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Journal articles on the topic 'Deep eutectic solvent-based systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Liu, Xiangwei, Qian Ao, Shengyou Shi, and Shuie Li. "CO₂ capture by alcohol ammonia based deep eutectic solvents with different water content." Materials Research Express 9, no. 1 (2022): 015504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac47c6.

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Abstract The existing CO2 absorption by deep eutectic solvents is limited by the unavoidable water absorption problem during use. In this study, we prepared three deep eutectic solvents with different alcohol aminations and added different water contents to discuss the effect of water content on the absorption of carbon dioxide by deep eutectic solvents. All deep eutectic solvents have a low melting point at room temperature as a liquid and have high thermal stability, where the choline chloride-diethanolamine deep eutectic solvents have a high viscosity. Anhydrous choline chloride-monoethanolamine deep eutectic solvents have the largest CO2 absorption, reaching 0.2715 g g−1, and the absorption of CO2 by anhydrous choline chloride-N-methyldiethanolamine deep eutectic solvents is only 0.0611 g g−1. Water content inhibited the absorption of CO2 in primary amine and secondary amine systems, whereas it enhanced the absorption of CO2 in tertiary amine systems, which was related to the reaction process of deep eutectic solvent and CO2.

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Guo, Hong, Xinyi Ma, Zhipeng Chen, Jing Guo, and Jianjun Lu. "Efficient 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production in ChCl-based deep eutectic solvents using boric acid and metal chlorides." RSC Advances 15, no. 5 (2025): 3664–71. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra00020c.

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This study reveals an efficient method for the production of 5-HMF in ChCl-based DESs using boric acid and metal chlorides, explores the reaction mechanism, and compares different deep eutectic solvent systems.

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Vuksanovic, Jelena, Nina Todorovic, Mirjana Kijevcanin, Slobodan Serbanovic, and Ivona Radovic. "Experimental investigation and modeling of thermophysical and extraction properties of choline chloride + DL-malic acid based deep eutectic solvent." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 11 (2017): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc170316054v.

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The ability of non-toxic and biodegradable deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride + DL-malic acid in mole ratio 1:1, for the breaking of the azeotropes heptane + methanol and toluene + methanol by means of liquid? ?liquid extraction was evaluated. Ternary liquid?liquid equilibrium experiments were performed at 298.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Densities, viscosities and refractive indices of DES + methanol and water + DES systems were experimentally determined over a wide temperature range and at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the viscosities of DES + glycerol mixture were - determined at temperatures up to 363.15 K to check how much the addition of glycerol decreases high viscosities of DES. The results indicate that the addition of small amounts of water or glycerol as a third component significantly decreases the viscosity of the investigated deep eutectic solvent. Based on the selectivity and distribution ratio values, the extraction ability of the investigated deep eutectic solvent, in comparison with the conventionally used solvents, yields promising results. Non-random two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) models were satisfactorily applied for correlation of experimental phase equilibrium data for two ternary mixtures.

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Majová, Veronika, Silvia Horanová, Andrea Škulcová, Jozef Šima, and Michal Jablonský. "Deep eutectic solvent delignification: Impact of initial lignin." BioResources 12, no. 4 (2017): 7301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7301-7310.

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This study aimed to resolve the issue of the lack of detailed understanding of the effect of initial lignin content in hardwood kraft pulps on pulp delignification by deep eutectic solvents. The authors used Kappa number of the concerned pulp, intrinsic viscosity, and selectivity and efficiency of delignification as the parameters of the effect. The pulp (50 g oven dry pulp) was treated with four different DESs systems based on choline chloride with lactic acid (1:9), oxalic acid (1:1), malic acid (1:1), and system alanine:lactic acid (1:9); the results were compared to those reached by oxygen delignification. The results showed that the pulp with a higher initial lignin content had a greater fraction of easily removed lignin fragments.

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Cysewski, Piotr, Tomasz Jeliński, and Maciej Przybyłek. "Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Intermolecular Interactions in Saturated Systems of Dapsone in Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvents." Molecules 29, no. 8 (2024): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081743.

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Solubility is not only a crucial physicochemical property for laboratory practice but also provides valuable insight into the mechanism of saturated system organization, as a measure of the interplay between various intermolecular interactions. The importance of these data cannot be overstated, particularly when dealing with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as dapsone. It is a commonly used anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. However, its low solubility hampers its efficient applications. In this project, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as solubilizing agents for dapsone as an alternative to traditional solvents. DESs were composed of choline chloride and one of six polyols. Additionally, water–DES mixtures were studied as a type of ternary solvents. The solubility of dapsone in these systems was determined spectrophotometrically. This study also analyzed the intermolecular interactions, not only in the studied eutectic systems, but also in a wide range of systems found in the literature, determined using the COSMO-RS framework. The intermolecular interactions were quantified as affinity values, which correspond to the Gibbs free energy of pair formation of dapsone molecules with constituents of regular solvents and choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. The patterns of solute–solute, solute–solvent, and solvent–solvent interactions that affect solubility were recognized using Orange data mining software (version 3.36.2). Finally, the computed affinity values were used to provide useful descriptors for machine learning purposes. The impact of intermolecular interactions on dapsone solubility in neat solvents, binary organic solvent mixtures, and deep eutectic solvents was analyzed and highlighted, underscoring the crucial role of dapsone self-association and providing valuable insights into complex solubility phenomena. Also the importance of solvent–solvent diversity was highlighted as a factor determining dapsone solubility. The Non-Linear Support Vector Regression (NuSVR) model, in conjunction with unique molecular descriptors, revealed exceptional predictive accuracy. Overall, this study underscores the potency of computed molecular characteristics and machine learning models in unraveling complex molecular interactions, thereby advancing our understanding of solubility phenomena within the scientific community.

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Fan, Jing, Xin Zhang, Nan He, Fenhong Song, and Hongwei Qu. "Deep Eutectic Solvent + Water System in Carbon Dioxide Absorption." Molecules 29, no. 15 (2024): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153579.

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In the present work, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized in a one-step process by heating the hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) tetrabutylammonium bromide and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, along with two hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) ethanolamine and N-methyldiethanolamine, which were mixed in certain molar ratios. This mixture was then mixed with water to form a DES + water system. The densities of the prepared DES + water systems were successfully measured using the U-tube oscillation method under atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 293.15–363.15 K. The CO2 trapping capacity of the DES + water systems was investigated using the isovolumetric saturation technique at pressures ranging from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa and temperatures ranging from 303.15 K to 323.15 K. A semi-empirical model was employed to fit the experimental CO2 solubility data, and the deviations between the experimental and fitted values were calculated. At a temperature of 303.15 K and a pressure of 100 kPa, the CO2 solubilities in the DES + water systems of TBAB and MEA, with molar ratios of 1:8, 1:9, and 1:10, were measured to be 0.1430 g/g, 0.1479 g/g, and 0.1540 g/g, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that the DES + water systems had a superior CO2 capture capacity compared to the 30% aqueous monoethanolamine solution commonly used in industry, indicating the potential of DES + water systems for CO2 capture.

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Tang, Yiquan, Sainan Shang, Jiyou Yang, et al. "Synthesis and application of biomass-based carbon dots in deep eutectic solvent systems." Industrial Crops and Products 224 (February 2025): 120440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120440.

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Sconyers, David J., Musashi Briem, Daniel J. Curran, and Joshua A. Maurer. "Electrochemistry of Trivalent Chromium in Ionic-Liquid/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ternary Aqueous Solutions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 22 (2024): 1937. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02221937mtgabs.

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Hexavalent chromium electroplating has come under severe scrutiny, with increasingly strict regulations and plans for complete removal from operations within the US within the next 10 years. Hexavalent chromium poses large risks, as it is a known carcinogen and presents severe occupational and environmental hazards in its use. However, chromium coatings offer many benefits, including excellent wear and corrosion resistance, along with good hardness and adhesion properties. As such, an effective chromium plating alternative for hexavalent-based processes is sorely needed. Trivalent chromium systems represent a promising and safer alternative to existing technologies due to their decreased toxicity. However, fundamental challenges in addressing the thermodynamics and equilibria of chromium’s complex aqueous chemistry have made the successful development of new plating methodologies difficult. Present solutions incorporate a multitude of complexing agents that play unknown roles in stabilizing trivalent chromium itself or its reduced intermediates. An alternative approach is to use ionic liquids/deep eutectic solvents or ionic liquid/deep eutectic solvent and water mixed systems, which have unique physical and chemical characteristics that could support and poise trivalent chromium for effective electrodeposition. Here, we explore the electrochemical profiles of ionic liquid-based trivalent chromium electroplating systems, highlighting the strong dependence of the spectroscopic response and plating behavior on solution water content.

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Pennington, William, Madhushi Bandara, Andrew Peloquin, and Colin McMillen. "Where are the crystals? X-DES: Deep Eutectic Solvents based on Halogen Bonding." Structural Dynamics 12, no. 2_Supplement (2025): A134. https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000443.

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As a crystallographer, nothing is sadder than failed crystal growth. As an “experienced” crystallographer (a basketball ref couldn't hand signal my number of years), I’ve thrown away more than my share of oily smudges (always according to established hazardous waste procedures, of course). Fortunately, my students are more curious than I. Recently we reported the first halogen-bonding-based deep eutectic solvent, which consisted of a mixture of 1,3-dithiane and o- diiodotetrafluorobenzene – a system that simply refused to cooperate during crystal growth (Peloquin et al. Angew Chem, Int. Ed.2021, 60, 22983–22989). Based on this result and memories of many other liquid samples, we have been exploring a number of different systems, most consisting of tetraalkylammonium triiodides with a variety of organoiodines. As it turns out, many of these systems that resist crystal growth are doing exactly what they are “supposed” to do. Most of these are pseudo binary systems with two or more eutectic points and at least one cocrystalline composition (see phase diagram below). The preparation and characterization of these systems by thermal analysis and, in the case of cocrystals, structural characterization will be discussed. Efforts to correlate halogen bonding in triiodide-based cocrystals with halogen bonding in triiodide-based deep eutectic solvents are now in progress.

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Park, Tae-Joon, and Sang Hyun Lee. "Deep eutectic solvent systems for FeCl3-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of 3-octylthiophene." Green Chemistry 19, no. 4 (2017): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02789j.

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Schuur, Boelo, Thomas Brouwer, and Lisette M. J. Sprakel. "Recent Developments in Solvent-Based Fluid Separations." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12, no. 1 (2021): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102620-015346.

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The most important developments in solvent-based fluid separations, separations involving at least one fluid phase, are reviewed. After a brief introduction and discussion on general solvent trends observed in all fields of application, several specific fields are discussed. Important solvent trends include replacement of traditional molecular solvents by ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents and, more recently, increasing discussion around bio-based solvents in some application fields. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive systems are discussed; the most significant developments in this field are seen for CO2-switchable and redox-responsive solvents. Discussed fields of application include hydrocarbons separations, carbon capture, biorefineries, and metals separations. For all but the hydrocarbons separations, newly reported electrochemically mediated separations seem to offer exciting new windows of opportunities.

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Nahar, Yeasmin, and Stuart C. Thickett. "Greener, Faster, Stronger: The Benefits of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer and Materials Science." Polymers 13, no. 3 (2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030447.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent an emergent class of green designer solvents that find numerous applications in different aspects of chemical synthesis. A particularly appealing aspect of DES systems is their simplicity of preparation, combined with inexpensive, readily available starting materials to yield solvents with appealing properties (negligible volatility, non-flammability and high solvation capacity). In the context of polymer science, DES systems not only offer an appealing route towards replacing hazardous volatile organic solvents (VOCs), but can serve multiple roles including those of solvent, monomer and templating agent—so called “polymerizable eutectics.” In this review, we look at DES systems and polymerizable eutectics and their application in polymer materials synthesis, including various mechanisms of polymer formation, hydrogel design, porous monoliths, and molecularly imprinted polymers. We provide a comparative study of these systems alongside traditional synthetic approaches, highlighting not only the benefit of replacing VOCs from the perspective of environmental sustainability, but also the materials advantage with respect to mechanical and thermal properties of the polymers formed.

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Dugoni, Greta Colombo, Maria E. Di Pietro, Monica Ferro та ін. "Effect of Water on Deep Eutectic Solvent/β-Cyclodextrin Systems". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, № 7 (2019): 7277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00315.

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Abdallah, Maha M., Simon Müller, Andrés González de Castilla, et al. "Physicochemical Characterization and Simulation of the Solid–Liquid Equilibrium Phase Diagram of Terpene-Based Eutectic Solvent Systems." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061801.

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The characterization of terpene-based eutectic solvent systems is performed to describe their solid–liquid phase transitions. Physical properties are measured experimentally and compared to computed correlations for deep eutectic solvents (DES) and the percentage relative error er for the density, surface tension, and refractive index is obtained. The thermodynamic parameters, including the degradation, glass transition and crystallization temperatures, are measured using DSC and TGA. Based on these data, the solid–liquid equilibrium phase diagrams are calculated for the ideal case and predictions are made using the semi-predictive UNIFAC and the predictive COSMO RS models, the latter with two different parametrization levels. For each system, the ideal, experimental, and predicted eutectic points are obtained. The deviation from ideality is observed experimentally and using the thermodynamic models for Thymol:Borneol and Thymol:Camphor. In contrast, a negative deviation is observed only experimentally for Menthol:Borneol and Menthol:Camphor. Moreover, the chemical interactions are analyzed using FTIR and 1H-NMR to study the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the systems.

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Teixeira, Gabriel, Dinis O. Abranches, Liliana P. Silva, et al. "Liquefying Flavonoids with Terpenoids through Deep Eutectic Solvent Formation." Molecules 27, no. 9 (2022): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092649.

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The formation of deep eutectic solvents (DES) is tied to negative deviations to ideality caused by the establishment of stronger interactions in the mixture than in the pure DES precursors. This work tested thymol and menthol as hydrogen bond donors when combined with different flavonoids. Negative deviations from ideality were observed upon mixing thymol with either flavone or flavanone, two parent flavonoids that only have hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) groups, thus forming non-ionic DES (Type V). On the other hand, the menthol systems with the same compounds generally showed positive deviations from ideality. That was also the case with the mixtures containing the more complex hydroxylated flavonoid, hesperetin, which resulted in positive deviations when mixed with either thymol or menthol. COSMO-RS successfully predicted the behavior of the solid-liquid phase diagram of the studied systems, allowing for evaluation of the impact of the different contributions to the intermolecular interactions, and proving to be a good tool for the design of DES.

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Dindarloo Inaloo, Iman, and Sahar Majnooni. "Carbon dioxide utilization in the efficient synthesis of carbamates by deep eutectic solvents (DES) as green and attractive solvent/catalyst systems." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 28 (2019): 11275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj02810b.

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Marchel, Mateusz, Ana Sofia Coroadinha, and Isabel M. Marrucho. "Novel Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems for Efficient Extraction of Pepsin." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 33 (2020): 12400–12408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02673.

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Farias, Fabiane Oliveira, Helena Passos, João A. P. Coutinho, and Marcos R. Mafra. "pH Effect on the Formation of Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 49 (2018): 16917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04256.

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Meng, Jiaojiao, Yuzhi Wang, Yigang Zhou, et al. "Development of different deep eutectic solvent aqueous biphasic systems for the separation of proteins." RSC Advances 9, no. 25 (2019): 14116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00519f.

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Škulcová, Andrea, Lucia Kamenská, Filip Kalman, et al. "Deep Eutectic Solvents as Medium for Pretreatment of Biomass." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.17.

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In the field of green chemistry is the study of new solvent systems the great challenge. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent the principles of green chemistry. Currently are preferred these new types of chemicals suitable for the selective removal of extractives, lignin or polysaccharides from biomass. Biomass is selectively treated to the individual fractions, of which is possible with following purification to obtain products in higher yields and purity. In this work are describes various deep eutectic solvents, which can be used for pretreatment of biomass.

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Mannu, Alberto, Marco Blangetti, Salvatore Baldino, and Cristina Prandi. "Promising Technological and Industrial Applications of Deep Eutectic Systems." Materials 14, no. 10 (2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102494.

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Deep Eutectic Systems (DESs) are obtained by combining Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) and Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBDs) in specific molar ratios. Since their first appearance in the literature in 2003, they have shown a wide range of applications, ranging from the selective extraction of biomass or metals to medicine, as well as from pollution control systems to catalytic active solvents and co-solvents. The very peculiar physical properties of DESs, such as the elevated density and viscosity, reduced conductivity, improved solvent ability and a peculiar optical behavior, can be exploited for engineering modular systems which cannot be obtained with other non-eutectic mixtures. In the present review, selected DESs research fields, as their use in materials synthesis, as solvents for volatile organic compounds, as ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations and as active solvents and cosolvents in organic synthesis, are reported and discussed in terms of application and future perspectives.

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Sasaki, Riku, Kaiin Tou, Shoma Kamanoi, et al. "MXene-Based High-Performance Soft Pressure Sensor Using Gel–Deep Eutectic Solvent Composite." Micromachines 16, no. 5 (2025): 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050579.

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MXene, a layered nanocarbon material, exhibits excellent conductivity and solubility. Its high sensitivity also makes it useful for soft pressure sensors. However, the compatibility between sensitivity and fast responses in resistance-change sensors remains a major issue. This study developed an MXene-based high-performance soft pressure sensor using a gel–deep eutectic solvent composite. The composite conductive material exhibited excellent solubility and printability in soft device fabrication. The aim of this work was to produce a high-quality soft pressure sensor that exhibited quick responses over a wide sensitivity range for detecting applied pressure. The sensors achieved high performance in terms of a high-speed response (40 ms) and good sensitivity (−0.0109 kPa−1). These results represent an advance in intelligent wearable sensing systems by combining materials science and electronic devices.

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Othman, Zetty Shafiqa, Mamoru Koketsu, Nurul Huda Abd Karim, Saiful Irwan Zubairi, and Nur Hasyareeda Hassan. "Interaction Study of Binary Solvent Systems Ionic Liquid and Deep Eutectic Solvent with Rotenone." Sains Malaysiana 47, no. 07 (2018): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4707-15.

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Balakrishnan I, Jawahar N, Senthil Venkatachalam, and Debosmita Datta. "A brief review on eutectic mixture and its role in pharmaceutical field." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (2020): 3017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2398.

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Eutectic mixture (EM) is as a mixture of more than one substance that does not interact individually to create a new entity but in a particular ratio that exhibits a lower range of melting point than it had in individual. EM should be formulated in such a way that it should have major advantages in pharmaceutical industries. EM can be a mixture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), or different ratios of APIs and excipients, or various excipients. Deep eutectic solvents containing APIs (API-DES) considered as an innovative approach to form different APIs in the liquid state. This new approach of liquid form is versatile and plays an important role in drug delivery. The selection of ideal hydrogen bond-donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond-acceptor (HBA) is an essential parameter. Ionic liquids (IL), derivatives of deep eutectic solvents (DES) have got much attention since it can replace harmful organic solvent by their extraordinary properties. Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDESs) are considered to be an exceptional option in the advancement of biomedicine. This can be utilized for improvising drug solubility, bioavailability as well as drug permeation through the skin. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) can be considered as an alternate option, replacing harsh solvents. It has special characteristics of better biodegradability and biocompatibility. These NADES mainly used to separate and purification of natural compounds. This review focuses on the eutectic mixture and its application in the area of drug delivery systems, and pharmaceutical and pharmacological fields.

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Tang, Changbin, Xue Li, Jingang Tang, Kang Ren, and Juanqin Xue. "Electropolishing with Low Mass Loss for Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V in Zinc Chloride-Urea Deep-Eutectic Solvent." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 171, no. 5 (2024): 051504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad4b60.

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A novel electropolishing approach for Ti6Al4V was developed involving a zinc chloride (ZnCl2)-urea deep-eutectic polishing system, with current density of 0.6 A cm−2, temperature of 90 °C, stirring speed of 260 rpm, and polishing time of 10 min. The system achieved a polished surface with 73% reduction in surface roughness. Compared with other electropolishing processes, the system decreased material mass loss rate following electropolishing of titanium alloys, making it suitable for surface polishing of additively or conventionally melt-cast fabricated titanium alloys. Using the deep-eutectic solvent for electropolishing of Ti6Al4V not only improves surface hydrophobicity, but also enhances electrochemical corrosion resistance. Furthermore, compared with electropolishing behaviour in green nonaqueous solvents, a similar electropolishing mechanism occurred in deep-eutectic solvents, but the electropolishing efficiency in the ZnCl2-urea deep-eutectic system was higher, and its surface mass loss become lower than that of the sodium chloride-glycol electropolishing systems. The developed system provided a new approach for surface finishing of titanium alloys and has great potential for engineering applications.

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Fedorov, A. Y., and A. V. Levina. "The possibility of using DES based on polypropylene glycol 425 and tetrabuthylammonium bromide in the extraction processes of transition metals." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, no. 1 (2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012024.

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Abstract Traditionally, the method of liquid extraction is used to extract metals from aqueous. This work is devoted to the combination of perspective alternative for hazardous solvents (aqueous two-phase systems based on water-soluble polymers) and the novel deep eutectic solvents in the non-ferrous metals extraction processes. In this work, the synthesis of deep eutectic solvent based on a water-soluble polymer (PPG-425) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) by stirring for 10 minutes at 80° C has been shown. The obtained results showed not only the possibility of using DES in the metal extraction process, but the selectivity to the Fe(III) and Zn(III), the distribution coefficients were 71.64 and 25.17 respectively. The metal concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol. This work shows the perspectives of using DESs in the metal extraction processes.

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Souza, Giselle A. L., Luciana Y. A. Silva, and Patricia F. M. Martinez. "Vapour-liquid equilibria of systems containing deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and glycerol." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 158 (July 2021): 106444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2021.106444.

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Vessally, Esmail, and Rovnag Rzayev. "Application of deep eutectic solvent-based aqueous two phase systems for extraction of analgesic drugs." RSC Advances 14, no. 46 (2024): 34253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05917d.

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Yu, Wang, Chaoyun Wang, Yongjian Yi, et al. "Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent systems as a pretreatment for nanofibrillation of ramie fibers." Cellulose 26, no. 5 (2019): 3069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02290-7.

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Xue, Jing, Jing Wang, Daoshuo Feng, Haofei Huang, and Ming Wang. "Processing of Functional Composite Resins Using Deep Eutectic Solvent." Crystals 10, no. 10 (2020): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100864.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)—a promising class of alternatives to conventional ionic liquids (ILs) that have freezing points lower than the individual components—are typically formed from two or more components through hydrogen bond interactions. Due to the remarkable advantages of biocompatibility, economical feasibility and environmental hospitality, DESs show great potentials for green production and manufacturing. In terms of the processing of functional composite resins, DESs have been applied for property modifications, recyclability enhancement and functionality endowment. In this review, the applications of DESs in the processing of multiple functional composite resins such as epoxy, phenolic, acrylic, polyester and imprinted resins, are covered. Functional composite resins processed with DESs have attracted much attention of researchers in both academic and industrial communities. The tailored properties of DESs for the design of functional composite resins—as well as the effects of hydrogen bond on the current polymeric systems—are highlighted. In addition to the review of current works, the future perspectives of applying DESs in the processing of functional composite resins are also presented.

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Cysewski, Piotr, Tomasz Jeliński, and Maciej Przybyłek. "Exploration of the Solubility Hyperspace of Selected Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Choline- and Betaine-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Machine Learning Modeling and Experimental Validation." Molecules 29, no. 20 (2024): 4894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204894.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are popular green media used for various industrial, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. However, the possible compositions of eutectic systems are so numerous that it is impossible to study all of them experimentally. To remedy this limitation, the solubility landscape of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in choline chloride- and betaine-based deep eutectic solvents was explored using theoretical models based on machine learning. The available solubility data for the selected APIs, comprising a total of 8014 data points, were collected for the available neat solvents, binary solvent mixtures, and DESs. This set was augmented with new measurements for the popular sulfa drugs in dry DESs. The descriptors used in the machine learning protocol were obtained from the σ-profiles of the considered molecules computed within the COSMO-RS framework. A combination of six sets of descriptors and 36 regressors were tested. Taking into account both accuracy and generalization, it was concluded that the best regressor is nuSVR regressor-based predictive models trained using the relative intermolecular interactions and a twelve-step averaged simplification of the relative σ-profiles.

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Pishro, Khatereh Ali, Ghulam Murshid, Farouq Sabri Mjalli, and Jamil Naser. "Measurement of CO2 Solubility in Amine Based Deep Eutectic Solvents." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, no. 9 (2020): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.9.1287.

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The climate change assumes the warming of the climate systems due to increase of global average temperature to the observed increase of the greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the most important GHG. The processes of CO2 capture are gaining a great attention on the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO2 emission and reducing its concentration in ambient air. In this study, we report a new deep eutectic solvents (DESs) made of monoethanolamine hydrochloride-diethylenetriamine exhibits a great candidate for CO2 capture. We developed solubility and physical properties studies at different pressures and temperatures, and regression model was well in agreement with the calculated αCO2 values with R-square: 0.976. The strong properties of DESs in CO2 capture make them as a suitable solvent for absorption CO2 to replace the conventional amine based scrubbing technology and are worth for further exploration.

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Soares, Maria I. L., Ana L. Cardoso, and Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo. "Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reactions in Sustainable Media." Molecules 27, no. 4 (2022): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041304.

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Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction is one of the most powerful strategies for the construction of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems, in most cases with high regio- and stereoselectivity. In this review, an insight into the most relevant advances on sustainable Diels–Alder reactions since 2010 is provided. Various environmentally benign solvent systems are discussed, namely bio-based derived solvents (such as glycerol and gluconic acid), polyethylene glycol, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical carbon dioxide, water and water-based aqueous systems. Issues such as method’s scope, efficiency, selectivity and reaction mechanism, as well as sustainability, advantages and limitations of these reaction media, are addressed.

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Pal, Chandra Bhushan T., and Girirajsinh C. Jadeja. "Microwave-assisted extraction for recovery of polyphenolic antioxidants from ripe mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using lactic acid/sodium acetate deep eutectic mixtures." Food Science and Technology International 26, no. 1 (2019): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013219870010.

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The present study investigates recovery of polyphenolic compounds from ripe mango ( Mangifera indica L.) peel using deep eutectic solvents based on microwave-assisted extraction method. Lactic acid/sodium acetate/water (3:1:4) screened out from eight different types of deep eutectic solvent systems was used as extractant. A Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology was applied to optimize the effect of microwave power (W), time (min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g−1) on polyphenol extraction. The optimized conditions determined were power of 436.45 W, time of 19.66 min, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 59.82 mL g−1. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was 56.17 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 dw, 683.27 µmol ascorbic acid equivalent g−1 dw, and 82.64 DPPHsc%, respectively. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed mangiferin as the prominent phenolic compound in the mango peel extracts. Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction showed remarkable effects on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds as revealed from scanning electron microscopy analysis. Rancimat test results revealed that the oxidative stability almost doubled upon addition of purified mango peel extracts to the sunflower oil and thus paving way for the use of mango peel waste as a potential source of antioxidants.

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Liu, Can, and Jian Shi. "Understanding Lipase-Deep Eutectic Solvent Interactions Towards Biocatalytic Esterification." Catalysts 15, no. 4 (2025): 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040358.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have shown promise as a medium for extracting polar volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and in situ esterification of the extracted molecules using lipases. This solvent enhanced biocatalysis process can potentially streamline VFA separation from fermentation broth by integrating conversion and extraction steps. Two commercial lipases from Aspergillus oryzae (AoL) and Candida rugosa (CrL) were evaluated in reaction systems containing hydrophilic or hydrophobic DESs using a newly optimized lipase assay. The optimal pH for both lipases was around 5.0, with a slight reduction in activity at pH 8.0 and a significant inhibition at pH 2.0. The impact of DES concentration on lipase activity varied depending on the specific DES–lipase pairs. Most hydrophilic DESs show good compatibility with the tested lipases. Specifically for choline chloride/ethylene glycol (1:2) and choline chloride/levulinic acid (1:2), taking into account the influence of pH, CrL activity increased with DES concentration. However, the hydrophobic DES thymol/2,6-dimethoxyphenol (1:2) demonstrated enhanced inhibitory effects on both lipases. Docking simulation helped explain the ligand–protein interactions but showed limited capability in predicting the compatibility of specific DES–lipase pairs due to its constraints in simulating flexible protein structures and the complex interactions between DES components and water.

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Abranches, Dinis O., Nicolas Schaeffer, Liliana P. Silva, Mónia A. R. Martins, Simão P. Pinho, and João A. P. Coutinho. "The Role of Charge Transfer in the Formation of Type I Deep Eutectic Solvent-Analogous Ionic Liquid Mixtures." Molecules 24, no. 20 (2019): 3687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203687.

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It was recently shown that tetramethylammonium chloride presented negative deviations to ideality when mixed with tetraethylammonium chloride or tetrapropylammonium chloride, leading to a strong decrease of the melting points of these salt mixtures, in a behavior akin to that observed in the formation of deep eutectic solvents. To better rationalize this unexpected melting point depression between two structurally similar compounds devoid of dominant hydrogen bonding capability, new solid–liquid equilibria data for tetramethylammonium-based systems were measured and analyzed in this work. Molecular dynamics was used to show that the strong negative deviations from ideality presented by these systems arise from a synergetic share of the chloride ions. A transfer of chloride ions seems to occur from the bigger cation in the mixture (which possesses a more disperse charge) to the smaller cation (tetramethylammonium), resembling the formation of metal–chloride complexes in type I deep eutectic solvents. This rearrangement of the charged species leads to an energetic stabilization of both components in the mixture, inducing the negative deviations to the ideality observed. The conclusions presented herein emphasize the often-neglected contribution of charge delocalization in deep eutectic solvents formation and its applicability toward the design of new ionic liquid mixtures.

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Jokić, Stela, Silvija Šafranko, Martina Jakovljević, et al. "Sustainable Green Procedure for Extraction of Hesperidin from Selected Croatian Mandarin Peels." Processes 7, no. 7 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070469.

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The peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin cultivars of different Croatian varieties (Zorica rana, Chahara, Okitsu, Kuno) were extracted using 15 different choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) at 50 °C for 30 min and with 20% water addition. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to determine the most suitable DES for the extraction of hesperidin in the samples. The screening results indicated that choline chloride: acetamide (1:2) provided the most efficient hesperidin extraction (112.14 mg/g of plant), while choline chloride:citric acid (1:1) solvent showed the lowest hesperidin yield (1.44 mg/g of plant). The Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize extraction parameters for each variety of mandarin peel, including extraction time, temperature and water content on hesperidin extraction. The results indicated that hesperidin content in mandarin peels was completely variety-dependent. Being a novel and efficient green media for hesperidin extraction, deep eutectic solvents could also serve as promising solvent systems for the production of extracts rich in bioactive compounds.

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Skowrońska, Dorota, and Katarzyna Wilpiszewska. "The Effect of Montmorillonites on the Physicochemical Properties of Potato Starch Films Plasticized with Deep Eutectic Solvent." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (2022): 16008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416008.

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In the paper, the method of obtaining the potato starch nanocomposites plasticized with a deep eutectic solvent is described. The deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and malic acid (CM, molar ratio 1:1) was used as the plasticizer. The effect of the sodium and calcium montmorillonite (MMTNa, MMTCa respectively) addition on the properties of potato starch films was investigated. The thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties were determined. Moreover, a moisture absorption test was performed. The starch gelatinization temperature increased in the presence of montmorillonite. The values of glass transition determined by DMTA depended on the nanofiller type. For the systems containing MMTCa, they generally decreased with its content (although still lower than reference samples). The obtained nanocomposites showed improved mechanical and barrier properties. The highest values of tensile strength and Young’s modulus were noted for the system containing 1% MMTNa. The XRD revealed that only the films with MMTNa exhibited intercalation. The homogeneity of the samples decreased with increasing nanofiller concentration. This was probably due to the occurrence of choline chloride-montmorillonite interactions, which were more favored than clay-starch interactions.

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Protsenko, V. S. "Electrodeposition of electrocatalytic coatings in systems based on deep eutectic solvents: a review." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 2 (March 2021): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-135-2-4-22.

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This review systematizes literature data on the use of electrochemical systems based on the novel generation of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, for electrodeposition of coatings exhibiting improved electrocatalytic properties. It is shown that most published works on the topic are connected with deposition of coatings based on noble metals and iron family metals as well as their alloys and composites. The main advantages of the use of deep eutectic solvents for electrochemical synthesis of electrocatalysts are as follows: the possibility to prepare nanostructured coatings having compositions, structures and surface morphologies that cannot be achieved when using water electrolytes (including deposition of very electronegative metals); the size- and shape-controlled synthesis of deposited nanocrystals, which ensures improved electrocatalytic behavior; no need to use toxic and expensive additives, stabilizers, precursors, surfactants, etc.; and environmental issues (low hazard and fast biodegradability of the constituents of deep eutectic solvents). The prospects of creation of new high-efficient electrocatalytic coatings from electrolytes based on deep eutectic solvents are considered.

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Gachuz, Edwin J., Martín Castillo-Santillán, Karla Juarez-Moreno, et al. "Electrical conductivity of an all-natural and biocompatible semi-interpenetrating polymer network containing a deep eutectic solvent." Green Chemistry 22, no. 17 (2020): 5785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02274h.

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Biobased and conductive semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) consisting of crosslinked poly(itaconic acid) and containing the polysaccharide inulin were prepared taking advantage of the deep eutectic systems (DESs) chemistry.

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Pandian, Rathiesh, Benworth B. Hansen, Giselle de Araujo Lima e Souza, Joshua R. Sangoro, Steven Greenbaum, and Clemens Burda. "Tuning Solvation Dynamics of Electrolytes at Their Eutectic Point Through Halide Identity." Molecules 30, no. 10 (2025): 2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30102113.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are regarded as highly promising solvent systems for redox flow batteries. DESs, composed of choline halides (ChX, X = F−, Cl−, Br−, I−) and ethylene glycol (EG), exhibit distinct physicochemical properties at their eutectic points, including halide-dependent phase behavior, viscosity, polarity, conductivity, and solvation dynamics. In this study, we investigate the effects of the halide identity on the solvation properties of ChX:EG mixtures at varying mol % of ChX salt content. The solvatochromic polarity based on ET(30) measurements indicates higher polarity for larger halides (I− > Br−) than for smaller halides (Cl− > F−), which exhibit larger compensating solvation shells. The ionic conductivity follows the trend of the solvent fluidity (the inverse of the viscosity), namely ChCl > ChBr > ChI > ChF, influenced by the ion mobility and solvodynamic radii. Measurements of the liquidus temperatures (TL) reveal that the system with ChCl exhibits the deepest eutectic point (at ~20 mol % ChCl), while ChBr and ChI have shallower minima at ~10 mol % ChBr and ~3 mol % ChI, respectively. ChF does not display a eutectic transition but instead appears to readily supercool at salt concentrations above 30 mol % ChF. Consistent with the phase transition measurements, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that in the ChCl system, the solvation dynamics become faster with an increasing salt concentration up to ~16.67 mol %, after which the dynamics slow down with further increases in the salt content. The ChF-based system exhibits similar behavior, though with slower dynamics. In contrast, the solvation dynamics of the systems containing ChBr and ChI monotonously slow down with an increasing salt concentration, in agreement with the phase transition measurements, which show that the eutectic points occur at low salt concentrations. These measurements suggest that the solvent composition and, in particular, the identity of the halide anion play a significant role in the solvation behavior of these ethylene-glycol-based DESs, offering a foundation for tuning the DES properties for specific applications.

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Li, Na, Yuzhi Wang, Kaijia Xu, et al. "High-performance of deep eutectic solvent based aqueous bi-phasic systems for the extraction of DNA." RSC Advances 6, no. 87 (2016): 84406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17689e.

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DES-based ABSs were initially applied to extraction and back extraction of DNA. The remarkable performance on selective separation of DNA and protein was evaluated. The binding characteristics and mechanism of extraction process were investigated.

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Lakshmi Papa Rao, Goru, Ajay Mandal, and Nilanjan Pal. "Choline chloride-Urea based deep eutectic Solvent: Characterization, interfacial behavior and Synergism in binary (surfactant) systems." Chemical Physics 588 (January 2025): 112496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2024.112496.

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Vechio, Enrique, André Bellin Mariano, Rafael Bruno Vieira, and Fernando Augusto Pedersen Voll. "Deep Eutectic Solvents for Astaxanthin Extraction from Haematococcus Pluvialis: Recent Advances." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 19, no. 6 (2025): e012372. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n6-017.

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Objective: This study evaluates recent advances in deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems for astaxanthin extraction from Haematococcus pluvialis, comparing their efficiency and limitations. Theoretical Framework: The review synthesizes knowledge on H. pluvialis biology and astaxanthin biosynthesis, limitations of physical/chemical extraction methods, and DES design principles for algal biorefining. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted in Web of Science databases using search terms aligned with the research objectives. Selected articles were analyzed according to inclusion/exclusion criteria to compose the discussion. Results and Discussion: Recent DES innovations have transformed astaxanthin extraction from H. pluvialis, achieving 83-99.6% yields under mild conditions (25-50°C). Hydrophobic DES (thymol-oleic acid) demonstrated dual extraction-stabilization functions, while IL-DES hybrids enabled selective fractionation. Aqueous DES-ATPS systems reached 99.6% efficiency through targeted cell wall disruption, and acidic DES (menthol-acetic acid) combined 91.3% recovery with extended extract stability. Research Implications: The reviewed advances position DES as sustainable alternatives for industrial astaxanthin production, offering integrated extraction-stabilization processes and biorefinery potential through biomass valorization. GRAS-compliant formulations address safety concerns, though future work should optimize solvent viscosity. Originality/Value: This is the first comparative analysis of DES systems for H. pluvialis biorefining, providing design guidelines for industrial implementation.

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Protsenko, Vyacheslav. "Using Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Plating Baths to Electrodeposit Composite Coatings: A Review." Coatings 14, no. 4 (2024): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040375.

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This review provides a systematic analysis of the literature data on the electrodeposition of composite coatings using plating baths based on a new generation of room-temperature ionic liquids known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Such systems offer several advantages over traditionally used aqueous electrolytes and organic solvent-based electrolytes. The colloidal–chemical properties of suspension and colloidal electrolytes for composite deposition are thoroughly examined. New theories describing the kinetics of the co-deposition of composite layers are characterized. The kinetics and mechanisms of electrochemical deposition processes of composite coatings with metallic matrices are discussed. Case studies regarding the electrodeposition of composite coatings based on electrodeposited copper, silver, zinc, tin, nickel, cobalt, and chromium from DES-assisted electroplating baths are described and systematized. The main prospective directions for further research in the discussed scientific area are highlighted.

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Bezold, Franziska, Maria E. Weinberger, and Mirjana Minceva. "Computational solvent system screening for the separation of tocopherols with centrifugal partition chromatography using deep eutectic solvent-based biphasic systems." Journal of Chromatography A 1491 (March 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.059.

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Kakalejčíková, Sofia, Yaroslav Bazeľ, Van Anh Le Thi, and Maksym Fizer. "An Innovative Vortex-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Approach Using Deep Eutectic Solvent: Application for the Spectrofluorometric Determination of Rhodamine B in Water, Food and Cosmetic Samples." Molecules 29, no. 14 (2024): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143397.

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A new green and highly sensitive method for the determination of rhodamine B (RhB) by deep eutectic solvent-based vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction with fluorescence detection (DES-VALLME-FLD) was developed. The extraction efficiency of conventional solvents and different deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems composed of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and an alcohol (hexanol, octanol, or decanol) in different ratios were compared. DFT calculations of intermolecular electrostatic and non-covalent interactions of the most stable RhB forms with DES and water explain the experimental DESs’ extraction efficiency. Semiempirical PM7 computations were used to obtain Hansen solubility parameters, which supported the good solubility of the monocationic RhB form in selected DESs. The dependence of the linear calibration of microextraction into 100 µL DES was observed in the RhB calibration range from 0.2 to 10.0 µg L−1 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9991. The LOD value was calculated to be 0.023 µg L−1. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were verified over two days with RSD values of 2.9 to 4.1% and recovery of 94.6 to 103.7%. The developed method was applied to the determination of RhB in real samples (tap water, energy drink, and lipstick).

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Zhang, Chenyun, Jianjiao Jin, Jiahao Wang, et al. "Ionic Liquid/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Calcining Synthesis of Cobalt-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting." Molecules 29, no. 18 (2024): 4435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184435.

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The recent advancements of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the synthesis of cobalt-based catalysts for water splitting is reviewed. ILs and DESs possess unique physical and chemical properties, serving as solvents, templates, and reagents. Combined with calcination techniques, their advantages can be fully leveraged, enhancing the stability and activity of resulted catalysts. In these solvents, not only are they suitable for simple one-step calcination, but also applicable to more complex multi-step calcination, suitable for more complex reaction conditions. The designability of ILs and DESs allows them to participate in the reaction as reactants, providing metal and heteroatoms, simplifying the preparation system of cobalt phosphide, sulfide, and nitride. This work offers insights into design principles for electrocatalysts and practical guidance for the development of efficient and high-performance materials for hydrogen production and energy storage systems.

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Chen, Jiayi, Mengjun Zhu, Mingtao Gan, Xiuli Wang, Changdong Gu, and Jiangping Tu. "Rapid Electrodeposition and Corrosion Behavior of Zn Coating from a Designed Deep Eutectic Solvent." Metals 13, no. 1 (2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010172.

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This work aimed to develop a new type of deep eutectic solvent containing high concentrations of zinc ions as an electrolyte to improve the electrodeposition rate for zinc plating. Two typical deep eutectic solvent systems, choline chloride (ChCl)–urea and ChCl–ethylene glycol (EG), were combined to prepare a stable electrolyte at room temperature with a zinc ion concentration up to 2 M. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of the electrolyte at different temperatures were conducted. The effects of key electrodeposition parameters (bath temperature and current density) on the morphology, structure, and corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited on mild steel were investigated. It was found that the crystal orientation of the as-deposited zinc particle is related to the electrodeposition temperature and current density. The experimental results show that the zinc coating deposited at 60 °C and the current density of 4 mA·cm−2 exhibited the most compact and crack-free morphology, thus had the optimum corrosion resistance property.

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Nica, Mihaela-Alexandra, Valentina Anuța, Cristian Andi Nicolae, et al. "Exploring Deep Eutectic Solvents as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Enhancing the Solubility of Ibuprofen and Mefenamic Acid." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 10 (2024): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17101316.

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Objectives: The study explores the potential of various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to serve as drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical excipients. The research focuses on two primary objectives: evaluating the ability of the selected DES systems to enhance the solubility of two poorly water-soluble model drugs (IBU and MFA), and evaluating their physicochemical properties, including density, viscosity, flow behavior, surface tension, thermal stability, and water dilution effects, to determine their suitability for pharmaceutical applications. Methods: A range of DES systems containing pharmaceutically acceptable constituents was explored, encompassing organic acid-based, sugar- and sugar alcohol-based, and hydrophobic systems, as well as menthol (MNT)-based DES systems with common pharmaceutical excipients. MNT-based DESs exhibited the most significant solubility enhancements. Results: IBU solubility reached 379.69 mg/g in MNT: PEG 400 (1:1) and 356.3 mg/g in MNT:oleic acid (1:1), while MFA solubility peaked at 17.07 mg/g in MNT:Miglyol 812®N (1:1). In contrast, solubility in hydrophilic DES systems was significantly lower, with choline chloride: glycerol (1:2) and arginine: glycolic acid (1:8) showing the best results. While demonstrating lower solubility compared to the MNT-based systems, sugar-based DESs exhibited increased tunability via water and glycerol addition both in terms of solubility and physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and surface tension. Conclusions: Our study introduces novel DES systems, expanding the repertoire of pharmaceutically acceptable DES formulations and opening new avenues for the rational design of tailored solvent systems to overcome solubility challenges and enhance drug delivery.

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