Journal articles: 'Deep subduction'

1

Porter, Katherine A., and William M. White. "Deep mantle subduction flux." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10, no. 12 (December 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gc002656.

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Pagé, Lilianne, and Keiko Hattori. "Abyssal Serpentinites: Transporting Halogens from Earth’s Surface to the Deep Mantle." Minerals 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010061.

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Serpentinized oceanic mantle lithosphere is considered an important carrier of water and fluid-mobile elements, including halogens, into subduction zones. Seafloor serpentinite compositions indicate Cl, Br and I are sourced from seawater and sedimentary pore fluids, while F may be derived from hydrothermal fluids. Overall, the heavy halogens are expelled from serpentinites during the lizardite–antigorite transition. Fluorine, on the other hand, appears to be retained or may be introduced from dehydrating sediments and/or igneous rocks during early subduction. Mass balance calculations indicate nearly all subducted F is kept in the subducting slab to ultrahigh-pressure conditions. Despite a loss of Cl, Br and I from serpentinites (and other lithologies) during early subduction, up to 15% of these elements are also retained in the deep slab. Based on a conservative estimate for serpentinite thickness of the metamorphosed slab (500 m), antigorite serpentinites comprise 37% of this residual Cl, 56% of Br and 50% of I, therefore making an important contribution to the transport of these elements to the deep mantle.

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Scambelluri, Marco, and Pascal Philippot. "Deep fluids in subduction zones." Lithos 55, no. 1-4 (January 2001): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(00)00046-3.

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Christensen, Ulrich. "Geodynamic models of deep subduction." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 127, no. 1-4 (December 2001): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(01)00219-9.

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Wencai, Yang. "Analysis of deep intracontinental subduction." Episodes 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/004.

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Hodder, A. P. W. "Deep subduction and mantle heterogeneities." Tectonophysics 134, no. 4 (March 1987): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90341-6.

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Obara, Kazushige, and Takuya Nishimura. "Main Results from the Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-Zone Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0087.

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Understanding the occurrence mechanism of subduction zone earthquakes scientifically is intrinsically important for not only forecast of future subduction earthquakes but also disaster mitigation for strong ground motion and tsunami accompanied by large earthquakes. The Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-zone earthquakes mainly focused on interplate megathrust earthquakes in the subduction zones and the research activity included collection and classification of historical data on earthquake phenomena, clarifying the current earthquake phenomena and occurrence environment of earthquake sources, modelling earthquake phenomena, forecast of further earthquake activity based on monitoring crustal activity and precursory phenomena, and development of observation and analysis technique. Moreover, we studied the occurrence mechanism of intraslab earthquakes within the subducting oceanic plate. Five-year observational research program actually produced enormous results for deep understanding of subduction zone earthquakes phenomena, especially in terms of slow earthquakes, infrequent huge earthquakes, and intraslab earthquakes. This paper mainly introduces results from researches on these phenomena in subduction zones.

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Manning, Craig E., and Maria Luce Frezzotti. "Subduction-Zone Fluids." Elements 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.6.395.

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Fluids are essential to the physical and chemical processes in subduction zones. Two types of subduction-zone fluids can be distinguished. First, shallow fluids, which are relatively dilute and water rich and that have properties that vary between subduction zones depending on the local thermal regime. Second, deep fluids, which possess higher proportions of dissolved silicate, salts and non-polar gases relative to water content, and have properties that are broadly similar in most subduction systems, regardless of the local thermal structure. We review key physical and chemical properties of fluids in two key subduction-zone contexts—along the slab top and beneath the volcanic front—to illustrate the distinct properties of shallow and deep subduction-zone fluids.

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Zhou, Jianbo. "Accretionary complex: Geological records from oceanic subduction to continental deep subduction." Science China Earth Sciences 63, no. 12 (August 24, 2020): 1868–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9652-6.

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ZHENG, Yongfei. "Mineralogical evidence for continental deep subduction." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 10 (2003): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03wd0195.

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Lowman, Julian. "Processes and Consequences of Deep Subduction." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 84, no. 21 (2003): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003eo210007.

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Liu, Yongsheng, Chunfei Chen, Detao He, and Wei Chen. "Deep carbon cycle in subduction zones." Science China Earth Sciences 62, no. 11 (October 8, 2019): 1764–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9426-1.

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Zheng, YongFei. "25 years of continental deep subduction." Chinese Science Bulletin 54, no. 22 (November 2009): 4266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0707-0.

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Zheng, Yongfei. "Mineralogical evidence for continental deep subduction." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 10 (May 2003): 952–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03184205.

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15

Haberland, Christian, Mohammad Mokhtari, Hassan Ali Babaei, Trond Ryberg, Mehdi Masoodi, Abdolreza Partabian, and Jörn Lauterjung. "Anatomy of a crustal-scale accretionary complex: Insights from deep seismic sounding of the onshore western Makran subduction zone, Iran." Geology 49, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47700.1.

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Abstract The Makran subduction zone has produced M 8+ earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis in historic times, hence indicating high risk for the coastal regions of southern Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring countries. Besides this, the Makran subduction zone is an end-member subduction zone featuring extreme properties, with one of the largest sediment inputs and the widest accretionary wedge on Earth. While surface geology and shallow structure of the offshore wedge have been relatively well studied, primary information on the deeper structure of the onshore part is largely absent. We present three crustal-scale, trench-perpendicular, deep seismic sounding profiles crossing the subaerial part of the accretionary wedge of the western Makran subduction zone in Iran. P-wave travel-time tomography based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm as well as the migration of automatic line drawings of wide-angle reflections reveal the crustal structure of the wedge and geometry of the subducting oceanic plate at high resolution. The images shed light on the accretionary processes, in particular the generation of continental crust by basal accretion, and provide vital basic information for hazard assessment and tsunami modeling.

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Huang, De Zhi, Yu Han Liu, Zhen Liu, Long Wang, and Huang Ling Gu. "Tracing of the Deep Fluids in Western Tianshan by the Electron Microprobe Analyses of Omphacite Form High-Pressure Veins and Host-Rocks." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.219.

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Western Tianshan High-pressure (HP)-metamorphic belt is characterized by developed High-pressure (HP) veins, which are composed by HP-metamorphic minerals. The host rocks of the HP-veins are mainly composed by eclogites and blueschists. As the direct record of the deep fluids in the paleo-subduction zones, the HP-veins can provide us deep samples for probing into the deep fluids in the subduction zones. Fluids in the deep subduction zones play an important role in crust-mantle exchange related to plate subduction process. The electron microprobe analyses of HP-metamorphic minerals omphacite inside the veins and host rocks in western Tianshan high-pressure metamorphic belt is mostly paid attention. The result shows that the composition of the omphacite from HP-veins have the same composition of the omphacite from the host rocks, which indicates that the fluids from which the HP-vein precipitated originated from the host rock.

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17

Kutcherov, V. G., K. S. Ivanov, and A. Yu Serovaiskii. "Deep hydrocarbon cycle." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-3-289-305.

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Research subject. Experimental modelling of the transformation of complex hydrocarbon systems under extreme thermobaric conditions was carried out. The results obtained were compared with geological observations in the Urals, Kamchatka and other regions.Material and methods. The materials for the research were a model hydrocarbon system similar in composition to natural gas condensate and a system consisting of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and various iron-containing minerals enriched in 57Fe. Two types of high-pressure equipment were used: a diamond anvils cell and a Toroid-type high-pressure chamber. The experiments were carried out at pressures up to 8.8 GPa in the temperature range 593–1600 K.Results. According to the obtained results, hydrocarbon systems submerged in a subduction slab can maintain their stability down to a depth of 50 km. Upon further immersion, during contact of the hydrocarbon fluid with the surrounding iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. When iron carbides react with water under the thermobaric conditions of the asthenosphere, a water-hydrocarbon fluid is formed. Geological observations, such as methane finds in olivines from ultramafic rocks unaffected by serpentinization, the presence of polycyclic aromatic and heavy saturated hydrocarbons in ophiolite allochthons and ultramafic rocks squeezed out from the paleo-subduction zone of the Urals, are in good agreement with the experimental data.Conclusion. The obtained experimental results and presented geological observations made it possible to propose a concept of deep hydrocarbon cycle. Upon the contact of hydrocarbon systems immersed in a subduction slab with iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. Iron carbides carried in the asthenosphere by convective flows can react with hydrogen contained in the hydroxyl group of some minerals or with water present in the asthenosphere and form a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The mantle fluid can migrate along deep faults into the Earth’s crust and form multilayer oil and gas deposits in rocks of any lithological composition, genesis and age. In addition to iron carbide coming from the subduction slab, the asthenosphere contains other carbon donors. These donors can serve as a source of deep hydrocarbons, also participating in the deep hydrocarbon cycle, being an additional recharge of the total upward flow of a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The described deep hydrocarbon cycle appears to be part of a more general deep carbon cycle.

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18

Kassaras, I., V. Kapetanidis, A. Karakonstantis, and P. Papadimitriou. "Deep structure of the Hellenic lithosphere from teleseismic Rayleigh-wave tomography." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz579.

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SUMMARY This research provides new constraints on the intermediate depth upper-mantle structure of the Hellenic lithosphere using a three-step Rayleigh-wave tomography. Broadband waveforms of about 1000 teleseismic events, recorded by ∼200 permanent broad-band stations between 2010 and 2018 were acquired and processed. Through a multichannel cross-correlation technique, the fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves in the period range 30–90 s were derived. The phase-velocities were inverted and a 3-D shear velocity model was obtained down to the depth of 140 km. The applied method has provided 3-D constraints on large-scale characteristics of the lithosphere and the upper mantle of the Hellenic region. Highlighted resolved features include the continental and oceanic subducting slabs in the region, the result of convergence between Adria and Africa plates with the Aegean. The boundary between the oceanic and continental subduction is suggested to exist along a trench-perpendicular line that connects NW Peloponnese with N. Euboea, bridging the Hellenic Trench with the North Aegean Trough. No clear evidence for trench-perpendicular vertical slab tearing was resolved along the western part of Hellenic Subduction Zone; however, subcrustal seismicity observed along the inferred continental–oceanic subduction boundary indicates that such an implication should not be excluded. The 3-D shear velocity model supports an N–S vertical slab tear beneath SW Anatolia that justifies deepening, increase of dip and change of dip direction of the Wadati-Benioff Zone. Low velocities found at depths <50 km beneath the island and the backarc, interrelated with recent/remnant volcanism in the Aegean and W. Anatolia, are explained by convection from a shallow asthenosphere.

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Clowes, R. M., M. T. Brandon, A. G. Green, C. J. Yorath, A. Sutherland Brown, E. R. Kanasewich, and C. Spencer. "LITHOPROBE—southern Vancouver Island: Cenozoic subduction complex imaged by deep seismic reflections." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-004.

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The LITHOPROBE seismic reflection project on Vancouver Island was designed to study the large-scale structure of several accreted terranes exposed on the island and to determine the geometry and structural characteristics of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. In this paper, we interpret two LITHOPROBE profiles from southernmost Vancouver Island that were shot across three important terrane-bounding faults—Leech River, San Juan, and Survey Mountain—to determine their subsurface geometry and relationship to deeper structures associated with modem subduction.The structure beneath the island can be divided into an upper crustal region, consisting of several accreted terranes, and a deeper region that represents a landward extension of the modern offshore subduction complex. In the upper region, the Survey Mountain and Leech River faults are imaged as northeast-dipping thrusts that separate Wrangellia, a large Mesozoic–Paleozoic terrane, from two smaller accreted terranes: the Leech River schist, Mesozoic rocks that were metamorphosed in the Late Eocene; and the Metchosin Formation, a Lower Eocene basalt and gabbro unit. The Leech River fault, which was clearly imaged on both profiles, dips 35–45 °northeast and extends to about 10 km depth. The Survey Mountain fault lies parallel to and above the Leech River fault and extends to similar depths. The San Juan fault, the western continuation of the Survey Mountain fault, was not imaged, although indirect evidence suggests that it also is a thrust fault. These faults accommodated the Late Eocene amalgamation of the Leech River and Metchosin terranes along the southern perimeter of Wrangellia. Thereafter, these terranes acted as a relatively coherent lid for a younger subduction complex that has formed during the modem (40 Ma to present) convergent regime.Within this subduction complex, the LITHOPROBE profiles show three prominent bands of differing reflectivity that dip gently northeast. These bands represent regionally extensive layers lying beneath the lid of older accreted terranes. We interpret them as having formed by underplating of oceanic materials beneath the leading edge of an overriding continental place. The upper reflective layer can be projected updip to the south, where it is exposed in the Olympic Mountains as the Core rocks, an uplifted Cenozoic subduction complex composed dominantly of accreted marine sedimentary rocks. A middle zone of low reflectivity is not exposed at the surface, but results from an adjacent refraction survey indicate it is probably composed of relatively high velocity materials (~ 7.7 km/s). We consider two possibilities for the origin of this zone: (1) a detached slab of oceanic lithosphere accreted during an episodic tectonic event or (2) an imbricated package of mafic rocks derived by continuous accretion from the top of the subducting oceanic crust. The lower reflective layer is similar in reflection character to the upper layer and, therefore, is also interpreted as consisting dominantly of accreted marine sedimentary rocks. It represents the active zone of decoupling between the overriding and underthrusting plates and, thus, delimits present accretionary processes occurring directly above the descending Juan de Fuca plate. These results provide the first direct evidence for the process of subduction underplating or subcretion and illustrate a process that is probably important in the evolution and growth of continents.

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Abdelwahed, Mohamed F., and Dapeng Zhao. "Deep structure of the Japan subduction zone." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 162, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2007.03.001.

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Majewski, E., and R. Teisseyre. "Anticrack-associated faulting in deep subduction zones." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 23, no. 9-10 (1998): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-1946(98)00138-4.

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22

Rubie, David C., and Rob D. van der Hilst. "Processes and consequences of deep subduction: introduction." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 127, no. 1-4 (December 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(01)00217-5.

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Abers, Geoffrey A., Peter E. van Keken, and Cian R. Wilson. "Deep decoupling in subduction zones: Observations and temperature limits." Geosphere 16, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 1408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02278.1.

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Abstract The plate interface undergoes two transitions between seismogenic depths and subarc depths. A brittle-ductile transition at 20–50 km depth is followed by a transition to full viscous coupling to the overlying mantle wedge at ∼80 km depth. We review evidence for both transitions, focusing on heat-flow and seismic-attenuation constraints on the deeper transition. The intervening ductile shear zone likely weakens considerably as temperature increases, such that its rheology exerts a stronger control on subduction-zone thermal structure than does frictional shear heating. We evaluate its role through analytic approximations and two-dimensional finite-element models for both idealized subduction geometries and those resembling real subduction zones. We show that a temperature-buffering process exists in the shear zone that results in temperatures being tightly controlled by the rheological strength of that shear zone’s material for a wide range of shear-heating behaviors of the shallower brittle region. Higher temperatures result in weaker shear zones and hence less heat generation, so temperatures stop increasing and shear zones stop weakening. The net result for many rheologies are temperatures limited to ≤350–420 °C along the plate interface below the cold forearc of most subduction zones until the hot coupled mantle is approached. Very young incoming plates are the exception. This rheological buffering desensitizes subduction-zone thermal structure to many parameters and may help explain the global constancy of the 80 km coupling limit. We recalculate water fluxes to the forearc wedge and deep mantle and find that shear heating has little effect on global water circulation.

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Rodnikov, A. G., L. Zabarinskaya, and N. Sergeyeva. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 2(11)2011, no. 2(11) (September 20, 2011): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2011.02.269.

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The constructed model for a deep structure of the lithospere under the Neftegorsk earthquake region shows that North Sakhalin consists of the North Sakhalin sedimentary basin, the Deryugin basin and the ophiolite complex located between them. The ophiolite complex composed of the the ultrabasic rocks, fixes the position of the ancient subduction zone which was active about 100-60 million years ago. On a surface the subduction zone manifests itself as deep faults running along Sakhalin. The center of the Neftegorsk earthquake was directly formed by burst of activity of this ancient subduction zone.

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Li, Shu-Guang, Wei Yang, Shan Ke, Xunan Meng, Hengci Tian, Lijuan Xu, Yongsheng He, et al. "Deep carbon cycles constrained by a large-scale mantle Mg isotope anomaly in eastern China." National Science Review 4, no. 1 (November 13, 2016): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nww070.

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Abstract Although deep carbon recycling plays an important role in the atmospheric CO2 budget and climate changes through geological time, the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood. Since recycled sedimentary carbonate through plate subduction is the main light-δ26Mg reservoir within deep-Earth, Mg isotope variation in mantle-derived melts provides a novel perspective when investigating deep carbon cycling. Here, we show that the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic continental basalts from 13 regions covering the whole of eastern China have low δ26Mg isotopic compositions, while the Early Cretaceous basalts from the same area and the island arc basalts from circum-Pacific subduction zones have mantle-like or heavy Mg isotopic characteristics. Thus, a large-scale mantle low δ26Mg anomaly in eastern China has been delineated, suggesting the contribution of sedimentary carbonates recycled into the upper mantle, but limited into the lower mantle. This large-scale spatial and temporal variation of Mg isotopes in the mantle places severe constraints on deep carbon recycling via oceanic subduction.

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Aguilar, J. A., A. Albert, M. Anghinolfi, G. Anton, S. Anvar, M. Ardid, A. C. Assis Jesus, et al. "Rapid subduction in the deep North Western Mediterranean." Ocean Science Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 24, 2010): 739–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-739-2010.

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Abstract. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) moored at the deep-sea ANTARES neutrino telescope site near Toulon, France, measured downward vertical currents of amplitudes up to 0.03 m s−1 in spring 2006. The currents were accompanied by enhanced levels of acoustic reflection by a factor of about 10 and by horizontal currents reaching 0.35 m s−1. These observations coincided with high levels of bioluminescence detected by the telescope. Although during winter 2006 deep dense-water formation occurred in this area, episodes of high levels of suspended particles and large vertical currents continuing into the summer are not direct evidence of this process. It is hypothesized that the main process allowing for particles to be moved across the entire water column (2500 m) within a few days, is local convection, triggered by small-mesoscale phenomena, such as meanders including a bipolar vortex, linked with boundary current instabilities.

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Dal Zilio, Luca, Manuele Faccenda, and Fabio Capitanio. "The role of deep subduction in supercontinent breakup." Tectonophysics 746 (October 2018): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.03.006.

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Liu, Lijun, and Quan Zhou. "Deep recycling of oceanic asthenosphere material during subduction." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 7 (April 8, 2015): 2204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063633.

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Ding, Xiao-Yang, and Stephen P. Grand. "Seismic structure of the deep Kurile Subduction Zone." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99, B12 (December 10, 1994): 23767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jb02130.

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Chamalaun, F. H. "Geomagnetic deep sounding of Java Trench subduction zone." Exploration Geophysics 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg986036.

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Gomez, Shenelle, Dale Bird, and Paul Mann. "Deep crustal structure and tectonic origin of the Tobago-Barbados ridge." Interpretation 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): T471—T484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0176.1.

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The north–south-trending Tobago-Barbados ridge (TBR) extends 250 km from its southern end at the island of Tobago to its northern end at the island of Barbados. On Tobago, exposed metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks have been identified as fragments of a Mesozoic primitive island arc, whereas on Barbados, exposed sedimentary rocks record Paleogene development of the Barbados accretionary prism (BAP). We integrate gravity data with seismic refraction data, well constraints, and seismic reflection data to improve our understanding of the TBR’s crustal structure, uplift mechanism, along-strike compositional variations in the crust, and tectonic origin. Three 2D gravity models suggest that the TBR is underlain by a “pop-up” crustal block uplifted in the trench between the overriding Caribbean plate and the westwardly subducting South American plate. At approximately 11.75° N, the character of the TBR changes over a distance of 60 km from a symmetrical and more elevated, crystalline, thrust fault-bounded structure to a west-verging thrust belt that is less elevated. The symmetrical pop-up and asymmetrical, west-verging thrust belt accommodate east–west, subduction-related shortening that deforms the westernmost edge of the BAP. We think that the crystalline basement of the southern and central TBR is the buried, northeastern continuation of Mesozoic intraoceanic-arc crust and metamorphic belt of Tobago that accreted along the eastern margin of the Great Arc of the Caribbean during its subduction polarity reversal in the early Cretaceous.

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Prytkov, A. S., and N. F. Vasilenko. "The March 25, 2020 MW 7.5 Paramushir earthquake." Geosystems of Transition Zones 5, no. 2 (2021): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2021.5.2.113-120.121-127.

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The strong earthquake with moment magnitude Mw = 7.5 occurred on March 25, 2020, in the North Kurils to the southeast of the Paramushir Island. The hypocenter of the earthquake was located under the oceanic rise of deep-sea trench in the subducting Pacific lithospheric plate. This earthquake has been the strongest seismic event since 1900 for an area about 800 km long of the outer rise of the trench. It also was the strongest earthquake for the 300-kilometer long area of the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone adjacent to the epicenter. The article summarizes the data on the Paramushir earthquake. Tectonic position of the earthquake, source parameters, features of the aftershock process development, as well as coseismic displacement of the nearest continuous GNSS station are considered. The performed analysis did not allow us to clearly determine the rupture plane in the source. Nevertheless, the study of the features of the outer-rise earthquake is a matter of scientific interest, since the stress state of the bending area of the subducting Pacific lithospheric plate reflects the interplate interaction in the subduction zone.

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Didenko, A. N., and M. I. Kuzmin. "Deep-focus earthquakes: spatial patterns, possible causes and geodynamic consequences." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 9, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 947–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2018-9-3-0378.

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The spatial analysis was conducted to analyze the positions of earthquakes hypocenters in the transit zone of the upper mantle and the focal mechanisms of the strongest earthquakes in the subduction slabs of theOkhotskSeasegment of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc and theJapanSeasegment of the Japanese island arc. It revealed a significant difference in the morphology of these slabs, as well as in the positions of the earthquake hypocenters relative to the active and stagnating parts of the slabs and the forces that caused the earthquakes. Based on the seismic data presented in the article, it is confirmed that there are two types of subduction of the oceanic lithospheric plates in the mantle. The article discusses relationships between the subduction and various geological processes at the upper–lower mantle boundary. It considers possible causes (including those related to phase transitions) of deep-focus earthquakes, in case of which splitting of the oceanic lithospheric plates takes place at depths near the upper–lower mantle boundary. Subduction of the oceanic lithospheric plates and their splitting predetermine a possibility for the crustal elements to penetrate into the lower mantle and deeper into the D″ layer, wherein new plumes arise and transport the deep magma together with the recycled substance into the crust. Deep-focus earthquakes are a necessary link in the mechanism providing for the recycling of chemical elements in the crust – mantle – D″ layer system and thus leading to the formation of a wide range of mineral deposits.

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Jaxybulatov, K., I. Koulakov, and N. L. Dobretsov. "Segmentation of the Izu-Bonin and Mariana slabs based on the analysis of the Benioff seismicity distribution and regional tomography results." Solid Earth 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-59-2013.

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Abstract. We present a new model of P and S velocity anomalies in the mantle down to a depth of 1300 km beneath the Izu-Bonin and Mariana (IBM) arcs. This model is derived based on tomographic inversion of global travel time data from the revised ISC catalogue. The results of inversion are thoroughly verified using a series of different tests. The obtained model is generally consistent with previous studies by different authors. We also present the distribution of relocated deep events projected to the vertical surface along the IBM arc system. Unexpectedly, the seismicity forms elongated vertical clusters instead of horizontal zones indicating phase transitions in the slab. We propose that these vertical seismicity zones mark zones of intense deformation and boundaries between semi-autonomous segments of the subducting plate. The P and S seismic tomography models consistently display the slab as prominent high-velocity anomalies coinciding with the distribution of deep seismicity. We can distinguish at least four segments which subduct differently. The northernmost segment of the Izu-Bonin arc has the gentlest angle of dipping which is explained by backward displacement of the trench. In the second segment, the trench stayed at the same location, and we observe the accumulation of the slab material in the transition zone and its further descending to the lower mantle. In the third segment, the trench is moving forward causing the steepening of the slab. Finally, for the Mariana segment, despite the backward displacement of the arc, the subducting slab is nearly vertical. Between the Izu-Bonin and Mariana arcs we clearly observe a gap which can be traced down to about 400 km in depth. Based on joint consideration of the tomography results and the seismicity distribution, we propose two different scenarios of the subduction evolution in the IBM zone during the recent time, depending on the reference frame of plate displacements. In the first case, we consider the movements in respect to the Philippine Plate, and explain the different styles of the subduction by the relative backward and forward migrations of the trench. In the second case, all the elements of the subduction system move westward in respect to the stable Asia. Different subduction styles are explained by the "anchoring" of selected segments of the slab, different physical properties of the subducting plate and the existence of buoyant rigid blocks related to sea mount and igneous provinces.

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MUKHERJEE, BARUN K., and HIMANSHU K. SACHAN. "Fluids in coesite-bearing rocks of the Tso Morari Complex, NW Himalaya: evidence for entrapment during peak metamorphism and subsequent uplift." Geological Magazine 146, no. 6 (July 15, 2009): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990069.

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AbstractFluid inclusions trapped in coesite-bearing rocks provide important information on the fluid phases present during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The subduction-related coesite-bearing eclogites of the Tso Morari Complex, Himalaya, contain five major types of fluids identified by microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy. These are: (1) high-salinity brine, (2) N2, (3) CH4, (4) CO2and (5) low-salinity aqueous fluids. These fluids were trapped during both deep subduction and exhumation processes. The coesite-bearing rocks are inferred to have been buried to a depth of >120 km, where they experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The fluid–rock interaction provides direct evidence for fluid derivation during a deep subduction process as demonstrated by silica–carbonate assemblages in eclogite. High salinity brine, N2and CH4inclusions are remnants of prograde and peak metamorphic fluids, whereas CO2and low-salinity aqueous fluids appear to have been trapped late, during uplift. The high-salinity brine was possibly derived from subducted ancient metasedimentary rocks, whereas the N2and CH4fluids were likely generated through chemical breakdown of NH3-bearing K minerals and graphite. Alternatively, CH4might have been formed by a mixed fluid that was released from calcareous sediments during subduction or supplied through subducted oceanic metabasic rocks. High density CO2is associated with matrix minerals formed during granulite-facies overprinting of the ultrahigh-pressure eclogite. During retrogression to amphibolite-facies conditions, low-salinity fluids were introduced from external sources, probably the enclosing gneisses. This source enhances salinity differences as compared to primary saline inclusions. The subducting Indian lithosphere produced brines prior to achieving maximal depths of >120 km, where fluids were instead dominated by gaseous phases. Subsequently, the Indian lithosphere released CO2-rich fluids during fast exhumation and was then infiltrated by the low-salinity aqueous fluids near the surface through external sources. Elemental modelling may improve quantitative understanding of the complexity of fluids and their reactions.

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Sachan, Himanshu K., Barun K. Mukherjee, Yoshihide Ogasawara, Shigenori Maruyama, Haruhito Ishida, Atsumi Muko, and Nobuhiro Yoshioka. "Discovery of coesite from Indus Suture Zone (ISZ), Ladakh, India: Evidence for deep subduction." European Journal of Mineralogy 16, no. 2 (March 29, 2004): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0235.

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Safonov, D. A. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD IN THE DEEP PARTS OF THE SOUTHERN KURIL-KAMCHATKA AND NORTHERN JAPAN SUBDUCTION ZONES." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2020-11-4-0504.

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Earthquake focal mechanisms in the Southern Kuril-Kamchatka and Northern Japan subduction zones were analysed to investigate the features of the tectonic stress field inside the Pacific lithospheric plate subducting into the upper mantle. Earthquake focal mechanism (hypocenter depths of more than 200 km) were taken from the 1966– 2018 NIED, IMGiG FEB RAS and GlobalCMT catalogues. The tectonic stress field was reconstructed by the cataclastic analysis method, using a coordinate system related to the subducting plate. In most parts of the studied seismic focal zone, the axis of the principal compression stress approximately coincides with the direction of the Pacific lithospheric plate subduction beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. It slightly deviates towards the hinge zone separating the studied regions. The principal tension stress axis is most often perpendicular to the plate movement, but less stable in direction. This leads to compression relative to the slab in some parts of the studied regions, and causes shearing in others. The hinge zone is marked by the unstable position of the tension axis and high values of the Lode–Nadai coefficient, corresponding to the conditions of uniaxial compression, while the compression direction remains the same, towards the slab movement. Two more areas of uniaxial compression are located below the Sea of Japan at depths of 400–500 km.

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Bessat, Annelore, Thibault Duretz, György Hetényi, Sébastien Pilet, and Stefan M. Schmalholz. "Stress and deformation mechanisms at a subduction zone: insights from 2-D thermomechanical numerical modelling." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 1605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa092.

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SUMMARY Numerous processes such as metamorphic reactions, fluid and melt transfer and earthquakes occur at a subducting zone, but are still incompletely understood. These processes are affected, or even controlled, by the magnitude and distribution of stress and deformation mechanism. To eventually understand subduction zone processes, we quantify here stresses and deformation mechanisms in and around a subducting lithosphere, surrounded by asthenosphere and overlain by an overriding plate. We use 2-D thermomechanical numerical simulations based on the finite difference and marker-in-cell method and consider a 3200 km wide and 660 km deep numerical domain with a resolution of 1 km by 1 km. We apply a combined visco-elasto-plastic deformation behaviour using a linear combination of diffusion creep, dislocation creep and Peierls creep for the viscous deformation. We consider two end-member subduction scenarios: forced and free subduction. In the forced scenario, horizontal velocities are applied to the lateral boundaries of the plates during the entire simulation. In the free scenario, we set the horizontal boundary velocities to zero once the subducted slab is long enough to generate a slab pull force large enough to maintain subduction without horizontal boundary velocities. A slab pull of at least 1.8 TN m–1 is required to continue subduction in the free scenario. We also quantify along-profile variations of gravitational potential energy (GPE). We evaluate the contributions of topography and density variations to GPE variations across a subduction system. The GPE variations indicate large-scale horizontal compressive forces around the trench region and extension forces on both sides of the trench region. Corresponding vertically averaged differential stresses are between 120 and 170 MPa. Furthermore, we calculate the distribution of the dominant deformation mechanisms. Elastoplastic deformation is the dominant mechanism in the upper region of the lithosphere and subducting slab (from ca. 5 to 60 km depth from the top of the slab). Viscous deformation dominates in the lower region of the lithosphere and in the asthenosphere. Considering elasticity in the calculations has an important impact on the magnitude and distribution of deviatoric stress; hence, simulations with increased shear modulus, in order to reduce elasticity, exhibit considerably different stress fields. Limiting absolute stress magnitudes by decreasing the internal friction angle causes slab detachment so that slab pull cannot be transmitted anymore to the horizontal lithosphere. Applying different boundary conditions shows that forced subduction simulations are stronger affected by the applied boundary conditions than free subduction simulations. We also compare our modelled topography and gravity anomaly with natural data of seafloor bathymetry and free-air gravity anomalies across the Mariana trench. Elasticity and deviatoric stress magnitudes of several hundreds of MPa are required to best fit the natural data. This agreement suggests that the modelled flexural behaviour and density field are compatible with natural data. Moreover, we discuss potential applications of our results to the depth of faulting in a subducting plate and to the generation of petit-spot volcanoes.

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Bie, Lidong, Andreas Rietbrock, Stephen Hicks, Robert Allen, Jon Blundy, Valerie Clouard, Jenny Collier, et al. "Along‐Arc Heterogeneity in Local Seismicity across the Lesser Antilles Subduction Zone from a Dense Ocean‐Bottom Seismometer Network." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190147.

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Abstract The Lesser Antilles arc is only one of two subduction zones where slow‐spreading Atlantic lithosphere is consumed. Slow‐spreading may result in the Atlantic lithosphere being more pervasively and heterogeneously hydrated than fast‐spreading Pacific lithosphere, thus affecting the flux of fluids into the deep mantle. Understanding the distribution of seismicity can help unravel the effect of fluids on geodynamic and seismogenic processes. However, a detailed view of local seismicity across the whole Lesser Antilles subduction zone is lacking. Using a temporary ocean‐bottom seismic network we invert for hypocenters and 1D velocity model. A systematic search yields a 27 km thick crust, reflecting average arc and back‐arc structures. We find abundant intraslab seismicity beneath Martinique and Dominica, which may relate to the subducted Marathon and/or Mercurius Fracture Zones. Pervasive seismicity in the cold mantle wedge corner and thrust seismicity deep on the subducting plate interface suggest an unusually wide megathrust seismogenic zone reaching ∼65 km depth. Our results provide an excellent framework for future understanding of regional seismic hazard in eastern Caribbean and the volatile cycling beneath the Lesser Antilles arc.

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Sleep, Norman H., Kevin J. Zahnle, and Roxana E. Lupu. "Terrestrial aftermath of the Moon-forming impact." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2024 (September 13, 2014): 20130172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0172.

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Much of the Earth's mantle was melted in the Moon-forming impact. Gases that were not partially soluble in the melt, such as water and CO 2 , formed a thick, deep atmosphere surrounding the post-impact Earth. This atmosphere was opaque to thermal radiation, allowing heat to escape to space only at the runaway greenhouse threshold of approximately 100 W m −2 . The duration of this runaway greenhouse stage was limited to approximately 10 Myr by the internal energy and tidal heating, ending with a partially crystalline uppermost mantle and a solid deep mantle. At this point, the crust was able to cool efficiently and solidified at the surface. After the condensation of the water ocean, approximately 100 bar of CO 2 remained in the atmosphere, creating a solar-heated greenhouse, while the surface cooled to approximately 500 K. Almost all this CO 2 had to be sequestered by subduction into the mantle by 3.8 Ga, when the geological record indicates the presence of life and hence a habitable environment. The deep CO 2 sequestration into the mantle could be explained by a rapid subduction of the old oceanic crust, such that the top of the crust would remain cold and retain its CO 2 . Kinematically, these episodes would be required to have both fast subduction (and hence seafloor spreading) and old crust. Hadean oceanic crust that formed from hot mantle would have been thicker than modern crust, and therefore only old crust underlain by cool mantle lithosphere could subduct. Once subduction started, the basaltic crust would turn into dense eclogite, increasing the rate of subduction. The rapid subduction would stop when the young partially frozen crust from the rapidly spreading ridge entered the subduction zone.

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Billen, Magali I. "Deep slab seismicity limited by rate of deformation in the transition zone." Science Advances 6, no. 22 (May 2020): eaaz7692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7692.

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Deep earthquakes within subducting tectonic plates (slabs) are enigmatic because they appear similar to shallow earthquakes but must occur by a different mechanism. Previous attempts to explain the depth distribution of deep earthquakes in terms of the temperature at which possible triggering mechanisms are viable, fail to explain the spatial variability in seismicity. In addition to thermal constraints, proposed failure mechanisms for deep earthquakes all require that sufficient strain accumulates in the slab at a relatively high stress. Here, I show that simulations of subduction with nonlinear rheology and compositionally dependent phase transitions exhibit strongly variable strain rates in space and time, which is similar to observed seismicity. Therefore, in addition to temperature, variations in strain rate may explain why there are large gaps in deep seismicity (low strain rate), and variable peaks in seismicity (bending regions), and, possibly, why there is an abrupt cessation of seismicity below 660 km.

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Smith, Evan M., Peng Ni, Steven B. Shirey, Stephen H. Richardson, Wuyi Wang, and Anat Shahar. "Heavy iron in large gem diamonds traces deep subduction of serpentinized ocean floor." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (March 2021): eabe9773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe9773.

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Subducting tectonic plates carry water and other surficial components into Earth’s interior. Previous studies suggest that serpentinized peridotite is a key part of deep recycling, but this geochemical pathway has not been directly traced. Here, we report Fe-Ni–rich metallic inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from a depth of 360 to 750 km with isotopically heavy iron (δ56Fe = 0.79 to 0.90‰) and unradiogenic osmium (187Os/188Os = 0.111). These iron values lie outside the range of known mantle compositions or expected reaction products at depth. This signature represents subducted iron from magnetite and/or Fe-Ni alloys precipitated during serpentinization of oceanic peridotite, a lithology known to carry unradiogenic osmium inherited from prior convection and melt depletion. These diamond-hosted inclusions trace serpentinite subduction into the mantle transition zone. We propose that iron-rich phases from serpentinite contribute a labile heavy iron component to the heterogeneous convecting mantle eventually sampled by oceanic basalts.

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Palmer, Martin R. "Boron Cycling in Subduction Zones." Elements 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.13.4.237.

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Subduction zones are geologically dramatic features, with much of the drama being driven by the movement of water. The “light and lively” nature of boron, coupled with its wide variations in isotopic composition shown by the different geo-players in this drama, make it an ideal tracer for the role and movement of water during subduction. The utility of boron ranges from monitoring how the fluids that are expelled from the accretionary prism influence seawater chemistry, to the subduction of crustal material deep into the mantle and its later recycling in ocean island basalts.

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Marafi, Nasser A., Marc O. Eberhard, Jeffrey W. Berman, Erin A. Wirth, and Arthur D. Frankel. "Effects of Deep Basins on Structural Collapse during Large Subduction Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 3 (August 2017): 963–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/071916eqs114m.

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Deep sedimentary basins are known to increase the intensity of ground motions, but this effect is implicitly considered in seismic hazard maps used in U.S. building codes. The basin amplification of ground motions from subduction earthquakes is particularly important in the Pacific Northwest, where the hazard at long periods is dominated by such earthquakes. This paper evaluates the effects of basins on spectral accelerations, ground-motion duration, spectral shape, and structural collapse using subduction earthquake recordings from basins in Japan that have similar depths as the Puget Lowland basin. For three of the Japanese basins and the Puget Lowland basin, the spectral accelerations were amplified by a factor of 2 to 4 for periods above 2.0 s. The long-duration subduction earthquakes and the effects of basins on spectral shape combined, lower the spectral accelerations at collapse for a set of building archetypes relative to other ground motions. For the hypothetical case in which these motions represent the entire hazard, the archetypes would need to increase up to 3.3 times its strength to compensate for these effects.

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Shi, Huiyan, Tonglin Li, Rongzhe Zhang, Gongcheng Zhang, and Hetian Yang. "Imaging of the Upper Mantle Beneath Southeast Asia: Constrained by Teleseismic P-Wave Tomography." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182975.

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It is of great significance to construct a three-dimensional underground velocity model for the study of geodynamics and tectonic evolution. Southeast Asia has attracted much attention due to its complex structural features. In this paper, we collected relative travel time residuals data for 394 stations distributed in Southeast Asia from 2006 to 2019, and 14,011 seismic events were obtained. Then, teleseismic tomography was applied by using relative travel time residuals data to invert the velocity where the fast marching method (FMM) and subspace method were used for every iteration. A novel 3D P-wave velocity model beneath Southeast Asia down to 720 km was obtained using this approach. The tomographic results suggest that the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, the Philippines, Sumatra, and Java, and the deep part of Borneo exhibit high velocity anomalies, while low velocity anomalies were found in the deep part of the South China Sea (SCS) basin and in the shallow part of Borneo and areas near the subduction zone. High velocity anomalies can be correlated to subduction plates and stable land masses, while low velocity anomalies can be correlated to island arcs and upwelling of mantle material caused by subduction plates. We found a southward subducting high velocity body in the Nansha Trough, which was presumed to be a remnant of the subduction of the Dangerous Grounds into Borneo. It is further inferred that the Nansha Trough and the Dangerous Grounds belong to the same tectonic unit. According to the tomographic images, a high velocity body is located in the deep underground of Indochina–Natuna Island–Borneo–Palawan, depth range from 240 km to 660 km. The location of the high velocity body is consistent with the distribution range of the ophiolite belt, so we speculate that the high velocity body is the remnant of thee Proto-South China Sea (PSCS) and Paleo-Tethys. This paper conjectures that the PSCS was the southern branch of Paleo-Tethys and the gateway between Paleo-Tethys and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. Due to the squeeze of the Australian plate, PSCS closed from west to east in a scissor style, and was eventually extinct under Borneo.

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Stockmal, G. S., S. P. Colman-Sadd, C. E. Keen, S. J. O'Brien, and G. Quinlan. "Collision along an irregular margin: a regional plate tectonic interpretation of the Canadian Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1098–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-107.

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An idealized plate tectonic model for the pre-Carboniferous development of the Canadian Appalachians explains the 400 km dextral offset of tectonostratigraphic zones from Quebec and northern New Brunswick to Newfoundland and the up to 600 km offset of oppositely verging belts of Acadian deformation from the Gaspé Peninsula to eastern Newfoundland. It is proposed that these offsets, which occur at the St. Lawrence promontory, result from the collision of an irregular North American passive continental margin with island arc and continental crust to the east, along an east-dipping subduction zone. The line of subduction is assumed to have been linear and the subducting slab to have maintained its mechanical integrity during collision. A "jigsaw fit" of the opposite sides of the Iapetus Ocean is made unnecessary by invoking lithospheric delamination and tectonic wedging during the Acadian orogeny in Newfoundland. The model is consistent with surface geology and recent deep seismic reflection observations from north of Newfoundland.

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Kutcherov, V. G., A. N. Dmitrievsky, K. S. Ivanov, and A. Yu Serovaiskii. "The Deep Hydrocarbon Cycle: From Subduction to Mantle Upwelling." Doklady Earth Sciences 492, no. 1 (May 2020): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x20050098.

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Obara, K. "Nonvolcanic Deep Tremor Associated with Subduction in Southwest Japan." Science 296, no. 5573 (May 31, 2002): 1679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070378.

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Thomson, Andrew R., Michael J. Walter, Simon C. Kohn, and Richard A. Brooker. "Slab melting as a barrier to deep carbon subduction." Nature 529, no. 7584 (January 2016): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16174.

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van Achterbergh, Esmé, William L. Griffin, Chris G. Ryan, Suzanne Y. O'Reilly, Norman J. Pearson, Kevin Kivi, and Buddy J. Doyle. "Subduction signature for quenched carbonatites from the deep lithosphere." Geology 30, no. 8 (2002): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0743:ssfqcf>2.0.co;2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Deep subduction'

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