Academic literature on the topic 'Decreasing travel time'
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Journal articles on the topic "Decreasing travel time"
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Jahangard, Mahdi, Mahyar Madarshahian, Hadi Sabur, Reza Rezvani, Abolfazl Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, and Nathan Huynh. "Illegal Maneuver Effect on Traffic Operations at Signalized Intersections: An Observational Simulation-Based Before-After Study Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (January 11, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2038167.
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This study investigates three illegal maneuvers at signalized intersections: pedestrians jaywalking at signalized crosswalks (JSC), vehicles stopping near the intersections (SNI), and vehicles occupying the through lane instead of the left-turn lane to make a left turn (OTL). Traffic microsimulation models of four intersections were developed using Aimsun, and data were collected by a drone over a 3-hour period. The car-following model (Gibbs model) implemented in Aimsun was calibrated for each of the intersections and validated at the 95% confidence level. The validated Aimsun models were used to perform 13 experiments designed to investigate the interaction effects of decreasing two or more illegal maneuvers on travel time and fuel consumption. These 13 experiments were identified using the design of experiments D-optimality criterion. To investigate the main and interaction effects of decreasing two or more illegal maneuvers on travel time and fuel consumption, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used. Using RSM, the statistical model that was found to best fit the simulation results was a quadratic form. The results showed that the dependent variables “travel time ratio” and “fuel consumption ratio” are affected not only by a decrease in violations ratio but also by the volume of traffic as the exogenous variable. It was found that decreasing two of the violations, namely, JSC and SNI, improves travel time and fuel consumption but decreasing OTL has the opposite effect, resulting from the inadequate design of left-turning lane length/capacity and/or inadequate signal timing to accommodate left-turning volume.
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Alkaissi, Zainab Ahmed, and Ruba Yousif Hussain. "Travel Time Variability and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Streets Using Global Positioning System: A Review." Journal of Engineering 31, no. 1 (2025): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.01.10.
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Travel Time estimation is largely caused by the stochastic process of arrivals and departures of vehicles and its reliability measurements considering important issues for improving operational efficiency and safety for traffic road networks. The exploration of travel time variability and spatio-temporal analysis of urban streets using the Global Positioning System (GPS) concluded that the mixed land uses and travel congestions caused higher travel times and delays. The accessibility indices were increased by increasing access points and decreasing traffic volumes. The Geographic Information System (GIS) networks can produce a model that overcomes some restrictions of accessibility indices. Different prediction models were developed to capture the main parameters related to travel time. It concluded that delay at signalized intersections in terms of stopping delay was the major parameter affecting the total travel time and total delay time of major urban streets. Travel time estimation algorithms based on speed data loop detectors induced insignificant differences when the study route was a relatively short and slow transition from free state to congestion state. Travel time results are affected by the location of sensors and their sparseness, hence estimation errors increase as detector spacing increases.
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Jaber, Saydi, and Zavarzadeh Gholamali. "Prioritizing Vehicles that Carry Important Characters (Political) When Crossing Signalized Intersections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 2, no. 4 (2018): 165–80. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2018.91997.
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In the urban transportation network as the traffic signals went green at the intersection of the upper hand, a group of vehi-cles move together and arrive at the next intersection, almost in group. If, at the same time as the group arrives, the signal of the corresponding route at this intersection is green, the total delay and stop of the vehicles will be significantly reduced and the intersection efficiency will increase significantly. The same strategy was implemented on the political vehicles in the study, so that the delay and stop time for them could be reduced. In this study, part of the political vehicle route from Saad-Abad Palace to the presidential office on Pasteur Street is considered. In this study, various strategies were developed to prioritize the vehicles in the Aimsun simulator software. Then, to detect the arrival of these vehicles to the intersection, two identifiers were embedded, one before the intersection and the other after it was installed. Among the results of this study are the following: There is an average increase in the average travel time for a scenario with an extra green time of 10 se-conds and 15 seconds. The average delay time was 7 seconds for the additional green time scenario of 10 seconds and the average delay of 6 seconds for the sub-scenario of 15 seconds increased. The average number of stops per vehicle in-creased by 0.1 stops per vehicle in both cases.
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Zhou, Yong, and Yiming Ding. "Finding travel proportion under COVID-19." AIMS Biophysics 9, no. 3 (2022): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2022020.
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<abstract> <p>Travel restrictions have become an important epidemic preventive measure, but there are few relevant quantitative studies. In this paper, travel proportion is introduced into a four-compartment model to quantify the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan. It is found that decreasing the travel proportion can reduce the peak of infections and delay the peak time. When the travel proportion is less than 35%, transmission can be prevented. This method provides reference for other places.</p> </abstract>
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Kasanah, Yulinda Uswatun, Syarif Hidayatuloh, and Nabila Noor Qisthani. "An Integration of Real-Time Vehicle Routing and Mobile Technology in Poultry Distribution." JURNAL INFOTEL 16, no. 2 (2024): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v16i2.1130.
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Handling the distribution of broilers has special attention. The distribution of poultry should be done in the shortest possible time to decrease broiler mortality rate. Real-time monitoring of poultry distribution is expected to control the stress level of poultry due to the length of travel time by limiting the delivery time window. In order to control the distribution time and distance, it is necessary to integrate vehicle routing and mobile technology. By adopting the digital twin-enabled framework model and combining it with Google APIs, web and mobile applications are generated to accommodate the real-time traveling time, vehicle capacity, and pickup-delivery activity. There is a significant change in travel distance in one delivery cycle after implementing the developed technology. The total travel distance was 493 KM decreased to 436 KM, which means a decrease of 11.5% from the initial total travel distance. In addition, there was a change in the total penalty time (delay) from 102 minutes to 85 minutes, decreasing delay time by 16.6%. This mobile technology's development can indirectly increase vehicle utilization by not overloading the vehicle capacity and reducing vehicle travel distance.
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Katagiri, Shintaro, Tomio Miwa, and Kosuke Nishijima. "Preliminary Study on Cooperative Route Planning Reinforcement Learning with a Focus on Avoiding Intersection Congestion." Future Transportation 4, no. 4 (2024): 1559–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp4040075.
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Intersection control systems have been actively studied in recent years as they could potentially replace traffic signals via the utilization of the communication and automatic driving capabilities of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). In these studies, conflicting travel trajectories at intersections that could cause accidents and delays were safely and efficiently avoided by controlling the vehicle’s speed. However, routing approaches for avoiding conflicts at intersections have only been discussed in a few studies. To investigate the feasibility of avoiding intersection conflicts through network-level route allocation, we propose a cooperative route allocation model using reinforcement learning than can model the relationship between the complex traffic environment and optimal route solutions. Models aimed at decreasing the total travel time and those with high delay importance owing to conflicts in travel times were trained and verified under multiple traffic conditions. The results indicate that our model effectively allocates vehicles to their optimal routes, reducing the number of intersection conflicts and decreasing the average travel time by up to approximately 40 s compared to random allocation, demonstrating the potential of reinforcement learning for cooperative route allocation in the management of multiple vehicles.
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Lambert, Pascal, Grace Musto, Maclean Thiessen, Piotr Czaykowski, and Kathleen Decker. "Impact of Cancer-Related Virtual Visits on Travel Distance, Travel Time, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Manitoba, Canada." Current Oncology 30, no. 7 (2023): 5973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070446.
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CancerCare Manitoba (CCMB) introduced virtual visits at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to replace many in-person visits. This study examines the impact of virtual visits for cancer care on travel distance, travel time, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We included all visits to CCMB for invasive and in situ cancers from 1 April 2020 to 31 December 2022. Data were extracted from CCMB’s electronic health record. The percentage of visits done virtually by month was reported by age, gender, cancer diagnosis, and regional health authority of residence. Postal codes for patients’ residences and clinic locations were converted into latitude and longitude values. Travel distance, travel time, and CO2 emissions associated with travel were estimated. The percentage of virtual visits was highest during the months when COVID-19 restrictions were present in Manitoba and represent more than 50% of such monthly visits. Virtual visits increased with age, were highest among men with urogenital cancer, and were lowest among northern Manitoba residents. The median travel time per visit ranged from 30 min in Winnipeg to 15 h in the Northern Region. The estimated travel distance saved varied from 420,000 to 750,000 km per month. Estimated travel time saved varied from 5500 to 9600 h per month. Estimated CO2 emissions prevented varied from 87 to 155 metric tons per month. Virtual care is an important tool for better supporting those living with cancer by substantially decreasing travel distance and time. Virtual care also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Redelmeier, Donald A., and Ahmed M. Bayoumi. "Time Lost by Driving Fast in the United States." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 3 (2010): E12—E19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09357476.
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Background. Motor vehicle drivers make decisions about speed while traveling and thereby trade off a potential saving from shorter travel time (if the trip is uneventful) against a potential loss of time (if the trip results in a crash). Methods. The authors used computerized modeling based on national data to examine the benefits from small changes in average driver speed on public health in the United States. Lost time due to both travel and crashing was calculated, along with optimal speed to minimize net time lost. Results. The baseline analysis suggested that 1 hour spent driving was associated with approximately 20 minutes of additional lost time in life expectancy due to the potential of a crash. A~1-km/h (0.6-mph) increase in speed for the average driver yielded a~26-second~increase (not decrease) in total expected lost time because the savings from reduced travel time were more than offset by the increased prospect of a crash. A 3.0-km/h (1.8-mph) decrease in average driving speed yielded the least amount of total time lost (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5—4.1 km/ h [1.5—2.5 mph]). This speed yielded about 11,000 fewer crashes each day, saved about 3.6 hours per year for the average driver (95% CI: 2.0—6.2 hours), and conserved about 199 cumulative life years for society annually. Conclusions. As a nation, drivers in the United States travel slightly too fast and could improve overall life expectancy by decreasing their average speed slightly.
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Mackenney, Karen L., Saadia Faiz, Andrew J. Larson, George A. Eapen, and Lara Bashoura. "Decreasing wait times for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 8_suppl (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.192.
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192 Background: The department of pulmonary medicine evaluates manifestations of cancer and complications of therapy that affect the lungs. It is a procedurally oriented specialty with many diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows real time image guided sampling of tissue in the mediastinum. Current guidelines recommend use of EBUS for the initial test to diagnosis and stage lung cancer. It has a low complication rate, but needs specialized equipment as well as anesthesia support. Alternatives include CT-guided biopsy or surgery. The delay from time of referral to EBUS procedure has the potential to delay diagnosis and treatment, create patient anxiety, frustration and expense of travel for multiple appointments. The staff is under pressure to perform excessive cases on a daily basis resulting in overtime staffing costs. Our objectives were to reduce delays in diagnosis/treatment, improve patient satisfaction, improve referring services satisfaction and optimize the use of resources and improve staff working conditions. Methods: We used a Plan, Do, Study, Act process. Initially the process flow diagram was utilized along with a fishbone diagram to allow us to focus on the issues. The aim was to decrease EBUS wait time 20% by 7/2016. Our process flow sheet was arranged into swimlanes in order to identify focus areas. This allowed us to redesign the workflow to improve capacity and improve existing resources to be more efficient. Results: Working with anesthesia services and the cardiopulmonary center staff, we were able to open a second bronchoscopy suite 2 days a week for additional EBUS cases. We also had monthly meetings with issues and to monitor delays to other services. Conclusions: We were able to reduce our wait time from 7.5 days to 4.27 work days. The added capacity allows for surge in demand for EBUS. Our future studies will concentrate on patient and referring service satisfaction, cost savings with reduction in overtime, quantifying impact on decreasing delays in diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Zhang, Li-xia, Fu-quan Pan, Xiao-yuan Chen, Feng-yuan Wang, Jun Lu, and Qi-ming Tong. "Vehicle Optimal Velocity Curves for Minimum-Time Maneuver." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 194868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/194868.
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A problem in vehicle minimum-time maneuver is the assumption that a vehicle passes through a given path in a minimal amount of time without deviating from the boundary of the given path. Vehicle handling inverse dynamics provides a new perspective to solve such problem. Based on inverse dynamics, this paper transformed the problem of optimal vehicle velocity for minimum-time maneuver into that of optimal control with the objective function of minimum time. The path for minimum vehicle travel time and the optimal control model were established. The optimal velocity curves for three types of paths, namely, monotonically increasing path, monotonically decreasing path, and constant radius path, were analyzed. On this basis, the optimal velocity curves were solved for two kinds of concrete paths: a path of decreasing curvature radius followed by a path of increasing curvature radius and another path of increasing curvature radius followed by a path of decreasing curvature radius. Nine cases of possible optimal velocity curves were acquired. The optimal velocity curve of the given path, that is, a parabola followed by a semicircle, was obtained. Optimal velocity curves can be used as reference for vehicle minimum-time maneuver, which is an important issue for driver safety in fast-moving vehicles.
Books on the topic "Decreasing travel time"
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Jansen, Christian. The Formation of German Nationalism, 1740–1850. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0011.
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This article traces the growth of nationalism in Germany. Nation and nationalism shall be looked as modern phenomena whose roots can be traced back to pre-modern times. During the fifteenth and sixteenth century, this development intensified when the discourse on ‘nationes’ — the Latin term for nation — became more and more exclusive ‘modern’ nationalism emerged between 1740 and 1830. This period has long been known as a time of dramatic upheaval marked by the decline and disintegration of the old Holy Roman Empire, the development of civil society, the Enlightenment, and its mental, cultural, and political repercussions from the decreasing cohesion of the Christian confessions to the development of liberalism. This article traces the growth of nationalistic thoughts that shaped the growth of nationalism in Germany. The beginnings of nationalism followed by its dissemination are carefully chronicled in this article.
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Sana, Ashish Kumar, Bappaditya Biswas, Samyabrata Das, and Sandeep Poddar. Sustainable Strategies for Economic Growth and Decent Work: New Normal. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022sseg.
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Almost every country throughout the globe has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The virus's propagation has a disastrous effect on both human health and the economy as a whole. The COVID-19 global recession is the worst since World War II ended. According to the IMF's April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report, the global economy declined by 3.5 percent in 2020, 7 percent drop from the 3.4 percent growth predicted in October 2019. While almost every IMF-covered nation saw negative growth in 2020, the decline was more extreme in the world's poorest regions. The global supply system and international trade of all countries, including India, were affected by the nationwide lockdown in India and around the world to stop the pandemic from spreading. Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global business climate. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant public health and economic problems in South Asian countries and the worst impacted being India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in recent years. The nationwide lockdown adopted by the countries was effective in slowing down the spread of the coronavirus in South Asia, but it came at a substantial financial and social cost to society. Manufacturing activities in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines have shrunk sharply. Tourism, trade and remittances, and all major sources of foreign money for South Asian countries, have been substantially impacted. The COVID-19 spread has had a significant influence on global financial markets. The international financial and energy markets substantially dropped as the number of cases began to rise globally, primarily in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, and South Korea along with South Asian countries. Reduced travel has had a substantial impact on service businesses such as tourism, hospitality, and transportation. According to IMF, (space required after,) 2020 South Asian economies are likely to shrink for the first time in 4 decades. The pandemic has pushed millions into poverty and widened income and wealth disparities because of premature deaths, workplace absenteeism and productivity losses. A negative supply shock has occurred with manufacturing and productive activity decreasing due to global supply chain disruptions and factory closures. This resulted in a severe short-term challenge for policymakers, especially when food and commodity prices rise, exacerbating economic insecurity. Failure to achieve equitable recovery might result in social and political unrest, as well as harsh responses from governments that have been less tolerant of dissident voices in recent years. Almost every area of the Indian economy is being ravaged by the pandemic. But the scope and degree of the damage vary from sector to sector within each area. One of the worst-affected areas in India is the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. Apart from MSMEs, Agriculture and Agro-based industries, Banking companies and NBFCs and Social Sectors are also in jeopardy. The pandemic creates turmoil in the Capital Market and Mutual Funds industry. India's auto manufacturing and its ancillary sectors were badly hit during the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown measures were adopted and the situation continued to remain subdued for many quarters. It is still uncertain whether this recession will have long-term structural ramifications for the global economy or will have only short-term financial and economic consequences. Additionally, the speed and the strength of the healing may be crucially dependent on the capability of the governments to accumulate and roll out the COVID-19 vaccines. In the context of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the Indian economy, an edited volume is proposed which intends to identify and analyse the footfalls of the pandemic on various sectors and industries in India. The proposed edited volume endeavours to understand the status, impact, problems, policies and prospects of the agricultural and agro-based industries, Banking and NBFCs, MSMEs, Social Sector, Capital Market and Mutual Funds during the pandemic and beyond. The proposed volume will contain research papers/articles covering the overall impact of the pandemic on various sectors, measures to be adopted to combat the situation and suggestions for overcoming the hurdles. For this, research papers and articles will be called from academicians, research scholars and industrialists having common research interests to share their insights relating to this area. It is anticipated that the volume will include twenty to twenty-five chapters. An editorial committee will be constituted with three chief editors and another external editor to review the articles following a double-blind review process to assure the quality of the papers according to the global standards and publisher's guidelines. The expected time to complete the entire review process is one month, and the publication process will start thereafter. The proposed volume is believed to be having significant socio-economic implications and is intended to cater to a large audience which includes academicians, researchers, students, corporates, policymakers, investors and general readers at large.
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Fletcher, Roland, Brendan M. Buckley, Christophe Pottier, and Shi-Yu Simon Wang. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0010.
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Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia, was the most extensive low-density agrarian-based urban complex in the world. The demise of this great city between the late 13th and the start of the 17th centuries AD has been a topic of ongoing debate, with explanations that range from the burden of excessive construction work to disease, geo-political change, and the development of new trade routes. In the 1970s Bernard-Phillipe Groslier argued for the adverse effects of land clearance and deteriorating rice yields. What can now be added to this ensemble of explanations is the role of the massive inertia of Angkor’s immense water management system, political dependence on a meticulously organized risk management system for ensuring rice production, and the impact of extreme climate anomalies from the 14th to the 16th centuries that brought intense, high-magnitude monsoons interspersed with decades-long drought. Evidence of this severe climatic instability is found in a seven-and-a-half century tree-ring record from tropical southern Vietnam. The climatic instability at the time of Angkor’s demise coincides with the abrupt transition from wetter, La Niña-like conditions over Indochina during the Medieval Warm Period to the more drought-dominated climate of the Little Ice Age, when El Niño appears to have dominated and the ITCZ migrated nearly five degrees southward. As this transition neared, Angkor was hit by the double impact of high-magnitude rains and crippling droughts, the former causing damage to water management infrastructure and the latter decreasing agricultural productivity. The Khmer state at Angkor was built on a human-engineered, artificial wetland fed by small rivers. The management of water was a massive undertaking, and the state potentially possessed the capacity to ride out drought, as it had done for the first half of the 13th century. Indeed, Angkor demonstrated just how powerful a water management system would be required and, conversely, how formidable a threat drought can be. The irony, then, is that extreme flooding destroyed Angkor’s water management capacity and removed a system that was designed to protect its population from climate anomalies.
Book chapters on the topic "Decreasing travel time"
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Kaša, Rita, and Inta Mieriņa. "Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_1.
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Abstract This volume contributes to research on migration from Latvia, a country in Central Eastern Europe (CEE), following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1991. The experience of independent Latvia with borders opening up to the world and more specifically to the West has turned out to be both a rewarding and wounding experience for communities in the country. On the rewarding side, individuals have gained liberty – an ability to travel the world freely, to see and live in the countries which were beyond the closed doors of the Soviet Union just some decades ago. This freedom, however, has also brought the sense of cost to the society – people are going abroad as if dissolving into other worlds, away from their small homeland. The context of decreasing birth rates and ageing in the country seems to amplify a feeling of loss which is supported by hard evidence. Research shows a worrying 17% decline in Latvia’s population between 2000 and 2013. One third of this is due to declining birth rates and two-thirds is caused by emigration (Hazans 2016). This situation has turned out to be hurtful experience for communities in Latvia causing a heightened sense of grief especially during the Great Recession which shook the country at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. By 2013 the feeling of crises even larger than the economic downturn came to a head in Latvian society, pushing the government for the first time in the history of independent Latvia to recognise the migration of the country’s nationals and to acknowledge diaspora politics as an important item on the national policy agenda.
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Lee, Peggy Daniels, George VandeWerken, and Raj Selladurai. "Exploring the Airline-High Speed Rail Collaboration Model." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0102-2.ch007.
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Studies have shown that short-haul airline passenger traffic (less than 500 miles) is decreasing nationwide. This decline may be attributed to legacy airlines' rising costs (especially fuel), increased airport congestion, and increased travel time due to post-September 2001 TSA security screening. Previous studies tended to look at the substitution of high-speed rail and other transportation modes for air travel, especially as travel times shorten. Substitution usually takes the form of collaboration or competition between competing modes and competing carriers. This chapter presents an alternative view – with a discussion of the proposition that air carriers may benefit more from collaborative arrangements that allow them to “own” at least a portion of the intermodal passenger experience rather than shifting or transferring passengers to competing non-air modes. As we believe that this proposal has merit and is worth consideration, we conclude the chapter with a research agenda designed to empirically test the proposition.
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Arumugam, Mohana Priya, S. Priyadharshini, R. Asha, D. Devi, Gowri Manikandan, and K. Swaminathan. "Addressing Urban Mobility Challenges Through Reinforcement Learning." In Urban Mobility and Challenges of Intelligent Transportation Systems. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7984-4.ch011.
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The Growing urbanisation, and enhanced population densities in cities across the globe have presented enormous hitches to urban mobility, especially affecting traffic congestion, pollution and ineffective public transport. Solving these problems requires adoption of sophisticated technologies and application novel approaches into the transportation systems in urban settings. They investigate the prospect of RL-based optimization to ITS for addressing urban mobility issues. They suggest that through reinforcement learning algorithms, proposed system is more adaptive of the real time traffic conditions, learns from historical and actual data taken from the field and optimizes traffic congestion decreasing it and minimizing the travel time. By integrating the RL-enhanced ITS, it can control traffic signals, advise appropriate path for drivers, and enhance the effectiveness of public transportation
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McKay, Stephen. "Tax, benefits and household income." In Taxation and Social Policy, edited by Andy Lymer, Margaret May, and Adrian Sinfield. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447364177.003.0007.
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This chapter demonstrates how the system of social security benefits and taxes affects final incomes. It considers the range of different types of taxes and benefits and their role in either increasing or decreasing inequality. Comparisons are made with other countries – the UK doing less by way of redistribution. It also considers the response to COVID-19 and lockdowns. More generally, it traces the development of policy over time, and the move towards less progressive indirect taxes compared with income tax.
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Bulatov, Vasily, and Wei Cai. "Finding Transition Pathways." In Computer Simulations of Dislocations. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526148.003.0011.
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As was discussed in Chapter 2, stable and accurate numerical integration of the MD equations of motion demands a small time step. In MD simulations of solids, the integration step is usually of the order of one femtosecond (10−15 s). For this reason, the time horizon ofMDsimulations of solids rarely exceeds one nanosecond (10−9 s). On the other hand, dislocation behaviors of interest typically occur on time scales of milliseconds (10−3 s) or longer. Such behaviors remain out of reach for direct MD simulations. Time-scale limits of a similar nature also exist in MC simulations. For instance, the magnitude of the atomic displacements in the Metropolis algorithm has to be sufficiently small to ensure a reasonable acceptance ratio, which results in a slow exploration of the configurational space. This disparity of time scales can be traced to certain topographical features of the potential-energy function of the many-body system, typically consisting of deep energy basins separated by high energy barriers. The system spends most of its time wandering around within the energy basins (metastable states) only rarely interrupted by transitions from one basin to another. Whereas the long-term evolution of a solid results from transitions between the metastable states, direct MDand MC simulations spend most of the time faithfully tracing the unimportant fluctuations within the energy basins. In this sense, most of the computing cycles are wasted, leading to very low simulation efficiency. Because the transition rates decrease exponentially with the increasing barrier heights and decreasing temperature, this problem of time-scale disparity can be severe.
Conference papers on the topic "Decreasing travel time"
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SAWALHA, Ansam. "A comprehensive review of intelligent transportation systems toward alleviating traffic congestion." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for Resilient, Smart and Sustainable Solutions. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903414-103.
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Abstract. Nowadays, traffic congestion has become a critical problem in several cities around the globe. It is usually associated with the increasing urban population, increasing car ownership, and inadequate infrastructure management. Traffic congestion decreases the efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases air pollution, fuel consumption, and travel time. Consequently, interest in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion. ITS is a system that creates vehicles to function smoothly during their trip and offers comfort and safety to an individual vehicle or a network of vehicles. It can improve the efficiency, accessibility, mobility, and intermodal connections of the transportation system. The main aim of this paper is to review the existing literature comprehensively to investigate the role of intelligent transportation systems in mitigating traffic congestion. By synthesizing previous studies, the paper shows that the ITS plays an important role in decreasing traffic congestion in different ways; it assists drivers in making better travel decisions and helps local governments develop urban traffic management abilities. Furthermore, ITS enhances connectivity among all components of the traffic stream, reducing traffic congestion and consequently mitigating traffic accidents. Finally, this paper will help researchers and decision-makers better understand the importance of using intelligent transportation systems to reduce traffic congestion and consequently reduce traffic accidents.
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Ivan, Corina. "POKEMON GO, A FINANCIAL STRATEGY OR A MODERN FIGHT AGAINST SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE?" In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-153.
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Performance sports and sedentary lifestyle are two sides of the same coin. Conditioned by determination and work, achieving performance is much facilitated by the emergence and continuous improvement of electronic devices: simulators, software for the fine and detailed analysis of technical aspects, applications for data management and the prediction of competitive performances, etc. On the other hand, ordinary population not involved in sports activity is more or less sedentary. Paradoxically, the emergence of sedentary lifestyle has become possible just because of technological modernization. The world we live in provides fewer and fewer opportunities to practice physical activity, and the more the daily living is facilitated by modern technology, the more it becomes the source of various physical and mental health problems. At the same time, decreasing the level of physical exercise is, among others, a consequence of the sedentary content of many forms of recreation, because the main entertaining activity is closely related to the computer keyboard or, more recently, that of cell phone. This paper focuses on the latest electronic game, Pokémon Go, which no longer sticks the practitioners in front of the computer, but gets them out of their houses and forces them to travel by walking, running, or even alternately, in full consonance with the message of World Health Organization, which urges us to consume 300 calories daily through movement. Our study tries to determine whether the release of the new game is just a financial boom or, on the contrary, an attempt to avoid sedentary lifestyle, combining the fascination of the game with the need for movement. Conclusions are based on the analysis of responses to a questionnaire addressed to a heterogeneous sample of players.
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Alyan, Mohand, Shardul Parihar, Latifa AlHaji, et al. "Novel Application of Inflow Tracers in Record Well for Assessing 1-MD Reservoir." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211403-ms.
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Abstract In order to quantify and monitor inflow along the deepest 5,000 ft of a 45,000 ft extended-reach drilling (ERD) well, a (non-radioactive) permanent inflow tracer system was installed, sampled, and analyzed. The tracer technology was piloted as a supplementary downhole data source to the existing practice of intervention-based production logging due to current limitations of intervention accessibility. This application aided in assessing contribution of the lateral segment within a 1-md reservoir quality rock and determining clean-up efficiency. The deployed lower completion is a 6⅝-in limited entry liner, segmented by packers with design specifically optimized for bullhead stimulation. To meet well objectives, the design of lower completion, along with placement of tracer carrier subs, was geometrically optimized based on expected flow streams. Final deployment included 3 externally vented tracer carrier subs per compartment with optimized spacing, each mounted with a chemically different tracer for both oil and water. A total of 21 distinct signature tracers were deployed per phase within the 7 compartments with compartment length ranging from 681 to 782 ft. In addition, liner is equipped with dissolvable plugged nozzles for efficient mud cake breaker displacement. Upon activation, the well was flowed for 2 weeks at maximum rate for efficient clean-up before shutting it for 1 week for tracer concentration build up. The well was then flowed, and 106 samples were taken in a decreasing sampling frequency. A subset of 17 samples were selected for analysis – the collected samples were oil with no traces of water. Analysis of the tracer concentration with time showed the arrival of all 21 oil tracer signals and peaks, followed by a decreasing trend towards steady state levels. Results indicate that all reservoir zones contribute to oil production and that all zones have responded similarly in terms of the tracer profiles. This suggests a homogenous reservoir pressure drawdown across all zones. Furthermore, this indicates that reservoir zones cleaned-up efficiently and demonstrates effectiveness of an applied mud cake breaker displacement technique. The tracer results indicate minimum formation damage – in line with expectations, as the target area is a homogeneous 1-md rock quality with uniform reservoir pressure. Using the tracer data, a quantitative interpretation was performed, by use of the so-called flush out tracer transport model. The methodology was successful in determining relative flow contribution per traced zone. Results shows a uniform relative inflow contribution ranging from 4 to 6% per zone. The chemical inflow tracers were deployed in a well with world-record length of 6⅝-in lower completion at 29,243 ft, beyond current accessibility limits of rigless intervention. Also, the well is ranked 5th worldwide (as of time of this writing) in terms of longest well at 45,000 ft, thus making it a world-record in terms of the deepest deployment of chemical inflow tracers.
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Samarasinghe, Janith, Wyatt Culler, Bryan D. Quay, Domenic A. Santavicca, and Jacqueline O’Connor. "The Effect of Fuel Staging on the Structure and Instability Characteristics of Swirl-Stabilized Flames in a Lean Premixed Multi-Nozzle Can Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63688.
Full textAbstract:
Fuel staging, or fuel splitting, is a commonly used strategy for the suppression of combustion instabilities in gas turbine engines. In multi-nozzle combustor configurations, this is achieved by varying the fuel flow rate to the different nozzles. The effect of fuel staging on flame stabilization and heat release rate distribution (referred to as flame structure), and self-excited instability characteristics is investigated in a research can combustor employing five small-scale lean-premixed industrial nozzles. The nozzles are arranged in a “four-around-one” configuration and fuel staging is achieved by injecting additional fuel to the middle nozzle. An operating condition was identified where all five nozzles were fueled equally and the combustor was subject to a self-excited instability. At the operating condition considered, the self-excited instabilities are suppressed with fuel staging: this is true for cases where overall equivalence ratio is increased by staging (by only increasing the fuel flow rate to the middle nozzle) as well as cases where overall equivalence ratio is kept constant while staging (by simultaneously decreasing the fuel flow rate of the outer nozzles while increasing the fuel flow rate to the middle nozzle). Fuel staging causes variations in the distribution of time-averaged heat release rate in the regions where adjacent flames interact. The locations of highest heat release rate fluctuation are not altered with increased fuel staging but the fluctuation amplitude is reduced. A breakup in the monotonic phase behavior that is characteristic of convective disturbances is observed with increased fuel staging, resulting in a lower pressure fluctuation amplitude. In particular, the monotonic variation in phase in the middle flame and the region where adjacent flames interact is out-of-phase with that of the outer flames, resulting in a cancellation of the global heat release rate oscillations. The distribution of local Rayleigh integral within the combustor shows that during a self-excited instability, the regions of highest heat release rate fluctuation are in phase-with the pressure fluctuation. When staging fuel is introduced, these regions fluctuate out-of-phase with the pressure fluctuation, further illustrating that fuel staging suppresses instabilities by altering the phase relationship of convective disturbances that travel along the flame front.
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Takatama, Mirai, and Wonseok Yang. "Remote Cheering System with Voice in Live Streaming." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001753.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, live streaming has become the mainstream. Because the music live has been canceled or postponed by the influence of the new coronavirus infection. Even now that the number of infected people is decreasing, hybrid live performances with both concert and live streaming are being held. Live streaming can reduce travel costs and time, so it has the merit of being able to watch it easily. However, it is difficult to feel a sense of unity and presence, and it does not create more excitement than concert. It has become a problem in the music industry. In order to solve this problem, we think it is necessary to pay attention to the presence or absence of audience sharing the same place and voice, which is a big difference between concert and live streaming. This study examines how to make it satisfactory live where we can feel a sense of unity and presence even if we are alone at home in a live streaming. To this end, we clarified the behavior of the audience watching concert and analyzed how to cheer.Therefore, we conducted a survey of the excitement of it based on the pyramid of Freytag.We investigated the behavior of the audience from concert videos of idols, singers and rock bands. As a result, audience’s cheering method has three types of cheering: those using voice, those using hands and those using entire body. Cheering using voice plays an important role in deciding the excitement.Live streaming has comments, social tipping, and posting on SNS as a service. However, none of them share the voice of the audience. This analysis clarified the reason why live streaming is not more exciting than concert. Thereby we considered that sharing emotions aloud between the audience create a sense of unity in live streaming. From the above, we produce a live streaming cheering system using voice. This system uses the call program to communicate with other audiences, visualize the voice of the audience and project it on the screen. It’s mechanism that increases the number of effects that express excitement as the audience’s voice gets louder. We produce it to use TouchDesigner. Moreover, subjects watched the concert video with this system. we experimented with whether the subject felt a sense of unity and presence compared to conventional live streaming. Subjects were able to shout even more by sharing voices with other audiences and visualizing their voices. In addition, conventional live streaming shared emotions by discussing their impressions with other audiences using SNS. By contrast, this system can share emotions directly through the call program, which makes it more exciting. On the other hand, subjects have an opinion that it would be better to project effects tailored to the concept of songs and concerts on the screen so that the audience would not get bored. Therefore, this system is room for the development. From this experiment, the remote cheering system using voice improve the concert experience at home.
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Johnson, Kristyn B., Donald H. Ferguson, Justin M. Weber, and Andrew C. Nix. "Consideration of Non-Ideal Detonation Regimes Influenced by Wave Modes in a Water-Cooled Rotating Detonation Engine Using OH* Chemiluminescence." In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-101128.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Although inherently unstable, existing research in rotating detonation combustion supports its application in notionally steady processes resulting in greater availability compared to conventional, constant pressure combustion. Further improvements rely on a more in-depth understanding of system losses and identifying conditions which optimize device performance. Within this study, the presence and proportion of ideal and non-ideal combustion regimes is compared across a variety of process conditions and wave modes. Large-scale data analysis seeks to summarize proportional heat release associated with commensal, parasitic, and detonative combustion averaged across individual traces of OH* chemiluminescent data acquired at the detonation plane. Means of regime partitioning based on the anatomy of the time-resolved OH* signal are proposed to ensure consistent analysis throughout the current and future studies concerning combustion regimes. Of particular interest is the possible influence of wave on the non-ideal combustion in relative proportion to the desired detonation. Results showed improved percent detonation with increasing significance for the following trends: decreasing equivalence ratio, increasing wave count, decreasing wave velocity, and increasing detonation time. Increased wave number, brought on by decreased equivalence ratios and wave velocities, is thought to decrease fill region surface area, and therefore, decrease non-ideal contact burning. Additional analysis is performed to consider possible trend variation due to the presence of stable galloping waves, which were found to have minimal influence on relative percent detonation values. The outcome of this study suggests operational states which correspond to increased wave quantities for increased proportions of reactants consumed by the targeted detonative combustion regime.
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Rossegger, Bernhard, Michael Engelmayer, and Andreas Wimmer. "Challenges in Measuring Lube Oil Consumption of Internal Combustion Engines Using Deuterium As a Tracer." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7111.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Lube oil emission is thought to have a negative influence on hydrocarbon and particle emissions, autoignition and the life-cycle cost of internal combustion engines. Thus, one of the major goals of combustion engine research and development is to optimize lube oil consumption, for example by optimizing the tribological behavior of the piston group (interaction between piston rings and cylinder liner). This requires the application of a fast and accurate lube oil consumption measurement method. Methods such as gravimetric and volumetric measurement are outdated for R&D applications because of measurement time, absolute accuracy as well as repeatability, however some OEMs are still applying this method. At present, the use of tracer methods for measuring lube oil consumption is considered the most promising in terms of decreasing measurement time and increasing accuracy. For example, sulfur as a tracer is one of the most established methods for measuring lube oil consumption, but previous publications have revealed downsides and future challenges of its use. This publication, however, highlights the challenges of using the stable hydrogen isotope deuterium as a tracer which are still to overcome, in order to become a viable and reliable method for measuring lube oil consumption on internal combustion engines. In the introduction, a novel concept of measuring lube oil consumption with deuterated engine oil and the test bench setup are explained. Following laboratory experiments, test bench runs on a heavy-duty diesel engine and long-term studies on a field engine, three major challenges facing the new approach are identified and potential solutions are proposed. First, the long-term stability of the tracer in the lube oil and potential changes in the physical and chemical properties of the oil due to deuteration are discussed in light of the results of tests on a field engine that uses deuterated engine oil. Second, the hydrogen-deuterium exchange process to mark the oil with the tracer is examined and potential approaches for reducing cost and duration are highlighted. The universal applicability of the deuteration process to several base oil groups is also explained. Finally, the detection of deuterium in the gas of the engine exhaust and potential cross-sensitivities to trace gases as well as other crucial limitations of the detector in analyzing engine exhaust are addressed. The summary presents the requirements for converting the experiments with a deuterium tracer into a reliable method for lube oil consumption measurement providing crucial properties such as high accuracy, short measurement time, effort and ease of use.
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Benson, C. M., J. M. Ingram, P. N. Battersby, D. Mba, V. Sethi, and A. M. Rolt. "An Analysis of Civil Aviation Industry Safety Needs for the Introduction of Liquid Hydrogen Propulsion Technology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90453.
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Abstract Over the next few decades air travel is predicted to grow, with international agencies, manufacturers and governments predicting a considerable increase in aviation use. However, based on current fuel type, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) project emissions from aviation are estimated to be seven to ten times higher in 2050 than in 1990. These conflicting needs are problematic and have led to the EU Flightpath 2050 targeting dramatic emissions reductions for the sector (75% CO2, 90% NOX by 2050). One proposed solution, decreasing carbon emissions without stunting the increase in air travel, is hydrogen propulsion; a technology with clear environmental benefits. However, enabling the safe application of this fuel to aviation systems and industrial infrastructure would be a significant challenge. High-profile catastrophic incidents involving hydrogen, and the flammable and cryogenic nature of liquid hydrogen (LH2) have led to its reputation as a more dangerous substance than existing or alternative fuels. But, where they are used (in industry, transport, energy), with sufficient protocols, hydrogen can have a similar level of safety to other fuels. A knowledge of hazards, risks and the management of these becomes key to the integration of any new technology. Using assessments, and a gap analysis approach, this paper examines the civil aviation industry requirements, from a safety perspective, for the introduction of LH2 fuel use. Specific proposed technology assessments are used to analyze incident likelihood, consequence impact, and ease of remediation for hazards in LH2 systems, and a gap analysis approach is utilized to identify if existing data is sufficient for reliable technology safety assessment. Outstanding industry needs are exposed by both examining challenges that have been identified in transport and industrial areas, and by identifying the gaps in current knowledge that are preventing credible assessment, reliable comparison to other fuels and the development of engineering systems. This paper demonstrates that while hydrogen can be a safe and environmentally friendly fuel option, a significant amount of work is required for the implementation of LH2 technology from a mass market perspective.
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Shaposhnikov, Valery M., Anatolii V. Aleksandrov, Oleg E. Litonov, and Viktor V. Platonov. "Ice Loading Decrease at Life Cycle Main Stages for Fixed Offshore Structures." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41349.
Full textAbstract:
At the present time design values of ice loads on fixed offshore structures are rather conservative. Conservatism of design ice loads consists in assuming the most unfavorable ice action direction and the worst ice drift speed; the most unfavorable combination of the consolidated layer thickness, ridge keel depth and ice strength; as well as supposing the ice ultimate strength value constant along the whole ice–structure contact area perimeter. With accumulation of the knowledge on ice formation failure under interaction with ice-resistant fixed platforms, the requirements contained in Rules of classification societies are reduced. For example, for the last forty years the lowering of requirements to design ice load values was equal to about four times [1]. For the last time specialists of Krylov State Research Centre have performed design and experimental studies where further tendency to decreasing design values of ice loads is traced. Ice monitoring is one of the main elements for justification of design ice load values’ decrease. Modern monitoring systems permit to warn about occurrence of a state close to a limit one, as well as to record actual ice loads. Ice load monitoring is a necessary part of accident prevention during ice-resistant structures operation. Monitoring of ice loads is a necessary part for providing safe operation of ice-resistance structures, and systematic accumulation of monitoring data for several years gives a positive effect in the form of justified decrease of static and dynamic design ice loads.
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Husein, Nadir, Evgeny Aleksandrovich Malyavko, Ruslan Rashidovich Gazizov, Anton Vitalyevich Buyanov, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Romanov, and Nikolay Andreevich Gilbert. "The Perspective of Novel Chemical Tracer Technology in Reservoir Surveillance and Hydrodynamic Modelling for More Efficient Hydrocarbon Recovery." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205678-ms.
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Abstract Today, efficient field development cannot be managed without proper surveillance providing oil companies with important geological and engineering information for prompt decision-making. Once continuous production is achieved, it is necessary to maintain a consistently high level of oil recovery. As a rule, a reservoir pressure maintenance system is extensively implemented for this purpose over the entire area because of decreasing reservoir pressure. At the same time, it is important to adjust the water injection to timely prevent water cut increasing in production wells, while maintaining efficient reservoir pressure compensation across the field. That is why it is necessary to have a relevant inter-well hydrodynamic model as well as to quantify the water injection rate. There are many ways to analyse the efficiency of the reservoir pressure maintenance system, but not all of them yield a positive, and most importantly, a reliable result. It is crucial that extensive zonal production surveillance efforts generate a significant economic effect and the information obtained helps boost oil production. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to identify a method and conduct an effective study to establish the degree of reservoir connectivity and quantify the inter-well parameters of a low permeability tested field.
Reports on the topic "Decreasing travel time"
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Reid, M. S., X. Wang, N. Utting, and C. Jiang. Comparison of water chemistry of hydraulic-fracturing flowback water from two geological locations at the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329276.
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We analyzed and compared the water chemistry between 17 Fox Creek region samples, each from a different well, and 23 Three Hills region samples from a single well. Overall, the two regions were similar in chemical composition but showed small differences in some lower abundance dissolved elements. Additionally, we investigated changes in water chemistry of FPW over time from a single well. The majority of water quality parameters and water chemistry remained constant over the 7-month sampling time. Major ion chemistry showed increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg, and a decreasing concentration of SO4. Several trace elements also showed small trends of both increasing and decreasing concentrations over time. There was a strong correlation between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the Fox Creek region samples and Three Hills region samples, which is an indication of the mixing of formation water. However, the correlation between B and Sr was different among two region samples, which is likely due to the delayed mixing of formation water with the fracturing fluids during the flowback at different time periods of post fracturing. Likewise, Fox Creek region samples showed correlations between concentrations of Cl and Ca, Na and Ca, and Na and Mg, but these correlations were not seen in the Three Hills region samples. Geochemical modeling demonstrates that there are potential scales formed in the flowback water, but most of the minerals are still in the dissolution state in the formation. Stable isotopic analysis confirmed the mixing of injection water and the formation water.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
Full textAbstract:
The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...