarten students of K-2 David in TK Kristen Kalam Kudus Pematangsiantar, 11 boys and 9 girls. The research design is qualitative research design. The instrument of data collection used video recording to observe the subjects in real situation and naturally. The result reveals that, the types of English sentences acquired by boys and girls of four and five years old children are declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, which are boys acquired interrogative sentences much more in their conversation while girls acquired declarative sentences more than other types. Girls or females articulate better and acquire a more extensive vocabulary than males or boys. Keywords: language acquisition, children of four and five, types of sentences
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Reranta, Redika Cindra. "Comparison of Declarative-Interrogative Intonation in Lampungnese." TEKNOSASTIK 19, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v19i1.895.
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Intonation is a suprasegmental feature of language that constructs the meaning of utterances. The meaning constructed can be different from the lexical meaning and syntactical structure. This paper tried to examine the intonation system in the Lampung language, especially the acoustic characteristics which distinguish between declarative and interrogative. In this research, the researcher applied the IPO approach to collect and analyze data. Data were gathered by recording native speakers uttering declarative and interrogative sentences that were segmentally identical. Having the data, a perception test was conducted to get the best utterances for each mode as a contour prototype. Next, both prototypes were analyzed respectively using Praat software to find out each acoustic characteristic. Then, they were compared to find the suprasegmental features that characterize the acoustic features of each sentence mode. Based on the analysis, both intonations differed in the pitch of initial, final subject constituent, final complement constituent, initial predicate constituent, final pitch, peak, range of pitch, and duration of utterances. In addition, pitch of peak (H1) and slope (H2) were identified as the most influential component in the formation of a sentence model. Therefore, experiments of manipulating those acoustic features (H1 and H2) and testing them on the perception of native speakers were held to prove the identification. The result of the perception test showed that the peak significantly distinguished the mode of the sentence, the higher pitch of the peak determined the interrogative mode. While the second identification did not give any contribution in creating the meaning.
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Storto, Luciana Raccanello. "Arguments for and Against Verb Second in Karitiana." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, Esp. (November 7, 2020): 316–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16nesp.a21873.
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This paper revisits the hypothesis that Karitiana is a verb second language in which the finite verb occupies a second structural position in the sentence (C). We show that, although embedded clauses are SOV, the finite verb in a transitive declarative sentence is in second position and the default order is SVO. Other sentential types are examined, including negated sentences, focus and discourse topic contexts, and poetic parallelisms, and the conclusion is that there is a phonological requirement in the language that makes a phonological phrase occur before the finite verb. Whereas the V2 phenomenon in Germanic languages is categorical, in Karitiana it is possible for sentences to be verb-initial besides the above-mentioned phonological requirement which, together with verb movement, is responsible for the verb second phenomenon in the language.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARGUMENTOS A FAVOR E CONTRA V2 EM KARITIANAEste artigo revisita a hipótese de que a língua Tupi Karitiana é uma língua V2, em que o verbo finito ocupa uma segunda posição estrutural da sentença (C). Mostramos que, apesar de a língua ser SOV nas encaixadas, o verbo finito em uma sentença transitiva declarativa ocorre na segunda posição estrutural da sentença e que em um contexto não marcado a ordem é SVO. Outros tipos sentenciais são examinados, inclusive sentenças negativas, contextos de foco e tópico do discurso, e paralelismos poéticos e conclui-se que há um requerimento fonológico na língua que exige que uma frase fonológica ocorra antes do verbo finito. Enquanto o fenômeno V2 em línguas Germânicas é categórico, em Karitiana é possível a ocorrência de sentenças verbo iniciais, apesar do requerimento supracitado que atua juntamente com o movimento do verbo para a segunda posição.---Original em inglês.
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Speyer, Augustin. "What does a verb? Indicate sentence type." Mental Lexicon 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00009.spe.
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Abstract An important task of the verb in German is to indicate sentence type. Depending on where the verb is positioned, the clause is a declarative (verb after the first constituent, which can be any constituent), wh-interrogative (verb after the first constituent, being the wh-phrase), yes/no-interrogative (verb in first position, bearing indicative or subjunctive mood) or imperative clause (verb in first position, bearing imperative mood). This system developed out of a system in which sentence type was indicated by clause-final sentence mood particles, as is usual in older Indo-European (and Semitic) languages. In declarative sentences, the verb-second syntax only came about shortly before the Old High German attestation sets in. We can trace the gradual development of the modern German verb-second syntax with variable prefield from a clear topic-comment structure to a more flexible structure.
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Джан, Еда, and Куруоглу Гульміра. "Spontaneous Speech in Dementia." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 26, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-26-2-175-189.
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Introduction. Although memory impairment is the main symptom of Alzheimer Disease (AD), language impairment can be an important evidence, too. In many researches, it is stated that language is impaired in a different way in AD. Syntax, which is the sub-field of language are more preserved compared to the other fields. However, it is also known that syntactic features of AD patients can also be impaired in the moderate and severe stages of the illness. Another important thing that is important to differentiate the effects of illness is the onset. There are two subtypes of AD: early-onset (befor 65 years old) and late-onset (after 65 yaers old). Compared to late-onset, early onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD) is often associated with atypical symptoms including language and visuospatial dysfunction. Thus, in this study it was aimed to analyse the spontaneous speech of EOAD patients via two language tests and compare it with an age/education-matched control. In this analysis, just the declarative and interrogative sentences were compared.
The results show that the number of declarative and interrogative sentences used by the EOAD patients differs from the control people. EOAD patients used more affirmative and interrogative sentences in story-picture sequencing test and more negative sentences in subject-based narration test compared to the control group. However, control group used more negative sentences in story-picture sequencing test and more affirmative and interrogative sentences in subject-based narration test compared to the EOAD patients.
Conclusions. The working memory is the ability to maintain and use information for a short period of time and due to the working memory deficits in EOAD patients, the use of sentence types differ from age/matched healthy people.
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Hastuti, Hilda, and Wiya Suktiningsih. "LANGUAGE EMPLOYMENT IN CHILDREN OF TWO YEARS OLD IN MATARAM, WEST NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 6, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v6i2.1260.
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This research aims to describe language acquisition in children age 2 years especially in the realm of syntax at PAUD Santa Maria Mataram City. This research is synchronic research used the qualitative method which was descriptive method. The subject of this research was the children age 2 years at PAUD Santa Maria and the object of this research was language acquisition which was the acquisition of declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The data was collected by simak libat baca technique and simak libat catat. After the data was analyzed, the data was classified into the acquisition of declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Based on the data analysis that has done, found language acquisition of children age two years from April to May were 54 declaratives, 18 imperatives, and 13 interrogatives. The result of this study also shows that the children age 2 years are more likely used declarative sentences than interrogative and imperative in the daily conversation.
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Miner, Kenneth L. "Yiddish V/1 declarative clauses in discourse." IPrA Papers in Pragmatics 4, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/iprapip.4.1-2.03min.
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Yiddish narratives contain a considerable number of declarative sentences which begin with the inflected verb: Hot im zayn vayb bald tsurikgeshikt dem briv ‘(So) his wife right away returned the letter.’ Such declarative sentences, which are never initial in a text, are often said to have resultative meaning (note the translation of the example just given); however grammarians concede that one encounters them often without such a meaning. The purpose of this study is to try to establish the discourse function of these V/1 clauses, utilizing the framework of Prince (1988). It turns out that the occurrence of the finite verb in initial position is a marker of cohesion, and that V/1 clauses actually contrast, in their ties to previous material, with non-V/1 clauses. My study as a by-product supports the conclusions of Prince (1988) regarding other clauses in Yiddish in which the verb does not immediately follow the subject. I also include remarks on V/1 constructions in German (§4.0).
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Adhani, Agnes. "ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA, KANDUNGAN PORNOGRAFI DAN KONOTASI PORNOGRAFI, SERTA KANDUNGAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM TEKS LAGU CAMPURSARI." BEBASAN Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/bebasan.v6i1.106.
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Research on the use of language, sentence, the content of pornography and connotations of pornography, and the content of character education in the campursari song text are aimed to describing at: (1) language, (2) sentence variations, (3) pornographic content and pornographic connotations, and (4) content character education in the campursari song text. This study included qualitative descriptive research. The research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source for this study is ten songs downloaded from the internet. The results of the study: (1) ten songs analyzed by nine song texts used Javanese as the title and one song used the Javanese language and Indonesian language. Of the ten songs, all song texts use Javanese, there are mixed Indonesian language codes into Javanese, mixed Javanese language codes and English into Indonesian, Indonesian language code switching to Javanese, and there are letters written that violate General Guidelines Enhanced Javanese Spelling (PUEBJYD), (2) the use of sentences consists of: (a) declarative sentences, (b) interrogative sentences, and (c) imperative sentences, (3) there are six songs containing pornography and connotations of pornography, and (4) the value of prominent character education is creative, besides that it is a violation of polite and religious values.
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Aliyeva, Khayala Shahverdi. "About the Different Kinds of Meanings of a Sentence." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0609.06.
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The article investigates a sentence. It states that a sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language; it serves as a chief means of conveying the thought. The works regarding English grammar by foreign and Azerbaijani linguists such as O. I. Musayev, V. L. Kaushanskaya, R. L. Kovner, J. Lyons, F. R. Palmer, S.Potter and others have been studied by the author and theories suggested by them have been thoroughly considered. The author also writes about the importance of the the sentence not only the means of communicating something about reality but also a means of showing the speaker’s attitude to it. The author explains the differences between declarative, interrogative, negative sentences using various linguistic sources as well. She comes to the conclusion that the kinds of sentences are very important to be used either in speech or in written language.
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Fischer, Markus. "Zweifelsfall: zweifeln im Deutschen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 30 (January 1, 2003): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.30.2003.179.
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Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements.
In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.
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Abdullah, Khalid, and Burhan Salim. "A Comparative Study Of Declarative Sentences In English And Kurdish." Journal of Raparin University 5, no. 14 (March 30, 2018): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/jru.1019.
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Uktolseja, Lulu Jola, Hamim Sujaja, and Mario Fridolin Matinahoru. "A Contrastive Analysis Between English and Indonesian Kinds of Sentences." IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching) 8, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ijet2.2019.8.1.54-61.
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The difference between English and Indonesia language become one of the hardest things to learn and to be understood. It could be seen by the grammar of the language and the system of communication between both languages. The aim of this study is to identify the difference and the similarity sentence between English and Indonesia Language and analysis contrastive between both languages. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach to find out the contrast between both of them. the sample in this study were 20 students of English Department Students in Victory University, especially the 2nd Semester. The result of this study was the main error of the students was in Declarative Sentence (DS), Negative Sentence (NS), Interrogative Sentence (IS) and Exclamatory Sentence (ES) i.e 92.86%. Based on the research, we found out that the students did those errors because the pattern of those sentences are different whereas the Imperative Sentence (IMS) has the same pattern with English.
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Münte, Thomas F., Mike Matzke, and Sönke Johannes. "Brain Activity Associated with Syntactic Incongruencies in Words and Pseudo-Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (May 1997): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.3.318.
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Event-related brain potentials (EMS) were recorded while normal German subjects read either simple declarative sen- tences made up from real German words, or sentences that contained German pseudo-words instead of nouns and verbs. The verb (pseudo-verb) of the sentences disagreed in number with the subject noun (pseudo-noun) in 50% of the sentences. The subjects had the task either to read the sentences for an interspersed memory test (memory condition, pseudeword sentences only) or to make a syntactic judgment after each real-word/pseudo-word sentence. While in the real-word condition a late and widespread positivity resembling the previously described syntactic positive shift was found for the disagreeing verbs, a negativity with an onset latency of about 300 msec was seen for the disagreeing pseudo-verbs. In the pseudo-word conditions no positivity followed the initial negativity. This dissociation of negative and positive waves occurring in response to morphosyntactic mismatches by the pseudo/real-word manipulation suggests that the positive shift is a concomitant of a recomputation routine initiated to account for the number incongruency. This routine is based upon the semantics of the sentence and therefore is not observed in the pseudo-word conditions. The earlier negativity, on the other hand, appears to be a more direct index of morphosyntactic incongruency.
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Fadilah, Taufan, and Isli Iriani Indiah Pane. "INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN TOBA DREAM MOVIE." LINGUISTICA 8, no. 4 (February 8, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jalu.v8i4.17036.
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This study focused on indirect speech act used by the main characters in Toba Dream movie. The objectives of the study were to: (1) find out the types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie, and (2) describe how types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were all utterances uttered by the main character in Toba Dream movie and collected by watching the movie. The result of the study showed that there were four types of indirect speech acts found in Toba Dream movie, they were: representative, directive, commisive, expressive containing indirect speech acts in Toba dream Movie. Representative (25,71%) were realized by interrogative sentences and imperative sentences. Directive (21,43%) were realized by declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. Commisive (14,28%) were realized by declarative sentences. The main characters in Toba dream movie dominated the use of indirect speech act to express statement, command and warning. It showed that they could produce the language more politely and keep the hearer’s face while getting instruction or information indirectly.Keywords: indirect speech act, movie pragmatic, Toba Dream
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Oliveira, Patrícia M., Francisco Cardoso, Débora P. Maia, Mauro César Q. Cunningham, Antonio Lúcio Teixeira Jr, and César Reis. "Acoustic analysis of prosody in Sydenham's chorea." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 68, no. 5 (October 2010): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2010000500013.
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There are few studies of language and speech in patients with Sydenham's chorea (SC). We have done an acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency (F0), duration and intensity of declarative and interrogative sentences made by 20 SC patients, 20 patients with rheumatic fever (RF) without chorea, and compared them with 20 healthy age-matched controls (CO). Each group included 12 females. We found that there is no difference between the RF and CO groups in all studied parameters. Patients with SC, however, presented with a speech characterized by decreased F0 range (difference between minimum and maximum F0), shorter duration of sentences, and higher intensity of the first syllable of sentences. The findings were not influenced by the nature of the sentences (i.e. , declarative or interrogative), but for all variables they were significantly more severe in males than females. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that patients with acute SC have an impairment of modulation of F0 and longer duration of emission of sentences, resulting in a monotone and slow speech. This pattern is similar to what has been described in other basal ganglia illnesses, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Wilson's disease.