Academic literature on the topic 'Deep percolation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Deep percolation"
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Bayo, Djénabou, Andreas Honecker, and Rudolf A. Römer. "Machine learning the 2D percolation model." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2207, no. 1 (2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2207/1/012057.
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Abstract We use deep-learning strategies to study the 2D percolation model on a square lattice. We employ standard image recognition tools with a multi-layered convolutional neural network. We test how well these strategies can characterise densities and correlation lengths of percolation states and whether the essential role of the percolating cluster is recognised.
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Willis, TM, and AS Black. "Irrigation increases groundwater recharge in the Macquarie Valley." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960837.
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Rising groundwater, and the potential for development of shallow watertables, were recognised in the Lower Macquarie Valley of New South Wales in the late 1980s. Irrigated agriculture was proposed as a possible source of the recharge causing the problem. This paper reports the increase in deep percolation rates resulting from cotton irrigation on 4 soils in the Lower Macquarie Valley, New South Wales. Changes in deep percolation rates were measured on these soils over the long-term, using temporally separated chloride profiles and mass balance modelling. These changes in long-term deep percolation rates were integrated over all years since irrigation commenced. Irrigation affected deep percolation on all soils, with an increase in long-term mean rates ranging from 17 to 202 mm/year. This equated to increased leaching rates ranging from 3 to 25%. Deep percolation appeared to be related to the clay content of the B horizon. The potential groundwater rise varied from 37 to 524 mm/year. The largest increases in deep percolation rates corresponded to sites where the watertable was closest to the soil surface. This suggests that the development of shallow watertables is related to recharge resulting from irrigated agriculture. Detailed studies of deep percolation under irrigated agriculture are required in the Macquarie Valley.
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Du, Zhi Da, and Long Tan Shao. "Simulation of Deep Percolation in Fields with Greater Depth of Groundwater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1158.
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The rules of deep percolation produced by irrigation under maize in the field with greater depth of groundwater are studied. With the maize cultivation in Dalian as an example, 1-D finite element model is built by VADOSE/W using the daily meteorological data in the years with guaranteed rainfall frequency of 75%, 50% and 25% through analyzing the years-long period regional meteorological data. By this model, the field soil water flow in a whole year under the rain-fed, sprinkler irrigation and border irrigation is simulated respectively, and the water balance of 1m-deep root zone is analyzed. The simulation shows that the ratio of deep percolation to the sum of net precipitation and net irrigation water amount is less than 5% under the rain-fed, 5%~9% under the sprinkler irrigation, 7%~13% under the border irrigation respectively. 70%~95% of deep percolation is produced by irrigation and about 13%~28% of net irrigation water amount is lost as deep percolation, as a result, the main reason for deep percolation can be concluded as irrigation in fields.
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PANDEY, YOGESH, JUNAID NAZEER KHAN, PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH, and SUSHMITA MUKHERJEE DADHICH. "Estimation of Irrigation Return Flow in Sandy-Loam Soil using Water-balance Approach." JOURNAL OF AGRISEARCH 9, no. 03 (2021): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v9i03.11012.
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In this study, irrigation return flow (deep percolation) has been estimated by using water balance approach. The experimental setup consisted of two lysimeters installed at the College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology field lab, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar in which pea crop was grown, simulating the natural conditions available in the vicinity of lysimeter. Regular measurements of soil moisture were made at the depths 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm and 80-100 cm using gravimetric method. The evapotranspiration estimates were determined using FAO-Penman-Monteith equation. The deep percolation was calculated using the water-balance approach. The deep percolation losses calculated by water-balance approach are comparable to the observed values of deep percolation obtained by the lysimeters. The observed and the calculated values of deep percolation have 7.65% (using water balance method) difference. Results obtained showed that locally constructed lysimeters could effectively be utilized in water balance studies of a cropped area when used in combination with root zone soil moisture monitoring devices.
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Onafeso, O. D., A. O. Olusola, and S. A. Adeniyi. "Hydrogeological deep percolation modelling of groundwater recharge in Voinjama Region, Liberia." Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 9, no. 6 (2016): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v9i6.4.
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Indirect physical methods of assess groundwater recharge rely on the measurement or estimation of soil physical parameters, which along with soil physical principles; can be used to estimate the potential or actual recharge. However, the deep percolation method uses a daily water- budget approach to simulate deep percolation. In this method, the model computes daily fluxes of water into and out of a volume extending from the top of foliage to the bottom of the root zone and accounts for changes in water content. In most environments, deep percolation is destined to recharge the saturated systems that are tapped by wells. Deep percolation technique was deployed to determine the rate of ground water recharge in the Voinjama region of Liberia, and also establish points of lineaments where wells can be dug for water supply. The perimeter of the hypothesized basin is about 28.9km while the length of the thalweg of the mainstream is about 11km. the average width of the basin area is 5.9km while the circumference of the equivalent circular area is 25.33km and compactness coefficient (R) of the basin is computed at 1.14. The elongation ratio (Er) is computed at 0.73km. The diurnal recharge computed from Deep Percolation was 6712.21 cm3 /km2 per annum. In conclusion, this study aids the restoration of water supply system destroyed during the war periods emphasizing the abundant water in the hydrological system and viable ground water recharge adequate for exploitation in a near uniform geology. Several faults and crevices scattered abroad the area were recorded indicating good lineament distribution and abundant aquifer recharge.Keywords: Hydrogeology, Deep Percolation Method, Groundwater, Recharge
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Abu-Zreig, Majed M., Haruyuki Fujimaki, and Mohamed Abdel Baset. "Enhancing Groundwater Recharge with Sand Ditches." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13163.
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Abstract. Localized and artificial groundwater recharge is an important water management strategy in arid regions. However, artificial recharge is limited by the hydraulic characteristics of surface soil which control downward water percolation to the aquifers. In heavy soils with low infiltration and hydraulic conductivity rate, water percolation can be enhanced by constructing deep ditches filled with highly permeable materials, such as sand. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of constructing a deep sand ditch across the slope of a soil box (50 × 20 × 25 cm3) on runoff and deep percolation to the drainage outlet of the soil box. A sandy loam soil packed in two bulk densities (1200 and 1500 kg/m3) was used for the experiments. The experiments were carried out using simulated steady runoff of about 300 mL/min for a duration of 60 min. Experimental results showed that sand ditches greatly enhanced water deep percolation in soils but their relative effect was more profound in compacted high-density soil compared to soil having low-density. The drainage water collected from compacted soil boxes in the presence of sand ditches increased by 10 times compared to control soil without sand ditches. In the case of low-density soil, the presence of sand ditches eliminated the runoff but the increase in drainage water was about 18% compared to control. The experimental results clearly revealed that creating high infiltration zones within the soil matrix, such as sand ditches, significantly increased water deep percolation and herewith groundwater recharge in drylands, especially in heavy soils. Keywords: Arid regions, Groundwater recharge, Percolation, Rapid infiltration.
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Ferreira, Antónia, João Rolim, Paula Paredes, and Maria do Rosário Cameira. "Assessing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Deep Percolation Using Crop Evapotranspiration Derived from Earth Observations through Google Earth Engine." Water 14, no. 15 (2022): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152324.
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Excess irrigation may result in deep percolation and nitrate transport to groundwater. Furthermore, under Mediterranean climate conditions, heavy winter rains often result in high deep percolation, requiring the separate identification of the two sources of deep percolated water. An integrated methodology was developed to estimate the spatio-temporal dynamics of deep percolation, with the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) being derived from satellite images data and processed on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. GEE allowed to extract time series of vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 enabling to define the actual crop coefficient (Kc act) curves based on the observed lengths of crop growth stages. The crop growth stage lengths were then used to feed the soil water balance model ISAREG, and the standard Kc values were derived from the literature; thus, allowing the estimation of irrigation water requirements and deep drainage for independent Homogeneous Units of Analysis (HUA) at the Irrigation Scheme. The HUA are defined according to crop, soil type, and irrigation system. The ISAREG model was previously validated for diverse crops at plot level showing a good accuracy using soil water measurements and farmers’ irrigation calendars. Results show that during the crop season, irrigation caused 11 ± 3% of the total deep percolation. When the hotspots associated with the irrigation events corresponded to soils with low suitability for irrigation, the cultivated crop had no influence. However, maize and spring vegetables stood out when the hotspots corresponded to soils with high suitability for irrigation. On average, during the off-season period, deep percolation averaged 54 ± 6% of the annual precipitation. The spatial aggregation into the Irrigation Scheme scale provided a method for earth-observation-based accounting of the irrigation water requirements, with interest for the water user’s association manager, and at the same time for the detection of water losses by deep percolation and of hotspots within the irrigation scheme.
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Gómez, Daniel G., Carlos G. Ochoa, Derek Godwin, Abigail A. Tomasek, and María I. Zamora Re. "Soil Water Balance and Shallow Aquifer Recharge in an Irrigated Pasture Field with Clay Soils in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA." Hydrology 9, no. 4 (2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9040060.
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Quantifying soil water budget components, and characterizing groundwater recharge from irrigation seepage, is important for effective water resources management. This is particularly true in agricultural fields overlying shallow aquifers, like those found in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, USA. The objectives of this two-year study were to (1) determine deep percolation in an irrigated pasture field with clay soils, and (2) assess shallow aquifer recharge during the irrigation season. Soil water and groundwater levels were measured at four monitoring stations distributed across the experimental field. A water balance approach was used to quantify the portioning of different water budget components, including deep percolation. On average for the four monitoring stations, total irrigation applied was 249 mm in 2020 and 381 mm in 2021. Mean crop-evapotranspiration accounted for 18% of the total irrigation applied in 2020, and 26% in 2021. The fraction of deep percolation to irrigation was 28% in 2020 and 29% in 2021. The Water Table Fluctuation Method (WTFM) was used to calculate shallow aquifer recharge in response to deep percolation inputs. Mean aquifer recharge was 132 mm in 2020 and 290 mm in 2021. Antecedent soil water content was an important factor influencing deep percolation. Study results provided essential information to better understand the mechanisms of water transport through the vadose zone and into shallow aquifers in agricultural fields with fine-textured soils in the Pacific Northwest region in the USA.
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Heilig, Achim, Olaf Eisen, Michael MacFerrin, Marco Tedesco, and Xavier Fettweis. "Seasonal monitoring of melt and accumulation within the deep percolation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet and comparison with simulations of regional climate modeling." Cryosphere 12, no. 6 (2018): 1851–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1851-2018.
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Abstract. Increasing melt over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) recorded over the past several years has resulted in significant changes of the percolation regime of the ice sheet. It remains unclear whether Greenland's percolation zone will act as a meltwater buffer in the near future through gradually filling all pore space or if near-surface refreezing causes the formation of impermeable layers, which provoke lateral runoff. Homogeneous ice layers within perennial firn, as well as near-surface ice layers of several meter thickness have been observed in firn cores. Because firn coring is a destructive method, deriving stratigraphic changes in firn and allocation of summer melt events is challenging. To overcome this deficit and provide continuous data for model evaluations on snow and firn density, temporal changes in liquid water content and depths of water infiltration, we installed an upward-looking radar system (upGPR) 3.4 m below the snow surface in May 2016 close to Camp Raven (66.4779∘ N, 46.2856∘ W) at 2120 m a.s.l. The radar is capable of quasi-continuously monitoring changes in snow and firn stratigraphy, which occur above the antennas. For summer 2016, we observed four major melt events, which routed liquid water into various depths beneath the surface. The last event in mid-August resulted in the deepest percolation down to about 2.3 m beneath the surface. Comparisons with simulations from the regional climate model MAR are in very good agreement in terms of seasonal changes in accumulation and timing of onset of melt. However, neither bulk density of near-surface layers nor the amounts of liquid water and percolation depths predicted by MAR correspond with upGPR data. Radar data and records of a nearby thermistor string, in contrast, matched very well for both timing and depth of temperature changes and observed water percolations. All four melt events transferred a cumulative mass of 56 kg m−2 into firn beneath the summer surface of 2015. We find that continuous observations of liquid water content, percolation depths and rates for the seasonal mass fluxes are sufficiently accurate to provide valuable information for validation of model approaches and help to develop a better understanding of liquid water retention and percolation in perennial firn.
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Teófilo Salvador, Eduardo, Guillermo Pedro Morales Reyes, María Vicenta Esteller Alberich, and René Muciño Castañeda. "Parámetros que controlan la percolación profunda en un cultivo de trigo." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 37, no. 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i1.345.
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To evaluate the water percolation in the soil, the water balance method is common. This method requires different daily data, which are often incomplete or not verified in field, in addition to some uncertainty regarding crop evapotranspiration. In this research, the parameters that control deep percolation were identified, based on estimation of daily local water balances with different crop coefficients, using data from weather stations and edaphic parameters. At the study site, constant monitoring of the phenological stages of a wheat crop (temporal) was carried out, and monthly soil sampling was performed for one year at different points within the site. At the same time, data were collected from weather stations, evaporation was measured with the evaporimeter tank, evapotranspiration of the crop was estimated for a single coefficient, dual and adjusted for stress based on the FAO manual, and deep percolation was determined from these data. When the soil surface was saturated or supersaturated, evapotranspiration of the crop was negligible. In addition, maximum vertical plant growth was 1.02 m, and root depth was 0.35 m. Daily rainfall greater than 10 mm or cumulative of three consecutive days greater than 18 mm of rainfall led to deep percolation, but this decreased to almost drip as thickness of the root zone increased from 0.30 m to 0.52 m. Crop growth, root zone thickness and incidence of precipitation on the soil surface controlled deep percolation. The values obtained allow us to more closely approximate the actual value groundwater recharge.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deep percolation"
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Rajeh, Tawfik. "Modeling flow in fractured geologic media : upscaling and application to deep geothermal reservoirs." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0051.
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Fractures dans les roches constituent un chemin préférentiel pour les écoulements et les transferts dans les milieux géologiques. Les roches poreuses fracturées se retrouvent dans diverses applications comme par exemple l’ingénierie pétrolière et gazière, le stockage géologique du CO2 et l’extraction d’énergie géothermique. Cette thèse de doctorat présente un ensemble d’analyses des propriétés géométriques, topologiques et hydrauliques des réseaux de fractures dans une perspective d’homogénéisation et d’application à la simulation numérique des réservoirs géothermique. La description des fractures planes en 3D, ou plus spécifiquement des réseaux de fractures discrets (dénommés « DFN » pour « Discrete Fracture Networks »), leurs propriétés statistiques et la façon de les modéliser sont étudiés. Comme la perméabilité joue un rôle essentiel dans l’écoulement et le transport dans les roches poreuses fracturées, nous avons dans un premier temps développé une procédure de changement d’échelle (upscaling) pour déterminer le tenseur de perméabilité équivalente des milieux poreux fracturé en 3D. Cette nouvelle approche est basée sur le principe de superposition, amélioré par des facteurs de connectivité déterminés tout d’abord empiriquement. Ces facteurs correctifs ont pour but de prendre en compte les propriétés de connectivité et de percolation des réseaux de fractures. Malgré son efficacité à prédire la perméabilité équivalente, la méthode proposée présente deux limitations dues essentiellement à la difficulté numérique de capter la percolation et les détails des connections des réseaux de fractures. Pour surmonter ces difficultés et pour effectuer des analyses plus fines des réseaux de fractures, un nouvel outil d’analyse des propriétés géométriques et topologiques des réseaux de fractures 3D a été développé. Dans cet outil, tous les attributs géométriques et topologiques (calcul d’intersections, longueurs de traces, amas percolant, etc.) des réseaux de fractures sont déterminés par un ensemble d’algorithmes. Ces algorithmes sont validés en détails, et leurs efficacités computationnelles sont démontrées. La finalité de ces outils algorithmiques est de donner une représentation des réseaux de fractures par graphes. Avec ces nouveaux outils, les capacités à traiter des réseaux de fractures 3D sont fortement améliorées. Ainsi, en utilisant la représentation en graphes, de nouvelles approches ont été développées concernant trois aspects des réseaux de fractures : (i) la percolation, (ii) le phénomène de groupement de fractures (Clustering) et (iii) la monté d’échelle de la perméabilité par la méthode des graphes. Un simulateur thermo-hydraulique a in fine été développé avec le code open source « OpenFoam ». L’objectif est d’appliquer les techniques de changement d’échelle développées dans cette thèse à des problèmes de simulations des réservoirs géothermiques. Un premier exemple prototype de système de deux puits d’injection-production dans un réservoir géothermique est simulé. D’autres cas sont en cours de traitement dans le cadre du projet GEOTREF ( www.geotref.com )<br>Fractures constitute major pathways for flow and transport in fractured porous rocks. These types of rocks are encountered in a wide range of applications like for example gas and petroleum engineering, CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy extraction. The present thesis presents a framework to analyze geometrical, topological and hydraulic properties of 3D planar fracture networks with focus on upscaling these properties to obtain an equivalent continuum, in view of application to simulations of geothermal reservoir exploitation. The description of fractures and discrete fracture networks (DFN), their statistical properties and their generation procedures are studied. As permeability plays a key role in flow and transport in fractured porous rocks, we have developed a fast upscaling approach for determining the equivalent permeability tensor of 3D fractured porous media. This new approach is based on the superposition principle improved by empirical connectivity factors in order to take into account the connectivity and percolation properties of the fracture network. Although efficient in predicting permeability, the proposed method presents a major limitation due mainly to the difficulty in assessing the percolation and connectivity properties of the network. To overcome these limitations and for further insightful analyses of DFN composed of planar fractures, an original framework of geometrical and topological analysis of 3D fracture networks has been developed. In this framework, all the geometrical and topological attributes (intersections, areas, trace lengths, clusters, percolating clusters, etc.) of a DFN are explicitly calculated by a set of algorithms. These algorithms are validated in detail by comparison to commercial softwares, and their computational efficiency is highlighted. The final purpose of this framework is to give a graph representation of the DFN. Given the newly developed tools, our capabilities of treating fracture networks have drastically increased. Hence, using a graph representation of the DFN, new approaches have been developed concerning two main issues with fracture networks: (i) percolation, (ii) clustering phenomenon (i.e., the formation of clusters by groups of fractures) and (iii) permeability upscaling. A large scale thermo-hydraulic simulator has therefore been developed with the finite volume open source code “OpenFoam”. The purpose is to apply the upscaling techniques to large scale reservoir configurations with a full coupling with heat transfer. A typical example of injectionproduction wells in a 3D geothermal reservoir is presented, and other cases are being developed within the GEOTREF project ( www.geotref.com )
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Martysevich, Volha. "Seepage rates in closed basins." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002706.
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"Deep Percolation in Arid Piedmont Watersheds and Its Sensitivity to Ecosystem Change." Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.48444.
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abstract: Population growth within drylands is occurring faster than growth in any other ecologic zone, putting pressure on already stressed water resources. Because the availability of surface water supplies in drylands tends to be highly variable, many of these populations rely on groundwater. A critical process contributing to groundwater recharge is the interaction between ephemeral channels and groundwater aquifers. Generally, it has been found that ephemeral channels contribute to groundwater recharge when streamflow infiltrates into the sandy bottoms of channels. This process has traditionally been studied in channels that drain large areas (10s to 100s km2). In this dissertation, I study the interactions between surface water and groundwater via ephemeral channels in a first-order watershed located on an arid piedmont slope within the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in the Chihuahuan Desert. To achieve this, I utilize a combination of high-resolution observations and computer simulations using a modified hydrologic model to quantify groundwater recharge and shed light on the geomorphic and ecologic processes that affect the rate of recharge. Observational results indicate that runoff generated within the piedmont slope contributes significantly to deep percolation. During the short-term (6 yr) study period, we estimated 385 mm of total percolation, 62 mm/year, or a ratio of percolation to rainfall of 0.25. Based on the instrument network, we identified that percolation occurs inside channel areas when these receive overland sheetflow from hillslopes. By utilizing a modified version of the hydrologic model, TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS), that was calibrated and validated using the observational dataset, I quantified the effects of changing watershed properties on groundwater recharge. Distributed model simulations quantify how deep percolation is produced during the streamflow generation process, and indicate that it plays a significant role in moderating the production of streamflow. Sensitivity analyses reveal that hillslope properties control the amount of rainfall necessary to initiate percolation while channel properties control the partitioning of hillslope runoff into streamflow and deep percolation. Synthetic vegetation experiments show that woody plant encroachment leads to increases in both deep percolation and streamflow. Further woody plant encroachment may result in the unexpected enhancement of dryland aquifer sustainability.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2017
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Zhu, Weiwei. "Investigation of Subsurface Systems of Polygonal Fractures." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/666118.
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Abstract: Fractures are ubiquitous in the subsurface, and they provide dominant pathways for fluid flow in low permeability formations. Therefore, fractures usually play an essential role in many engineering fields, such as hydrology, waste disposal, geother-mal reservoir and petroleum reservoir exploitation. Since fractures are invisible and have variable sizes from micrometers to kilometers, there is limited knowledge of their structure. We aim to deepen the understanding of fracture networks in the subsurface from their topological structures, hydraulic connectivity and characteristics at differ-ent scales. We adopt the discrete fracture network method and develop an efficient C++ code, HatchFrac, to make in-depth investigations possible. We start from generating stochastic fracture networks by constraining fracture geometries with dif-ferent stochastic distributions. We apply percolation theory to investigate the global connectivity of fracture networks. We find that commonly adopted percolation pa-rameters are unsuitable for the characterization of the percolation state of complex fracture networks. We implement the concept of global efficiency to quantify the impact of fracture geometries on the connectivity of fracture networks. Furthermore, we constrain the fracture networks with geological data and geomechanics principles. We investigate the correlation of fracture intensities with different dimensionality and find that it is not feasible to obtain correct 3D intensity parameters from 1D or 2D samples. We utilize a deep-learning technique and propose a pixel-based detection algorithm to automatically interpret fractures from raw outcrop images. Interpreted fracture maps provide abundant resources to investigate fracture intensities, lengths, orientations, and generations. For large scale faults, we develop a method to generate fault segments from a rough fault trace on a seismic map. Accurate fault geome-tries have significant impacts on damage zones and fault-related flow problems. For small scale fractures, we consider the impact of fracture sealing on the percolation state of orthogonal fracture networks. We emphasize the importance of non-critically stressed and partially sealed fractures, which are usually neglected because usually they are nonconductive. However, with significant stress perturbations, those non-critically stressed and partially sealed fractures can also contribute to the production by enlarging the stimulated reservoir volume.
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Nivedita, M. "Influence of soil surface management on profile moisture storage, deep percolation and solute movement of an alfisol." Thesis, 1997. http://oar.icrisat.org/681/1/62211.pdf.
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Soil structure is an imponant soil physical aspect which influences not only mny other soil
propenjes but also the crop growih and yied. Many surface management techniques can be adopted
which affect soil structure through formation as well as stabilization of aggregates. The changes
brought about in the soil shuctural features are reflected in soil physical properties such as porosity.
bulk density, aggregate slabity, sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity, steady-state flow rate, man pore
size etc. Soil shucture is not a static property and changes with water content and other agencies of
stress. The formation of aggregates and pores and their stabilization is very ilnportant to maintain
a good soil structure and to increase productivity of the soils. Stable aggregation and proper pore
size distribution determine a good soil tilth...
Books on the topic "Deep percolation"
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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Using chloride and chlorine-36 as soil-water tracers to estimate deep percolation at selected locations on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site, Washington. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
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Roark, D. Michael. Quantification of deep percolation from two flood-irrigated alfalfa field, Roswell Basin, New Mexico. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Mayo, John W. Estimating the effects of conversion of agricultural land to urban land on deep percolation of irrigation water in the Grand Valley, western Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.
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Mayo, John W. Estimating the effects of conversion of agricultural land to urban land on deep percolation of irrigation water in the Grand Valley, western Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.
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Mayo, John W. Estimating the effects of conversion of agricultural land to urban land on deep percolation of irrigation water in the Grand Valley, western Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.
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Mayo, John W. Estimating the effects of conversion of agricultural land to urban land on deep percolation of irrigation water in the Grand Valley, western Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.
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Prych, Edmund A. Using chloride and chlorine-36 as soil-water tracers to estimate deep percolation at selected locations on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site, Washington. U.S. G.P.O., 1998.
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Aguayo, Angela J. Documentary Resistance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676216.001.0001.
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The potential of documentary moving images to foster democratic exchange has been percolating within media production culture for the last century, and now, with mobile cameras at our fingertips and broadcasts circulating through unpredictable social networks, the documentary impulse is coming into its own as a political force of social change. The exploding reach and power of audio and video are multiplying documentary modes of communication. Once considered an outsider media practice, documentary is finding mass appeal in the allure of moving images, collecting participatory audiences that create meaningful challenges to the social order. Documentary is adept at collecting frames of human experience, challenging those insights, and turning these stories into public knowledge that is palpable for audiences. Generating pathways of exchange between unlikely interlocutors, collective identification forged with documentary discourse constitutes a mode of political agency that is directing energy toward acting in the world. Reflecting experiences of life unfolding before the camera, documentary representations help order social relationships that deepen our public connections and generate collective roots. As digital culture creates new pathways through which information can flow, the connections generated from social change documentary constitute an emerging public commons. Considering the deep ideological divisions that are fracturing U.S. democracy, it is of critical significance to understand how communities negotiate power and difference by way of an expanding documentary commons. Investment in the force of documentary resistance helps cultivate an understanding of political life from the margins, where documentary production practices are a form of survival.
Book chapters on the topic "Deep percolation"
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Walsh, Deirdre A., Javier López-Cabrera, and Tom Manzocchi. "The Suitability of Different Training Images for Producing Low Connectivity, High Net:Gross Pixel-Based MPS Models." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_10.
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AbstractPixel-based multiple-point statistical (MPS) modelling is an appealing geostatistical modelling technique as it easily honours well data and allows use of geologically-derived training images to reproduce the desired heterogeneity. A variety of different training image types are often proposed for use in MPS modelling, including object-based, surface-based and process-based models. The purpose of the training image is to provide a description of the geological heterogeneities including sand geometries, stacking patterns, facies distributions, depositional architecture and connectivity. It is, however, well known that pixel-based MPS modelling has difficulty reproducing facies connectivity, and this study investigates the performance of a widely-available industrial SNESIM algorithm at reproducing the connectivity in a geometrically-representative, idealized deep-water reservoir sequence, using different gridding strategies and training images. The findings indicate that irrespective of the sand connectivity represented in the training image, the MPS models have a percolation threshold that is the same as the well-established 27% percolation threshold of random object-based models. A more successful approach for generating poorly connected pixel-based MPS models at high net:gross ratios has been identified. In this workflow, a geometrical transformation is applied to the training image prior to modelling, and the inverse transformation is applied to the resultant MPS model. The transformation is controlled by a compression factor which defines how non-random the geological system is, in terms of its connectivity.
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Yan, You-jun, Hui Deng, Wei Xu, et al. "Percolation Capacity in Deep and Ancient Karst Gas Reservoirs with Extra-Low Pressure Gradient." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1964-2_532.
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"deep percolation." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_40632.
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Stevenson, D. J. "Fluid Dynamics Of Core Formation." In Origin of the Earth. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066197.003.0014.
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Abstract Past discussions of core formation are incorrect or incomplete because they assume that metallic iron rich liquid is able to migrate through a mostly solid silicate matrix by percolation, prior to macrosegregation and diapiric descent. Experimental and theoretical considerations suggest that percolation is largely prevented because of the high surface tension of iron. Two alternative views of core formation are offered. One assumes that percolation is possible in the deep mantle ( where perovskite is the major phase). Iron is then supplied to the deep mantle by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities of a silicate iron suspension in the shallow mantle, and drains efficiently from the deepest mantle into the core by Darcy flow. The other model assumes complete or nearly complete melting of all or part of the mantle. Despite vigorous convection, iron droplets approximately one centimeter in radius are predicted and settle rapidly by Stokes flow, either to the core or into a layer or ponds that provide iron-rich diapirs that can descend to the core. These stories generally suggest very efficient core formation in the sense that the t}pical residence time of metallic iron in the mantle is orders of magnitude shorter tban the formation time of Earth (-108 years). Good chemical equilibrium between mantle and core phases is also predicted in many cases. Geochemical constraints and implications relevant to these scenarios are discussed but are largely inconclusive. The tentative inference of rapid core formation on Mars suggests a magma ocean and iron rainout.
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Shen, Lu. "Numerical Simulation Analysis of Confined Water." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230731.
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The safety of subway construction is considerably influenced by the existence of trapped water, which if not efficiently controlled, can result in serious construction mishaps. A case study on this topic was presented in a research paper that delved into the engineering foundations of the Hangzhou Metro Line 1 river tunnel, investigating the impact of present pressurized water on the project. This paper centers around the difficulties inherent in underwater tunnel projects, which include deep foundation pit excavation, shield construction, and contact channel. I plan to assess these problems and suggest possible remedies. The process of deep foundation precipitation is also a significant aspect of this discussion. In order to address the issue, I plan on implementing a strategy involving a suspended curtain and dewatering well. Given the impact of the suspended curtain, it becomes essential to employ a composite application of three-dimensional percolation theory. To execute the needed numerical simulation, I will utilize the MODFLOW modules in the GMS software.
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R., Muthuminal, and Mohana Priya R. "An Overview on Techniques Involved in Recharging Ground Water and Its Impacts." In Irrigation and Drainage - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105448.
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The movement of water from the surface of the earth into the sub surface areas are said to be as a hydrologic process which helps in improving the water table at the ground level. This process of water movement towards downward direction is said to be as Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation. Ground water recharge could be achieved either by natural method or by artificial methods which involves anthropogenic processes. The ground water recharge has a superior impact while in consideration of various complexities such as climate, land surface and biosphere processes, and characteristics in the unsaturated and saturated subsurface. So in this chapter, we would like to briefly explain about the techniques involved in recharging the ground water table and also about the methods involved in estimating the ground water available along with the importance of agriculture globally along with the policies incorporated to maintain the ecological demand and also about the impacts caused to the environment due to the insufficient water at the ground water table.
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Chatterjee, Arnab. "Situating Self-Learning Video Materials Within the Paradigm of the ARCS Model: A Hands-on Experience." In Massive Open Online Courses - Current Practice and Future Trends [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1001845.
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The ARCS Model of learner motivation looks into the various parameters that foster learning. In this paper, I strive to show how a proper implementation of this model and its various pedagogical ramifications can be profitably applied while shooting video SLMs or self-learning materials for ODL/OL learners. I argue that the strategies inherent in the making of video self-learning materials can be embedded within the conceptual grid of the said model. This is based on a real, hands-on experience while shooting videos for an English undergraduate course for ODL/OL learners. Any topic for the learners had three videos—a trailer that was a quick introduction to the subject matter, a slightly longer video that enumerated the sub-topics within the topic, and the main video that explained the subject matter in greater detail, with the inclusion of power point. It was increasingly felt that such a tri-partite division would foster greater learner participation and involvement instead of a single, long video that is likely to disrupt learner participation in this teaching-learning paradigm. Thus, the ARCS Model’s applicability is extended to the realm of video SLMs that are likely to result in the percolation of the target subject matter deep within the learners.
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Fillafer, Franz L. "Aufklärung unter der Enns. Das Land als Knotenpunkt und Impulsgeber des Reformgeschehens in der Habsburgermonarchie." In Niederösterreich im 18. Jahrhundert, Band 2: Gesellschaft, Kultur und Religion. NÖ Institut für Landeksunde, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52035/noil.2024.18jh02.21.
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Enlightenment below the Enns. Lower Austria as a Crossroads and the Impetus for Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy. In line with recent works on the history of the region in the 18th and 19th centuries, the present article trains a lens on Lower Austria as a pivotal site of Habsburg Enlightenment whose deep percolation and longevity it seeks to highlight. As the heartland of the “Monarchia Austriaca”, Lower Austria also served as a testbed and springboard for reforms to the Monarchy’s ecclesiastical system, pastoral care, and the practices of faith (the eradication of “superstition” that produced new bourgeois markers of self-enhancement based on the disparagement the rustic, ignorant lower orders), as well as, crucially, the Austrian fiscal state that crystallized around the land survey (cadastre) of 1817. Lower Austria also pioneered new ways in which the venerable estates of the duchy legitimized and went about their participation in the government of the Monarchy. Read in this key, the study of Lower Austria opens up new vistas, as it permits us to re-situate both the Enlightenment and the region at the core of the Monarchy, providing us with a better grasp of how it functioned. Keywords: Church reform, bourgeois religious practice, estates’ sharing of sovereignty, neo-estate socialization, emergence of the tax state and economic liberalism
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Haigh M. and Kilmartin M.P. "Reclaimed Opencast Coal Lands in Southeast Wales: Impacts on Water Quality." In Surface and Sub-surface Water in Asia. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-540-1-16.
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Does former coal land of low acid-generating potential impact significantly on water quality in their immediate environment? This chapter explores the evidence from Southeast Wales using data collected on an array of reclaimed opencast coal-lands in a largely post-industrial area where river quality has now improved after many decades of severe pollution associated with under-regulated coalmining and metal working during the 19thand 20thcenturies. Results show that, because of compacted layers in the immediate subsurface, former opencast coal land converts incident rainfall to runoff very quickly through a very thin active layer and may contribute to increased flood peaks in affected catchments. Opencast spoils are locally contaminated with metals, especially in the absence of vegetation, but high rainfall and rapid throughflow ensures that the offsite impacts are small because of dilution. The main impact of former opencast sites on river water quality is likely to come through diffuse pollution from the zone of aeration and water table fluctuation zone in the body of the buried spoils. Although this zone is mainly detached from the surface hydrological system and deprived of rainwater infiltration by the impermeability of the surface layers on these sites, the lateral percolation of groundwater from offsite through the crushed rocks of the spoil is very likely to pick up metals from chemically active inclusions, often former deep-mine spoils, within the opencast mine fill. However, the effect on river water quality in southeast Wales is not great but may involve slightly higher flood peaks, elevated levels of iron and slightly elevated levels of lead, perhaps arsenic, copper and zinc, as well as ammonia N, although opencast sites are only one among several possible sources for such metals, which include natural ground water and other types of industrial waste.
Conference papers on the topic "Deep percolation"
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Steyer, Ph, E. Rocca, J. P. Hilger, and J. Steinmetz. "RôLe of Tin in the Depassivation of PbCaSn Alloys Maintained in Deep Discharge Conditions of Lead/acid Batteries." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98739.
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Abstract The tin content of the lead-calcium-tin alloys, used m the positive grids of the lead/acid batteries, must be controlled at a sufficient level to avoid passivation, mainly under deep discharge conditions. The passivation phenomenon is attributed to the formation of a semiconductive PbO layer, growing under a porous superficial layer of PbSO4. Electrochemical measurements, as well as TEM and SIMS experiments have established that the PbO growth is controlled by the diffusion of O-- ions and that tin additions increase the conductivity of the oxide laver. This conductivity could be exnlained by a mechanism of percolation through a conductive oxide (tin rich oxide as SnO2…) network as a result of tin segregation at the PbO grain boundaries.
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Zhou, Fachao, Jinzhong Yang, and Tapas Biswas. "Assessment of Deep Percolation in Citrus Orchard." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515111.
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Iriarte, Esteban, Joaquín Peralta, Claudia Loyola, and Sergio Davis. "Percolation detection using convolutional deep neural networks." In IWOSP 2021, INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON STATISTICAL PHYSICS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133188.
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D E Eisenhauer, J H Deck, and S Irmak. "Deep Percolation under Center Pivots with No-till." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35846.
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Zhen Wang, Jiusheng Li, and Yanfeng Li. "Effects of drip irrigation system uniformity and nitrogen applied on deep percolation and nitrate leaching during growing seasons of spring maize in semi-humid region." In 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131593667.
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Hu, Jialiang, Pradeep Menon, Amna Al Yaqoubi, et al. "Fracture Characterization in Deep Gas Reservoirs to Identify Fracture Enhanced Flow Units, Offshore Abu Dhabi." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207646-ms.
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Abstract High gas flow rates in deep-buried dolomitized reservoir from an offshore field Abu Dhabi cannot be explained by the low matrix permeability. Previous permeability multiplier based on distance to major faults is not a solid geological solution due to over-simplifying reservoir geomechanics, overlooking folding-related fractures, and lack of detailed fault interpretation from poor seismic. Alternatively, to characterize the heterogeneous flow related with natural fractures in this undeveloped reservoir, fracture network is modelled based on core, bore hole imager (BHI), conventional logs, seismic data and test information. Limited by investigation scale, vertical wells record apparent BHI, and raw fracture interpretation cannot represent true 3D percolation reflected on PLT. To overcome this shortfall, correction based on geomechanics and mechanical layer (ML) analysis is performed. Young's modulus (E), Poisson ratio (ν), and brittleness index are calculated from logs, describing reservoir tendency of fracturing. Other than defining MLs, bedding plane intensity from BHI is also used as an indicator of fracture occurrence, since stress tends to release at strata discontinuity and forms bed-bounded fractures observed from cores. Subsequently, a new fracture intensity is generated from combined geomechanics properties and statistics average of BHI-derived fracture occurrence within the ML frame, which improves match with PLT and distinguishes fracture enhance flow intervals consistently in all wells. Seismic discontinuity attributes are used as static fracture footprints to distribute fractures from wells to 3D. The final hybrid DFN comprises large-scale deterministic zone-crossing fractures and small-scale stochastic bed-bounded fractures. Sub-vertical open fractures are dominated by NE-SW wrenching fractures related with Zagros compression and reactive salt upward movement. There is no angle rotation of fractures in different fault blocks. Open fractures in other strikes are supported by partial cements and mismatching fracture walls on computerized tomography (CT) images. ML correlation shows vertical consistence across stratigraphic framework and its intensity indicates fracture potential of vertical zones reflected by tests. Fracture-enhanced flow units are further constrained by a threshold in both combined geomechanics properties and statistics average of raw BHI fracture intensity in ML frame. As a result, final fracture network maps reservoir brittleness and flow potential both vertically and laterally, identifying fracture regions along folding axis not just major faults, evidenced by wells and seismic. According to the upscaling results, the case study reveals a type-III fractured reservoir, where fractures contribute to flow not to volume. Fracture network enhances bed-wise horizontal communication but also opens vertical feeding channels. Fracture permeability is mainly influenced by aperture and intensity, while aspect ratio, fracture length, and proportion of strikes and dips mainly influence permeability distribution rather than absolute values. This study provides a production-oriented characterization workflow of natural fracture heterogeneity based on correction of raw BHI in undeveloped fields.
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Sun, Zhe, and Xiujun Wang. "Research Progress and Field Trail of a New Micro-Nano Oil-Displacement System Flooding Technology." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209656-ms.
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Abstract Although polymer flooding technology has been widely applied. Yet the "entry profile inversion" phenomenon occurs inevitably in its later stage, which seriously affects the development effect. In recent years, the micro-nano oil-displacement system is a novel developed flooding system. The oil-displacement system consists of micro-nano particles and its carrier fluid. After coming into porous media, it shows the properties of "plugging large pore and leave the small one open" and the motion feature of "trapping, deformation, migration". In this paper, physicochemical properties, reservoir adaptability, oil displacement mechanism of micro-nano oil-displacement system in pore throat is explored by using macroscopic physical simulation and CT scanning technology. Furthermore, the typical field application case is analyzed. Results show that, micro-nano particles have good physicochemical performance and transport ability in porous media. According to the reservoir adaptability evaluation, the matching relationships between particle size and core permeability is obtained, to provide guidance for field application scheme. By using NMR andCT techniques, its micro percolation law in porous media and remaining oil distribution during displacement process is analyzed. During the experiment, micro-nano particles presents the motion feature of "migration, trapping, and deformation" in the core pore, which can realize deep fluid diversion and expand swept volume. From 3D macro experiment, the sweep volume can be further expanded by injecting MNS and adjusting well pattern structure after polymer flooding. The dual goals of expanding sweep volume and improving oil washing efficiency can be achieved by using binary composite system (MNS and petroleum sulfonate) and ternary composite system (MNS, alkali and petroleum sulfonate). Finally, the micro-nano oil-displacement system conformance control technology has been applied in different oilfields, which all obtained significant oil increment effect. By using the research methods of interdisciplinary innovative, the oil displacement mechanism and field application of micro-nano oil-displacement system is researched. The research results provide guidance for oil companies to enhance oil recovery significantly.
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Sun, Zhe, Xiujun Wang, and Xiaodong Kang. "The New Development of Soft Microgel Particle Flooding Technology –From Theoretical Research in Laboratory to Field Trial." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205911-ms.
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Abstract Although polymer flooding technology has been widely applied and achieved remarkable effect of increasing oil. Yet the "entry profile inversion" phenomenon occurs inevitably in its later stage, which seriously affects the development effect. In recent years, the soft microgel particle dispersion is a novel developed flooding system. Due to its excellent performance and advanced mechanism, it can slow down the process of profile inversion, and achieve the goal of deep fluid diversion and expanding swept volume. The soft microgel particle dispersion consists of microgel particles and its carrier fluid. After coming into porous media, it shows the properties of "plugging large pore and leave the small one open" and the motion feature of "trapping, deformation, migration". In this paper, reservoir adaptability evaluation, plugging and deformation characteristics of soft microgel particle dispersion in pore throat is explored by using the microfluidic technology and 3D Printing technology. On this basis, by adopting the NMR and CT tomography technology, the research on its oil displacement mechanism is further carried out. Furthermore, the typical field application case is analyzed. Results show that, soft microgel particles have good performance and transport ability in porous media. According to the reservoir adaptability evaluation, the size relationships between particles and core pore throat is obtained, to provide basis for field application scheme design. Through microfluidic experiments, the temporary plugging and deformation characteristics of particles in the pore throat are explored. Also, when injecting soft microgel particle into the core, the particle phase separation happens, which makes the particles enter and plug the large pore in the high permeability layer. Therefore, their carrier fluid displace oil in the small pore, which works in cooperation and causes no damage to the low permeability layer. Furthermore, by using NMR and CT techniques, its micro percolation law in porous media and remaining oil distribution during displacement process is analyzed. During the experiment, microgels presents the motion feature of "migration, trapping, and deformation" in the core pore, which can realize deep fluid diversion and expand swept volume. From 3D macro experiment, microgels can realize the goal of enhance oil recovery. Finally, the soft microgel particle dispersion flooding technology has been applied in different oilfields, such as Oman, Bohai and other oilfields, which all obtained great success. Through interdisciplinary innovative research methods, the oil displacement mechanism and field application of soft microgel particle dispersion is researched, which proves its progressiveness and superiority. The research results provide theoretical basis and technical support for the enhancing oil recovery significantly.
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Sun, Zhe, Xiujun Wang, and Jian Zhang. "Laboratory Study and Field Trail of Micro-Nano Oil-Displacement System Conformance Control Technology." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32125-ms.
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Abstract Traditional polymer flooding technology has been widely used and obtained remarkable effect of increasing oil. However, in its later stage, the "entry profile inversion" phenomenon occurs inevitably, which seriously affects the development effect. To solve this problem, the micro-nano oil-displacement system has been developed in recentlt years. Due to its excellent performance and advanced mechanism, it can slow down the process of profile inversion, and achieve the goal of expanding swept volume and enhancing oil recovery substantially. This novel system consists of micro-nano particles and carrier fluid. When migrating in porous media, it shows the unique motion feature of "trapping, deformation, migration", which froms Effective plugging and increases injection pressure. Meanwhile, carrier fluid is forced to enter the small pore with remaining oil, which increases oil production. Therefore, in this paper, reservoir adaptability evaluation, migration characteristics of micro-nano oil-displacement system (MNS) is tested by using the microfluidic technology and 3D Printing technology. On this basis, by adopting CT tomography technology, its oil displacement mechanism is further explored. Furthermore, the typical field application case is analyzed. Results show that, the appearance of MNS is spherical particles, and it has good expansibility. Based on the reservoir adaptability test results, the matching relationship chart between MNS particle size and reservoir rock pore throat size can be obtained, which laid a good foundation for field trail scheme design. From micro experiments, MNS particles are prone to come into the larger pore with low flow resistance, which forms bridge blockage. Working together with carrier fluid, they can significantly enhance crude oil recovery. Furthermore, by adopting CT scanning devices, the percolation law of MNS in porous media and micro oil displacement mechanism is analyzed. During the experiment process, MNS particles presents the motion feature of "migration, trapping, and deformation", to realize deep fluid diversion and expand swept volume. From 3D macro experiment, MNS has strong transport ability in the core pore and good shear resistance. Lastly, two typical application cases are introduced and analyzed, which all obtained great success. Through interdisciplinary innovative research methods, the performance evaluation, oil displacement mechanism and field trail of MNS is explored, which proves its progressiveness and superiority. The research results provide theoretical basis and technical support for this technology to enhance oil recovery significantly.
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Koepke, Juergen, Artur Engelhardt, and Lydéric France. "Felsic veins in gabbros of the lower crust from slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges – evidence for deep percolating of hydrothermal fluids in the magmatic regime." In Goldschmidt2022. European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11785.
Full textReports on the topic "Deep percolation"
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D.A. Stonestrom, D.E. Prudic, R.J. Laczniak, K.C. Akstin, R.A. Boyd, and K.K. Henkelman. Estimates of deep percolation beneath native vegetation, irrigated fields, and the Amargosa-river channel, Amargosa Desert, Nye County, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/811972.
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Quantification of deep percolation from two flood-irrigated alfalfa field, Roswell Basin, New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri984096.
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Using chloride and chlorine-36 as soil-water tracers to estimate deep percolation at selected locations on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site, Washington. US Geological Survey, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2481.
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