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Books on the topic 'Decreased complication'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Friesen, Carol E. Dosing of medications for patients with decreased renal function. Medical Pharmacies Ltd., 1998.

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2

International Conference on Fats and Oil Consumption in Health and Disease (2nd 1996 Dallas, Tex.). Second International Conference on Fats and Oil Consumption in Health and Disease: How we can optimize dietary composition to combat metabolic complications and decrease obesity : proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, April 22-23, 1996. Edited by Grundy Scott M. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1998.

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3

International Conference on Fats and Oil Consumption in Health and Disease (2nd 1996 Dallas, Tex.). Second International Conference on Fats and Oil Consumption in Health and Disease: How we can optimize dietary composition to combat metabolic complications and decrease obesity : proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, April 22-23, 1996. Edited by Grundy Scott M. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1998.

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4

Drennan, Kathryn J., and Maria Vanushkina. Spinal Cord Injury in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0029.

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Spinal cord injury is an uncommon complication of pregnancy. But women with spinal cord injuries should be counseled that successful pregnancy is possible. Pregnancies should be planned once the patient has reached optimal functional status. At the outset of pregnancy, complications should be planned for, and an overall functional and routine health maintenance assessment should be evaluated. Providers should pay particular attention to voiding and elimination management, prevention of urinary tract infection, respiratory complications, and autonomic dysreflexia. Urinary complications can be d

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5

Mabey, David, Hasan E. Baydoun, and Jamil D. Bayram. Prosthetic Joint Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0048.

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Prosthetic joint infection (PJI), a complication of joint replacement surgery, presents with fever, joint pain, erythema, effusion, and joint loosening. Many advances have decreased the risk of infection, such as the use of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis and intraoperative laminar airflow. Joint fluid analysis should be pursued by the orthopedic surgeons; primary and acute care providers should consult the definitive care team and refer these patients for admission. Organisms causing prosthetic joint infections often grow in biofilms, which make them difficult to treat. Surgical treat

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6

Sabri, Saher S. Recanalization of Occluded TIPS Using a Transhepatic Percutaneous Technique. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0080.

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) dysfunction rates have significantly decreased since the introduction of stent grafts. However, TIPS occlusion remains a recognized complication, especially when bare-metal stents are used or when the cephalad end of the stent does not extend into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Antegrade recanalization of the occluded TIPS can be routinely achieved using a coaxial or a triaxial sheath system, which provides sufficient stability and pushability to recanalize the TIPS. However, occasionally this cannot be achieved due to the difficult angulatio

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7

López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045.

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Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awarenes

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8

López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_001.

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Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awarenes

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9

López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_002.

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Mechanical complications after an acute infarction include different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies but may occur in 2–3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment. Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent chest pain. Awarenes

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10

López-Sendón, José, and Esteban López de Sá. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0045_update_003.

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Mechanical complications after an acute infarction involve different forms of heart rupture, including free wall rupture, interventricular septal rupture, and papillary muscle rupture. Its incidence decreased dramatically with the widespread use of reperfusion therapies occurring in <1% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients, and mortality is very high if not properly diagnosed, as surgery is the only effective treatment (Ibanez et al, 2017). Echocardiography is the most important tool for diagnosis that should be suspected in patients with hypotension, heart failure, or recurrent c

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11

Guerron, A. Daniel, John H. Rodriguez, and Matthew Kroh. Endoscopic Management of Complications. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0026.

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Bariatric surgery has been proven to be safe and durable for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Although complication rates continue to decrease, complications occur and may impart significant morbidity. Treatment of complications often includes combinations of medical therapies and surgical or endoscopic interventions. Endoscopic techniques to treat complications of bariatric surgery have evolved, with improved tools and devices, as well as increased experience and expertise. Methods of dilation, hemostasis, suturing, clip placement, stenting, and feeding tube placement have g

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12

Golper, Thomas A., Andrew A. Udy, and Jeffrey Lipman. Drug dosing in acute kidney injury. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0364.

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Drug dosing in acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the broadest topics in human medicine. It requires an understanding of markedly altered and constantly changing physiology under many disease situations, the use of the drugs to treat those variety of diseases, and the concept of drug removal during blood cleansing therapies. Early in AKI kidney function may be supraphysiologic, while later in the course there may be no kidney function. As function deteriorates other metabolic pathways are altered in unpredictable ways. Furthermore, the underlying disorders that lead to AKI alter metabolic pat

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13

Hermans, Greet. Introduction: Chronic Organ Dysfunction Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0012.

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Chapter 12 introduces various issues surrounding organ dysfunction following critical illness and ICU hospitalizations. It covers possible complications that can arise from various organ system failures or problems during ICU stays, including difficult ventilator weaning and tracheostomy, local complications from endotracheal tubes (ETTs), surviving acute kidney injury (AKI), and decreased functional capacity and decreased QoL.

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14

Young, David A. Disclosure after Complication in the Operating Room. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0068.

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Patients and families overwhelmingly want to be informed regarding matters related to poor outcomes and medical errors. After the occurrence of a medical error, most patients and families highly value an honest and transparent disclosure of the details as well as a sincere apology from the parties responsible regardless of the degree of apparent harm. When disclosing a medical error to a parent or patient, an organized approach using a truthful and compassionate discussion as the backbone is the most prudent strategy. Additionally, effective disclosure practices can decrease legal liability. T

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15

Kashani, Kianoush B., and Amy W. Williams. Renal Failure. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0473.

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Renal failure is caused by acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, devastating complication that increases mortality and morbidity among patients with various medical and surgical illnesses. Also known as acute renal failure, AKI is a rapid deterioration of kidney function that results in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites and medications and in electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. This chapter discusses the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of AKI; the clinical approach to patients with AKI; and the management of AK

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16

Derry, William, and Scott Genshaft. Extreme Thoracic Biopsies. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0068.

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Percutaneous transthoracic biopsy is a commonly used procedure in the diagnosis of intrathoracic pathology. With modern imaging and interventional devices, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy allows access to locations inaccessible by mediastinoscopy or bronchoscopic biopsy. This chapter presents tips for performing successful percutaneous biopsy of lesions in precarious intrathoracic locations. The practices highlighted should help maximize the chances for a successful tissue yield while minimizing the rate of biopsy-associated complications. Mediastinal, hilar, and juxtapleural lesions present

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17

Reintjes, Staci, and Susie Peterson. Rhinosinusitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0012.

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Rhinosinusitis is inflammation of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by allergies or viral infection. Sinusitis occurs after the development of rhinitis or inflammation of the nasal passages. Rhinitis is most commonly caused by allergens, but it also can be to the result of an infectious or autoimmune process. For rhinitis to progress to rhinosinusitis, there must be obstruction within the ostiomeatal complex, which is the draining center for the maxillary, anterior ethmoid, and frontal sinuses. History and physical exam are more specific than imaging for diagnosis. Comp

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18

London, Gerard M. Cardiovascular complications in end-stage renal disease patients. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0268.

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Cardiovascular complications are the predominant cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The high incidence of cardiovascular complications results from pathology present before ESRD (generalized atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension) and an additive effect of multiple factors including haemodynamic overload and metabolic and endocrine abnormalities more or less specific to uraemia or its treatment modalities. These disorders are usually associated and can exacerbate each other. While ischaemic heart disease is a frequent cause of cardiac death, heart failure and sudd

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19

Eluri, Swathi. Catheter-Associated Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0020.

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Catheter-associated infections, which often present as sepsis, include primary bloodstream infections that occur in the presence of intravascular catheters. They are not related to an infection at another site and are defined as a primary bloodstream infection with documented colonization of the device and microbiologically proven, device-related bloodstream infection. Multiple hospitals have started to implement standardized quality control interventions to minimize catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ultrasound-guided line placement results in a decrease in mechanical complication and t

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20

Nongard, Richard. Medical Meditation: How to Reduce Pain, Decrease Complications and Recover Faster from Surgery, Disease and Illness. Lulu Press, Inc., 2010.

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21

Woldstad, Christopher, Michael Boska, and Howard E. Gendelman. Neurological Complications of HIV in The Central Nervous System. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0026.

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This chapter serves to highlight both the research advances made in understanding the effects of HIV on the nervous system and what lies ahead. Particular focus is given to both the effects HIV can play on the nervous system at the molecular and cellular levels and the comorbid conditions that affect neural function. Attention is also given to specific biomarkers to be used for increasing the effectiveness and availability of therapies. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is comparable to that of several other neurodegenerative disorders, and their mechanistic si

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22

Chiarandini, Paolo, and Giorgio Della Rocca. Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0362.

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Alterations in respiratory function and gas exchanges are frequently seen in patients during anaesthesia and in the post-operative period. Mechanical ventilation and drugs such as neuromuscular blocking agents can alter normal function of the respiratory system and cause damage to lungs. Protective ventilation strategies should always be adopted intra-operatively in mechanically-ventilated patients. A neuromuscular monitoring-guided use of decurarizating agents and post-operative adequate analgesia techniques are recommended to avoid post-operative residual curarization and pain. Pneumonia is

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23

Campea, Scott, and Jodie K. Haselkorn. Disorders of Mobility in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0014.

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Multiple sclerosis almost invariably affects a person’s ability to ambulate. Weakness, discoordination, spasticity, and decreased sensation may all directly contribute to impaired mobility. Multiple strategies can be used to enhance a person’s, mobility, including exercise, medications, orthotics, wheelchairs, and functional electrical stimulation. Complications of impaired mobility include skin breakdown, osteoporosis, and contractures.

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24

Chen, Q. Cece, and Shengping Zou. Postoperative Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0016.

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Postoperative pain management is an important aspect of caring for a surgical patient as inadequate pain control can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Failure to effectively control postoperative pain is often due to poor communication and poorly coordinated care between the care teams, poor communication with the patient, insufficient education, unrealistic expectations, fear of complications from the pain regimen, inaccurate pain assessment, and limited effective pain treatment modalities. An effective pain management can therefore lead to improved patient comfort, satisf

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Sanders, Kyle, Craig Miller, Ricardo Yamada, and Marcelo Guimaraes. Transradial Access Technique. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0058.

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Transradial access (TRA) competency can be rapidly achieved by the experienced interventionist. Statistically significant reductions in bleeding and other access site complications have been shown in randomized and meta-analysis studies when comparing TRA to both brachial and femoral artery access. Despite accumulating data, vascular interventional radiologists have been hesitant to adopt TRA for a variety of reasons. However, TRA offers distal dual blood supply, easily achievable hemostasis, and no adjacent critical structures. Other advantages of TRA are safer endovascular approach concomita

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26

Egreteau, Pierre-Yves, and Jean-Michel Boles. Assessing nutritional status in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0204.

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Decreased nutrient intake, increased body requirements, and/or altered nutrient utilization are frequently combined in critically-ill patients. The initial nutritional status and the extent of the disease-related catabolism are the main risk factors for nutrition- related complications. Many complications are related to protein energy malnutrition, which is frequent in the ICU setting. Assessing nutritional status pursues several different goals. Nutritional assessment is required for patients presenting with clinical evidence of malnutrition, with chronic diseases, with acute conditions accom

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Ng, Ann, and Erin S. Williams. The Oncology Patient. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0035.

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The pediatric oncology patient is one of the most challenging patients for the pediatric anesthesiologist not only due to the multiplicity of potential comorbidities that can occur due to the oncologic process and chemotherapy but also due to the myriad of anesthetic exposures that the patient must endure. Because this population of children are the most anesthetized group of patients, it is imperative that the anesthesiologist work with a multidisciplinary team to minimize the number of exposures to anesthesia and thereby decrease the number of times that the child is without food and decreas

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Levy, David. Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0009.

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Adolescence and emerging childhood forms an increasing proportion of the lifespan of urbanized individuals. Glycaemic control worsens during adolescence; physiology and psychology contribute. A1C levels peak around 9% (75 mmol/mol) before declining from late teens onwards. However, unchanging glycaemia (tracking) is common. Glycaemia has generally improved in the past 10–15 years, but significant differences between and within countries persist. Microvascular complications are prevalent at this stage, but have probably also decreased with time. During this important period, the stage can be se

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Martinez, Tyler. Infectious Disease Mimics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0003.

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Infection is not the only etiology of the triad of elevated temperature, increased heart rate, and an increased or decreased white blood cell (WBC) count. The diseases that can mimic sepsis fall into four main categories: malignancy, autoimmunity, xenobiotic-related, and others—notably pulmonary embolus (PE). These infection mimics can create a clinical picture that is often difficult to differentiate from infection, especially in the acute care setting. This can cause delays in appropriate treatment that can be detrimental. Therapy is based on the underlying disease process and should also ad

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Khorgami, Zhamak, and Ali Aminian. Readmissions after Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0016.

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Readmission after bariatric surgery occurs in about 5% of cases and increases the average costs up to 2.5-fold. Risk factors for readmission are dependent functional status, diabetes mellitus, steroid or immunosuppressant use, cardiac disease with intervention, bleeding disorders, longer operative time, concurrent splenectomy, high preoperative creatinine, low serum albumin, and occurrence of postoperative complications during index admission. The most common reasons for readmissions are procedure-related complications, including dehydration, abdominal pain, bleeding, anastomotic leak, gastroi

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31

Mills, Gary H. Pulmonary disease and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0082.

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Respiratory adverse events are the commonest complications after anaesthesia and have profound implications for the recovery of the patient and their subsequent health. Outcome prediction related to respiratory disease and complications is vital when determining the risk:benefit balance of surgery and providing informed consent. Surgery produces an inflammatory response and pain, which affects the respiratory system. Anaesthesia produces atelectasis, decreases the drive to breathe, and causes muscle weakness. As the respiratory system ages, closing capacity increases and airway closure becomes

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Kahn, S. Lowell. Deploying a Straight Conical Filter. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0053.

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Placement of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is among the most common medical procedures, with more than 265,000 placed annually. Absolute indications for their placement include acute proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation and patients with recurrent thromboembolism despite adequate anticoagulation. Although the survival benefit is unknown, it has been shown that filters decrease the incidence of PE in the short term. Unfortunately, this comes at the expense of known complications, the most import

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Prather, Christina, Mariatu Koroma-Nelson, and Mikhail Kogan. Common Geriatric Infections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0017.

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The function of the immune system changes with aging. Immune support can decrease the risk of infection, are imperative practices to incorporate in the care of older adults. The most common infections among older adults are pneumonia and urinary tract infection (UTI). Infections in older person often associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for variety of infections, however, often these can lead to severe complications such as infectious diarrhea. Integrative methods of managing non-life threatening infections reviewed in this chapter. In additi

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Rogula, Tomasz G., Adriana Martin, and Ivan Alberto Zepeda Mejia. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0018.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in morbidly obese patients, although it is surprisingly underdiagnosed and undertreated. OSA can increase the risk of serious and life-threating complications in the perioperative period of bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, this potential risk can be minimized with adequate preoperative screening and perioperative management. The perioperative management of patients with OSA will affect the preparation for surgery, airway management, anesthetic selection, and monitoring. This chapter discusses and presents the best evidences available for the ma

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Feng, Alexander J., George C. Chang Chien, and Alan D. Kaye. NMDA Receptor Antagonists, Gabapentinoids, Alpha-2 Agonists, and Dexamethasone. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0002.

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Surgical pain is a major obstacle in the recovery of patients. Effective pain management is of upmost importance to optimize a patient’s recovery, decrease medical complications, and increase patient satisfaction. Traditional pain management with opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have significant side effect profiles leading to medical complications or insufficient pain management from reluctance of use. Adjuvant analgesic can provide improved pain management with significantly less side effect profile. In addition, the clinician can, with synergistic effects of adjuvant medicat

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Hickey, Thomas, and Jessica Feinleib. Pain Management in the Patient with Substance Use Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0015.

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Managing pain in the patient with substance use disorder can be challenging. This chapter describes those challenges and provides strategies to address them. Specifically it discusses the prevalence and specific considerations for commonly abused substances, the need for aggressive communication among perioperative clinicians, and a strategy to decrease acute postoperative pain and associated complications using opioid-sparing, multimodal analgesia. It includes a discussion of the concept of equianalgesic opioid doses and management of opioid-related side effects including respiratory depressi

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Stockman, Joel, and Lisa Lee. Peripheral Nerve Blockade in the Pediatric Patient. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0056.

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Peripheral nerve blockade among the pediatric and adult population has seen continuous growth over the past decade. Improvements in ultrasonography and proven safety with minimal complications further the utilization of upper and lower extremity blockade. Procedures can safely be completed under general anesthesia in the pediatric patient. Catheters can be left in place to prolong blockade, allowing the patient to decrease narcotic pain medication for longer time periods. Contraindications include patient refusal, coagulopathy, and local infection. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks deliver pr

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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghant. Disorders of plasma calcium. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0175.

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The extracellular calcium ion concentration is tightly regulated through the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) on bone, kidney, and intestines. Abnormalities in these homeostatic mechanisms may lead to increased or decreased serum calcium concentrations, resulting in hypercalcaemia or hypocalcaemia, respectively. Hypercalcaemic disorders may be further divided into those associated with a high/high-normal serum PTH level, and those associated with a low serum PTH concentration. Hypocalcaemia occurs when abnormalities in the physiological regulation of

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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0162.

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Acute renal failure (also referred to as acute kidney injury) refers to a rapid decrease in renal function; it is reflected by an increase in blood urea and creatinine and is often associated with oliguria (a urine volume of less than 400 ml/24 hours). It usually develops over days to weeks. Acute kidney injury has been variously classified, but the current classifications are based on the glomerular filtration rate (or creatinine), looking at changes from baseline, and the presence of oliguria or anuria. The potential etiologies of acute kidney injury are usually considered anatomically under

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Li, Nan, Natalie Jomini Stroud, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Overcoming False Causal Attribution. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.46.

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In a study published in 1998 in The Lancet, British researchers Wakefield and colleagues described an association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the onset of autism. Although the MMR–autism association failed to replicate and the lead author was discredited, the purported relationship decreased public confidence in vaccine safety. Parents continue to cite the MMR controversy as a factor complicating their decisions about vaccinating their children. This chapter focuses on misinformation involving false causality and discusses how it might exert persistent influence o

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Lee, Christoph I. Low-Dose CT Screening for Lung Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0044.

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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the efficacy of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that annual low-dose CT screening among high-risk individuals decreases lung cancer mortality. While the rate of false positives was nearly 3 times higher for those screened by low-dose CT compared to chest

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42

Skipworth, James R. A., and Stephen P. Pereira. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and assessment of acute pancreatitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0190.

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The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase, but the attendant mortality has not decreased for >30 years. The pathogenesis remains poorly understood, but the initial mechanism appears to be intracellular activation of pancreatic enzymes, with micro- and macrovascular dysfunction, in conjunction with a systemic inflammatory response acting as a key propagating factor and determinant of severity. A multitude of causes or initiators exist, but there is a common pathophysiological pathway. The use of conventional scoring systems, combined with repeated clinical and laboratory asse

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Gupta, Rajnish K., and Alexandria N. Nickless. Nerve Injuries from Positioning and Regional Blocks. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0074.

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Peripheral nerve injury in the perioperative period can have a variety of etiologies, including preexisting patient factors and by surgical and anesthetic complications such as intraoperative positioning and nerve blockade. The actual incidence may be difficult to assess, because most nerve injuries resolve with time and frequently require minimal to no intervention. Injuries often manifest more than 48 hours after surgery and have even been noted in patients who undergo awake procedures and in hospitalized patients who never undergo surgery. This should not negate the fact that close attentio

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Williams, Erin S. Pulmonary Hypertension. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0029.

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Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most challenging medical conditions for even the most experienced anesthesiologist to manage. The very dynamic nature of pulmonary vascular disease lends itself to potential catastrophic changes that can increase the perioperative morbidity and mortality. Given the potential for significant hemodynamic, oxygenation, and ventilation changes during perioperative care it is imperative that the pediatric anesthesiologist not only perform a history and physical exam in this high-risk patient population but also carefully evaluate the most recent cardiac studies

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Combes, Alain, and Nicolas Bréchot. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0153.

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The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical polyethylene balloon that sits in the aorta, approximately 2 cm from the left subclavian artery. A computer-controlled console linked to either an electrocardiogramor a pressure transducer inflates the balloon with helium during diastole (counterpulsation) and actively deflates in systole. This results in an increase in coronary artery blood flow and cardiac output, and reduced left ventricular afterload. These actions combine to decrease myocardial oxygen demand and increase supply. Major complications inc

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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070.

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The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, an

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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070_update_001.

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The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, an

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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070_update_002.

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Abstract:

The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, an

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Lucangelo, Umberto, and Massimo Ferluga. Pulmonary mechanical dysfunction in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0084.

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In intensive care units practitioners are confronted every day with mechanically-ventilated patients and should be able to sort out from all the data available from modern ventilators to tailored patient ventilatory strategy. Real-time visualization of pressure, flow and tidal volume provide valuable information on the respiratory system, to optimize ventilatory support and avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation. Early determination of patient–ventilator asynchrony, air-trapping, and variation in respiratory parameters is important during mechanical ventilation. A correc

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Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat, and Charles L. Sprung. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0133.

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Haemodynamic monitoring is a significant component in the management of critically-ill patients. Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are a simple and rapid technique for measuring several continuous or intermittent circulatory variables. The PAC is helpful in diagnosis, guidance of therapy, and monitoring therapeutic interventions in various clinical conditions, including myocardial infarction and its complications, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severely ill patients.The catheter is inserted through a large vein. The PAC is advanced, after ballooninflation with 1.5 mL of air,

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