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Journal articles on the topic 'Decreasing travel time'
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1
Jahangard, Mahdi, Mahyar Madarshahian, Hadi Sabur, Reza Rezvani, Abolfazl Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam, and Nathan Huynh. "Illegal Maneuver Effect on Traffic Operations at Signalized Intersections: An Observational Simulation-Based Before-After Study Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (January 11, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2038167.
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This study investigates three illegal maneuvers at signalized intersections: pedestrians jaywalking at signalized crosswalks (JSC), vehicles stopping near the intersections (SNI), and vehicles occupying the through lane instead of the left-turn lane to make a left turn (OTL). Traffic microsimulation models of four intersections were developed using Aimsun, and data were collected by a drone over a 3-hour period. The car-following model (Gibbs model) implemented in Aimsun was calibrated for each of the intersections and validated at the 95% confidence level. The validated Aimsun models were used to perform 13 experiments designed to investigate the interaction effects of decreasing two or more illegal maneuvers on travel time and fuel consumption. These 13 experiments were identified using the design of experiments D-optimality criterion. To investigate the main and interaction effects of decreasing two or more illegal maneuvers on travel time and fuel consumption, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used. Using RSM, the statistical model that was found to best fit the simulation results was a quadratic form. The results showed that the dependent variables “travel time ratio” and “fuel consumption ratio” are affected not only by a decrease in violations ratio but also by the volume of traffic as the exogenous variable. It was found that decreasing two of the violations, namely, JSC and SNI, improves travel time and fuel consumption but decreasing OTL has the opposite effect, resulting from the inadequate design of left-turning lane length/capacity and/or inadequate signal timing to accommodate left-turning volume.
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Alkaissi, Zainab Ahmed, and Ruba Yousif Hussain. "Travel Time Variability and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Streets Using Global Positioning System: A Review." Journal of Engineering 31, no. 1 (2025): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2025.01.10.
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Travel Time estimation is largely caused by the stochastic process of arrivals and departures of vehicles and its reliability measurements considering important issues for improving operational efficiency and safety for traffic road networks. The exploration of travel time variability and spatio-temporal analysis of urban streets using the Global Positioning System (GPS) concluded that the mixed land uses and travel congestions caused higher travel times and delays. The accessibility indices were increased by increasing access points and decreasing traffic volumes. The Geographic Information System (GIS) networks can produce a model that overcomes some restrictions of accessibility indices. Different prediction models were developed to capture the main parameters related to travel time. It concluded that delay at signalized intersections in terms of stopping delay was the major parameter affecting the total travel time and total delay time of major urban streets. Travel time estimation algorithms based on speed data loop detectors induced insignificant differences when the study route was a relatively short and slow transition from free state to congestion state. Travel time results are affected by the location of sensors and their sparseness, hence estimation errors increase as detector spacing increases.
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Jaber, Saydi, and Zavarzadeh Gholamali. "Prioritizing Vehicles that Carry Important Characters (Political) When Crossing Signalized Intersections." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 2, no. 4 (2018): 165–80. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2018.91997.
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In the urban transportation network as the traffic signals went green at the intersection of the upper hand, a group of vehi-cles move together and arrive at the next intersection, almost in group. If, at the same time as the group arrives, the signal of the corresponding route at this intersection is green, the total delay and stop of the vehicles will be significantly reduced and the intersection efficiency will increase significantly. The same strategy was implemented on the political vehicles in the study, so that the delay and stop time for them could be reduced. In this study, part of the political vehicle route from Saad-Abad Palace to the presidential office on Pasteur Street is considered. In this study, various strategies were developed to prioritize the vehicles in the Aimsun simulator software. Then, to detect the arrival of these vehicles to the intersection, two identifiers were embedded, one before the intersection and the other after it was installed. Among the results of this study are the following: There is an average increase in the average travel time for a scenario with an extra green time of 10 se-conds and 15 seconds. The average delay time was 7 seconds for the additional green time scenario of 10 seconds and the average delay of 6 seconds for the sub-scenario of 15 seconds increased. The average number of stops per vehicle in-creased by 0.1 stops per vehicle in both cases.
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Zhou, Yong, and Yiming Ding. "Finding travel proportion under COVID-19." AIMS Biophysics 9, no. 3 (2022): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2022020.
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<abstract> <p>Travel restrictions have become an important epidemic preventive measure, but there are few relevant quantitative studies. In this paper, travel proportion is introduced into a four-compartment model to quantify the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan. It is found that decreasing the travel proportion can reduce the peak of infections and delay the peak time. When the travel proportion is less than 35%, transmission can be prevented. This method provides reference for other places.</p> </abstract>
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Kasanah, Yulinda Uswatun, Syarif Hidayatuloh, and Nabila Noor Qisthani. "An Integration of Real-Time Vehicle Routing and Mobile Technology in Poultry Distribution." JURNAL INFOTEL 16, no. 2 (2024): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v16i2.1130.
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Handling the distribution of broilers has special attention. The distribution of poultry should be done in the shortest possible time to decrease broiler mortality rate. Real-time monitoring of poultry distribution is expected to control the stress level of poultry due to the length of travel time by limiting the delivery time window. In order to control the distribution time and distance, it is necessary to integrate vehicle routing and mobile technology. By adopting the digital twin-enabled framework model and combining it with Google APIs, web and mobile applications are generated to accommodate the real-time traveling time, vehicle capacity, and pickup-delivery activity. There is a significant change in travel distance in one delivery cycle after implementing the developed technology. The total travel distance was 493 KM decreased to 436 KM, which means a decrease of 11.5% from the initial total travel distance. In addition, there was a change in the total penalty time (delay) from 102 minutes to 85 minutes, decreasing delay time by 16.6%. This mobile technology's development can indirectly increase vehicle utilization by not overloading the vehicle capacity and reducing vehicle travel distance.
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Katagiri, Shintaro, Tomio Miwa, and Kosuke Nishijima. "Preliminary Study on Cooperative Route Planning Reinforcement Learning with a Focus on Avoiding Intersection Congestion." Future Transportation 4, no. 4 (2024): 1559–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp4040075.
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Intersection control systems have been actively studied in recent years as they could potentially replace traffic signals via the utilization of the communication and automatic driving capabilities of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). In these studies, conflicting travel trajectories at intersections that could cause accidents and delays were safely and efficiently avoided by controlling the vehicle’s speed. However, routing approaches for avoiding conflicts at intersections have only been discussed in a few studies. To investigate the feasibility of avoiding intersection conflicts through network-level route allocation, we propose a cooperative route allocation model using reinforcement learning than can model the relationship between the complex traffic environment and optimal route solutions. Models aimed at decreasing the total travel time and those with high delay importance owing to conflicts in travel times were trained and verified under multiple traffic conditions. The results indicate that our model effectively allocates vehicles to their optimal routes, reducing the number of intersection conflicts and decreasing the average travel time by up to approximately 40 s compared to random allocation, demonstrating the potential of reinforcement learning for cooperative route allocation in the management of multiple vehicles.
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Lambert, Pascal, Grace Musto, Maclean Thiessen, Piotr Czaykowski, and Kathleen Decker. "Impact of Cancer-Related Virtual Visits on Travel Distance, Travel Time, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Manitoba, Canada." Current Oncology 30, no. 7 (2023): 5973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070446.
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CancerCare Manitoba (CCMB) introduced virtual visits at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to replace many in-person visits. This study examines the impact of virtual visits for cancer care on travel distance, travel time, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We included all visits to CCMB for invasive and in situ cancers from 1 April 2020 to 31 December 2022. Data were extracted from CCMB’s electronic health record. The percentage of visits done virtually by month was reported by age, gender, cancer diagnosis, and regional health authority of residence. Postal codes for patients’ residences and clinic locations were converted into latitude and longitude values. Travel distance, travel time, and CO2 emissions associated with travel were estimated. The percentage of virtual visits was highest during the months when COVID-19 restrictions were present in Manitoba and represent more than 50% of such monthly visits. Virtual visits increased with age, were highest among men with urogenital cancer, and were lowest among northern Manitoba residents. The median travel time per visit ranged from 30 min in Winnipeg to 15 h in the Northern Region. The estimated travel distance saved varied from 420,000 to 750,000 km per month. Estimated travel time saved varied from 5500 to 9600 h per month. Estimated CO2 emissions prevented varied from 87 to 155 metric tons per month. Virtual care is an important tool for better supporting those living with cancer by substantially decreasing travel distance and time. Virtual care also contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Redelmeier, Donald A., and Ahmed M. Bayoumi. "Time Lost by Driving Fast in the United States." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 3 (2010): E12—E19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09357476.
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Background. Motor vehicle drivers make decisions about speed while traveling and thereby trade off a potential saving from shorter travel time (if the trip is uneventful) against a potential loss of time (if the trip results in a crash). Methods. The authors used computerized modeling based on national data to examine the benefits from small changes in average driver speed on public health in the United States. Lost time due to both travel and crashing was calculated, along with optimal speed to minimize net time lost. Results. The baseline analysis suggested that 1 hour spent driving was associated with approximately 20 minutes of additional lost time in life expectancy due to the potential of a crash. A~1-km/h (0.6-mph) increase in speed for the average driver yielded a~26-second~increase (not decrease) in total expected lost time because the savings from reduced travel time were more than offset by the increased prospect of a crash. A 3.0-km/h (1.8-mph) decrease in average driving speed yielded the least amount of total time lost (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5—4.1 km/ h [1.5—2.5 mph]). This speed yielded about 11,000 fewer crashes each day, saved about 3.6 hours per year for the average driver (95% CI: 2.0—6.2 hours), and conserved about 199 cumulative life years for society annually. Conclusions. As a nation, drivers in the United States travel slightly too fast and could improve overall life expectancy by decreasing their average speed slightly.
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Mackenney, Karen L., Saadia Faiz, Andrew J. Larson, George A. Eapen, and Lara Bashoura. "Decreasing wait times for endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 8_suppl (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.192.
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192 Background: The department of pulmonary medicine evaluates manifestations of cancer and complications of therapy that affect the lungs. It is a procedurally oriented specialty with many diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows real time image guided sampling of tissue in the mediastinum. Current guidelines recommend use of EBUS for the initial test to diagnosis and stage lung cancer. It has a low complication rate, but needs specialized equipment as well as anesthesia support. Alternatives include CT-guided biopsy or surgery. The delay from time of referral to EBUS procedure has the potential to delay diagnosis and treatment, create patient anxiety, frustration and expense of travel for multiple appointments. The staff is under pressure to perform excessive cases on a daily basis resulting in overtime staffing costs. Our objectives were to reduce delays in diagnosis/treatment, improve patient satisfaction, improve referring services satisfaction and optimize the use of resources and improve staff working conditions. Methods: We used a Plan, Do, Study, Act process. Initially the process flow diagram was utilized along with a fishbone diagram to allow us to focus on the issues. The aim was to decrease EBUS wait time 20% by 7/2016. Our process flow sheet was arranged into swimlanes in order to identify focus areas. This allowed us to redesign the workflow to improve capacity and improve existing resources to be more efficient. Results: Working with anesthesia services and the cardiopulmonary center staff, we were able to open a second bronchoscopy suite 2 days a week for additional EBUS cases. We also had monthly meetings with issues and to monitor delays to other services. Conclusions: We were able to reduce our wait time from 7.5 days to 4.27 work days. The added capacity allows for surge in demand for EBUS. Our future studies will concentrate on patient and referring service satisfaction, cost savings with reduction in overtime, quantifying impact on decreasing delays in diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Zhang, Li-xia, Fu-quan Pan, Xiao-yuan Chen, Feng-yuan Wang, Jun Lu, and Qi-ming Tong. "Vehicle Optimal Velocity Curves for Minimum-Time Maneuver." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 194868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/194868.
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A problem in vehicle minimum-time maneuver is the assumption that a vehicle passes through a given path in a minimal amount of time without deviating from the boundary of the given path. Vehicle handling inverse dynamics provides a new perspective to solve such problem. Based on inverse dynamics, this paper transformed the problem of optimal vehicle velocity for minimum-time maneuver into that of optimal control with the objective function of minimum time. The path for minimum vehicle travel time and the optimal control model were established. The optimal velocity curves for three types of paths, namely, monotonically increasing path, monotonically decreasing path, and constant radius path, were analyzed. On this basis, the optimal velocity curves were solved for two kinds of concrete paths: a path of decreasing curvature radius followed by a path of increasing curvature radius and another path of increasing curvature radius followed by a path of decreasing curvature radius. Nine cases of possible optimal velocity curves were acquired. The optimal velocity curve of the given path, that is, a parabola followed by a semicircle, was obtained. Optimal velocity curves can be used as reference for vehicle minimum-time maneuver, which is an important issue for driver safety in fast-moving vehicles.
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Yun, Meiping, and Wenwen Qin. "Minimum Sampling Size of Floating Cars for Urban Link Travel Time Distribution Estimation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (2019): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119834297.
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Despite the wide application of floating car data (FCD) in urban link travel time estimation, limited efforts have been made to determine the minimum sample size of floating cars appropriate to the requirements for travel time distribution (TTD) estimation. This study develops a framework for seeking the required minimum number of travel time observations generated from FCD for urban link TTD estimation. The basic idea is to test how, with a decreasing the number of observations, the similarities between the distribution of estimated travel time from observations and those from the ground-truth vary. These are measured by employing the Hellinger Distance (HD) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests. Finally, the minimum sample size is determined by the HD value, ensuring that corresponding distribution passes the KS test. The proposed method is validated with the sources of FCD and Radio Frequency Identification Data (RFID) collected from an urban arterial in Nanjing, China. The results indicate that: (1) the average travel times derived from FCD give good estimation accuracy for real-time application; (2) the minimum required sample size range changes with the extent of time-varying fluctuations in traffic flows; (3) the minimum sample size determination is sensitive to whether observations are aggregated near each peak in the multistate distribution; (4) sparse and incomplete observations from FCD in most time periods cannot be used to achieve the minimum sample size. Moreover, this would produce a significant deviation from the ground-truth distributions. Finally, FCD is strongly recommended for better TTD estimation incorporating both historical trends and real-time observations.
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McCool, Danielle, Peter Lugtig, Ole Mussmann, and Barry Schouten. "An App-Assisted Travel Survey in Official Statistics: Possibilities and Challenges." Journal of Official Statistics 37, no. 1 (2021): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2021-0007.
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Abstract Advances in smartphone technology have allowed for individuals to have access to near-continuous location tracking at a very precise level. As the backbone of mobility research, the Travel Diary Study, has continued to offer decreasing response rates over the years, researchers are looking to these mobile devices to bridge the gap between self-report recall studies and a person’s underlying travel behavior. This article details an open-source application that collects real-time location data which respondents may then annotate to provide a detailed travel diary. Results of the field test involving 674 participants are discussed, including technical performance, data quality and response rate.
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Cao, Yang, and Jian Wang. "An Optimization Method of Passenger Assignment for Customized Bus." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7914753.
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This study proposes an optimization method of passenger assignment on customized buses (CB). Our proposed method guarantees benefits to passengers by balancing the elements of travel time, waiting time, delay, and economic cost. The optimization problem was solved using a Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm based on the shortest path for the selected stations. A simulation-based evaluation of the proposed optimization method was conducted. We find that a CB service can save 38.33% in average travel time, 38.33% in average waiting time, and 27.78% in delay penalties, all at an acceptable ticket price. The variations are caused by different degrees of busload. A detailed investigation revealed that a CB can significantly reduce travel time, waiting time, and delays, with the degree of benefits showing a decreasing trend with corresponding increases in busload. This finding indicates that CBs with smaller busloads can more flexibly transport passengers and provide a greater level of benefits. At the same time, a small busload strategy can be implemented more easily and in the near future on a test basis in urban China areas.
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Wang, Zhenbao, Dong Liu, Shihao Li, Shuyue Liu, Huiqing Li, and Ning Chen. "Analyzing the Impact of Decreasing Out-of-Vehicle Time of Public Transportation Travel on Accessibility to Tertiary Hospitals." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612453.
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Unequal distribution of healthcare resources can lead to many fundamental problems, including the accessibility and equity of care in different regions. Existing studies often focus on administrative divisions, street zones, and conducting analyses of healthcare accessibility, but there is a lack of research on healthcare accessibility analysis specifically targeting apartment complexes. Furthermore, there is insufficient consideration of the impact of out-of-vehicle time on healthcare accessibility through public transportation. Taking Beijing’s 5th Ring Road area as an example, we used multiple data sources to construct a framework for the accessibility of medical care in apartment complexes using public transportation. We assumed two scenarios of 1/2 and 1/3 reduction in out-of-vehicle time. We compared and analyzed the changes in accessibility and equity under the two scenarios to investigate the impact of out-of-vehicle time on accessibility and equity of medical care in apartment complexes. The results show that (1) reducing out-of-vehicle time does not guarantee increased accessibility to all apartment complexes. (2) Under both scenarios, the accessibility of most apartment complexes within the fourth and fifth rings increased, and the accessibility of most apartment complexes within the Daxing District increased; otherwise, the accessibility of most apartment complexes in other areas decreased, and the decrease in accessibility was more significant for the scenario with a 1/2 reduction in out-of-vehicle time than for the scenario with a 1/3 reduction in out-of-vehicle time. (3) In both scenarios, the Gini coefficients of residential accessibility were calculated separately for inter-ring and administrative divisions, and the equity of residential accessibility increased in each division; the equity of accessibility increased more with a 1/2 out-of-vehicle time reduction than with a 1/3 out-of-vehicle time reduction. The framework proposed in this paper allows us to analyze the impact of out-of-vehicle time of public transportation on accessibility to medical care for apartment complexes.
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SIREN, ANU, and SONJA HAUSTEIN. "How do baby boomers' mobility patterns change with retirement?" Ageing and Society 36, no. 5 (2015): 988–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000100.
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ABSTRACTBaby boomers will comprise a considerable share of tomorrow's older population. Previous research has indicated higher travel activity and car use amongst baby boomers than amongst older cohorts. However, little evidence exists on the effects of boomers' ageing on the transportation system. To analyse how retirement affects baby boomers' travel and the related future travel demand, we compared three groups, distinguished by employment status as ‘still working’, ‘early retirees’ and ‘recent retirees’, in a longitudinal setting. Data for 864 individuals were collected via standardised telephone interviews in 2009 and 2012. We find a clear tendency towards reducing the car use and mileage over time and as a consequence of retirement. Nevertheless, car use for leisure purposes increased after retirement. Whilst retirement had a bigger impact on men's than on women's car use, those women who continued working had a high car reliance that did not decline over time. This study suggests that retirement is a transition point associated with decreasing car use. Hence, the ageing of the population is likely to have a decreasing effect on transportation demand. However, informal care-giving, prolonged careers and atypical working life, boomer women's changing professional roles, and the emergence of leisure and consumption as major cultural and social frameworks of the third age are likely to make this transition different than observed in previous cohorts.
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Richardson, A. J. "Some Evidence of Travelers with Zero Value of Time." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1854, no. 1 (2003): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1854-12.
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A small but growing body of evidence that questions the traditional view that travel is a derived demand is beginning to be assembled. Rather than assuming that all the positive components of a trip are contained in the activity at the destination, while the trip itself contains only dis-utility, a view is emerging that perhaps some people actually enjoy the travel component of the trip or at least are not willing to pay for reductions in the duration of the trip. One small addition to the patchwork of studies that are starting to form a basis for challenging the conventional assumption about positive value of time (VOT) is provided. By using the results obtained from a study of VOT in Singapore that used an adaptive stated preference survey technique, it was found that 23% of public mode users in that study had zero VOT, whereas 0% of private mode users in Singapore had zero VOT. Analysis of the characteristics of those with zero VOT shows either that they had lower incomes or that they had a greater degree of flexibility in their use of time. Some recent studies that have considered changes in VOT over time, in which there are indications that the marginal utility of time has been decreasing over time (because of increased free time, the increased utility of time spent traveling because of improved telecommunications, and a range of other factors), are also described. The implications of the findings are described in terms of the modeling of travel behavior and the evaluation of transport proposals.
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Changzhi, Bian. "A Nondominated Genetic Algorithm Procedure for Multiobjective Discrete Network Design under Demand Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/541782.
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This paper addresses the multiobjective discrete network design problem under demand uncertainty. The OD travel demands are supposed to be random variables with the given probability distribution. The problem is formulated as a bilevel stochastic optimization model where the decision maker’s objective is to minimize the construction cost, the expectation, and the standard deviation of total travel time simultaneously and the user’s route choice is described using user equilibrium model on the improved network under all scenarios of uncertain demand. The proposed model generates globally near-optimal Pareto solutions for network configurations based on the Monte Carlo simulation and nondominated sorting genetic algorithms II. Numerical experiments implemented on Nguyen-Dupuis test network show trade-offs among construction cost, the expectation, and standard deviation of total travel time under uncertainty are obvious. Investment on transportation facilities is an efficient method to improve the network performance and reduce risk under demand uncertainty, but it has an obvious marginal decreasing effect.
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Campbell, Michael J., Philip E. Dennison, and Bret W. Butler. "A LiDAR-based analysis of the effects of slope, vegetation density, and ground surface roughness on travel rates for wildland firefighter escape route mapping." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 10 (2017): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17031.
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Escape routes are essential components of wildland firefighter safety, providing pre-defined pathways to a safety zone. Among the many factors that affect travel rates along an escape route, landscape conditions such as slope, low-lying vegetation density, and ground surface roughness are particularly influential, and can be measured using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. In order to develop a robust, quantitative understanding of the effects of these landscape conditions on travel rates, we performed an experiment wherein study participants were timed while walking along a series of transects within a study area dominated by grasses, sagebrush and juniper. We compared resultant travel rates to LiDAR-derived estimates of slope, vegetation density and ground surface roughness using linear mixed effects modelling to quantify the relationships between these landscape conditions and travel rates. The best-fit model revealed significant negative relationships between travel rates and each of the three landscape conditions, suggesting that, in order of decreasing magnitude, as density, slope and roughness increase, travel rates decrease. Model coefficients were used to map travel impedance within the study area using LiDAR data, which enabled mapping the most efficient routes from fire crew locations to safety zones and provided an estimate of travel time.
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Weld, Christopher, Michael Duarte, and Rex Kincaid. "A Runway Configuration Management Model with Marginally Decreasing Transition Capacities." Advances in Operations Research 2010 (2010): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/436765.
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The runway configuration management (RCM) problem governs what combinations of airport runways are in use at a given time, and to what capacity. Runway configurations (groupings of runways) operate under runway configuration capacity envelopes (RCCEs) which limit arrival and departure capacities. The RCCE identifies unique capacity constraints based on which tarmacs are used for arrivals, departures, or both, and their direction of travel. When switching between RCCEs, some decrement in arrival and departure capacities is incurred by the transition. A previous RCM model (Frankovich et al., 2009) accounted for this cost through a required period of inactivity. In this paper, we instead focus on the introduction and assessment of a model capable of marginally decreasing RCCE capacities during configuration transitions. A transition penalty matrix is introduced, specifying the relative costs (in terms of accepted arrival and departure capacities) for switching between RCCEs. The new model benefits from customizable transition penalties which more closely represent real-world conditions, at a reasonable computational cost.
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Huang, Wendy Y., Stephen H. Wong, and Gang He. "Is a Change to Active Travel to School an Important Source of Physical Activity for Chinese Children?" Pediatric Exercise Science 29, no. 1 (2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0001.
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This study investigated the association between a change in travel mode to school and one-year changes in physical activity (PA) among children in Hong Kong. Data from 677 children aged 7–10 years (56% boys) who participated in the Understanding Children’s Activity and Nutrition (UCAN) study were analyzed. During the 2010/11 and 2011/12 school years, the children wore an accelerometer for a week and their parents completed a questionnaire about the children’s modes of travel to school and nonschool destinations. Associations between a change in the mode of travel to school and changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were determined using linear mixed models, adjusting for covariates. Compared with children who consistently used passive travel modes, a change from passive to active travel to school was positively associated with changes in the percentage of time spent in MVPA (b = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.63, 2.02) and MVPA min/day (b = 10.97, 95% CI = 5.26, 16.68) on weekdays. Similar results were found for weekly MVPA. Promoting active travel to school may help to combat age-related decline in PA for some Chinese children. However, maintaining active travel to school may not be sufficient to halt the decreasing trend in MVPA with age.
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Kondratov, Ivan Vladimirovich. "DQN-BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS." Chronos 6, no. 7(57) (2021): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-57-7-6.
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Real-time adaptive traffic control is an important problem in modern world. Historically, various optimization methods have been used to build adaptive traffic signal control systems. Recently, reinforcement learning has been advanced, and various papers showed efficiency of Deep-Q-Learning (DQN) in solving traffic control problems and providing real-time adaptive control for traffic, decreasing traffic pressure and lowering average travel time for drivers. In this paper we consider the problem of traffic signal control, present the basics of reinforcement learning and review the latest results in this area.
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Sri Ruwandani, Sri Ruwandani, Yunilas, and Ade Trisna. "Effect of UMMB (urea molasses multi-nutrient block) based on coffee skin on erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin in transport stress of sheep." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 12, no. 1 (2024): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v12i1.16314.
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Transportation stress in livestock can be caused by distance and travel time, crowding in the transport vehicle, malnutrition during transportation, climatic conditions, lack of availability of food and drink and lack of handling during travel. The aim of providing coffee peel-based UMMB is to overcome nutritional deficiencies and stress in livestock during transportation. This research was carried out experimentally with a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments K0 (without UMMB) as control, K1 (UMMB based on 10% fermented coffee peel), K2 (UMMB based on 20% coffee peel), K3 (UMMB based on fermented coffee peel 30%) and 4 repetitions. The research parameters are erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin. The results showed that administration of UMMB based on fermented coffee peel had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing erythrocyte levels (16.58%), decreasing hematocrit levels (18.30%) and decreasing hemoglobin levels (31.72%). The conclusion of this research is that administering coffee peel-based UMMB at a dose of 30% can reduce erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in sheep transportation stress
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Simamora, Yohannes S. M., Nahdia Fadilatur Rachmach, Muhammad Yaasir Rizqon, Kheri Agus Suseno, and Muhammad Nursyams Hilmi. "Revisiting Trilateration Method Based on Time-of-Flight Measurements for Navigation." Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin dan Inovasi Teknologi 2, no. 01 (2023): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59653/jimat.v2i01.432.
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This paper revisits trilateration in three-dimensional positioning. Specifically, range between a positioning target and the reference points through time-of-flight (ToF) measurements. In a ToF, range is yielded by multiplying the time required by a wave to travel between two points and its propagation speed. Position of the target can be then estimated once the number of references are adequate, i.e. at least three for two-dimensional positioning and four for three-dimensional one. In this paper, the positioning is considered for navigation where the target moves following a trajectory whilst the ToFs take place in a certain period. The target position at the time is computed based on the ToFs through least square estimation. Through a numerical simulation, it is shown that the trilateration can track a target’s trajectory despite the decreasing performance at the end of the course.
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Puppateravanit, Chonnipa, Kazushi Sano, and Kiichiro Hatoyama. "Attitude-Based Segmentation of Residential Self-Selection and Travel Behavior Changes Affected by COVID-19." Future Transportation 2, no. 2 (2022): 541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp2020030.
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This study evaluated the effects of COVID-19 on attitudes toward residential associated with travel behavior on decisions regarding future relocation. Chi-square automatic interaction detection was used to generate tree and classification segments to investigate the various segmentations of travelers and residents around mass transit stations. The decision tree revealed that the most influential variables were the number of transport card ownerships, walking distance to the nearest mass station, number of households, type of resident, property ownership, travel cost, and trip frequency. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have concentrated on reducing travel time, reducing the number of transfers, and decreasing unnecessary trips. Consequently, people who live near mass transit stations less than 400 and 400–1000 m away prefer to live in residential and rural areas in the future. Structural Equation Modeling was used to confirm the relationship between attitudes in normal and pandemic situations. According to the findings, attitudes toward residential accessibility of travel modes were a significant determinant of attitudes toward residential location areas. This research demonstrates travelers’ and residents’ uncertain decision-making regarding relocation, allowing policymakers and transport authorities to better understand their behavior to improve transportation services.
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Ng, Linda, Woodrow Barfield, and Fred Mannering. "Analysis of Private Drivers’ Commuting and Commercial Drivers’ Work-Related Travel Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1621, no. 1 (1998): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1621-07.
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An analysis of private and commercial drivers’ information requirements for an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is presented. The analysis is based on data from two nationwide surveys, one addressing private drivers’ needs and the other addressing commercial drivers’ needs. In these surveys, drivers rated the importance of four trip factors: ( a) increasing trip safety, ( b) decreasing trip time, ( c) reducing trip distance, and ( d) increasing trip enjoyment. Cluster analysis techniques were employed to identify groupings in the driver population on the basis of trip factors, and a multinomial logit approach was used to predict the probability of the drivers being placed in a specific cluster group. The results indicate that significant differences in trip behavior and socio-economic characteristics exist among the observed cluster groups.
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Ma, Wanjing, Yuhang Guo, Kun An, and Lei Wang. "Pricing Method of the Flexible Bus Service Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1785199.
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Pricing directly affects the sustainable development of the flexible bus service. This study proposes a profit maximization model and a social welfare maximization model for the flexible bus operator based on the cumulative prospect theory. Fares and uncertain travel time due to unforeseen detours in serving passengers jointly affect passengers’ mode choice. On the other hand, fares and passengers’ probabilistic choices over the flexible bus jointly determine the profits of the flexible bus company and social welfare. This study explores the relationship between the probability of passengers choosing the flexible bus, trip fares, and uncertain travel time. Serving more passengers indicates more profits, which also results in longer detour time thus decreasing the probability of passengers choosing the flexible bus. Considering the interactive influence among passengers, we further calculate the detour time distribution. Finally, a pricing model is established to compensate for the side effects of the detour. The results show that heterogeneous fares can help the flexible bus company to obtain higher profits but have negligible influence on social welfare. In addition, the development of long-distance services and regulations over the detour time can also help to obtain more profits.
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Yankielun, Norbert E., and John J. Gagnon. "Laboratory tests of a time-domain reflectometry system for frazil ice detection." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 2 (1999): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-058.
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A prototype, electromagnetic-based frazil ice detection system (patent pending) has been developed and tested under simulated frazil ice accretion conditions in an environmentally controlled flume. The system employs a time-domain reflectometer (TDR) and specially designed transmission line sensor to monitor the accretion of frazil ice by measuring the propagation time along the sensor when it is submerged. Changes in the round-trip travel time of the TDR pulse result from a decrease in the localized bulk dielectric constant as frazil ice accretes and displaces water around the sensor. Two frazil detection sensor configurations were tested, a parallel transmission line probe and a semicylindrical mesh coaxial probe. During 2 h long experiments, the TDR clearly indicated a decreasing probe propagation time as frazil ice continued to accrete. This is indicative of the decreasing bulk dielectric constant of the frazil ice and water mix. Continuous real-time data from the TDR were recorded. From these data, an estimate of volumetric ice fraction was calculated using a simple linear dielectric mixing equation. Volumetric ice fractions estimates for both probe configurations were calculated to increase from approximately 0.02 to 0.18 during the test. The system shows promise for detection and measurement of frazil ice growth and accretion in freshwater bodies.Key words: frazil ice, trash rack, water intake, icing detection, time-domain reflectometry, TDR.
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Płonka, Agnieszka, Nienke Blom, and Andreas Fichtner. "The imprint of crustal density heterogeneities on regional seismic wave propagation." Solid Earth 7, no. 6 (2016): 1591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1591-2016.
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Abstract. Density heterogeneities are the source of mass transport in the Earth. However, the 3-D density structure remains poorly constrained because travel times of seismic waves are only weakly sensitive to density. Inspired by recent developments in seismic waveform tomography, we investigate whether the visibility of 3-D density heterogeneities may be improved by inverting not only travel times of specific seismic phases but complete seismograms.As a first step in this direction, we perform numerical experiments to estimate the effect of 3-D crustal density heterogeneities on regional seismic wave propagation. While a finite number of numerical experiments may not capture the full range of possible scenarios, our results still indicate that realistic crustal density variations may lead to travel-time shifts of up to ∼ 1 s and amplitude variations of several tens of percent over propagation distances of ∼ 1000 km. Both amplitude and travel-time variations increase with increasing epicentral distance and increasing medium complexity, i.e. decreasing correlation length of the heterogeneities. They are practically negligible when the correlation length of the heterogeneities is much larger than the wavelength. However, when the correlation length approaches the wavelength, density-induced waveform perturbations become prominent. Recent regional-scale full-waveform inversions that resolve structure at the scale of a wavelength already reach this regime.Our numerical experiments suggest that waveform perturbations induced by realistic crustal density variations can be observed in high-quality regional seismic data. While density-induced travel-time differences will often be small, amplitude variations exceeding ±10 % are comparable to those induced by 3-D velocity structure and attenuation. While these results certainly encourage more research on the development of 3-D density tomography, they also suggest that current full-waveform inversions that use amplitude information may be biased due to the neglect of 3-D variations in density.
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Cho, A.-Ra, and Youngchol Choi. "PTA-Sync: Packet-Train-Aided Time Synchronization for Underwater Acoustic Applications." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020978.
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In underwater acoustic applications, time synchronization errors accumulate severely with time, owing to the unpredictable propagation delay change induced by mobility and low sound propagation speed. In previously reported schemes, error accumulation during underwater acoustic time synchronization occurred, decreasing their performance and affecting their applicability. To overcome this limitation, we propose packet-train-aided time synchronization (PTA-Sync) for underwater acoustic application. The proposed PTA-Sync adaptively tracks one-way travel time (OWTT) change using three-dimensional linear velocity vector, the transmit time difference and arrival time difference of two adjacent packets in a packet train, and the position information of a mobile reference node. Thus, this scheme enables us to reduce the synchronization error accumulation rate by estimating the propagation delay change more accurately. Simulation results show PTA-Sync achieves higher accuracy than existing OWTT-based synchronization schemes. Thus, PTA-Sync can be effectively used in underwater exploratory activities because it can successfully reduce time synchronization errors.
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Youssef, Zaher, Habib Alshuwaikhat, and Imran Reza. "Modeling the Modal Shift towards a More Sustainable Transport by Stated Preference in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010337.
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The need to gain a comprehensive understanding of road travelers’ choice of mode and their perceptions of using sustainable urban mobility modes have evolved to shape the form of future transport planning and policymaking. To combat the concern of growing traffic congestion in Riyadh City, the government of Saudi Arabia designed and introduced a sustainable public transport project named “Riyadh Metro”. This study explores the potential commuters’ perception towards the Metro services and the factors that limit their propensity to use Metro and understand the tradeoffs that the individuals make when they are faced with a combination of mode characteristics (e.g., travel time, price, walking time). The stated preferences experiment was conducted on a sample from the Riyadh neighborhood by structured interviews. A discrete choice model based on binary logistic regression has been developed. The coefficient of travel attribute: travel time, fuel cost, Metro fare, and walking time was found to be statistically significant with a different effect on mode choice. The elasticity of the coefficient showed that an increase in the fuel price by 10% would increase the metro ridership by 5.3% and reduce car dependency. Decreasing the walking time by 5 min to the metro station will increase the metro ridership by 22%. Furthermore, the study revealed that implementing a 1 SAR/hour parking charge will decrease car dependency by 14%. Increase Metro fare by 10% will decrease Metro ridership by 6.9%. The socioeconomic factors coefficient shows a marginal effect on the choice decision of passengers.
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Bevan, David J., and Donald L. Kramer. "The respiratory behaviour of an air-breathing catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Clariidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 2 (1987): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-054.
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Clarias macrocephalus are continuous, facultative air breathers. Individuals (7.6–20.9 g) survived more than 25 days in normoxic water without surface access. Buoyancy decreased and water-breathing frequency increased when surface access was denied, but growth rate and the frequency of air-breathing attempts did not change. We examined air-breathing and water-breathing frequency in shallow (60 cm) and deep (235 cm) water under normoxic (8.0 mg O2∙L−1) and hypoxic (0.3, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1) conditions to examine how changes in the travel costs of breathing affected the use of each respiratory mode. Air-breathing and water-breathing frequency increased as dissolved oxygen decreased from 8.0 to 2.0 mg O2∙L−1. Below this level air breathing continued to increase, but water breathing dropped sharply. At higher levels of dissolved oxygen (8.0 and 2.0 mg O2∙L−1), fish in deep water had lower air-breathing and higher water-breathing frequencies than fish in shallow water. Vertical distance travelled and time spent in air breathing increased with increasing depth and with decreasing level of dissolved oxygen. These results support the hypotheses that travel is a significant cost of aerial respiration and that fish respond to increases in this cost by decreasing their use of atmospheric oxygen when dissolved oxygen concentration permits them to do so.
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Rhodes, Isaiah J., Sophia Arbuiso, Ashley Zhang, et al. "The Burden of Plastic Surgery in Rural Kenya: The Kapsowar Hospital Experience." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 12, no. 11 (2024): e6289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000006289.
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Purpose: Both governmental and nongovernmental training programs are expanding efforts to train the next generation of plastic surgeons who will work in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Sufficient training is dependent on acquiring the appropriate skillset for these contexts. Few studies have characterized the spectrum of practice of plastic surgeons in LMICs and their relative disparity. Methods: We performed a retrospective review on all patients who received plastic surgery at a single institution in rural western Kenya from 2021 to 2023. Data such as diagnoses, procedures, and home village/town of residence were collected. Patient home location was geomapped using an open-access distance matrix application programming interface to estimate travel time based on terrain and road quality, assuming patient access to a private vehicle and ideal traveling conditions. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: A total of 296 patients received surgery. Common procedures included treatment of cleft lip/palate (CLP), burn reconstruction, and reconstruction for benign tumors of the head and neck. The average distance to treatment was 159.2 minutes. Increased travel time was not associated with time to CLP repair (P > 0.05). Increased travel time was associated with delayed treatment for burns (P = 0.005), maxillofacial trauma (P = 0.032), and hand trauma (P = 0.016). Conclusions: Training programs for plastic surgeons in LMICs should ensure competency in CLP, flaps, burn reconstruction, and head and neck reconstruction. Our novel use of an application programming interface indicates that international partnerships have been more successful in decreasing treatment delays for CLP patients, but not other reconstructive procedure patients. Expanded commitment from international partners to address these reconstructive burdens in LMICs is warranted.
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Brand, Christian. "The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities." Global Environmental Change 67 (January 29, 2021): 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224.
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Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable and low carbon form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of changes in active travel on changes in mobility-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected longitudinal data on daily travel behavior, journey purpose, as well as personal and geospatial characteristics in seven European cities and derived mobility-related lifecycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions over time and space. Statistical modelling of longitudinal panel (n = 1849) data was performed to assess how changes in active travel, the ‘main mode’ of daily travel, and cycling frequency influenced changes in mobility-related lifecycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. We found that changes in active travel have significant lifecycle carbon emissions benefits, even in European urban contexts with already high walking and cycling shares. An increase in cycling or walking consistently and independently decreased mobility-related lifecycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, suggesting that active travel substituted for motorized travel – i.e. the increase was not just additional (induced) travel over and above motorized travel. To illustrate this, an average person cycling 1 trip/day more and driving 1 trip/day less for 200 days a year would decrease mobility-related lifecycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by about 0.5 tonnes over a year, representing a substantial share of average per capita CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transport. The largest benefits from shifts from car to active travel were for business purposes, followed by social and recreational trips, and commuting to work or place of education. Changes to commuting emissions were more pronounced for those who were younger, lived closer to work and further to a public transport station. Even if not all car trips could be substituted by active travel the potential for decreasing emissions is considerable and significant. The study gives policy and practice the empirical evidence needed to assess climate change mitigation impacts of urban transport measures and interventions aimed at mode shift to more sustainable modes of transport. Investing in and promoting active travel whilst ‘demoting’ private car ownership and use should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet ‘net zero’ carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also reducing inequalities and improving public health and quality of urban life in a post-COVID-19 world.
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Wen, Zheng, Dongwei Tian, and Naiming Wu. "Modeling and Analyzing the Spatiotemporal Travel Patterns of Bike Sharing: A Case Study of Citi Bike in New York." Sustainability 17, no. 1 (2024): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010014.
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As the urban transportation demand continues to grow, the effective management and optimization of bike-sharing systems are of significant importance for urban planning and transportation engineering. This study aims to identify the spatiotemporal distribution of the peak-period departures and arrivals of bike sharing within Manhattan, New York, and to analyze the community clustering patterns and their underlying rules. Additionally, a comparative analysis across multiple time periods was conducted to enhance the research’s practical value. This study utilized GPS trajectory data from the New York City bike-sharing system for 2023. After analyzing the travel patterns throughout the year, we selected August, the month with the highest usage, to study the origin-destination (OD) travel aggregation patterns using flow models and the theoretical constructs of travel networks, measuring and analyzing travel characteristics. Subsequently, community detection algorithms were applied to analyze the clustering patterns and relationships among various neighborhoods. The findings revealed that the use of bike sharing in New York exhibits an overall trend of increasing and then decreasing throughout the year, with significantly higher usage in the spring and summer compared to the fall and winter. Notably, August saw the highest usage levels, with hotspots primarily concentrated in the southwestern part of Manhattan, which is also the economic center of New York City. The OD aggregation patterns across the upper, middle, and lower parts of August show distinct variations. Through community analysis, several strongly associated neighborhood clusters were identified, which exhibited both aggregation and dispersion trends over time. In southern Manhattan, a community with high modularity emerged, showcasing strong interconnections among neighborhoods. These findings provide valuable insights into the usage patterns of bike sharing in New York and the factors influencing them, offering significant implications for the optimization of bike-sharing system operations and planning.
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Horbachov, Peter, Liudmyla Abramova, and Ivan Lytvynenko. "Modelling the parameters of accelerated move-ment of passenger cars in coordinated traffic." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University 1, no. 101 (2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2023.101.0.168.
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Problem. In order to fine-tune the coordination plan to the specific traffic conditions on the road network segment selected for coordination, it is necessary to determine the time for vehicles to travel between synchronized traffic lights. Such models should be based on accelerated rather than uniform moving, and a parameter estimation method should be developed to form them. Goal. Development of a new method for estimating the parameters of a linear model of decreasing acceleration, which allows estimating them in specific driving conditions based on knowledge of two quantities: the length of the link and the random time of its overcoming in free driving conditions. Methodology. Using the functional relationships between travel time, acceleration, speed, and distance, known from kinematics, we have moved to a new sequence of actions to select the type and estimate the parameters of the model that relates the acceleration and speed of a car. For this purpose, using the obtained analytical dependence between time and distance travelled, which contains unknown model parameters, it is possible to find the values of these coefficients by minimising the sum of squares of the difference between the calculated and actual lengths of the link. Results. Based on the search for the minimum square of deviations between the actual and calculated values of the link length, the method of estimating the parameters of the model of accelerated movement of cars at a start from a standstill, based on the results of observations in Kharkiv and Vinnitsa, led to coefficients similar to existing models. The average steady-state speed is estimated at 53.14 km/h. Originality. The presented methodology contains the new transition method from actual times of link passing to parameters of linearly decreasing acceleration model. Practical value. The developed method allows fine-tuning the offsets of the traffic light cycles in the coordination plan to the specific traffic conditions on the road network segment selected for coordination based on actual times of link passing.
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Ortega, Jairo, Jamil Hamadneh, Domokos Esztergár-Kiss, and János Tóth. "Simulation of the Daily Activity Plans of Travelers Using the Park-and-Ride System and Autonomous Vehicles: Work and Shopping Trip Purposes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (2020): 2912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082912.
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The preferences of travelers determines the utility of daily activity plans. Decision-makers can affect the preference of travelers when they force private car users to use park-and-ride (P&R) facilities as a way of decreasing traffic in city centers. The P&R system has been shown to be effective in reducing uninterrupted increases in traffic congestion, especially in city centers. Therefore, the impacts of P&R on travel behavior and the daily activity plans of both worker and shopper travelers were studied in this paper. Moreover, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a promising technology for the coming decade. A simulation of the AV as part of a multimodal system, when the P&R system was integrated in the daily activity plans, was carried out to determine the required AV fleet size needed to fulfill a certain demand and to study the impacts of AVs on the behavior of travelers (trip time and distance). Specifically, a group of travelers, who use private cars as their transport mode, was studied, and certain modifications to their daily activity plans, including P&R facilities and changing their transport mode, were introduced. Using the MATSim open-source tool, four scenarios were simulated based on the mentioned modifications. The four scenarios included (1) a simulation of the existing transport modes of the travelers, (2) a simulation of their daily activity plans when their transport modes were changed to AVs, (3) a simulation of the travelers, when P&R facilities were included in their activity chain plans, and (4) a simulation of their daily activity plans, when both P&R and AVs were included in their activity chain plans. The result showed that using the P&R system increased overall travel time, compared with using a private car. The results also demonstrated that using AVs as a replacement for conventional cars reduced travel time. In conclusion, the impact of P&R and AVs on the travel behavior of certain travelers was evaluated in this paper.
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Hong, Kyeongsoo, Jae Woo Lee, Dong-Jin Kim, et al. "Improved Period Variations of 32 Contact Binaries with Rapidly Decreasing Periods in the Galactic Bulge." Astronomical Journal 167, no. 1 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad10aa.
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Abstract We present detailed analyses of updated eclipse timing diagrams for 32 contact binary merger candidates in the Galactic bulge. The photometric data was obtained from 2016 to 2021 using the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network with the 1.6 m telescopes located at three southern sites (CTIO, SAAO, and SSO). The times of minimum lights were determined by applying the binary-star model to full light curves created at half-year intervals from the observations. The orbital period variations of the binary systems were analyzed using the O − C diagrams from our new timings with the others published in the literature, which are based on the OGLE observations from 2001 to 2015. As results, the orbital periods and period-decreasing rates of 32 binary systems were located to be in the ranges of 0.370 to 1.238 days and from −3.0 to −13.1 × 10−6 day yr−1, respectively. Out of these stars, 24 systems show a combination effect of a parabola and a light travel time caused by a third body, and their outer orbital periods are in the range of 9.1–26.5 yr. We propose that all of our merger candidates need additional monitoring observations to study a luminous-red nova progenitor.
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Calabrò, Giovanni. "A New Agent-Based Model to Simulate Demand-Responsive Transit in Small-Sized Cities." Sustainability 17, no. 12 (2025): 5279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125279.
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Innovative demand-responsive transport services are spreading in most urban areas, allowing dynamic matching between demand and supply and enabling travellers to request shared rides in real-time via mobile applications. They are used both as an alternative to public transport and as an access/egress leg to mass transit stations, i.e., acting as a feeder service. In low-demand areas and small-sized cities, it is often difficult to provide effective and cost-efficient public transport, thus resulting in an extensive use of private vehicles. Using an agent-based modelling approach, this study compares the performance of fixed-route transit (FRT) and demand-responsive transit (DRT), where optional stops can be activated on demand. The aim is to identify the conditions allowing DRT to become more advantageous than FRT in small-sized cities, both for travellers and the transport operator. A real-time matching algorithm identifies optimal trip chains (i.e., public transport lines; pick-up, drop-off and transfer stops; and time windows) for travel requests, dynamically updating vehicles’ routes and schedules. The model is applied to the city of Caltanissetta, Italy, where a transit service with six FRT urban lines is currently operating. Travel patterns were reconstructed from thousands of travel requests collected by a Mobility-as-a-Service platform within one-year. The main findings demonstrate the benefits of DRT in providing a higher quality of service, reducing riding times for passengers, and enhancing service efficiency without burdening operating costs. The DRT reduced the vehicle-kilometres travelled by up to 5% compared to FRT while decreasing passenger ride times by approximately 10%. An economic analysis showed reductions in operator unit costs of up to 3.4% for low-demand rates, confirming the advantages of flexible operations in small-sized cities.
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Smyth, Barry. "The fading impact of lockdowns: A data analysis of the effectiveness of Covid-19 travel restrictions during different pandemic phases." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (2022): e0269774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269774.
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As countries struggled with SARS-COV2 outbreaks at the beginning of 2021, many citizens found themselves in yet another period of increasing travel restrictions, if not a strict lockdown. At the same time there was concern that further restrictions would prove to be less effective due to a range of reasons including increasing pandemic fatigue or the lack of appropriate supports. In this study we investigate whether restrictions remained effective as a way to limit non-essential travel in order to curb virus transmission. We do this by analysing adherence during periods of increasing and decreasing restrictions in 125 countries during three different 4-month phases, early (March—June 2020), middle (July—October 2020), and late (November 2020—February 2021) over the course of the first year of the pandemic, and prior to significant population-wide vaccination. We use the strength of the relationship between restriction levels and the level of personal mobility associated with non-essential travel in order to determine the degree of adherence to the restrictions imposed. We show that there is evidence of a significant decrease in adherence to restrictions during the middle and late phases of the pandemic, compared with the early phase. Our analysis further suggests that this decrease in adherence is due to changes in mobility rather than changes in restrictions. We conclude, therefore, that restrictions have become less effective at curbing non-essential travel, which may alter the cost-benefit analysis of restrictions and lockdowns, thus highlighting the need for governments to reconsider large-scale restrictions as a containment strategy in the future, in favour of more focused or flexible mitigation approaches.
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Cai, Jianrong, Zhixue Li, Yinghong Xiao, et al. "Reversible Lane Optimization of the Urban Road Network Considering Adjustment Time Constraints." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021381.
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Reversible lanes constitute an important solutions for sustainable transportation, with the aim to solve the practical problem of reversible lane optimization of urban road networks constrained by adjustment time. Considering the relationship between the number of lanes and the capacity of sections, a mixed-integer bilevel programming model of reversible lane optimization constrained by adjustment time is constructed in order to minimize the total travel time of the system. The results show that the model can effectively obtain the optimal strategy for any number of reversible sections subject to adjustment time constraints. With the increase of the number of reversible sections that can be optimized within the adjustment time, the cumulative reduced system time increases monotonically and the road network optimization effect improves, but as a whole, the optimization effect of the newly added reversible sections in each stage shows a decreasing trend. When the number of reversible sections that can be optimized within the adjustment time reaches a certain number, increasing the number of reversible sections will have a limited further effect on the overall system. For the reversible lane optimization problem of urban road networks, only efficient reversible sections need to be optimized to achieve a good optimization effect.
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Elah, Elah, Asep Muhamad Ramdan, and Nor Norisanti. "Analisis Website Quality Terhadap Online Booking Intention Melalui E-Trust Pada Website Online Travel Agent." Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 7, no. 5 (2024): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i5.11483.
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Tourism travel at this time has become a lifestyle for the community, along with the times, the tourism sector continues to grow along with the development of information, transportation and technology. Which makes it easier for people to do the buying and selling process digitally such as the help of e-commerce and websites. The tourism industry is currently very tight, making the competitiveness between destination managers even higher. So that Tiket.com as one of the destination providers is not always the first choice of the community in using these travel services which has an impact on decreasing consumer transactional interest in Tiket.com. The purpose of the study is to ascertain how website quality and e-trust as mediation affect online booking intention. This research uses quantitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The sampling method used was the probability sample approach used, by distributing questionnaires to 180 tiket.com application users in Sukabumi City. The data analysis technique used was using SmartPLS software version 3.2.9. The results of this research show that the significant influence between website quality can increase online booking intention on Tiket.com application users in Sukabumi City.
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Marco, Ms Kristen De, Dr Paul Goods, Dr Kate Baldwin, Dr Daniel Hiscock, and Associate Professor Brendan Scott. "RESISTANCE TRAINING PRESCRIPTION FOR ATHLETES DURING PERIODS OF PLANNED DE-LOADING: A SURVEY OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 13, s2 (2024): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.355.
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INTRODUCTION & AIMS Implementing resistance training (RT) for athletes may be difficult during some training-phases due to competing demands. However, it is currently unknown how strength and conditioning coaches prescribe RT during periods of planned de-loading. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the RT prescription practices of coaches during four common de-loading periods (taper, competitive season, tournament, travel). METHODS An anonymous online survey was shared globally to coaches, with data analysed from 204 responders (current level of athlete coached: world class n=68, elite/international n=62, highly-trained n=64, trained n=10). Coaches only provided answers about prescription for de-loading periods which they reported encountering. Where a coach indicated not prescribing RT for specific de-loading periods, they provided information on any barriers preventing RT prescription. RESULTS Weekly RT prescription across all de-load periods was typically reported as: 1-2 sessions, 30-60 min, 1-3 sets, 1-6 repetitions. Most coaches reported decreasing volume during all periods (taper: 89.1%, competitive season: 70.4%, tournament: 84.1%, travel: 74.6%), with the most common reduction in RT volume reported as 0-25%. Most coaches also decreased intensity during a taper (52.9%), tournament (54.8%) and travel (53.6%), with a 0-25% reduction most common. ‘Lack of equipment and facilities’ and ‘scheduling/time’ were common barriers cited to RT prescription during the competitive season (100% for scheduling/time), tournament (55.6% and 50.0%), and travel (57.3% and 60.0%). During a taper, ‘recovery’ was the most reported reason (41.7%). CONCLUSION During planned de-loading periods, both training volume and intensity are generally decreased by coaches compared to periods of normal training. The similarity of barriers to RT prescription during de-load periods suggests the experiences of coaches are not influenced by the phase. To address barriers experienced by some coaches, researchers should examine the use of alternative RT strategies for periods of planned de-loading to maintain training stimulus.
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Booth, Leon, Charles Karl, Victoria Farrar, and Simone Pettigrew. "Assessing the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Urban Sprawl." Sustainability 16, no. 13 (2024): 5551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16135551.
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Background: Urban sprawl adversely effects the sustainability of urban environments by promoting private vehicle use, decreasing the viability of active/public transport, and increasing the cost of public service provision. Autonomous vehicles could change the desirability of different residential locations due to resulting changes to urban design and decreased value of travel time. Methods: Adult Australians (n = 1078) completed an online survey that included a description of a future where autonomous vehicles are widely available. The respondents reported anticipated changes in residential location in this autonomous future. Frequency analyses were conducted, and three logistic generalised linear models were run to identify factors associated with staying in the same area or moving to higher- or lower-density locations. Results: Autonomous vehicles are likely to have mixed effects on people’s desired residential locations. Most respondents (84%) elected not to move location, 11% intended to move to lower-density locations, and 6% to higher density locations. Reasons for moving included a desire for more space, the ease of travelling in urban areas, and the reduced value of travel time. Conclusion: The introduction of autonomous vehicles will need to be managed to avoid fostering increased urban sprawl and the associated negative consequences. Strategies that increase the liveability of higher density urban environments are likely to discourage urban sprawl in a future characterised by autonomous transport options.
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Al, Kait F., John A. Chmiel, Gerrit A. Stuivenberg, Gregor Reid, and Jeremy P. Burton. "Long-Duration Space Travel Support Must Consider Wider Influences to Conserve Microbiota Composition and Function." Life 12, no. 8 (2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081163.
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The microbiota is important for immune modulation, nutrient acquisition, vitamin production, and other aspects for long-term human health. Isolated model organisms can lose microbial diversity over time and humans are likely the same. Decreasing microbial diversity and the subsequent loss of function may accelerate disease progression on Earth, and to an even greater degree in space. For this reason, maintaining a healthy microbiome during spaceflight has recently garnered consideration. Diet, lifestyle, and consumption of beneficial microbes can shape the microbiota, but the replenishment we attain from environmental exposure to microbes is important too. Probiotics, prebiotics, fermented foods, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and other methods of microbiota modulation currently available may be of benefit for shorter trips, but may not be viable options to overcome the unique challenges faced in long-term space travel. Novel fermented food products with particular impact on gut health, immune modulation, and other space-targeted health outcomes are worthy of exploration. Further consideration of potential microbial replenishment to humans, including from environmental sources to maintain a healthy microbiome, may also be required.
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Kosanam, Bindu Varshini, and Abhinay Kukkadapu. "Swarm Intelligence Based Traffic Control System." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v7.n2.p5.
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<div><p class="Abstract"><em>Traffic congestion is one of the major problems in many of metro cities all over the world today. It affects daily life in many aspects such as improper time management, stress, frustration which leads to reckless driving. Average time to reach destination is decided by travel speed which is directly proportional to traffic congestion and also the wait time at each and every traffic signal. In this paper a novel Swarm Intelligence based Traffic Control System (SITS) inspired from nature mimicking (Particle Swarm Optimization) is discussed. This State of the art SITS with Six Degrees of Separation approach to traffic congestion is applying swarm intelligence to traffic lights to avoid waiting of vehicles at red light decreasing wait time and congestion. Here cars will not take random paths or will not take dynamic routes. Six degrees of separation will be employed at each node (traffic signal) to limit computational power and to improve efficiency.</em></p></div>
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Tambunan, Efendy. "ANALISIS KUALITAS PELAYANAN KA COMMUTER LINE RUTE PARUNGPANJANG-TANAH ABANG." Jurnal Rekayasa Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan - CENTECH 1, no. 1 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/cen.v1i1.1427.
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The growth of Jakarta's population and many of them have been moving and settled in the buffer zones of Jakarta. Its impact is on increasing the number of movement of commuters from the buffer zones to Jakarta city. Indonesian Commuter Line (KCI) is the most reliable mass transportation mode as public transportation from the buffer zones of Jakarta such as Bodetabek (Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi) to Jakarta. The annual growth in the number of passengers and the limited infrastructure of commuter line can impact on decreasing the quality of operational services, both in terms of the train's punctuality and travel time as the dominant variable in determining the quality operational services. Therefore it’s necessary to evaluate whether the annual growth in the number of passengers can has the impact on decreasing the quality of operational services of commuter line. This research is focused on the Parungpanjang–Tanah Abang route using descriptive and quantitative methods. The result of this research shows that the reliability level of the the quality of the operational services of Commuter Line during peak hours is still below the tolerance limit or relatively good.
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Ghosh, Laura E., Ahmed Abdelmohsen, Khaled A. El-Rayes, and Yanfeng Ouyang. "Temporary Traffic Control Strategy Optimization for Urban Freeways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 16 (2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797461.
Full textAbstract:
Temporary traffic control (TTC) strategies have been widely adopted to maintain traffic flow while ensuring TTC costs remain a reasonable portion of construction budgets. As travel demand approaches the capacity of an existing facility, implementation of an appropriate TTC strategy is increasingly important not only because lane closures on these facilities exacerbate existing delay, but also because speeds associated with congestion contribute disproportionately and non-linearly to roadway emissions produced throughout the lifetime of the roadway. To enable stakeholders to make informed and transparent decisions on selecting a TTC strategy so as to balance the trade-offs among construction cost, traffic delay, and energy consumption, this paper discusses the development of an integrated model that identifies the Pareto-optimal front when construction start time, construction duration, lateral clearance, and width of shoulder borrowed as a through lane are considered as decision variables. A test implementation of the model suggests that when construction budgets are low, strategies for decreasing traffic delay differ significantly from those for decreasing energy consumption; however, as construction budgets increase, the objectives on traffic delay and energy consumption align much better.
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Nareen Newzad M-N, Nareen, Sheimaa Ibrahim Mohammed, and Mudhafer Hameed Selman. "The Effect of Barzan Highway Improvements on the Traffic Stream Parameters." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, no. 1 (2024): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1644.
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The rapid economic growth in Duhok City has resulted in high traffic volumes, increased the flow of stream traffic, and decreased the speed of running. Therefore, over the last few years, many roads have suffered from non-uniform traffic flow, traffic jams, and increased traffic accidents. There are several causes for the development carried out by the Duhok Governorate on the Barzan Highway, where signalized at-grade intersections were replaced by bridges and tunnels to prevent conflicts between vehicles on the highway. This study will evaluate how much improvement has been made to the Barzan Highway's main parameters after the improvements have been made. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the underpasses have contributed to the creation of safer roads by reducing the accident rate by 47%, decreasing the average traffic flow from west to east (Imam Hamza underpass to Farmanda underpass) by 32%, and decreasing the average traffic flow from east to west by 10%, reducing travel time from west to east by 48%, and from east to west by 45%; moreover, the density improved from west to east by approximately 60%, while from east to west by 63%.
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Lohmander, Peter. "Optimization of distance between fire stations: effects of fire ignition probabilities, fire engine speed and road limitations, property values and weather conditions." International Robotics & Automation Journal 7, no. 3 (2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/iratj.2021.07.00235.
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A general spatial fire brigade unit network density optimization problem has been solved. The distance to a particular road, from a fire station, is approximated as a continuous variable. It is proved, via integral convolution, that the probability density function of the total travel time, PDFT, is triangular. The size of the fire, when it stopped, is a function of the time it takes until the fire brigade reaches the fire location. An explicit continuous function for the expected total cost per square kilometer, based on the cost per fire station, the PDFT, the exponential fire cost function parameters, the distance between fire stations, and the speed of fire engines, is derived. It is proved that the optimal distance between fire brigade unit positions, OFD, which minimizes the total expected cost, is unique. Then, the OFDs are replaced by integers, OFDIs, for different parameter assumptions. In this process, also the optimal expected total costs are determined. It is proved that the OFD is a strictly decreasing function of the expected number of fires per area unit, a strictly increasing function of the speed of the fire engines, a strictly decreasing function of the parameters of the exponential fire cost function, and a strictly increasing function of the cost per fire station. These effects of parameter changes are also illustrated via graphs in the numerical section.
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Karban, O., O. Kanunnikova, E. Khazanov, E. Salamatov, O. Khasanov, and A. Taranov. "Structure and Composition of Ba-W-Ti-O Ceramics Interface Regions Formed at Ultrasonic Vibration." ISRN Nanomaterials 2012 (August 7, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/687641.
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The study of Ba-W-Ti-O ceramics has shown that the structure and composition of their interface regions differ from those in the grain bulk owing to the diffusion of tungsten atoms to the grain surface during sintering. They are determined by the conditions of compacting of dry nanopowders (compaction pressure and power of ultrasonic action) and vary in a nonmonotonic way. Increasing the pressure during dry static compacting and exposure to ultrasound result in the formation of a complex structure of fragments and boundaries between them, increasing the acoustic density and decreasing the intergranular boundary thickness. This affects the travel time of the phonon pulse through the sample, which allows one to determine the density and thickness of the grain boundaries by the method of phonon spectroscopy.