Journal articles: 'Decolonization – Nigeria'

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Hogendorn, Jan, and Toyin Falola. "Development Planning and Decolonization in Nigeria." Canadian Journal of African Studies 32, no. 1 (1998): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/486240.

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Lawal, A. A., and Toyin Falola. "Development Planning and Decolonization in Nigeria." International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220617.

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Lenssen, Anneka. "The Two-Fold Global Turn." ARTMargins 7, no. 1 (February 2018): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_r_00201.

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This essay is a review of art historian Chika Okeke-Agulu's Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria (Duke University Press, 2015). The book offers a chronicle of artistic theories, practices, and institutions during Nigeria's independence years (1957–67) amid the historical frames of Third World liberation, African decolonization, and Cold War realpolitik. The essay explores in particular how Postcolonial Modernism revisits and explores the thematic of “national culture”—the concept presented by Frantz Fanon in 1959, with long-lasting impact on theories of postcolonial arts—in the (decentralized) Nigerian art world, with a focus on the synthetic studio practices of members of the Zaria Art Society. Fanon's “two-fold becoming” model of national culture, which implies catalyzing links to international liberation movements, impacts not only Okeke-Agulu's narrative of a generational opposition to the preceding cultural paradigms of Negritude, but also—the essay argues—the writing of global modernist history at-large.

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Schler, Lynn. "Seamen and the Nigerianization of Shipping in the Postcolonial Era." International Labor and Working-Class History 86 (2014): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547914000131.

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AbstractThis article examines the impact that indigenization policies had on labor and on the cultures of work in postcolonial Nigeria. Scholars have studied indigenization in the context of nationalist politics, statecraft, and development in postcolonial Africa. However, we have little knowledge of how working classes experienced and interpreted indigenization schemes. Focusing on the indigenization of shipping, this article discusses both how Nigerian seamen anticipated the establishment of the Nigerian National Shipping Line and the actual impact of Nigerianization on their working lives. By taking a close look at changes in shipboard hierarchies, labor relations, and the culture of work on NNSL vessels, we can gain a deeper understanding of how broader political processes associated with decolonization and postindependence shaped working-class lives in postcolonial Nigeria.

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Kola-Bankole, Francine. "Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria." African Arts 50, no. 4 (December 2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00385.

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Pugach, Sara. "Eleven Nigerian Students in Cold War East Germany: Visions of Science, Modernity, and Decolonization." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418803436.

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This article follows the story of the first African students in the German Democratic Republic, 11 Nigerians who arrived in 1951. Thousands of other African students followed them in the years leading up to the GDR's dissolution in 1990. My work is the first to chronicle the Nigerians' story, and how East Germans received and reacted to these Africans living among them. I focus on what each side hoped to gain from the exchange. East German government officials and university administrators were intent on using the Nigerian students to promote socialism as an alternative in a British colony quickly moving towards independence. Meanwhile, the students wanted scientific educations to help boost their economic standing and class status when they returned to Nigeria. Although Nigeria would never become aligned with the Soviet Bloc after decolonization, in the 1950s East Germans imagined that a socialist future was possible. Drawing on their country's sizable scientific expertise, officials argued that the GDR offered the ideal blend of technological and Marxist knowledge to attract exchange students like the Nigerians into the communist orbit.

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Thurston, Alexander. "The Era of Overseas Scholarships: Islam, Modernization, and Decolonization in Northern Nigeria, c. 1954-1966." Journal of Religion in Africa 44, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 62–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12301273.

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AbstractIn independence-era Northern Nigeria, different segments of the modernizing elite contended over defining the place of Islam in society. This article argues that the case of Northern Nigeria disrupts scholarly periodizations of twentieth-century Islamic thought and activism that depict the 1950s and 1960s as a time of secularist dominance. The specificity of Muslim communities’ experiences of colonialism and decolonization helped shape the role Islam played in different societies during this period. This article develops this thesis by examining the semiautonomous Northern Nigerian regional government’s program of sending young, Arabophone Muslim scholars to Arab and British universities between 1954 and 1966. The overseas scholarships system was to be the culmination of British colonial efforts to produce ‘modern’ Muslim judges and teachers. However, Arabophones’ experiences overseas, and their ambivalent relationship with the Northern government after their return highlight the unintended consequences of colonial policies and of scholarship winners’ encounters with the broader Muslim world.

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Lawal, Olakunle A. "British Commercial Interests and the Decolonization Process in Nigeria, 1950-60." African Economic History, no. 22 (1994): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601669.

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Wyss, Marco. "The Challenge of Western Neutralism during the Cold War: Britain and the Buildup of a Nigerian Air Force." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00817.

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In the wake of decolonization, Britain wanted to maintain its strategic interests in Nigeria and to keep the newly independent African country in the Western orbit. Having abrogated a defense agreement in reaction to Nigerian domestic opposition, the British government counted on military assistance to secure its postcolonial security role. The British thus hoped to gain responsibility for the buildup of a Nigerian air force, which the authorities in Lagos wished to establish for national prestige and protection against potential enemies such as Ghana. The Nigerians, however, first tried to secure the requisite assistance from Commonwealth countries other than Britain before opting for a West German air force mission. The Nigerian government aimed to reduce its dependence on Britain and thereby burnish its neutralist credentials. Yet London was challenged by a Western version of neutralism, similar to Western neutrality, because the Nigerians never attempted to approach the Soviet bloc about military assistance.

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LIVSEY, TIM. "‘Suitable lodgings for students’: modern space, colonial development and decolonization in Nigeria." Urban History 41, no. 4 (February 6, 2014): 664–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813001065.

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ABSTRACTThis article argues that development and modernity have had spatial manifestations. It considers understandings of modern space in colonial and post-colonial Nigeria through the study of University College Ibadan, the country's first university institution founded in 1948. It contends that the university was shaped by existing West African conceptions of modern space and university buildings took on new meanings with the shifting politics of decolonization. The article also suggests that colonial development involved a range of groups and forms of knowledge. It seeks to recognize the strength of colonial institutions and cultures but also the limits to and contingencies in late colonial power.

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Visonà, Monica Blackmun. "Chika Okeke-Agulu, Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria." Art Bulletin 98, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2016.1155906.

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James, Leslie. "The Flying Newspapermen and the Time-Space of Late Colonial Nigeria." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 569–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000191.

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AbstractRecent scholarship on Indian, African, and Caribbean political thinkers and leaders emphasizes the era leading up to and immediately after decolonization as one saturated with awareness of time and history. While much of this scholarship focuses on temporalities that open up the future, this article instead foregrounds imaginings of the present in the currency of news reports. By examining newspaper reports, we can attend in a different way to renderings of time and freedom. This article applies theoretical work on genre and addressivity to analyze how location, space, and time were simultaneously grounded and overcome by Nigerian newspaper columnists, and how this dynamic of bounded transcendence facilitated an array of social and political projects in the time-space of 1930s and 1940s colonial Nigeria. The pseudonymous writers examined in this article applied the trope of flying to exist in an alternate reality. Each “reporter” outstripped the normal logic of time and space through their ability to “jump” from place to place, and even to be in more than one place at once. By existing, as they claimed, “everywhere and nowhere” they literally and figuratively rose above the material reality of the everyday, thus ordaining an exclusive capacity for revelation.

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Frynas, Jêdrzej George, Matthias P. Beck, and Kamel Mellahi. "Maintaining corporate dominance after decolonization: the ‘first mover advantage’ of Shell‐BP in Nigeria." Review of African Political Economy 27, no. 85 (September 2000): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240008704475.

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Akapng, Clement. "Contemporary Discourse and the Oblique Narrative of Avant-gardism in Twentieth-Century Nigerian Art." International Journal of Culture and Art Studies 4, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v4i1.3671.

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The history of Twentieth Century Nigerian art is characterized by ambiguities that impede understanding of the underlying modernist philosophies that inspired modern art from the 1900s. In the past five decades, scholars have framed the discourse of Contemporary Nigerian Art to analyze art created during that period in Africa starting with Nigeria in order to differentiate it from that of Europe and America. However, this quest for differentiation has led to a mono-narrative which only partially analyze modernist tendencies in modern Nigerian art, thus, reducing its impact locally and globally. Adopting Content Analysis and Modernism as methodologies, this research subjected literature on Twentieth Century Nigerian art to critical analysis to reveal its grey areas, as well as draw upon recent theories by Chika Okeke-Agulu, Sylvester Ogbechie, Olu Oguibe and Okwui Enwezor to articulate the occurrence of a unique Nigerian avant-gardism blurred by the widely acclaimed discourse of contemporary Nigerian art. Findings reveal that the current discourse unwittingly frames Twentieth Century Nigerian art as a time-lag reactionary mimesis of Euro-American modernism. This research contends that such narrative blocks strong evidences of avant-garde tendencies identified in the works of Aina Onabolu, Ben Enwonwu, Uche Okeke and others, which exhibited intellectual use of the subversive powers of art for institutional/societal interrogation. Drawing upon modernist theories as a compass for analyzing the works of the aforementioned, this paper concludes that rather than being a mundane product of contemporaneity, Twentieth Century Nigerian art was inspired by decolonization politics and constituted a culture-specific avant-gardism in which art was used to enforce change. Thus, a new modern art discourse is proposed that will reconstruct Twentieth Century Nigerian art as an expression of modernism parallel to Euro-American modernism.

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Mikailu, S. A. "The Islamization of Social Sciences in Nigeria." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i1.2391.

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IntroductionThe Islamization of social sciences is part and parcel of developingand promoting knowledge that conforms to the norms of Islam. This canbe attained by motivating scholars to develop scholarship using an Islamicperspective through the introduction of new social science courses basedon Islam, Islamizing (i.e., rearticulating along Islamic lines) existing conventionalsocial science disciplines, and promoting the movement ofIslamic attitude to knowledge.The Islamization of Knowledge undertaking in Nigeria can be tracedto the period of the Sokoto Jihad leaders, whose scholarly writings coveredsuch aspects of life as politics, economics, and medicine. However, withthe passage of time and, more especially, with the coming of the Britishcolonialists and the concomitant infiltration of western scholarship, theIslamization of Knowledge pioneered by the Jihad leaders gradually beganto fade. At first, the North opposed vehemently the spread of the westernsystem of education, because it was linked with Christian missionary propaganda(Fapohunda 1982). As such, the emirs of the North and their subjectsstood fmly against this alien system, a stance that accounts for thedisparity in western education between the South, that had welcomed it,and the North.Unfortunately, like most other Muslim countries, Nigeria continues tosuffer from the colonial legacy of the West. In particular, its elites are theworst victims of colonization of mind by the West’s so-called secular ideology.Its education and other systems of life continue to be based largelyon the structure of that secular ideology.Education is the single most important instrument for grooming andchannelling a society in the desired direction. To rescue Muslim societiesfrom the yoke of western secular civilization and to reestablish Islamiccivilization requires the decolonization of the secularized minds and spiritsof the elites as well as of Muslim intellectuals (the ulama), professionals,and political leaders, on the one hand, and the training of youngpeople in Islamic knowledge and education, on the other. In order toreturn the society to the Islamic system of life, the first task is the Islamizationof the educational system (both formal and informal) for the Muslimsand the Islamization of the country’s ulama ...

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Coetzee, Azille. "Antigone, Empire, and the Legacy of Oedipus: Thinking African Decolonization through the Rearticulation of Kinship Rules." Hypatia 34, no. 3 (2019): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12482.

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In her book Antigone's Claim: Kinship between Life and Death, Judith Butler reads the figure of Antigone, who exists as an impossible aberration of kinship, as a challenge to the very terms of livability that are established by the reigning symbolic rules of Western thought (Butler 2000). In this article I extend Butler's argument to reach beyond gender. I argue that African feminist scholarship shows that the kinship norms shaping the reigning symbolic rules of Western thought not only render certain gendered lives unlivable, but through the gendered working thereof also become key to the colonial process of the racial dehumanization of the colonized and the violent expansion of Eurocentric capitalism. I show how Oyèrónké Oyĕwùmí, in her work on the Yorùbá people of Nigeria, provides, in a way analogous to Antigone, a glimpse of an order structured by kinship formations that are remarkably different from, and thereby bring into crisis, the normative versions of kinship that are posited as timeless truths. Through a reimagining or reconstruction of precolonial Yorùbá kinship formations, Oyĕwùmí articulates a different scheme of intelligibility, which enables radically different ways of being human and existing in the world.

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ZELEZA, PAUL TIYAMBE. "DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Development Planning and Decolonization in Nigeria. By Toyin Falola. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996. Pp. xxiv+215. £45 (ISBN 0-8130-1422-0)." Journal of African History 38, no. 3 (November 1997): 497–534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853797367073.

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Aladegbola, Isaac Adegbenga, and Femi Jaiyeola. "Critique of Public Administrative Reform System: Post-Independence in Nigeria." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v4i1.109.

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The public service of any nation is its veritable instrument for national development. If it fails, the gamut of policies meant for the nation’s development would have failed. In this sense, the observable developmental deficits in Africa cannot therefore, be separated from the failures of the continents public service and the largest chunk of these failures are located on the ethical behaviour of the public servants who are taking the service mostly as a colonial service. Writing from Nigeria hindsight, the author observed that most nation’s public service in Africa, like its larger society, have not been able to separate themselves from their history, the history of “colonial mentality.” In a way, an enduring problem noticeable within the public service in most sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) states has been what appropriate strategy will remove, the clove of “colonial mentality” associated with the public servant behaviour even years after decolonization of most SSA states and in spite of various post independent reforms put up to rectify these deficiencies. Has the knowledge of Africa Solution to Africa Problem (ASAP) instil the right type of ethical behaviours that will accept the public service as African service and not foreign service of the old exploitative order, divide and rule system and the ‘not my business’ syndrome that pervaded the era of colonial rules? It is critical that the failure of public service is a failure of service delivery in Africa. This paper, using Nigeria as a case study, does not only chronicle these failures/challenges as it affects Africa development strides, it also offers a process of public service ethics education as strategy, in order to have long-term and sustainable solutions that will promote public service delivery in Africa. <br /><br />

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Bouwman, Bastiaan. "From religious freedom to social justice: the human rights engagement of the ecumenical movement from the 1940s to the 1970s." Journal of Global History 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 252–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000074.

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AbstractThis article contributes to the historiography on human rights and (religious) internationalism by tracing how the ecumenical movement in the post-war decades sought to protect the religious freedom of its co-religionists in Catholic and Muslim countries, specifically Italy, Nigeria, and Indonesia. In cooperation with local actors, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs worked to anchor international human rights in the domestic sphere through constitutional provisions. These activities constituted a significant strand of Christian human rights engagement from the 1940s to the 1960s, which intersected with the Cold War and decolonization. The article then contrasts this with the turn to a more pluralistic and communitarian conception of human rights in the 1970s, animated by liberation theologies. As the World Council of Churches embraced a ‘revolutionary’ tradition and worked to resist military dictatorships in Latin America, racism, and global inequality, it gravitated towards Marxism-inflected and anti-colonial strands of human rights discourse.

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Reid, Richard. "The Challenge of the Past: The Quest for Historical Legitimacy in Independent Eritrea." History in Africa 28 (2001): 239–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172217.

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In the 1960s a host of African nations discovered their independence and, with it, rediscovered the pleasure and the pain of the past. States such as Nigeria and Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda, using both local and expatriate scholars, embarked on the reconstruction of “national histories,” with an enthusiasm which, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, seems enviable. From an academic point of view, this period witnessed the rejection of the colonial distortion of Africa's past—i.e., the idea that basically the continent had none worth talking about—and the historiographical offensive which was thus launched may be seen to have been ultimately successful.In terms of African politics, history was seen in many new states as a means of nation-building and the fostering of national identity. In Tanzania, for example, precolonial leaders such as Mirambo and Nyungu-ya-Mawe, the relative linguistic unity provided by Swahili, and the anticolonial Maji Maji uprising were used, both consciously and subliminally, to encourage the idea that Tanzanians had shared historical experiences which straddled both the precolonial and the colonial eras.It must be conceded that history did not always prove as reliable an ally to African politicians as to scholars of Africa. Penetration into the Nigerian past served, indirectly at least, to magnify the regionalism which had already troubled the decolonization process in that territory, and underlined the distinct historical experiences of, for example, the Yoruba in the south and the Hausa-Fulani in the north.

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James, Leslie. "“Essential Things Such as Typewriters”: Development Discourse, Trade Union Expertise, and the Dialogues of Decolonization between the Caribbean and West Africa." Journal of Social History 53, no. 2 (2019): 378–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz100.

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Abstract This article examines how the liberatory ideals of transnational projects could become codified in particular processes of thought, deed, and expression. During his term of service in Nigeria between 1960 and 1962 the Trinidadian union leader McDonald Moses mobilized a number of phenomena central to the transformative projects of the mid-twentieth century: the paramountcy of psychology to “true” transformation and change; the embrace of programmatic action; and the belief that both psychological transformation and programmatic action could be articulated through new and enlightened forms of expression. While histories that embrace a “cultural turn” tend to look for this expression in creative forms and artistic production, this article looks to daily administrivia as part of an explicitly political project that aimed to improve the lives of workers by changing their modes of organizing and, consequently, the culture of politics and labor.

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Mohabir, Nalini, and Ronald Cummings. "“An Archive of Loose Leaves”." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 23, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-7912358.

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This interview provides a rich account of Frank Birbalsingh’s experiences from his early life in colonial British Guiana in the early part of the twentieth century to his continuing work as a literary scholar and critic in diaspora. What is also revealed is a thoughtful critical reflection on the Caribbean, its multiplicity, and its course of change over a lifetime. The discussion also traces Birbalsingh’s migrations to India, Canada, New Zealand, and Nigeria and examines how these journeys have shaped his critical work within the fields of Commonwealth literature, postcolonial literature, and Caribbean studies, situating these shifts and movements within and against the backdrop of histories of decolonization. Birbalsingh’s early years in a plantation colony become prologue to his experience of education as a pathway to migration (a brain drain that still marks Guyanese and Caribbean experience to this day). The interviewers focus on the scholar’s career highlights and finally turn to the space that all wide-ranging departures and journeys beyond the nation encounter (regardless of emotional investments)—the place of exile and diaspora.

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Rimmer, D. "Book Reviews : Toyin Falola, Development Planning and Decolonization in Nigeria (Gainesville, FL: Uni versity Press of Florida, 1996), xxiv, 215 pp. Cloth $49.95." Journal of Asian and African Studies 32, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1997): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190969703200313.

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UCHE, CHIBUIKE U. "POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF THE DECOLONIZATION ERA IN NIGERIA Economic Reforms and Modernization in Nigeria, 1945–1965. By TOYIN FALOLA. Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv+272. $49 (ISBN 0-87338-801-1)." Journal of African History 47, no. 1 (March 2006): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706391724.

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Akanbi, Grace Oluremilekun, and Oluremi Adenike Abiolu. "Nigeria’s 1969 Curriculum Conference: a practical approach to educational emancipation." Cadernos de História da Educação 17, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/che-v17n2-2018-12.

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After Nigeria got her independence on 1 October, 1960, the general consensus was that there was the need for educational emancipation through decolonization of the academic contents of education; to make education relevant to the needs of the individual and the society at large. This led to the organisation of the 1969 Curriculum Conference which had far-reaching effects on the curriculum contents, purposes, goals and objectives of education in Nigeria. However, what obtains in the education sector today makes it to look as if there was no initial proper planning for educational emancipation. This paper, therefore, focuses Nigeria’s 1969 Curriculum Conference (CC) as a practical approach to educational emancipation in Nigeria. In the conceptual framework of the globalisation of education, Cookey’s (1972: xxv) observation during the conference that, “education then tends to produce children who can read and write and pass examinations and which qualify them for employment only as clerks” was an important reason for the conference and is still relevant today as a major issue for discussion in our education outcomes. This study is historical; it, therefore, employs the historical method to collect information and facts needed through both primary and secondary sources. As the study recommends among others that there is the need for total overhauling of Nigerian educational policies and philosophy, it is hoped that the research would sensitise all stakeholders in Nigeria to emphasise the importance of providing a functional educational curricula relevant to the needs of individuals and the society at large.Keywords: Curriculum Conference, Emancipation, National Policy on Education, Decolonisation. ResumoApós a Nigéria conseguir sua independência em 1 de outubro, 1960, o consenso geral era que havia a necessidade da emancipação educative por meio da descolonização dos conteúdos acadêmicos de educação; para tornar a educação relevante às necessidades do indivíduo e da sociedade em geral. Isso levou à organização da Conferência Curricular de 1969 que teve efeitos extensos nos conteúdos curriculares, propósitos, metas e objetivos de educação na Nigéria. No entanto, o que se obtêm no setor de educação hoje faz parecer que não havia planejamento inicial adequado para emancipação educacional. Este artigo, portanto, foca na Conferência Curricular de 1969 da Nigéria (CC) como uma abordagem prática para a emancipação educativa na Nigéria. Na estrutura conceitual da globalização da educação, a observação de Cookey (1972: xxv) durante a conferencia que, “educação então tende a produzir crianças que podem ler e escrever e passar exames e que as qualificam para emprego apenas como escriturários” foi uma importante razão para a conferência e ainda é relevante hoje em dia como uma questão principal de discussão nos resultados da nossa educação. Este é um estudo histórico; ele, portanto, emprega o método histórico de coleta de informações e fatos necessários tanto por fontes primárias quanto secundárias. Como o estudo recomenda inclusive que há uma necessidade por total revisão das políticas e filosofia educacionais da Nigéria, é esperado que a pesquisa possa sensibilizar todas as partes interessadas na Nigéria em enfatizar a importância de prover um currículo de educação funcional relevante às necessidades dos indivíduos e da sociedade em geral.Palavras-chave: Conferência curricular, Emancipação, Política Nacional de Educação, Descolonização. ResumenDespués de que Nigeria obtuvo su independencia el 1 de octubre de 1960, el consenso general consistía en que era necesaria la emancipación educativa a través de la descolonización de los contenidos académicos de la educación, hacer que la educación fuera relevante para las necesidades del individuo y de la sociedad en general. Esto condujo a la organización de la Conferencia Curricular de 1969, que tuvo efectos de gran alcance en los contenidos, propósitos, metas y objetivos de la educación en Nigeria. Sin embargo, lo que se obtiene hoy en el sector de la educación hace que considere que no hubo una planificación inicial adecuada para la emancipación educativa. Este documento, por lo tanto, se enfoca en la Conferencia Curricular de 1969 (CC) de Nigeria como un enfoque práctico para la emancipación educativa en Nigeria. En el marco conceptual de la globalización de la educación, la observación de Cookey (1972: xxv) durante la conferencia refiriéndose a que "la educación tiende a producir niños que pueden leer y escribir y aprobar exámenes y calificándolos para el empleo solo como empleados", era un motivo importante de la conferencia, continuando relevante hoy como un importante tema para el debate en nuestros resultados educativos. Este es un estudio histórico; por lo tanto, emplea el método histórico para recopilar información y hechos necesarios a través de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Como el estudio recomienda, entre otros, la necesidad de una revisión total de las políticas y la filosofía educativas nigerianas, se espera que la investigación sensibilice a todas las partes interesadas en Nigeria para enfatizar la importancia de proporcionar un currículo educativo funcional relevante para las necesidades de las personas y la sociedad en general.Palabras clave: Conferencia Curricular. Emancipación. Política Nacional de Educación. Descolonización.

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Miller, Elizabeth. "Worldly Affiliations: Artistic Practice, National Identity, and Modernism in India, 1930–1990 by Sonal Khullar, and: Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria by Chika Okeke-Agulu." Comparatist 40, no. 1 (2016): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/com.2016.0019.

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Haruna, Abdallah Imam, and A. Abdul Salam. "Rethinking Russian Foreign Policy towards Africa: Prospects and Opportunities for Cooperation in New Geopolitical Realities." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.2.24.

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Diplomatic ties between Africa and the Russian Federation dates back to Africa’s dark decades of collective struggle for continental decolonization and severance in relations with its European colonizers. There is a vestige of historical evidence to support the claim that Russia had contributed immensely to this struggle in the early 1950s. Historically, the Russian Revolution of 1917 set the stage for the strenuous global struggle against colonialism and imperialism. This revolution, subsequently, inspired leaders of the nationalist movements on the African continent like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria, Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, Nelson Mandela of South Africa and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, among others to champion the fight for the liberation of Africa. Between 1945 and 1991, international politics was in a hegemonic geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective global allies. This power struggle polarized the world into the contrasting ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism. Some African nationalists situated the crusade for self-rule within the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union. The collapse of the USSR on 26 December 1991 and the fall of the Berlin wall on 9 November 1989 heralded a new era in global politics. This paper is on the assumption that three decades into the demise of the Soviet Union, it is now time to reflect on the influence of Russia in international politics, with particular focus on Moscow’s foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. This rethinking is crucial because of the criticism that Russia’s renewed interest in Africa is a grand strategy to dominate affairs of the continent, rather than a search for new opportunities for economic cooperation and geopolitical alliances.

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von Hesse, Hermann. "Chika Okeke-Agulu. Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015. xix + 357 pp. Illustrations/Paintings. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $29.46. Paper. ISBN: 978-0822357469." African Studies Review 60, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.67.

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Schler, Lynn. "The Negotiations of Nigerian Seamen in the Transition from Colonialism to Independence: Smuggling to Make Ends Meet." African Studies Review 54, no. 1 (April 2011): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2011.0017.

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Abstract:This article examines the economic and cultural opportunities Nigerian seamen exploited in the context of their work and travels throughout the colonial era, and the impact of decolonization on their livelihoods and self-conception. During the colonial era, Nigerian seamen resisted colonial categorizations of them as a cheap and docile source of labor for British shipping companies, and maneuvered to supplement low wages through smuggling enterprises. The processes of decolonization and the transition to independence, though initially greeted with enthusiasm, resulted in the loss of their economic independence and ultimately their vocational identities as seamen.

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Khan, Sharlene. "Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria, Chika Okeke-Agulu, Durham, Duke University Press, 2015, 376 pp., US$109.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8223-5732-2; US$29.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8223-5746-9." Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23277408.2018.1443622.

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VAUGHAN, OLUFEMI. "DECOLONIZATION POLITICS AND MID-WEST AUTONOMY Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State. By MICHAEL VICKERS. Oxford: WorldView, 2000. Pp. vii+410. £49.95 (ISBN 1-872142-43-5); £24.95, paperback (ISBN 1-872142-44-3)." Journal of African History 44, no. 1 (March 2003): 145–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703398482.

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Van Der Vyver, Johan. "The Protection and Promotion of a People’s Right to Mineral Resources in Africa: International and Municipal Perspectives." Law and Development Review 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 739–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0036.

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Abstract Development programs in many African countries include the reallocation of land and the nationalization of mineral resources for the benefit of less privileged communities in those countries. Implementing these programs is, however, quite complicated. This paper pays special attention to the confiscation of the land of white farmers in Zimbabwe as part of a development program, and the rapid decline of the economy of that country in consequence of this program. It serves as a reminder that depriving landowners of their property rights is counterproductive and is therefore not a feasible development strategy. As far as the right to explore natural resources is concerned, the paper highlights the repeated resolutions of the United Nations proclaiming the “inalienable right of all states freely to dispose of their natural resources in accordance with their national interests” as an inherent aspect of sovereignty [e.g. G.A. Res. 626, 7 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 20), at 18, U.N. Doc. A/2361 (1952).], with occasional reminders that developing countries were in need of encouragement “in the proper use and exploitation of their natural wealth and resources” [e.g. E.S.C. Res. 1737, 54 U.N. ESCOR, Supp., No. 1 (1973).]. These resolutions were adopted in the context of the decolonization policy of the United Nations and were mainly aimed at denouncing the exploitation of the mineral resources of African countries by colonial powers [G.A. Res. 2288, 22 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 16), at 48, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967)., para 3]. The emphasis of international law relating to the natural resources over time also emphasized the right to self-determination of peoples. As early as 1958, the General Assembly, in a resolution through which the Commission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources was established, stated that the “permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources” of states is “a basic constituent of the right to self-determination” [G.A. Res. 1314, 13 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 18), at 27, U.N. Doc. A/4090 (1958).]. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights similarly provides “All peoples shall freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources. This right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people. In no case shall a people be deprived of it” [Art 21(1)]. This provision featured prominently in several judgments of courts of law, such as the one of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & Others v Gemorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & Others [2011] (3) BCLR 229 (CC) (3) BCLR 229 (CC) and of the African Court of Human and People’s Rights in the case of Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report. AHRLR 60 (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report.) Communication 155/96. In view of these directives of international law, the paper will critically analyze the South African Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which deprived landowners of the ownership of unexplored minerals and petroleum products and proclaimed mineral and petroleum resources to be “the common heritage of all the people of South Africa” with the state as the custodian thereof.

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Noer, Thomas J., and Bassey E. Ate. "Decolonization and Dependence: The Development of Nigerian-U.S. Relations, 1960-1984." American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (April 1988): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860034.

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Baum, Edward, and Bassey E. Ate. "Decolonization and Dependence: The Development of Nigerian - U.S. Relations, 1960-1984." International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, no. 1 (1989): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219259.

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BUTLER, L. J. "THE ECONOMICS OF DECOLONIZATION Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonising Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya, 1945–1963. By ROBERT L. TIGNOR. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. viii + 419. $55/£35 (ISBN 0-691-01584-8)." Journal of African History 41, no. 1 (March 2000): 131–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799437685.

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Batibonak, Sariette. "Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2016.1155271.

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Nathan, Robert. "Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 51, no. 3 (August 17, 2017): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2017.1339911.

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Coetzee, Azille, and Annemie Halsema. "Sexual Difference and Decolonization: Oyĕwùmí and Irigaray in Dialogue about Western Culture." Hypatia 33, no. 2 (2018): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12397.

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In this article we aim to show the potential of cross‐continental dialogues for a decolonizing feminism. We relate the work of one of the major critics of the Western metaphysical patriarchal order, Luce Irigaray, to the critique of the colonial/modern gender system by the Nigerian feminist scholar Oyĕrónké Oyĕwùmí. Oyĕwùmí's work is often rejected based on the argument that it is empirically wrong. We start by problematizing this line of thinking by providing an epistemological interpretation of Oyĕwùmí's claims. We then draw Irigaray and Oyĕwùmí into conversation, and show how this bolsters and helps to further illuminate and contextualize Oyĕwùmí's critique of gender. But the dialogue between these thinkers also reveals significant limitations of Irigaray's philosophy, namely her presumption of the priority of sexual difference, its rigid duality, and her failure to take into account the inextricable intertwinement of gender and race in the Western patriarchal order. Relating Irigaray's critique of Western culture's forgetting of sexual difference to Oyĕwùmí's critique hence demonstrates to what extent Irigaray's philosophy remains typically Western and how she therefore fails to escape the paradigm that she is so critical of.

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WALRAVEN, KLAAS VAN. "DECOLONIZATION BY REFERENDUM: THE ANOMALY OF NIGER AND THE FALL OF SAWABA, 1958–1959." Journal of African History 50, no. 2 (July 2009): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853709990053.

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ABSTRACTThis article deals with the 1958 referendum that the French held in Niger to gain approval for the Fifth Republic and reorganization of their empire. It reassesses the French record in Niger, where more people voted ‘No’ – in favour of immediate independence – than in other territories, except Guinea. It does this on the basis of research on the history of the Sawaba movement, which led Niger's autonomous government until the plebisicite. It shows that the French forcibly intervened in the referendum to realize a ‘Yes’ vote and preserve Niger for their sphere of influence after independence in 1960. In detailing the violence and manipulation of the referendum and its aftermath, the article criticizes a revisionist viewpoint which disputed the significance of French intervention. The analysis draws on research on the Sawaba movement, benefiting from insights of social history into the grassroots forces in the nationalist movements of the 1950s. It discusses the historiography of Niger's referendum in relation to new archival sources and memoirs, drawing parallels with other territories, notably Guinea. It concludes that France's interventions in 1958 are crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of the transformations of the independence era.

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VAUGHAN, OLUFEMI. "DOCUMENTING DECOLONIZATION IN NIGERIA Nigeria. Edited by MARTIN LYNN. (British Documents on the End of Empire, Series B, Volume 7). Part I: Managing Political Reform, 1943–1953; Part II: Moving to Independence, 1953–1960. London: The Stationery Office for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 2001. Part I, pp. vii+643. No price given (ISBN 0-11-290597-8). Part II, pp. vii+801. No price given (ISBN 0-11-290598-6)." Journal of African History 44, no. 2 (July 2003): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703508556.

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McCulloch, Jock. "Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry by Matthew M. Heaton." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 88, no. 4 (2014): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2014.0082.

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Read, Ursula. "Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization and the Globalization of Psychiatry, 2013, by Matthew M. Heaton." Anthropology & Medicine 22, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2015.1096604.

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Linstrum, Erik. "Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry, by Matthew M. HeatonBlack Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry, by Matthew M. Heaton. Athens, Ohio University Press, 2013. x, 249 pp. $32.95 US (paper)." Canadian Journal of History 50, no. 3 (December 2015): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.50.3.rev38.

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JOHNS, FLEUR, THOMAS SKOUTERIS, and WOUTER WERNER. "Editors' Introduction: Taslim Olawale Elias in the Periphery Series." Leiden Journal of International Law 21, no. 2 (June 2008): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508004949.

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This special issue of the Leiden Journal of International Law on the Nigerian international lawyer Taslim Olawale Elias (1914–91) marks the second of the journal's Periphery Series. The collection of essays featured here serves essentially two functions. On the one hand, it pays tribute to an exceptional jurist whose work marked international legal scholarship during the years of decolonization. On the other, it invites critical engagement with the theme of international law's ‘periphery’. The centre–periphery formulation, as explained elsewhere, owes its provenance mostly to recent debates in political economy. It is a spatial metaphor which postulates a structural relationship between a presumed ‘centre’, typically portrayed as advanced or metropolitan, and a less developed and provincial ‘periphery’. In such debates the centre–periphery opposition is assumed as stable, decisive, and representative of the empirical reality of a ‘world out there’. The Periphery Series was launched in 2007, with a special issue on the Chilean jurist Alejandro Álvarez, to foster engagement with the discursive function of centre–periphery oppositions in public international law in its various iterations, and to confront questions of resource allocation, dependency, geography, and power.

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Shaw, Timothy M. "Decolonization and Dependence: the development of Nigerian-U.S. relations, 1960–1984 by Bassey E. Ate Boulder and London, Westview Press, 1987. Pp. xvi+282. $26.50. £29.50 paperback." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010569.

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Pringle, Yolana. "Matthew Heaton, Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry (Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2013), pp. 288, $32.95, paperback, ISBN: 978-0-8214-2070-6." Medical History 60, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.38.

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Kilroy-Marac, Katie. "Matthew M. Heaton. Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry (New African Histories). Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2013. 288 pp. $26.36 (paperback). ISBN-13: 978-0821420706." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21708.

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SWARTZ, SALLY. "DECOLONIZING PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE - Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry. By Matthew M. Heaton. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2013. Pp. x + 249. $32.95, paperback (ISBN 978-0-8214-2070-6)." Journal of African History 56, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853715000407.

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Oakley, Robin. "Matthew Heaton. Black Skin, White Coats: Nigerian Psychiatrists, Decolonization, and the Globalization of Psychiatry. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 288 pp. ISBN: 9780821420706. $32.95. - Mridula Ramanna. Healthcare in Bombay Presidency: 1896-1930. Delhi: Primus Books, 2012. 202 pp. ISBN: 9789380607245. $43.99." Itinerario 42, no. 1 (April 2018): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115318000153.

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"Postcolonial modernism: art and decolonization in twentieth-century Nigeria." Choice Reviews Online 53, no. 01 (August 18, 2015): 53–0049. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.191178.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Decolonization – Nigeria'

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