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1
Pranata, A. Y., D. Tjitradi, and I. Prasetia. "Horizontal Web Reinforcement Configuration Analysis of Deep Beam Capacity and Behavior using Finite Element Modeling." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 5242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3256.
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A deep beam is a beam with a small ratio of its shear span to its effective depth. Deep beams at failure under shear mechanism behave as brittle in contrast to the normal beams which become ductile under the flexural mechanism. The shear failure of deeps beams can be prevented by providing a sufficient amount of web shear reinforcements. Providing horizontal web reinforcement to the RC deep beams is a way to increase their capacity to shear. Testing of the studied deep beams was performed by Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling with the aid of ANSYS software. To obtain valid parameters for modeling RC deep beams in FEM modeling, calibrating test have to be done through verification and validation processes. The study results of all studied RC deep beams show that by closing up the spacing between the horizontal web reinforcement results in increment in the ultimate load, while the ultimate deflection and the curvature ductility were found to be decreasing. For RC deep beams, the placing configuration of horizontal web reinforcement at 0.5h-0.7h was found to be efficient for gaining higher values of ultimate deflection and curvature ductility compared to the placing configuration at 0.3h-0.5h with similar values of ultimate load. It was also found that all the specimens’ crack patterns at the first crack state were caused by flexural-tension while at the ultimate state, they were caused by the shear mechanism.
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Kamonna, Hayder H. H., Qasim M. Shakir, and Haider A. Al-Tameemi. "Behavior of High-Strength Self-Consolidated Reinforced Concrete T-Deep Beams." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 14, no. 1 (May 23, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802014010051.
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Background: When a beam is loaded on two opposite faces and the beam’s depth is increased such that either the span-to-depth ratio is smaller than four or the shear-span-to-depth ratio is less than two, it will behave like a deep beam. Strain distribution in deep beams is different from that of ordinary beams because it is nonlinear along with the beam depth. If the beam is cast monolithically with a slab in the slab–beam system, it is considered a T-deep beam. The behavior of the resulting member is more complicated. Objective: The effect of flange width on the behavior of high-strength self-consolidated reinforced concrete T-deep beams was investigated. Methods: Experimental and numerical studies were conducted. Two shear span-to-depth ratios (1.25 and 0.85) were adopted for two groups. Each group consisted of four specimens: one rectangular beam that served as a reference beam and three flanged beams with flange widths of 440, 660 and 880 mm. All specimens had an overall depth of 450 mm, a width of 160 mm and a total length of 1600 mm. The tests were performed under a two-point load with a clear span of 1400 mm. A nonlinear analysis was also performed using ANSYS software. Results: Throughout the study, the performance of the T-deep beams has been investigated in terms of cracking loads, failure loads, modes of failure, loading history, rate of widening of cracks and ductility index. Results revealed that such parameters have a different ranges of effect on the response of T-deep beams. Calibration of the ANSYS model has been done by comparing results of load-deflection curves, cracking and failure loads with that obtained experimentally. Conclusion: The study’s results indicated that increasing the flange width yielded an 88% improvement in the failure load and an approximately 68% improvement in the cracking load. This positive effect of flange width on the failure load was more pronounced in beams with higher shear span to- depth ratios and flange widths of 660 mm. In addition, the beam’s ductility was improved, especially in cases corresponding to a higher shear span-to-depth ratio. The finite element simulation showed good validation in terms of the load-deflection curve with a maximum failure load difference of 9%. In addition, the influence of longitudinal steel reinforcement on the behavior of such members was studied. Some parameters that reflect the effect of changing the flange width on the behavior of deep beams were also presented. Increasing the flange width is more effective when using normal strength concrete than when using high-strength concrete in terms of cracking load, beam stiffness, and failure load.
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Nagrodzka-Godycka, Krystyna, Anna Knut, and Kamila Zmuda-Baszczyn. "Crack morphology and load carrying capacity of the deep beams reinforced orthogonally." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1790.
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The paper presents the results of experimental study carried out by authors on the deep beams with cantilever which was loaded throughout the depth. The main deep beam was directly simply supported on the one side. On the other side the deep beam was suspended in another deep member situated at right angles. All deep beams created a spatial arrangement. The tested deep beams were reinforced orthogonally. Crack patterns and the mode of the failure as well shear concrete were analyzed for their influence on load carrying capacity of the deep beams.
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Yang, Chun, Ming Ji He, Jian Cai, Yan Sheng Huang, and Yi Wu. "Study on Mechanical Behaviors and Calculation of Shear Strength of Steel Truss Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.514.
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Based on strut-and-tie model (STM) in deep beams, steel truss reinforced concrete (STRC) deep beam was developed. Experimental investigations of mechanical performances of STRC deep beams were carried out, and results show that STRC deep beam is of high ultimate bearing capacity, large rigidity and good ductility; Strut-and-tie force transference model is formed in STRC deep beams, and loads can be transferred in the shortest and direct way. Then Steel reinforced concrete (SRC) strut-and-tie model (SSTM) for determining the shear strength of STRC deep beams is proposed. The contribution of SRC diagonal strut, longitudinal reinforcements, stirrups and web reinforcements to the shear strength of STRC deep beams are determined with consideration of softened effects of concrete, and for safe consideration, superposition theory is employed for SRC struts. Computer programs are developed to calculate the shear strength of STRC deep beams and verified by experimental results.
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Al-Gasham, Thaar Saud Salaman. "Reinforced Concrete Moderate Deep Beams with Embedded PVC Pipes." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol3.iss1.32.
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The test results of six reinforced concrete moderate deep beams with embedded PVC pipes are reported. The tests studied the effect of installation of PVC pipe on behavior of reinforced concrete moderate deep beams. The test parameters were the diameters and locations of the pipes. The dimensions of beams were 1000 mm length, 150 mm width and 300mm depth. One beam was constructed without pipe as control and the remaining five had embedded pipes. Four pipe diameters were used: 25.4, 50.8, 76.2, and 101.6 mm and these pipes were inserted longitudinally either at the center of the beams or near the tension reinforcement. The beams were simply supported and tested under central concentrated load up to failure. The test results indicated that, the pipe diameter less than 1/3 of the beam width had limited effect on the capacity and rigidity of beam. For larger pipes, the ultimate strength of beams decreased between 16.7% and 33.3% and the beams stiffness decreased between 103% and 297%.
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Liu, Yong Bing, and Xiao Zhong Zhang. "ANSYS Simply Supported Deep Beams Based on the Study of Mechanical Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.782.
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Established the mechanical model of simply supported deep beam, calculation and analysis of simple supported deep beams by using finite element analysis software ANSYS, simulated the force characteristics and work performance of the deep beam. Provides the reference for the design and construction of deep beams.
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Ahmed, Muhammed M., and Sarkawt A. Hasan. "Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 4, no. 1 (September 5, 2000): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10065.
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Sai Sri Vidyadhari, A., and G. Sri Harsha. "Effect of Shear Reinforcement on the Structural Behaviour of the Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.13295.
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The present study explains about the behavior of Deep beams in both experimental and analytical aspect. Considering the maximum moment from the analytical analysis, the Deep beams are designed according to the IS-456[2000] codal provisions. The failure of deep beams is mainly due to shear, which is considered as a catastrophic failure and many studies are being done on their behavior, some studies concluded that strut-tie- method(STM) is most relevant, but the IS-456(2000) code has no provisions regarding the STM. So, in the present study, the reinforcement area obtained in conventional design of deep beams as per IS provisions were arranged in the form of truss. Thus, comparing the behavior of conventional reinforced Deep beams with truss configured Deep beams, and comparing experimental results with analytical results of Deep Beams. The results concluded that the truss reinforced Deep beams shown good results compared to Conventional Deep Beams and IS-456 code need to be updated for the deep beam design in various approaches.
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Al-Bayati, Nabeel A., Bassman R. Muhammed, and Muroj F. Oda. "Effect of Shear Span to Effective Depth Ratio on the Behavior of Self-Compacting Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Containing Openings Strengthened with CFRP." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.1.001.
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Results of test on seven simply supported self-compacting reinforced concrete deep beams, including six of these beams containing circular openings in center of load path are reported in this paper. The objective of the tests was determined the influence of, changing shear span to effective depth ratio a/d, the existence of circular openings in shear span and using inclined strips of carbon fiber polymer (CFRP) on behavior of deep beams. The general trend in crack pattern, the load-deflection response, and the mode of failure of reinforced SCC deep beams were also investigated. All specimens had the same geometry, details of the flexure and shear reinforcement in both vertical and horizontal directions and they were tested under symmetrical two-point loads up to failure. The experimental results revealed that the web openings within shear spans caused an important reduction in the deep beam capacity by 50% when compared with the corresponding solid beam. The increase a/d ratio from 0.8 to 1.2 decreases the ultimate load by 21.7% and 22.5 % for the reference unstrengthened beam and strengthened beam, respectively, also it was found that the externally inclined CFRP strips in deep beams increased the ultimate strength up to 39.5%, and enhanced the stiffness of deep beams with openings.
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Al-kuaity, Adnan Sadiq. "Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam by Epoxy Resin." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.04.08.
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This investigation presents an experimental and analytical study on the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams before and after repair. The original beams were first loaded under two points load up to failure, then, repaired by epoxy resin and tested again. Three of the test beams contains shear reinforcement and the other two beams have no shear reinforcement. The main variable in these beams was the percentage of longitudinal steel reinforcement (0, 0.707, 1.061, and 1.414%). The main objective of this research is to investigate the possibility of restoring the full load carrying capacity of the reinforced concrete deep beam with and without shear reinforcement by using epoxy resin as the material of repair. All beams were tested with shear span-depth ratio 2.2. An analytical study was made to show the behavior of a sample of test beam at higher stages of loadings before and after repair. The test results showed that the epoxy resin used for repairing was very efficient in restoring full capacity of failed beams. Moreover, epoxy resin increased the strength capacity of the original beams by about 14% to 40%. On the other hand, the increase in the longitudinal reinforcement increased significantly the ultimate capacity of deep beams before and after repair.
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Smarzewski, Piotr. "Analysis of Failure Mechanics in Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced High-Performance Concrete Deep Beams with and without Openings." Materials 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010101.
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The article presents the results of experimental- and analytical investigations of the behaviour and the load-carrying capacity of deep beams with openings (DBO) and without openings (DB) made of hybrid steel-polypropylene fibre-reinforced high-performance concrete (HFRHPC) subjected to three-point bending tests. Six deep beams 100 mm × 500 mm × 1000 mm were tested with a gradually increasing load until failure. All the specimens were tested in the same simply supported conditions. The research focused on the quantity and kind of concrete reinforcement. The deep beams with steel and polypropylene (PP) fibres were characterised by variously arranged steel bar reinforcement: vertically, horizontally, orthogonally and diagonally. The DB1, DBO1 deep beams were conventionally made with steel rod reinforcement but without fibres. The steel wire mesh reinforcement was replaced by fibre reinforcement of varying volume percentages in the remaining deep beams. The influence of the hybrid fibre content in the specimens was studied by marking the development and propagation of cracks, by recording the failure modes, and by monitoring the deflections at the bottom of the deep beam, at the mid-span and at the support. Three-dimensional measurements of strain and displacement of the deep beams without openings (DB) were performed by the non-contact optical 3D deformation measuring system ARAMIS. The experimental results were compared with the studied methods of predicting the shear strength of deep beams reinforced with hybrid fibre. The conducted study demonstrates that hybrid fibres as web reinforcement have a favourable impact on deep beam crack widths and raise the load carrying capacity of deep beams with openings.
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Kachouh, Nancy, Tamer El-Maaddawy, Hilal El-Hassan, and Bilal El-Ariss. "Shear Behavior of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Deep Beams." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090423.
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Results of an experimental investigation aimed at studying the effect of steel fibers on the shear behavior of concrete deep beams made with a 100% recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) are presented in this paper. The study comprised testing of seven concrete deep beam specimens with a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/h) of 1.6. Two beams were made of natural aggregates (NAs) without steel fibers, two beams were made of a 100% RCA without steel fibers, and three beams were made of RCA-based concrete with steel fibers at volume fractions (vf) of 1, 2, and 3%. Two of the beams without steel fibers included a minimum shear reinforcement. Test results showed that the beam with a 100% RCA without steel fibers exhibited a lower post-cracking stiffness, reduced shear cracking load, and lower shear capacity than those of the NA-based control beam. The detrimental effect of the RCA on the shear response was less pronounced in the presence of the minimum shear reinforcement. The addition of steel fibers significantly improved the shear response of the RCA-based beams. The post-cracking stiffness of the RCA-based concrete beams with steel fibers coincided with that of a similar beam without fibers containing the minimum shear reinforcement. The use of steel fibers in RCA beams at vf of 1 and 2% restored 80 and 90% of the shear capacity, respectively, of a similar beam with the minimum shear reinforcement. The response of the RCA specimen with vf of 3% outperformed that of the NA-based control beam with the minimum shear reinforcement, indicating that steel fibers can be used in RCA deep beams as a substitution to the minimum shear reinforcement. The shear capacities obtained from the tests were compared with predictions of published analytical models.
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Robinson, Hugh. "Multiple stud shear connections in deep ribbed metal deck." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-076.
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This paper summarizes the results of push-out tests conducted on 17 different types of shear connections simulating three distinct components of a composite floor system: (1) an interior beam (perpendicular metal deck), (2) a spandrel beam (perpendicular metal deck), and (3) a girder (parallel metal deck). Each push-out specimen had a layer of 152 × 152 WM9.1 × WM9.1 welded wire mesh at mid-depth of each concrete slab.Two composite beams, each with ribbed shear connections typical of those in two of the types of push-out specimens representing ribbed shear connections in interior composite beams with ribbed metal deck, were tested with third-point loads over a simply supported span. Using the average ultimate shear strengths of the push-out specimens having the same configurations as the ribbed shear connections in the composite beam tests to calculate the ultimate flexural capacities of the composite beams resulted in a very close estimate of the measured ultimate flexural capacities of the composite beams. The average measured static yield strengths of the flanges and webs of the wide-flange sections used in the composite beam tests were included in the calculations of the ultimate flexural capacities of the composite beams. Key words: composite, push-out, ultimate shear, shear stud, ribbed metal deck, deep rib.
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Cichorski, Waldemar. "Dynamic displacement analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams made of high strength concrete. Part II: Dynamic displacement analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams made of high strength C200 grade concrete." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0952.
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The dynamic load displacements were analysed of rectangular concrete deep beams made of very high strength concrete, grade C200, including an evaluation of the physical non-linearity of the construction materials: concrete and reinforcing steel. The analysis was conducted using the method presented in [1]. The numerical calculation results are presented with particular reference to the displacement state of rectangular concrete deep beams. A comparative analysis was conducted on the effect of the high-strength concrete and the steel of increased strength on a class C200 concrete deep beam versus the results produced in [10] for a class C100 concrete deep beam. Keywords: mechanics of structures, reinforced concrete structures, deep beams, dynamic load, physical non-linearity
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Liu, Sheng Bing, and Li Hua Xu. "Ductility and Deformation Performance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced High Performance Concrete Shear Deep Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.858.
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The shear tests were made on 18 different groups of deep beams with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber according to the orthogonal experimental design. For comparison, 2 groups of high performance concrete deep beams without fiber were conducted. Shear ductility and deformation performance of deep beams were analyzed quantitatively. Results illuminate that failure mode of high performance concrete shear deep beam is splitting failure, while hybrid fiber reinforced HPC shear deep beam has two failure modes (splitting failure and diagonal compression failure). The mixing of hybrid fiber makes rigidity of HPC deep beam increase obviously, the strain of web horizontal reinforcement and web vertical reinforcement decrease significantly. The catastrophe of strain of cracked concrete is also obviously smaller and the descending step of loaddeflection curve is flatter when adding hybrid fiber. Hybrid fiber can greatly increase shear ductility of deep beams and shear ductility is at the most increased by 40.7% whereas it can not change the brittleness of shear damage radically. The volume fraction of steel fiber plays the most important role in shear ductility whereas the shape of steel fiber has minimum effect among analyzed six factors.
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Cichorski, Waldemar. "Estimate of dynamic load capacity of reinforced concrete deep beam made of very high strength construction materials." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8483.
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The paper presents an analysis of the dynamic load capacity of a dynamically loaded rectangular reinforced-concrete deep beam made of high-strength materials, including the physical nonlinearity of the construction materials: concrete and reinforcing steel. The solution was acquired with the use of the method presented in [15]. The dynamic load capacity of the reinforced concrete beam was determined. The results of numerical solutions are presented, with particular emphasis on the impact of the very high strength of concrete and steel on the reinforced concrete beam’s dynamic load capacity. The work confirmed the correctness of the assumptions and deformation models of concrete and steel as well as the effectiveness of the methods of analysis proposed in the paper [1, 15] for the problems of numerical simulation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams under dynamic loads. Keywords: mechanics of structures, reinforced concrete structures, deep beams, dynamic load, physical nonlinearity.
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Zargarian, Mahsa, and Alireza Rahai. "Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Two-Span Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams and Comparisons with Strut-and-Tie Method." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 8, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8880067.
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Regarding the complicated behavior of continuous deep beams, a research program including three parts was conducted. First part: three continuous concrete deep beams with different shear span-to-depth ratios (a/h) were tested. The effects of varying a/h ratio on ultimate strength and failure modes were investigated. Second part: the nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses were performed to simulate the experimental specimens and 21 large-scale continuous deep beams. The main parameters investigated were a/h ratio from 0.33 to 2 and f c ′ considered 40 MPa, 60 MPa, and 80 MPa. Third part: the strut-and-tie modeling of different design codes and indeterminate strut-tie method were studied for continuous deep beams. Regardless of the a/h ratio, all beam specimens failed in shear mode with main diagonal cracks. Although EC2 load prediction was conservative for all beam models, the ACI and CSA predictions for concrete deep beams with high compressive strength were unsafe. The indeterminate truss model showed closer results to FE analysis in comparison with ACI, EC2, and CSA strut-and-tie method.
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Ma, Kaize, Ting Qi, Huijie Liu, and Hongbing Wang. "Shear Behavior of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102023.
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Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) is based on a multilevel-reinforcement material design that improves both the compressive strength and tensile strength. Investigations of the mechanical performance of HFRC with two types of steel fibers were conducted experimentally. The investigated parameters were the volume fractions of the short steel fibers and long steel fibers. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the HFRC were researched. The group with volume fractions of 1.5% for the long steel fibers and 0.5% for the short steel fibers exhibited the best flexural strength. The synergetic effect clearly was improved by combining different types of steel fiber. Four HFRC deep beams and one reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam were conducted to consider the shear behavior of these beams. The primary variables included the volume fraction of steel fibers and the web reinforcement ratio. The shear behavior was evaluated based on the cracking pattern, load-deflection behavior, and shear capacity. All of the beams failed due to the formation of diagonal cracks. The results indicated that hybrid fibers contribute greatly to the shear behavior of deep beams. The hybrid fibers led to the formation of multiple diagonal cracks in the deep beams and enhanced the damage tolerance. With the same web reinforcement ratio, the ultimate load and deformation of the HFRC deep beams were better than those of the RC deep beam.
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Cichorski, Waldemar. "Dynamic displacement analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams made of high strength concrete. Part III: Analysis of dynamic displacement of a reinforced concrete deep beam made of high strength C300 grade concrete." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6610.
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This work demonstrates an analysis of the displacement state of rectangular concrete deep beams made of very high strength concrete grade C300 under a dynamic load, including the physical nonlinearity of construction materials: concrete and reinforcing steel. The analysis was conducted with the method presented in [1]. Numerical solution results are presented with particular reference to the displacement state of a rectangular concrete deep beam. The work confirmed the accuracy of the assumptions and deformation models of concrete and steel as well as the effectiveness of the methods of analysis proposed in the paper [1] for the problems of numerical simulation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams under dynamic loads. A comparative analysis was conducted on the effect of the high-strength concrete and the steel of increased strength on the displacement of a grade C300 concrete deep beam vs. the results produced in [10] for grade C100 and C200 concrete deep beams. Keywords: mechanics of structures, reinforced concrete structures, deep beams, dynamic load, physical nonlinearity.
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Hassan, Sawsan Akram, and Ansam Hassan Mhebs. "Effect of Steel Fiber Ratios on Behavior of High Strength Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams under Repeated Loading." Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010108.
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Introduction: The present work presents experimental and analytical investigation of the effect of steel fiber ratio of behavior of high strength hybrid reinforced concrete deep beams under monotonic and repeated two point load. Methods: The experimental work included casting and testing of six deep beams, three of which were tested under monotonic loading (control beams) and other beams were tested under repeated loading at level of 75% of ultimate load of control beams. The effect of different SF ratios (0%,1% and 2%) with constant amount of web reinforcement (pw) were studied in terms of crack patterns, ultimate load and load versus mid span deflection. Results and Conclusion: From the experimental test results, it was observed the percentage increase ultimate load for hybrid beam cast with SF ratio 1% is 9.62% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 0%. Also, the ultimate load for hybrid beam cast with SF ratio 2% is 28.85% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 0% and 17.54% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 1% under monotonic loading. Strut and Tie Model (STM) procedures were used to analyze the experimentally tested hybrid deep beams under monotonic loading of the present investigation.
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Chen, Haitao, Lai Wang, and Jitao Zhong. "Study on an Optimal Strut-And-Tie Model for Concrete Deep Beams." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173637.
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The optimal strut-and-tie models (STMs) of two typical irregular concrete deep beams were constructed using evolutionary structural optimization and compared with those of previous studies. The reinforced concrete deep beam specimens were cast according to the reinforcement designs guided by different STMs. Eight irregular concrete deep beam specimens were experimentally investigated under stepped loading, and the differences in the amount of steel used, the load-carrying capacity, and the failure pattern of the different specimens were analyzed. The results show that the optimal STMs proposed in this study have significant advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness and can simultaneously ensure the load-carrying capacity, delay the crack propagation of irregular concrete deep beams, and reduce the amount of steel used in structural members. Therefore, they have an important engineering application value for the reinforcement design of irregular concrete deep beams.
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Mahmood, Bashar A., and Khalaf I. Mohammad. "Finite Element Analysis of RC Deep Beams under Eccentric Load." TJES Vol26 No.1 2019 26, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.1.06.
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This study investigates the effect of load eccentricity on the deep beams in terms of failure load and failure mode by using ANSYS nonlinear finite element program. Three RC deep beams with shear span to depth ratios, varying from 0.91 to 1.67 are modeled. The comparison between experimental and numerical result under central load shows approximately fully match between them to ensure that the model was represented correctly. The model has been used to investigate the behavior of RC deep beams under eccentric loads with various heights of beams. Under eccentric load there was significant reduction in failure load. With increasing height of the beams the failure load increased gradually with incremental increases in height, also there is a clear reduction in failure load due to eccentricity. But when the eccentricity of the load on the beams reaches 50 mm all beams of different heights possess the same failure load and all of them are failed due to concrete crushing at the beam compression face.
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Kumari, A., and A. N. Nayak. "Strengthening of shear deficient RC deep beams using GFRP sheets and mechanical anchors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 48, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0333.
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This paper presents the test results of an experimental study on shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets and mechanical anchors. A total of nine deep beams are prepared. One beam is kept as un-strengthened. Four beams are strengthened using GFRP sheets only at shear spans by varying the number of layers. The remaining four beams are strengthened using both GFRP sheets and mechanical anchors at shear spans. The shear capacity, failure mode, and deflections are studied with respect to the different strengthening techniques. The optimum enhancement in shear capacity of these beams is observed as 25.64% and 55.5% for GFRP strengthened beams and GFRP strengthened anchored beams, respectively with respect to the un-strengthened beam. Moreover, the experimental results are also compared with the results predicted from the design guidelines and models available in the literature, which shows good agreement.
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El Battawy, Osama Megahed, Khaled Farouk El Kashif, and Hany Ahmed Abdalla. "Experimentally Comparative Study on Different Strengthening Methods of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 9 (September 23, 2019): 1997–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091388.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of strengthening reinforced concrete deep beams. An experimental study was done using six reinforced concrete deep beams have the same dimensions of 1150×800×150 mm, and subjected to mid-span concentrated load up to failure. Beams were different in the type, Location of strengthening and the ratio of reinforcement. Beams were divided into three groups. The first group included beams strengthened internally by single strut and either vertical or horizontal additional reinforcement. The second group included beams strengthened using double embedded strut or using CFRP as external strengthening. The third group included one beam strengthened using inclined stirrups. One of the specimens was tested without any strengthening and one specimen was strengthened by external CFRP sheets for comparison purposes the results of the experimental study shown remarkable improvement for using each type of strengthening. Results shown that using the mechanism of increasing stirrups by double rate and using single strut reinforcing is the optimum choice. This is due to the fact that this type of strengthening provides significant increase in the beam capacity in additional to the enhanced behavior of the beam. By this study comparison between each type of strengthening was done and the optimum type to be used in accordance with parameters of gained load capacity of tested deep beams.
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Do-Dai, Thang, Duong T. Tran, and Long Nguyen-Minh. "Effect of fiber amount and stirrup ratio on shear resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete deep beams." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 15, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2021-15(2)-01.
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This paper deals with the effect of steel fiber amounts and the interaction between the fiber amount and stirrup ratio on the shear behavior and capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams with steel fibers. The experimental program was carried out on twelve deep beams with different fiber amounts (0, 30, 40, and 65 kg/m3) and stirrup ratios (0.1, 0.15, and 0.25%). The test results have shown that the use of steel fibers increased the shear resistance (up to 55%), reduced the shear crack width (up to 11 times) and deflection (up to 57%) of the tested deep beams. Also, it was found that using unsuitable steel fiber amount and stirrup ratio would reduce the efficiency of the fibers in a deep beam due to the interaction between the fibers and stirrups. Increasing the stirrup ratio in a deep beam with a high amount of steel fibers can reduce the efficacy of the fibers in enhancing the shear capacity of the beam. The most cost-effective steel fiber amount was found to be around 30 to 45 kg/m3.
Keywords:
steel fibers; deep beam; shear capacity; fiber amount; stirrup ratio.
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Liu, Jing Yu, and Hua Xin Liu. "Bearing Performance Analysis Based on ANSYS of Continuous Deep Beams with Opening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1617.
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The numerical simulation of reinforced concrete continuous deep beams with opening is analyzed by Finite Element Software ANSYS to establish reasonable mechanical model. The stress characteristics and deformation’s situation of the deep beams with opening are analyzed under concentrated load and different openings in different parts. The purpose is to supply some favorable suggestions in engineering application of reinforced concrete deep beam with openings.
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Allawi, Abbas A., Nazar K. Oukaili, and Waleed A. Jasim. "Strength compensation of deep beams with large web openings using carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220947195.
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This article presents the results of an experimental investigation of using carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets to enhance the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with large web openings in shear spans. A set of 18 specimens were fabricated and tested up to a failure to evaluate the structural performance in terms of cracking, deformation, and load-carrying capacity. All tested specimens were with 1500-mm length, 500-mm cross-sectional deep, and 150-mm wide. Parameters that studied were opening size, opening location, and the strengthening factor. Two deep beams were implemented as control specimens without opening and without strengthening. Eight deep beams were fabricated with openings but without strengthening, while the other eight deep beams were with openings in shear spans and with carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheet strengthening around opening zones. The opening size was adopted to be 200 × 200 mm dimensions in eight deep beams, while it was considered to be 230 × 230 mm dimensions in the other eight specimens. In eight specimens the opening was located at the center of the shear span, while in the other eight beams the opening was attached to the interior edge of the shear span. Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets were installed around openings to compensate for the cutout area of concrete. Results gained from the experimental test showed that the creation of openings in shear spans affect the load-carrying capacity, where the reduction of the failure load for specimens with the opening but without strengthening may attain 66% compared to deep beams without openings. On the other hand, the strengthening by carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets for beams with openings increased the failure load by 20%–47% compared with the identical deep beam without strengthening. A significant contribution of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer sheets in restricting the deformability of deep beams was observed.
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Abdulrazzaq, Oday Adnan, and Ashraf Mahammed Khadhim. "STUDYING THE BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT DEEP BEAMS WITH OPENINGS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 12 (April 3, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i12.2019.558.
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In this study experimental tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of reinforcedconcrete deep beam with openings using lightweight concrete. The experimental programinvolved of testing thirteen simply supported deep beam specimens which tested under statictwo-point loads. Light expanding clay aggregate (LECA) was used to produce lightweightconcrete. Test variables were the shape and size of openings, reinforcement around theopenings, position of the openings and shear span to depth ratio. It was found that thebehavior of deep beams which made of lightweight concrete is similar to that made of normalconcrete. It was concluded that the ultimate load and the measured maximum deflection inbeams that have circular openings are larger compared to that have rectangular openings. Atthe same time, the ultimate load decreased and the measured values of maximum deflectionincreased with increasing the size of the openings in deep beams. Also, it was found thatproviding steel reinforcement around the openings caused an increasing in the load capacityof the tested beams. Decreasing the shear span ratio from 0.5 to 0.4 caused an increasing inthe ultimate load and the measured maximum deflection.
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Leon, Raj J., and G. Appa Rao. "Performance of RC Deep Beams with Different Combinations of Web Reinforcement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 343 (July 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.343.21.
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The behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams is complex due to small shear span-to-depth ratios, which deviates its behaviour from the classical Bernoullis beam behaviour. Such behaviour is predominant in cases where members are supported over small spans carrying heavy concentrated or distributed loads. Such is the case in the structural members like pile cap, transfer girder, panel beam, strap beam in foundation, walls of rectangular water tank, shear wall etc. This paper reports on the influence of Poly propylene fibers combined with and without steel fibers on the stiffness, spall resistance and shear strength of RC deep beams. A total of 21 beams were tested to failure under two-point loading, which were compared with the ACI code provisions. The shear span-to-depth ratios adopted were 0.7 to 0.9 incorporating three steel fiber volume fractions of 0%, 1%, 1.25% along with two different fibers of Steel and Poly propylene with volume fractions of (1.0 + 0.0) %, and (1.0 + 1.0) %. The beams with shear span-to-depth ratios 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 showed an increase of 21.9%, 23.43% and 23.9% in the ultimate load carrying capacity with combined steel and poly propylene fibers as replacement of web reinforcement with reference to that of the beam without web reinforcement. With the above combinations, the shear strength and stiffness of the beams have been found to be improved. When the horizontal shear reinforcement was increased, the shear strength was found to increase.
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Yuan, Xiao Sa, Hong Zheng, and Xue Tao Xi. "Hysteretic Property Analysis of the Different Ribbed Steel Deep Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1145.
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The steel deep beam infilled steel frame is a new type of lateral resisting system. It can realize the modulation of structural stiffness in a certain range. By utilizing ANSYS software, hysteretic property of the different ribbed steel deep beams was carried out. The result shows that primary stiffness, yield load and ultimate capacity of the ribbed steel deep beams can be effectively improved. The hysteretic loops are replete, which means better energy dissipation capacity.
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Roy, D. K. Singha, J. N. Bandyopadhyay, and D. P. Ray. "Comparative analysis of deep beams." Computers & Structures 43, no. 3 (May 1992): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(92)90280-d.
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Raj J, Leon, and Appa Rao G. "Load configuration, geometry and web reinforcement effects on failure modes of sandwich deep beams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 7 (December 18, 2016): 811–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216681697.
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In this article, an experimental investigation is carried out to understand the behaviour of sandwich deep beams. The shear strength, load transfer mechanism, integral action and failure modes are reported. Primary variables of this study include distribution of web reinforcement, beam geometry and type of loading. Twelve full-scale beams were tested with simply supported end conditions classifying them into two groups. Each series consists of six beams with rectangular and I-shaped cross-sectional geometry. Two types of loading, i.e. concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, were adopted to understand the influence of distribution of horizontal reinforcement along the depth of beam in the web. Using both types of cross-sections, two beams were tested under uniformly distributed loads, and all the remaining beams were subjected to concentrated load with two different shear span-to-depth ratios (a/d). Observations of the study with respect to strength and serviceability include initial cracking load, ultimate load, crack width, transverse deflection and out-of-plane deformations. The test results indicated that confined or unconfined I-beams in the web failed due to punching shear under concentrated or distributed loads. The modes of failure of rectangular beams with web confinement were diagonal splitting and shear-compression, whereas the unconfined beams failed in flexure. Shear strength expression for conventional deep beams is refined for sandwich beams, and the predicted shear strength agrees well with the experimental results.
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Lu, Jian-yu, and James F. Greenleaf. "Producing Deep Depth of Field and Depth-Independent Resolution in Nde with Limited Diffraction Beams." Ultrasonic Imaging 15, no. 2 (April 1993): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173469301500205.
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Limited diffraction beams, such as Durnin's J0 Bessel beam, are a class of nonspreading solutions to the isotropic/homogeneous scalar wave equation. These beams can be approximately produced with finite aperture and energy over a deep depth of field. In this paper, we report the application of a broadband J0 Bessel beam to nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials. Pulse-echo images of a stainless steel block phantom were obtained with both the Jo Bessel beam and a conventional focused Gaussian beam. Results show that uniformly high resolutions were obtained with the J0 Bessel beam over a large distance. In addition, the lateral resolution of the J0 Bessel beam is almost independent of the speed of sound of the materials inspected. In contrast, the lateral resolution of images obtained with the conventional focused Gaussian beam changes dramatically with the distance and the focal length of the beam in water is greatly reduced by the steel block. Therefore, limited diffraction beams could be useful for nondestructive evaluation of materials of different speeds of sound. Restoration of pulse-echo images obtained with these beams could be simplified.
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Hassan, Sawsan Akram, and Ansam Hassan Mhebs. "Behavior of High Strength Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams under Monotonic and Repeated Loading." Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010263.
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Introduction:This study presents the experimental and analytical investigation of the behavior of high strength hybrid reinforced concrete deep beams under monotonic and repeated two-point load. The idea of hybrid in this work is different. Two types of concrete were used in beam but not in cross-section. The first type was the Fibrous High Strength Concrete (FHSC) at shear spans for enhancing shear capacity against cracking due to diagonal strut failure (by adding Steel Fiber (SF) in that regions), while the second type was the Conventional High Strength Concrete (CHSC) at the mid-portion between the two strengthened shear spans.Methods:The experimental work included the casting and testing of ten deep beams. Five among the beams were tested under monotonic loading (control beams) and other beams were tested under repeated loading at the level of 75% of ultimate load of control beams. The effect of some selected parameters as the type of load, the hybrid and non-hybrid beams, the compressive strength of concrete (fʹc) (normal and high) and the amount of web reinforcement (ρw) were studied in terms of crack patterns, ultimate load and load versus midspan deflection.Results and Conclusion:From the experimental test results, when beam cast with fibrous with SF of 1% concrete along entire length, the ultimate load of 10.96% increased as compared with hybrid beam. And it was observed to increase as much as 32.78% as compared with beam cast from conventional high strength concrete under monotonic loading. Under repeated loading of 75% control ultimate load, the ultimate load for beam cast with fibrous concrete along entire length increased as much as 15.32% as compared with hybrid beam. And it was seen to increase 36.17% as compared with the beam cast from conventional high strength concrete. The percentage increase in ultimate load of hybrid (SF ratio 1%) deep beam cast with high strength concrete became 97.3% as compared with the identical beam cast with normal strength concrete under monotonic loading and (98.21%) under repeated loading (load 75% control beam load). The percentage increase as ultimate load for hybrid beam cast with SF ratio 1% was 9.62% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 0%. As the web reinforcement increased from 0 to 0.004 and from 0 to 0.006, the percentage increased in the ultimate load as 28.07% and 57.89%, under monotonic loading as 26.14% and 59.09%, under repeated loading.Then, Strut and Tie model (STM) procedures were used to analyze the experimentally tested hybrid deep beams under monotonic loading of the present investigation. Comparison of experimental results was made with corresponding predicted values using the STM procedure presented of ACI 318R-14 Code and with other procedures
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Al-Bayati, Nabeel A., Dhiyaa H. Muhammad, and Nawfal A. Abdul Jabbar. "Retrofitting of SCC Deep Beams With Circular Openings Using CFRP." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 7 (July 25, 2021): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i7.74.
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The main objectives of this study are: encouraging the production and use of self-compacting concrete, use of materials which are lightweight, easy to use, and highly efficient in the retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings. Six deep beams specimens (L= length of 1400mm, h= height of 400mm, and b= width of 150mm) were cast using self-compacting concrete. The location of the openings is in the middle of assumed load path. Five patterns were adopted to arrange carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. The cylinder compressive strength of the concrete was approximately equal for all beams and was about (44 MPa) at 28 days age. All the beams have the same steel reinforcement for shear and flexure. There have been many tests for fresh and hardened concrete. The reinforced concrete deep beams were tested up to (60%) of the ultimate load of control beams to simulate degree of damage, and then released the load. After that, the beams were retrofitted using (CFRP) strips, and then the beams were tested to failure. The study was focused on determining the vertical mid-span deflection, ultimate load, the load that causes first shear and flexural cracks, and mode of failure. The results showed that, the best increase in the ultimate failure load was (27.27%) and achieved using the inclined strips pattern and the pattern of vertical and horizontal strips together. Reduction in the deflection values for the retrofitted beams compared to the control beam by about (12-13%) due to restrictions imposed by CFRP strips and the...
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Jasim, Waleed A., Abbas Abdulmajeed Allawi, and Nazar K. Oukaili. "Strength and Serviceability of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Large Web Openings Created in Shear Spans." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 11 (November 29, 2018): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091181.
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Deep beams are used in wide construction fields such as water tanks, foundations, and girders in multi-story buildings to provide certain areas free of columns. In practice it is quite often occurring to create web opening in deep beams to supply convenient passage of ventilation ducts, cable channels, gas and water pipes. Experimental studies of ten 10 deep beams were carried out, where two of them are control specimens without openings and eight with large web openings in the shear spans. The variables that have been adopted are the ratio of the shear span to the overall depth of the member cross-section, location and dimensions of the opening. Test results showed that there was a decrease in the load carrying capacity of deep beams with openings compared to the control deep beams. This reduction may reach 66% in particular cases. It is clear that, the position of opening in shear span has less effect on the performance of structural concrete deep beams at different serviceability stages. Only 11% increase in load capacity at failure was observed in specimens with openings adjacent to the interior edges of shear spans in comparison with specimens with openings at the center of shear span because the discontinuity of the load path is less. Also the midspan deflection at service load level of the reference beam in specimens with openings adjacent to interior edge of shear spans was less than the midspan deflection of reference specimens by 10% - 33%. Evaluating all these advantages facilitates to recommend, if it is very required, the creation of openings at the interior edges of shear spans of the structural concrete deep beams.
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Rahim, Nurul Izzati, Bashar S. Mohammed, Amin Al-Fakih, M. M. A. Wahab, M. S. Liew, Abdullah Anwar, and Y. H. Mugahed Amran. "Strengthening the Structural Behavior of Web Openings in RC Deep Beam Using CFRP." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122804.
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Deep beams are more susceptible to shear failure, and therefore reparation is a crucial for structural reinforcements. Shear failure is structural concrete failure in nature. It generally occurs without warning; however, it is acceptable for the beam to fail in bending but not in shear. The experimental study presented the structural behavior of the deep beams of reinforced concrete (RC) that reinforces the web openings with externally connected carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite in the shear zone. The structural behavior includes a failure mode, and cracking pattern, load deflection responses, stress concentration and the reinforcement factor were investigated. A total of nine reinforced concrete deep beams with openings strengthened with CFRP and one control beam without an opening have been cast and tested under static four-point bending load till failure. The experimental results showed that the increase the size of the opening causes an increase in the shear strength reduction by up to 30%. Therefore, the larger the openings, the lower the capability of load carriage, in addition to an increase in the number of CFRP layers that could enhance the load carrying capacity. Consequently, utilization of the CFRP layer wrapping technique strengthened the shear behavior of the reinforced concrete deep beams from about 10% to 40%. It was concluded that the most effective number of CFRP layers for the deep beam with opening sizes of 150 mm and 200 mm were two layers and three layers, respectively.
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Gopi, Vaka, Kagita Kumara Swamy, Arepalli Peda Gopi, and Vejendla Lakshman Narayana. "Experimental Study on Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Deep Beam." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 44, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.440501.
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In present making of construction industry at a high pace. The tendency of world influenced the high raised buildings. In modern days one of the most common element is deep beam, constructed a small span to depth ratio. The transfer girders most of used in deep beams. In an experimental program consists of 12 deep beam specimens are carried out for shear strength behavior investigation of Reinforced Concrete sandwich deep beam concealed with insulation pad in various depths 200mm and 300mm and 400mm. in the experimental program effective length, depth, the width of the specimens, width of bearing plates, longitudinal reinforcement as 1% to maintain constantly and horizontal reinforcement as varies as 0.15% and 0.25% and 0.35%. We are considered shear span to depth ratio of deep beam is 0.95. The main aim of the experimental study the influence of longitudinal shear reinforcement along with vertical and horizontal shear reinforcement on the shear strength, shear ductility of RC sandwich deep beams of insulation pads placed at different depths.
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Cheng, Bei, Ray K. L. Su, and Jian Luo. "Design Guidelines on the Ultimate Strength of Retrofitted Deep Concrete Coupling Beams by Laterally Restrained Side Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.942.
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Existing deep reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beams with low shear span ratios and conventionally reinforced shear stirrups tend to fail in a brittle manner with limited ductility and deformability under reversed cyclic loading. Experimental and numerical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of laterally restrained steel plate (LRSP) retrofitting method in improving the seismic performance of deep RC coupling beams. In this way, the deformability and energy dissipation of the retrofitted beams are greatly enhanced. Based on the experimental studies and numerical simulation of LRSP coupling beams, an original design procedure on the ultimate strength of LRSP coupling beams is proposed. The proposed design guidelines consist of seven parts, which are (1) estimation of shear capacity of RC component, (2) estimation of plate size, (3) design of bolt group, (4) estimation of axial force, (5) determination of buckling effect coefficient, (6) shear resistance design of the retrofitted beam, and (7) flexural resistance design of the retrofitted beam.
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Adom-Asamoah, Mark, Jack Banahene Osei, and Kwadwo Adinkra-Appiah. "Structural Characteristics of Reinforced Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Deep Beams." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309188.
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This paper evaluates the structural characteristics of deep beams made from reinforced palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) and normal weight concrete (NWC). Twelve PKSC and NWC deep beam samples, with and without shear reinforcement were tested under three-point loading and their structural behavior studied. The ultimate shear strength of PKSC beams increased with a decrease in the shear span-to- depth ratio. Post diagonal cracking shear resistance is greater in PKSC deep beams than beams of normal weight concrete. The shear capacity of the PKSC and NWC deep beams were assessed to be un-conservative using ACI 318-99, ACI 318-05, Eurocode (EC) 2 and a kinematic model, when compared with the experimental results. Nonetheless, this necessitated the development of a calibration procedure to correct the bias inherent in these models. Calibrated shear strength models revealed the compressive strength and the ratio of the shear span-to-total depth as significant influential parameters for correcting the inherent bias in the original deterministic shear strength models. The calibrated functional model of ACI-318-99 may produce conservative predictions, given this limited number of test specimens. Therefore future studies should investigate the reliability of the calibrated models, and quantifying the uncertainties in the estimated coefficients of parameters, using a much larger representative dataset.
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Panjehpour, Mohammad, Hwa Kian Chai, and Yen Lei Voo. "Strut Deformation in CFRP-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/265879.
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Strut-and-tie model (STM) method evolved as one of the most useful designs for shear critical structures and discontinuity regions (D-regions). It provides widespread applications in the design of deep beams as recommended by many codes. The estimation of bottle-shaped strut dimensions, as a main constituent of STM, is essential in design calculations. The application of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) as lightweight material with high tensile strength for strengthening D-regions is currently on the increase. However, the CFRP-strengthening of deep beam complicates the dimensions estimation of bottle-shaped strut. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of CFRP-strengthening on the deformation of RC strut in the design of deep beams. Two groups of specimens comprising six unstrengthened and six CFRP-strengthened RC deep beams with the shear span to the effective depth ratios (a/d) of 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00 were constructed in this research. These beams were tested under four-point bending configuration. The deformation of struts was experimentally evaluated using the values of strain along and perpendicular to the strut centreline. The evaluation was made by the comparisons between unstrengthened and CFRP-strengthened struts regarding the widening and shortening. The key variables werea/dratio and applied load level.
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Rai, Pramod, and Kitjapat Phuvoravan. "Shear Behavior of RC Deep Beam Strengthened by V-Shaped External Rods." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2020.4174.
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This research investigated the shear strengthening technique of Reinforced Concrete (RC) deep beams using a V-shaped external rod system. Shear behavior, the stress in an external rod, and the shear capacity at the diagonal shear failure of a strengthened beam were focused mainly. Experimental tests of control and two strengthened beams were carried out to observe the effect of the external rod on shear behavior of RC deep beam. A theoretical approach to compute the stress in the external rod and the nominal strength of the strengthened beam in the diagonal shear failure were examined based on the experimental test results and verified using Finite Element Method (FEM) in ABAQUS. The computed nominal shear strength of the strengthened beam was 10% higher than the experimental test. The strengthening technique shifted the brittle shear failure to ductile shear failure and improved the performance of RC deep beam.
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Abdul-Razzaq, Khattab Saleem, Sarah F. Jebur, and Abbas H. Mohammed. "Strut and Tie Modeling for RC Deep Beams under non-Central Loadings." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309146.
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This work aims at presenting detailed procedures companied by numerical examples for analyzing and designing reinforced concrete deep beams that subjected to non-central loadings based on Strut and Tie method (STM). The subjected loadings were moved from the center of the beam span towards the supports reaching the maximum non-centrality could be achieved (after which the beams became ‘not deep’ from ACI 318M-14 point of view). A total of three deep beams with three different types of loadings were taken into considerations; one concentrated force, two concentrated forces and uniformly distributed load. Every specimen had a cross section of 150 400 mm and a total length of 1000 mm. Generally, it was found that moving load from the span center towards one of the supports leads to worth notable decreases in the beam ultimate capacity. Therefore, in the case of one-concentrated force, the ultimate load capacity decreased by 30.2% when left shear span to effective depth ratio (aL/d) decreased from 1.3 to 0.65. While in the cases of two-concentrated forces or uniformly distributed loading, it was found that changing (aL/d) ratio from 1.02 to 0.37 led to decrease the deep beam ultimate capacity by 30.5%.
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Alhashimi, Omar Ismael, and AL-Hasnawi Yasser Sami Ghareb. "Effect Bonding Strength Steel Reinforcement with Epoxy Coating on the Character Destruction of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Beams in Bending." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.665.
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Many of the complex reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete characteristics under shear and flexure are yet to be identified to employ this material advantageously and economically, as it has many advantages of low weight, fire resistance, acoustic and thermal insulation. It is observed in the article that under two-points loading system, diagonal cracks are usually the first cracks to be observed in the deep beam clear span. The diagonal cracks first are developed in relatively deep beams and the flexural cracks are first developed in shallower beam. The principal mode of failure in the deep beams having adequate reinforcement is diagonal tension cracking. The shear failure is a common type for all beams. This indicates a weak the bond strength between lightweight concrete and reinforcing steel. There are many factors affecting the bond strength between the lightweight concrete and reinforcing steel, where the compressive strength plays an important role in bond strength, and the bond strength is increased by increasing the compressive strength. The AAC beams have the potential to be an excellently energy-saving construction material and is believed to emerge as an alternative to traditional reinforced concrete beam in the near future. This is proved by the experimental analysis.
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Chen, Ying Jie. "The Deep Beam Bending of Rectangular Section under Concentrated Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.245.
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In this paper the application of reactive reciprocal method is used to solve the concentrated load rectangular section of the deep beam bending problem. The deep beams new equation of bent rectangular section is not only the use of the power of reciprocal method is used to solve the deep bending beam one of the innovation points, also abounded beam theory. Through numerical calculation, the calculate method of this paper is correct.
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Akbaş, Şeref Doğuşcan. "Thermal Effects on the Vibration of Functionally Graded Deep Beams with Porosity." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 05 (July 2017): 1750076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825117500764.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal effects on the free vibration of functionally graded (FG) porous deep beams. Mechanical properties of the FG deep beam are temperature-dependent and vary across the height direction with different porosity models. The governing equations problem is obtained by using the Hamilton’s principle. In the solution of the problem, plane piecewise solid continua model and finite element method are used. The effects of porosity parameters, material distribution, porosity models and temperature rising on the vibration characteristics are presented and discussed with porosity effects for FG deep beams.
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Lu, Wen-Yao, Hsin-Tai Hsiao, Chun-Liang Chen, Shu-Min Huang, and Ming-Che Lin. "Tests of reinforced concrete deep beams." Computers and Concrete 15, no. 3 (March 25, 2015): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.15.3.357.
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Mohammed, A. K., and S. T. Gomaa. "Finite element modelling of deep beams." Computers & Structures 48, no. 1 (July 1993): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(93)90458-p.
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Mohammad, Ahlam, Kaiss Sarsam, and Nabeel Al-Bayati. "Shear strength enhancement of lightweight aggregate reinforced concrete deep beams by using CFRP strips." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816204011.
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In this research, results of an experimental investigation on the shear strengthening of lightweight aggregate reinforced concrete deep beams are presented. A total of eight lightweight aggregate deep beams were cast and tested in the experimental work to study the effect of externally bonded CFRP strips in improving their structural behavior, one of them was unstrengthened to serve as a control beam while the remaining seven beams were strengthened in different orientation, spacing and number of layers of CFRP. The locally available natural porcelanite rocks are used to seek the possibility of producing structural lightweight aggregate concrete. The beams were designed to satisfy the requirements of ACI 318M- 14 building code. Results show that the CFRP strips have increased the load carrying capacity for the strengthened deep beams up to 50 % when comparedto the unstrenghtened control one. The diagonal compression strut crack of unstrenghtened control beam is changed to several diagonal cracks in the mid-depth within the shear span of the strengthened beams and exhibited more ductile failure modes. The results also indicate that bonded CFRP system in the shear span was seen to delay the formation of diagonal shear cracks and provided positive restraint to the subsequent growth of cracks. Increasing the amount of CFRP (by increasing the number of layers from one to two layers) results in increase in the ultimate load by about 15%. However, the increase in the spacing between the strips (from 100 to 150mm) led to a decrease in the ultimate load by about 13%.
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Madureira, E. L., and J. I. S. L. Ávila. "Numerical simulation of the mechanical performance of deep beam." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 5, no. 6 (December 2012): 737–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952012000600002.
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The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the mechanical performance of concrete deep beams. To overcome the shortcomings inherent to the pioneer models, the finite element approximation on a non linear orthotropic model is employed. The obtained results showed that the practiced range on steel reinforcement did not influence, significantly, the beam performance, and one testifies a behavior, in the overall way, pursuant the fashion accepted in the scientific literature on the subject. Nevertheless, it should be detached that the material failure resulted from the concrete crushing on beneath load region, in addition to the occurrence of horizontal tensile stress and "snap back", at the upper edge in the center region, for the beams of greatest height.