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Ziganshina, Liliya Eugenevna, Ekaterina V. Yudina, Azat I. Gabdrakhmanov, and Juliane Ried. "Assessing Human Post-Editing Efforts to Compare the Performance of Three Machine Translation Engines for English to Russian Translation of Cochrane Plain Language Health Information: Results of a Randomised Comparison." Informatics 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics8010009.
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Cochrane produces independent research to improve healthcare decisions. It translates its research summaries into different languages to enable wider access, relying largely on volunteers. Machine translation (MT) could facilitate efficiency in Cochrane’s low-resource environment. We compared three off-the-shelf machine translation engines (MTEs)—DeepL, Google Translate and Microsoft Translator—for Russian translations of Cochrane plain language summaries (PLSs) by assessing the quantitative human post-editing effort within an established translation workflow and quality assurance process. 30 PLSs each were pre-translated with one of the three MTEs. Ten volunteer translators post-edited nine randomly assigned PLSs each—three per MTE—in their usual translation system, Memsource. Two editors performed a second editing step. Memsource’s Machine Translation Quality Estimation (MTQE) feature provided an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered estimate of how much editing would be required for each PLS, and the analysis feature calculated the amount of human editing after each editing step. Google Translate performed the best with highest average quality estimates for its initial MT output, and the lowest amount of human post-editing. DeepL performed slightly worse, and Microsoft Translator worst. Future developments in MT research and the associated industry may change our results.
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Handzel, Zbigniew. "TRANSLATOR DeepL – PRZEŁOM W TŁUMACZENIU KOMPUTEROWYM." ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 1, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/13.2021.6.3.
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Bowker, Lynne. "Machine translation and author keywords: A viable search strategy for scholars with limited English proficiency?" Advances in Classification Research Online 29, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/acro.v29i1.15455.
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Author keywords are valuable for indexing articles and for information retrieval (IR). Most scientific literature is published in English. Can machine translation (MT) help researchers with limited English proficiency to search for information? We used two MT systems (Google Translate, DeepL Translator) to translate into English 71 Spanish keywords and 43 French keywords from articles in the domain of Library and Information Science. We then used the English translations to search the Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA) database. Half of the translated keywords returned relevant results. Of the half that did not, 34% were well translated but did not align with LISTA descriptors. Translation-related problems stemming from orthographic variation, synonymy, differing syntactic preferences, and semantic field coverage interfered with IR in just 16% of cases. Some of the MT errors are relatively “predictable” and if knowledge organization systems could be augmented to deal with them, then MT may prove even more useful for searching.
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WIESMANN, Eva. "MACHINE TRANSLATION IN THE FIELD OF LAW: A STUDY OF THE TRANSLATION OF ITALIAN LEGAL TEXTS INTO GERMAN." Comparative Legilinguistics 37 (October 23, 2019): 117–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.2019.37.4.
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With the advent of the neural paradigm, machine translation has made another leap in quality. As a result, its use by trainee translators has increased considerably, which cannot be disregarded in translation pedagogy. However, since legal texts have features that pose major challenges to machine translation, the question arises as to what extent machine translation is now capable of translating legal texts or at least certain types of legal text into another legal language well enough so that the post-editing effort is limited, and, consequently, whether a targeted use in translation pedagogy can be considered. In order to answer this question, DeepL Translator, a machine translation system, and MateCat, a CAT system that integrates machine translation, were tested. The test, undertaken at different times and without specific translation memories, provided for the translation of several legal texts of different types utilising both systems, and was followed by systematisation of errors and evaluation of translation results. The evaluation was carried out according to the following criteria: 1) comprehensibility and meaningfulness of the target text; and 2) correspondence between source and target text in consideration of the specific translation situation. Overall, the results are considered insufficient to give post-editing of machine-translated legal texts a bigger place in translation pedagogy. As the evaluation of the correspondence between source and target text was fundamentally worse than with regard to the meaningfulness of the target text, translation pedagogy should respond by raising awareness about differences between machine translation output and human translation in this field, and by improving translation approach and strengthening legal expertise.
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Yang, Yichen. "From speakability to hypothetical mise en scène: A Chinese rendition of monologues from Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus from page to stage." Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jafp_00014_1.
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In order to develop a deeper understanding of speakability and its connection to the actual practice of stage translation, this study explores the rendition of Salieris monologues in the 1986 Beijing production of Peter Shaffers Amadeus. The study finds that speakability does not manifest itself in specific stylistic forms; nor would it be determined by the adoption of any particular translation strategy. Rather, its conceptualization could be deeply embedded in the translators reading of the given dramatic roles and circumstances. This would make the translated playtext a so-called hypothetical performance text incorporated with the translators own hypothetical mise en scne. The process of testing speakability through the actors verbalization is also one where the translators hypothetical mise en scne is evaluated. By tracking the verbal changes made from page to stage, this study shows how the process could be influenced by the negotiation with and between the translational and the theatrical norms governing the different phases of the production, and how a stage translator could make greater contribution to the process.
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Roberts, Trask. "Samuel Beckett's Disruptive Translations of ‘je voudrais que mon amour meure’." Journal of Beckett Studies 28, no. 2 (September 2019): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2019.0266.
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Self-translators are often granted freedoms in their translations unimaginable for standard translators. Whereas a standard translation usually prizes sameness (or invisibility as Lawrence Venuti argues), the self-translator may instead highlight difference or disruption. A burgeoning subfield of criticism has outlined the ways in which one of the most famous of these self-translators, Samuel Beckett, makes use of his role as translator to further the reach of his work beyond the constraints of a monolingual text. Whereas most of this criticism has taken aim at Beckett's prose and theater, this essay asks what can be gleaned about Beckett's translation style from his early poetry. Here I focus on Beckett's four-line, untitled poem which begins ‘je voudrais que mon amour meure’ (‘I would like my love to die’). Originally published in 1948 in the bilingual journal Transition Forty-eight, this poem would go on to be edited, translated, reedited, and retranslated over the course of nearly thirty years. The various iterations and translations of the poem are not always harmonious and instead force the reader to consider more deeply the themes of the poem and to question the role of translation. I read the poem in light of Beckett's 1934 essay ‘Recent Irish Poetry’ as well as consider it in response to W.B. Yeats' 1899 poem ‘He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead’. By situating the poem in this context, I argue that this poem is a manifestation of Beckett's argument in the essay that poetry must take into account the division between poet and object. His short poem demonstrates this division as well as that between original and translation and thus allows us a window onto his translation project at large. Considering Beckett's poetic translation permits us to consider how a complementarity of intention towards language does not necessarily entail complementary translations.
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R. Welch, Ellen. "Translating Authority: Cervantes’ Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda in French (1618)." Translation and Literature 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0968136109000752.
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This article examines the creative manipulation of translation theorizing and practice in Vital d'Audiguier's French version of the Persiles. In paratexts, in episodes of the novel that represent France and Spain, and in interjections by Cervantes' fictional translator-narrator, the French translator fashions himself as a figure of authority, posing a bold challenge to Cervantes' own prestige. Latching on to the structures of fictional translation already present in the original novel, d'Audiguier depicts himself as the ‘corrector’ of the Spanish master and ‘author’ of a more perfect text in French than could ever have been possible in the original Castilian. D'Audiguier's work reflects the deep contradictions in seventeenth-century thinking about translation, and indicates the purposes for which individual translators exploited them.
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Ethelb, Hamza. "Hidden Hands: An Institutional Force in Political News Translation." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i1.1.
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This article explores translation in news institutions. While being heavily relied on by media organizations, translation is rarely acknowledged. Translation is deeply interwoven with news in that it is used to employ ideological tendencies and political agendas. This study investigates the powerful role of media institution as a force that intervenes in producing news reports. It uses a questionnaire and interviews to see the influence of editors in the translation of news texts. For this purpose, the views of 21 news translators, journalists and news were surveyed to infer the role of institutions in translation. The study looks at this role from different angles including translator training, instructions given to translators, textual alterations, and policies of news institutions. The findings indicate that intervention by the editors and producers on translation is taking place. The interview participants tend to agree with the intervention of the institution. The questionnaire respondents agree with the statement that translators are given instructions to use specific terminology but disagree with a statement that they have to comply with the policies of the institution.
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Munip, Abdul. "UNIQUENESS IN TRANSLATING ARABIC HAGIOGRAPHY OF SHAIKH ‘ABD AL-QĀDIR AL-JAILĀNĪ: THE CASE OF AN-NŪR AL-BURHĀNĪ." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 7, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9817.
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In Indonesia, the hagiographical book of Shaikh ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jailānī has many versions of translation. One of it is an-Nūr al-burhānī, a Javanese translation by Kyai Muslih al-Marāqī. Unlike other Javanese translations, an-Nūr al-burhānī is not merely a translation but can be considered a new book, in which the translator added some new information and opinion in it. Therefore, the book is interesting to be investigated deeply to find scientific information about the content of the book, the technique, method, and ideology of translation that are adopted and applied by the translator. Using content analysis, the study finds that the book consists of al-Jailānī’s journey of life, his miracles and teachings. The other findings prove that the translator has implemented various techniques of translation such as calque, borrowing, description, amplification-addition, and adaptation techniques. The translator has tried to make the TT (Target Text) easy to be understood by Javanese people, but he tends to apply literal (linguistic transcodification) method rather than interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense) method. As a result, the TT is still influenced by the structure of Arabic as SL (Source Text) and not natural in everyday use of Javanese language. Thus, it can be inferred that the translator more dominantly adopts the ideology of foreignization than domestication. However, what the translator does is more advanced than the other Javanese translators, who usually use only the word for word or literal translation method. This is the uniqueness in translating al-Jailānī’s hagiography or manāqib.
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Antonova, Anna. "Three Faces of the Monster: Interpreting Disability and Creating Meaning in Translations of Alice Munro’s “Child’s Play”." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 11, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/tc29400.
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This article addresses the problematics of creating meaning in literary translation by comparing three versions of Alice Munro’s short story “Child’s Play” translated into German, Ukrainian, and Russian. Proceeding from a fluid and unstable source text that represents the conflict of socially perpetuated normative thinking and non-conforming “monstrous” bodies marked by intellectual disability, the translators renegotiate the meaning of embodied otherness and its stigmatization in society in unique ways that reflect their personal perspectives on translation and individual agendas in their translation projects. Munro’s focus on the relationship between a special needs girl and the narrator responsible for her death exposes the society’s deeply ingrained aversion, fear, and hate against people with intellectual disabilities. These prejudiced views find their expression in equating “special” bodies with passive objects, repulsive animal-like creatures, and wild monsters. However, this metaphorical language reflects first and foremost on the narrator, whose hateful speech, breaking through the surface of her seemingly impartial account, unmasks the true faces of the victim and the perpetrator. Each translator ascribes a different meaning to Munro’s deliberately ambiguous narrative: while the German version accentuates the original’s insistence on complexity and uncertainty, the Ukrainian translation increases intensity of the protagonist’s emotional involvement bringing her hatred and disgust to the extreme to make a point about social marginalization of the vulnerable other. The Russian text, conversely, rationalizes the narrator’s actions and turns her tale into a deeply tragic personal confession to align it with a typical plotline of the Russian literary tradition. Overall, three target-language versions of the story add new dimensions to the original text and further destabilize it by consolidating their preferred readings in their treatment of the socially constructed opposition between “monstrous” and “normal”.
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Sufianto, Agustinus. "Kesalahan Penerjemahan Bahasa Mandarin pada Mahasiswa Sastra China Binus University pada Mata Kuliah Terjemahan Umum." Humaniora 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2010): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v1i2.2915.
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Translation is an activity that transforms a written or verbal language to other written or verbal language. In its process, a translator should overcome the difficulty that caused by the cultural differences, habits, vocabularies and grammars which could help the translator to translate precisely without changing the original meaning of translation’s source. Through the translation lesson, the writer found some factors that caused the student’s mistake in translating Chinese into Indonesian or Indonesian into Chinese. On the other side, The writer found that the translation’s mistakes are caused by the lack of understanding Chinese and Indonesian‘s history, culture and habit. There are some factors that lead to the lack of understanding of Chinese history, culture and habit such as the inability of student to understand the meaning of history, culture and habit that usually are contained on the words, proverb and sentences, the environment that are not supporting students to have a deep understanding of Chinese history, culture and habit. The deeper understanding of Chinese culture, history and habits could help student to translate Chinese that influenced by history, culture and the habit of Chinese precisely. Through the observation, the writer will analyze some factors and analyze how the lecturers could overcome the difficulties of translation that are faced by students.
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Sato, Eriko. "Translanguaging sequel." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 7, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00069.sat.
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Abstract The paper examines the products of interlingual and intralingual translanguaging and qualitatively analyzes three origin-based lexical varieties in Japanese, wago (native Japanese words), kango (Sino-Japanese words), and gairaigo (foreign loanwords other than kango) in terms of how they have been complementing, competing against, or being in conflict with each other, how they engage word-formation processes as deep as morpheme-levels, and how they are perceived and manipulated by language users, including translators. This study shows that translanguaging has been practiced recursively and multi-directionally over a long period of time, yielding the phenomenon ‘translanguaging sequel’. The qualitative study of a Japanese translation of a Korean poem reveals a translator’s ideology-driven translanguaging practice that crosses not only interlingual but also intralingual boundaries, causing an international socio-political dispute. This study supports the view that translanguaging has been shaping and reshaping the norms of languages and language use. It also suggests the benefits of analyzing the products and traces of translanguaging in translated texts as well as the process of translanguaging during translation activities that can be promoted and implemented in language classrooms.
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Xia, Mengzhu. "Analysis of Metaphor Translation from the Perspective of Relevance Theory—A Case Study of the Translation of Metaphor in Fortress Besieged." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.21.
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Fortress Besieged is a unique satirical novel in the history of Chinese contemporary literature. It is deeply loved by readers at home and abroad for its humorous and refined language. There are abundant Chinese metaphors in the novel, so it is of certain significance to explore the translation of metaphors for the cultural exchanges between China and the West. Taking the English translation of Fortress Besieged as the research subject, this paper explores how to translate metaphor in novel from the perspective of relevance theory. It is found that the translator adopts the following methods in dealing with metaphor translation: retaining the original metaphor image, transforming the original metaphor image, retaining the original metaphor image and annotating it, explaining or omitting the original metaphor image.
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Li, Rongxiang. "On the Influence of Cultural Differences on the Translation of British and American Literature." Advances in Higher Education 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i2.1416.
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<p>The creators of British and American literature will integrate certain cultural background into their literary works, and the author's thoughts and views are also deeply influenced by British and American culture. Therefore, when translating British and American literature, the translator must take into account the differences between Chinese and western cultures and accurately translate the contents with cultural differences so that people can have a deeper understanding of the original works. By analyzing the influence of cultural differences in the translation of British and American literature, this paper discusses the translation methods of literary works under different cultural backgrounds, so as to provide reference for the translation of British and American literary works in the future.</p>
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Widiyantari, Yunita. "The Strategy To Translate Metaphor." Register Journal 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v5i1.251.
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Metaphor is called as part of comparison figure of speech. It compares two thing implisitly without using any comparison words such as, like, resemble to, etc. As a figurative expression, metaphor requires a special treatment to translate. The ability of the translator is very much influence to the result of metaphorical translation. He is not only have to empower himself with both source and target languages but also he better has a deep cultural understanding especially about metaphor. There are four types of metaphor on Ullmann version (1972: 213 - 216), namely: Antropomorfis etmaphor, animal metaphor, the abstract to concrete transfer and vise versa, sinaestetic metaphor. Furthermore, there are three criteria that should be fulfilled to value the quality of a translation viz the accuracy, the acceptability, and the text readability.Keywords: Translation; Strategy; Metaphor
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Widiyantari, Yunita. "The Strategy To Translate Metaphor." Register Journal 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v5i1.49-72.
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Metaphor is called as part of comparison figure of speech. It compares two thing implisitly without using any comparison words such as, like, resemble to, etc. As a figurative expression, metaphor requires a special treatment to translate. The ability of the translator is very much influence to the result of metaphorical translation. He is not only have to empower himself with both source and target languages but also he better has a deep cultural understanding especially about metaphor. There are four types of metaphor on Ullmann version (1972: 213 - 216), namely: Antropomorfis etmaphor, animal metaphor, the abstract to concrete transfer and vise versa, sinaestetic metaphor. Furthermore, there are three criteria that should be fulfilled to value the quality of a translation viz the accuracy, the acceptability, and the text readability.Keywords: Translation; Strategy; Metaphor
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Kamitova, A. V. "“I SPEAK A NOISE OF A DEEP TAIGA”: THE BACKGROUND OF KUZEBAY GERD'S POETRY TRANSLATIONS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-5-859-865.
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For the first time ever, the history of poetry translations of the Udmurt literature classics of Kuzebay Gerd into other languages has been classified and arranged in chronological order. After collection and classification of the materials, the facts have been established that allow us to speak about both the earliest and most recent translations of his poetry. The names of those who appealed to the translations and the languages into which they translated the poems have been revealed. The examples of how other cultures perceive Gerd’s lyric poetry could be a helpful basis for further analysis of poetry translation. The performed study may facilitate understanding which poetic texts of Kuzebay Gerd were translated into other languages and specifying main sources of translators’ interest in his poetry etc.
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Dr. Fahd Shehail Alalwi, Liu Kanglong, Muhammad Afzaal,. "Pedagogical Approaches and Instructional Variations: A Comparative Curriculum Analysis of Master Translation Programs in China, Hong Kong and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (March 10, 2021): 6288–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.2807.
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The study examines the underlying curriculum for translation training, pedagogies that integrate translation in the curriculum, teaching practice, and universities' approaches from Saudi Arabia, China and Hong Kong. Consideration of these issues in a curricular framework must also acknowledge the ideological potential of curricula themselves to prioritise individual relationships between the learner and society, relationships which arc investigated from the perspective of a socially situated view of the translator. The purpose of the study is to offer deep scientific apprehension of the explication of translation expertise in terms of learning translation methods, concepts and the intricacy of certain aspects of teaching. The results reveal that traditional language methodology with unprofessional trainers and teachers are the fundamental concerns in this regard, and it requires to rethought translation method and practice in the Chinese affairs and ordinary circumstances. The findings of the manifest study disparities all-around three cases somewhat due to regional circumstances and departmental differences, but are mainly because of discrete notions of the implementation of translation method and practice of theoretical concepts. Translation teaching research informs the training of all-around translators and interpreters and contributes to the growth of translation studies as a discipline.
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Webster, Rebecca, Margot Fonteyne, Arda Tezcan, Lieve Macken, and Joke Daems. "Gutenberg Goes Neural: Comparing Features of Dutch Human Translations with Raw Neural Machine Translation Outputs in a Corpus of English Literary Classics." Informatics 7, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics7030032.
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Due to the growing success of neural machine translation (NMT), many have started to question its applicability within the field of literary translation. In order to grasp the possibilities of NMT, we studied the output of the neural machine system of Google Translate (GNMT) and DeepL when applied to four classic novels translated from English into Dutch. The quality of the NMT systems is discussed by focusing on manual annotations, and we also employed various metrics in order to get an insight into lexical richness, local cohesion, syntactic, and stylistic difference. Firstly, we discovered that a large proportion of the translated sentences contained errors. We also observed a lower level of lexical richness and local cohesion in the NMTs compared to the human translations. In addition, NMTs are more likely to follow the syntactic structure of a source sentence, whereas human translations can differ. Lastly, the human translations deviate from the machine translations in style.
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Sturge, Kate. "Censorship of Translated Fiction in Nazi Germany." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2004): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007482ar.
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Abstract This paper outlines the processes of censorship affecting translation under Nazi rule. Despite a markedly suspicious attitude towards translated fiction, the Nazi regime did not simply eliminate it. In fact, far from collapsing in 1933, the publication of translated fiction actually increased, both in absolute terms and as a proportion of all fiction, until the outbreak of war. However, if in purely quantitative terms translation flourished, the figures mask deep qualitative shifts: Jewish or anti-Nazi authors, translators and publishers disappeared; safe-selling genres came to dominate the market; and source-language preferences changed. These shifts were clearly the outcome of aggressive state measures, both classic “negative” censorship—the banning of literary producers and products or the imposition of “voluntary” self-regulation—and the energetic promotion of approved forms of translation. At the same time, more detailed study suggests that even for non-approved forms, the influence of state control was not always so clear-cut. In the case of the translated detective fiction of the time, censorship in translation was an amalgam of state intervention, pre-emptive filtering, selective readings of the source genre’s ambivalences, and the “normal” pressures of the book market. Even in this totalitarian context of extreme literary control, it remains difficult to define the borders of “translation censorship” as such.
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Hajj, Maya El. "Translation, Retranslation and Recreation in the Literary Field." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1005.03.
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Ameen Fares Rihani rewrote a few of his Arabic poems, such as “I am the East” and “New York” in English, to enable American and Arab readers to understand the poems within their cultural settings, to promote the Eastern culture in the West, and to introduce the West to the Easterners. This paper argues that in his translations of his own poetry, Rihani was a recreator rather than a translator. A comparative analysis of Rihani’s rewritten poems in English and the translations made by other translators of the same poems will prove that the author-translator’s choice of terms along with their cultural backgrounds, deep meanings and etymologies reveal his deep understanding of the source and target cultures, the Eastern and the Western ones. The study further analyzes Rihani’s literary recreations or in other terms transcreations and examines as well the other translators’ rendering of the same works. Comparative study shows how poetry transcends cultural barriers and understands the linguistic and cultural spirit of the target language, thereby attempts to bridge the civilization and cultural gaps between the East and the West.
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Mouratidis, Despoina, and Katia Kermanidis. "Ensemble and Deep Learning for Language-Independent Automatic Selection of Parallel Data." Algorithms 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12010026.
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Machine translation is used in many applications in everyday life. Due to the increase of translated documents that need to be organized as useful or not (for building a translation model), the automated categorization of texts (classification), is a popular research field of machine learning. This kind of information can be quite helpful for machine translation. Our parallel corpora (English-Greek and English-Italian) are based on educational data, which are quite difficult to translate. We apply two state of the art architectures, Random Forest (RF) and Deeplearnig4j (DL4J), to our data (which constitute three translation outputs). To our knowledge, this is the first time that deep learning architectures are applied to the automatic selection of parallel data. We also propose new string-based features that seem to be effective for the classifier, and we investigate whether an attribute selection method could be used for better classification accuracy. Experimental results indicate an increase of up to 4% (compared to our previous work) using RF and rather satisfactory results using DL4J.
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Drozdowska, Karolina. "„Najpierw ręka lewa, potem ręka lewa”. Tłumacz norweskich powieści kryminalnych wobec błędów w tekście oryginalnym." Przekładaniec, no. 40 (2020): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891864pc.20.005.13168.
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“First the left hand, then the left hand.” A Translator of Norwegian Crime Novels Faced with Mistakes in the Source Text Norwegian crime fiction is a genre which has gained enormous popularity among readers around the world over the past several years, and this creates a greater demand for translation of this kind of literature. The purpose of this text is to take a closer look at mistakes in Norwegian source texts a translator has to face when working with this genre. The article gives a short summary of potential causes of these mistakes, attempts to categorize them and describes possible ways of correcting them. The main argument is that the translator’s role and identity change in this process, as the translator often has to perform the tasks of an additional editor or proofreader. The crime novels analyzed here are: Blod i dans [Dance with the Devil] by Gard Sveen, Møt meg i paradis [Meet me in Paradise] by Heine Bakkeid and Alt er mitt [Deep Fjord] by Ruth Lillegraven.
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Zeeshan. "A Study of Neural Machine Translation from Chinese to Urdu." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 2, no. 4 (May 6, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v2i4.82.
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Machine Translation (MT) is used for giving a translation from a source language to a target language. Machine translation simply translates text or speech from one language to another language, but this process is not sufficient to give the perfect translation of a text due to the requirement of identification of whole expressions and their direct counterparts. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is one of the most standard machine translation methods, which has made great progress in the recent years especially in non-universal languages. However, local language translation software for other foreign languages is limited and needs improving. In this paper, the Chinese language is translated to the Urdu language with the help of Open Neural Machine Translation (OpenNMT) in Deep Learning. Firstly, a Chineseto Urdu language sentences datasets were established and supported with Seven million sentences. After that, these datasets were trained by using the Open Neural Machine Translation (OpenNMT) method. At the final stage, the translation was compared to the desired translation with the help of the Bleu Score Method.
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Al-Tamari, Emad Ahmed, and Eyhab Abdulrazak Bader Eddin. "Lexical Asymmetry as a Translation Problem Arising in the Holy Quran." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 5, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no2.1.
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Coupled with copious evidence and cogent illustrations, this article charts an important development in the field of translating the Holy Quran. It breaks new ground in a new type of problems inherent in the translation of the Quran. It is designed to catch translators’ alert senses to look beyond the traditional approach to translation, i.e. looking for the superficial equivalent. It critically discusses the long-standing proclivity for the deeply-held belief in the existence of absolute synonyms in the Quran. Although the examples given are not very exhaustive due to space constraints, the author’s unbridled reason pushes him to how far semantic propinquity exists in the Quran, developing a plethora of new checklists which will definitely act as a springboard to lay groundwork to any translator. The paper draws a conclusion that the seemingly verb and noun synonyms in the Quran are not so, resulting in a lexical asymmetry in translation. This paper zooms in on a new type of sense relationships, which involve a pair of words with similar meaning, but are made up of the same root morphologically. The paper takes three very popular and mesmerizing translations of the Quran as a point of reference. This paper shatters the fervent belief that one word can be a full equivalent to seemingly synonymous words in the Quran. This is a strong call on translators to start looking at new issues in the translation of the Quran from different standpoints, an arresting fact we need to grasp.
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Bowker, Lynne. "The Need for Speed! Experimenting with “Speed Training” in the Scientific/Technical Translation Classroom." Meta 61 (January 18, 2017): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038683ar.
Full textAbstract:
Most translator training courses focus on encouraging students to reflect fully, to analyze deeply, and to weigh options carefully. However, as they near the end of a translation program, they must also begin preparing for the workplace, where they will need to translate on tight deadlines. Therefore, the addition of authentic and situated learning that tests and improves students’ translation skills under time pressure makes sense. This article describes a pilot project in speed training that took place in a scientific/technical translation course taught during the final semester of a translation program at the University of Ottawa. As part of the experiment, 29 students participated in nine speed training exercises on texts dealing with various scientific/technical subjects. Gamification was introduced as a pedagogical strategy to engage the students during the speed training. The resulting translations were analyzed, the students’ progress was charted over the course of the semester, and they were surveyed about their experience. Though not scientifically valid, the results nonetheless suggest that students can benefit from speed training. Participants reported feeling more confident in their abilities and judgment and less likely to rely blindly on information resources.
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Krüger, Ralph. "Explicitation in Neural Machine Translation." Across Languages and Cultures 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2020.00012.
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This paper is concerned with the following question: to what extent does neural machine translation (NMT) – a relatively new approach to machine translation (MT), which can draw on richer contextual information than previous MT architectures – perform explicitation shifts in translation and how are these shifts realised in linguistic terms? In order to answer this question, the paper attempts to identify instances of explicitation in the machine-translated version of a research report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. The machine-translated text was created using the publicly available generic NMT system DeepL. The human translation of the research report was analysed in a prior research project for instances of explicitation and implicitation (Krüger 2015). After a brief quantitative di scussion of the frequency and distribution of explicitation shifts identified in the DeepL output as compared to the shifts identified in the human translation of the research report, the paper analyses in detail several examples in which DeepL performed explicitation shifts of various kinds. The quantitative and qualitative analyses are intended to yield a tentative picture of the capacity of state-of-the art neural machine translation systems to perform explicitation shifts in translation. As explicitation is understood in this article as an indicator of translational text–context interaction, the explicitation performance of NMT can – to some extent – be taken to be indicative of the “contextual awareness” of this new MT architecture.
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Putri, Tia Aprilianti. "AN ANALYSIS OF TYPES AND CAUSES OF TRANSLATION ERRORS." ETNOLINGUAL 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/etno.v3i2.15028.
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Translation is a process of changing an original text from one language into another. Nowadays its role is important in almost every single aspect of human’s life. Since its role becomes more vital, the quality of the result of translation must be qualified as well. Doing translation is not an easy task, it is a combination of skill and art. The translators should have enough knowledge about the important aspects from both source language and target language. However there are still many difficulties appear while doing translation. Those difficulties lead the translators make errors while translating. After reviewing some research conducted, the writer of this research discovers the types of translation errors and the causes which lead the errors done by many translators. The most dominant types of errors in translation experienced by the translators lie in surface structure such as semantic, lexical, morphology, and grammar errors. However another type of errors in translation lies in deep structure which is connected with culture differences between both source and target language. The second discovery is about the causes of errors in translation. The most common causes is lack of knowledge about linguistic aspect of the target language can cause the errors. Another primary factor is the anxiety of the translators themselves causes the errors in translation.
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MI, Fali. "Application of Class Shift in Translation from English to Chinese." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 4, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol4no4.15.
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Translation from English to Chinese aimed to enhance students’ comprehensive language skills is one of the most widely used teaching tasks applied to college English learning classroom. However, due to lack of theoretical studies and practical guidelines, students pay too much attention to formal equivalence in the light of English grammatical rules, thus resulting in some translated sentences with strong “translationese”. Originated from translation transfer theory put forward by Catford, class shift is deeply rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics depicting and analyzing two dimensions of level shift and category shift. The paper showcases how to translate English sentences into Chinese by relying on class shift with some classified and well sorted-out examples primarily taken from course books, attempts to render the deeper-level reasons behind the class shift, and tentatively makes analysis based on that. The paper exemplifies eight types of class shift in the process of translation from English to Chinese. Study shows that by relying on class shift, students focus more on functional equivalence rather than on formal equivalence and get rid of rigid scaffoldings involving in English grammar rules. As a result, “translationese” in the translated sentences can be effectively avoided and the target texts are more in the habit of Chinese way of expressions.
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Islam, Naeem Ul, Sungmin Lee, and Jaebyung Park. "Accurate and Consistent Image-to-Image Conditional Adversarial Network." Electronics 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030395.
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Image-to-image translation based on deep learning has attracted interest in the robotics and vision community because of its potential impact on terrain analysis and image representation, interpretation, modification, and enhancement. Currently, the most successful approach for generating a translated image is a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) for training an autoencoder with skip connections. Despite its impressive performance, it has low accuracy and a lack of consistency; further, its training is imbalanced. This paper proposes a balanced training strategy for image-to-image translation, resulting in an accurate and consistent network. The proposed approach uses two generators and a single discriminator. The generators translate images from one domain to another. The discriminator takes the input of three different configurations and guides both the generators to generate realistic images in their corresponding domains while ensuring high accuracy and consistency. Experiments are conducted on different datasets. In particular, the proposed approach outperforms the cGAN in realistic image translation in terms of accuracy and consistency in training.
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Eddin, MCIL, CL, Eyhab Abdulrazak Bader. "The Particle ??: A Key Aspect to Fathom in Translation with Special Reference to the Holy Quran." Studies in English Language Teaching 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v7n1p99.
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<p><em>Cognizant of the deep chasm between the actual semantics of the particle </em>??<em> and the superficial way it is understood and thus translated, I have decided to devote this study to minutely examine the two types of </em>??<em>. The paper explores the interrogative and declarative </em>??<em> along with their characteristic features, meaning and their realizations in translation into English, with a special reference to the Quran. Fresh tides of thought have conquered me to clarify the semantics of </em>??<em> which often fetters trainee translators and students of translation when they- in vain- try to capture the exact meaning of each of them. It is hoped that this paper helps its readers gain practical mastery of some salient features of the Arabic language. It aims at developing readers’ level of linguistic competence. </em></p>
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I.K., Kobyakova, and Chaika T.Yu. "THE ISSUE OF PRESERVING THE TEXT DEEP STRUCTURE IN TRANSLATION (USING THE EXAMPLE OF ECONOMIC TEXTS)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 83 (November 4, 2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-83-16.
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Мета статті– уточнити основні положення класичної концепції глибинних структур речення в контексті перекладацьких трансформацій і перекладацької майстерності, виявити основні труднощі при використанні концепції глибинних структур під час перекладу і визначити оптимальні шляхи їх вирішення.Методи. У процесі дослідження були використані такі методи: аналізу і синтезу (визначення сутнісних характеристик поняття «глибинна структура»); зіставлень (дослідження моделей трансформації і їх особливостей у процесі перекладу тек-стів економічної спрямованості); системно-структурний (виявлення взаємозв’язків і взаємозалежностей глибинних та поверх-невих структур).Результати. Одна з найважливіших умов успішної перекладацької діяльності – максимально повне збереження змісту тексту в процесі перекладу. В умовах перетворення глибинної структури вихідного тексту на поверхневу структуру мовою перекладу перед перекладачем постає проблема вибору з безлічі допустимих поверхневих структур тієї єдиної, яка най-кращим чином здатна передати не тільки експліцитні, а й імпліцитні компоненти тексту. У процесі перекладу спеціальних галузевих текстів ця задача особливо актуальна. Так, ігнорування фонових знань про національно-культурні традиції ділового спілкування може привести до серйозного спотворення первинного сенсу тексту. А це своєю чергою може стати причиною невдачі ділових контактів. Концепція глибинних і поверхневих структур є досить корисним інструментом, який дає змогу успішно здійснювати перекладацьку діяльність при перекладі складних із семантичної і синтаксичної точок зору конструкцій. Збереження семантики вихідного тексту при максимально повному врахуванні імпліцитного контексту і фонових знань – першочергове завдання перекладача. Теорія глибинних і поверхневих структур є одним з інструментів, який здатен допомогти перекладачеві не тільки структурувати текст, але й максимально ефективно працювати з його семантикою, синтаксисом і фонологією.Суттєвою перекладацькою проблемою залишається пошук найбільш релевантного варіанту поверхневої структури, яка здатна зберегти глибинну структуру тексту-оригіналу з урахуванням усього масиву імпліцитних смислів. З огляду на це, тек-сти економічної спрямованості становлять певний інтерес, оскільки традиції ділового спілкування в різних культурах є свого роду додатковими фоновими знаннями, які необхідно враховувати у процесі перекладу.Висновки. Знання про особливості глибинних і поверхневих структур текстів тих чи інших жанрів дають пере-кладачеві змогу більш якісно здійснювати перекладацьку діяльність. Систематизація перекладацької діяльності в цьо-му контексті передбачає організацію роботи поетапно: спочатку аналізується поверхнева структура вихідного тексту, з використанням правил синтаксичних трансформацій перекладач описує глибинну структуру тексту, а потім з урахуван-ням специфіки мови перекладу переводить цю глибинну структуру в поверхневу структуру мови перекладу. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані в практичній перекладацькій діяльності для забезпечення більш чіткого уявлення про глибинну структуру і семантичної еквівалентності вихідного і цільового текстів. Результати дослідження сприяють удосконаленню практичних напрацювань щодо особливостей роботи з глибинними структурами перекладацьких текстів економічної спрямованості. Подальші перспективи дослідження можуть бути пов’язані з уточненням найбільш доціль-них у конкретних перекладацьких ситуаціях моделей трансформації глибинної структури вихідного тексту в поверхневу структуру тексту перекладу. Purpose. The paper intends to clarify basic provisions of the deep structure as a theoretical construct in the context of translation skills. The purpose of the article is also to identify the main difficulties in using the deep structures concept in the translation process and to determine the best way of addressing them.Methods. The following methods are used in the research process: analysis and synthesis (in determining the substantive characteristics of the concept “deep structure”); comparison (in studying models of transformation and their peculiarities in context of economic texts translating); systemic-structural (in identifying relationships between deep and surface structures).Results. One of the most important conditions for successful translation activities is the preservation of the content in translation. When transforming the deep structure of the source text into a surface structure in the target language, the translator is faced with the problem of choosing from the set of admissible surface structures the only one that is best able to convey not only explicit, but also implicit components of the text. This task is especially relevant when translating specialized industry texts. So, ignoring the background knowledge about the national and cultural traditions of business communication can lead to a serious distortion of the original meaning of the text. And this, in turn, can cause the failure of business contacts. The concept of deep and surface structures is a very useful tool for successfully translating complex semantic and syntactic constructions. Preservation of the original text semantics with maximum consideration of the implicit context and background knowledge is the first task of the translator. The theory of deep and surface structures is one of the tools that can help the translator not only structure the text, but also work as efficiently as possible with its semantics, syntax and phonology.Conclusions. Knowledge of the different genres text’s deep and surface structures peculiarities enables the translator to perform better translation activities. The systematization of translation activities in this context involves the organization of work in phases: first of all the source text surface structure is analyzed, then using the rules of syntactic transformations the translator describes the text deep structure, and then, taking into account the specifics of the translation language, translates this deep structure into the target language surface structure. The study results could be used in practical translation to provide a clearer understanding of the deep structure and to ensure semantic equivalence between the source and the target texts. The study results contribute to the improvement of practices, which are related to the peculiarities of working with deep structures of economic translations. Further prospects for the study could be related to the clarification of the most appropriate models in specific translation situations for transforming the underlying structure of the source text into a surface structure of the text.
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Schmitt, Peter A. "Translation 4.0 – Evolution, Revolution, Innovation or Disruption?" Lebende Sprachen 64, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 193–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2019-0013.
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Abstract The international translation industry is undergoing fundamental changes with the potential of disrupting the market and the business basis of many freelance translators. This paper outlines the present scenario in the field of non-literary translations, its development, reasons, symptoms and current trends. Analogous to the established concept of “Industry 4.0”, the philosophy of an emerging new translation industry can be called “Translation 4.0”. Challenged by a continuously growing demand for translations, increasingly volatile markets, fierce global competition and aggressive pricing, the translation industry is responding with fully digitized data handling, real-time project management, strictly organized processes, quality control, short response times and comprehensive added-value services for clients. Key variables in this new work environment are fragmentation of projects to accelerate turn-around times, outsourcing, crowdsourcing, teamworking, connectivity, cloud-based translation platforms, integrated – and often compulsory – translation tools and, last but not least, machine translation (MT) and post-editing of MT (PEMT). Due to the closing gap between the quality of human translations (HT) and neural MT (in particular of DeepL), MT will cover a growing share of the low-end translation market volume, with the consequence that translators who cannot offer a substantially better value (i. e. quality/price ratio) than MT will become obsolete. The future will be for translators who have the competencies defined in the EMT (European Masters’ of Translation) and who adapt to the changing translation ecosystem.
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Kage, Udaykumar, Jonathan J. Powell, Donald M. Gardiner, and Kemal Kazan. "Ribosome profiling in plants: what is not lost in translation?" Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 18 (May 27, 2020): 5323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa227.
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Abstract Translation is a highly dynamic cellular process whereby genetic information residing in an mRNA molecule is converted into a protein that in turn executes specific functions. However, pre-synthesized mRNA levels do not always correlate with corresponding protein levels, suggesting that translational control plays an essential role in gene regulation. A better understanding of how gene expression is regulated during translation will enable the discovery of new genes and mechanisms that control important traits in plants. Therefore, in recent years, several methods have been developed to analyse the translatome; that is, all mRNAs being actively translated at a given time, tissue, and/or developmental stage. Ribosome profiling or ribo-seq is one such technology revolutionizing our ability to analyse the translatome and in turn understand translational control of gene expression. Ribo-seq involves isolating mRNA–ribosome complexes, treating them with a RNase, and then identifying ribosome-protected mRNA regions by deep sequencing. Here, we briefly review recent ribosome profiling studies that revealed new insights into plant biology. Manipulation of novel genes identified using ribosome profiling could prove useful for increasing yield through improved biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Ayonghe, Lum Suzanne, and Godson Enowmbi Besong. "Subtitling as a Vector for the Promotion of Bilingualism and Patriotism." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 16, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v16i3.6.
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This paper is aimed at showing that subtitling can be used to foster bilingualism and patriotism in Cameroon. The objectives are to investigate how deeply rooted the practice of audiovisual translation is in local media outlets, focusing on how it can help in promoting bilingualism; promote the use of subtitling in the Cameroonian audiovisual media landscape; and assess the pivotal role of the audiovisual translator in this sector. A sample of 151 persons was used. Questionnaires were administered to respondents and stakeholders were interviewed in two media houses: Hi TV and CRTV. Hi TV is based in an English-speaking region, and CRTV is a State-owned media house and believed to have the widest audience in the country. Findings revealed that subtitling does not only provide TV viewers with information in their second official language, but also enables them to improve on their reading and writing skills, as well as their bilingualism, among others. Subtitling is not advanced in media houses in Cameroon. Recommendations were made to improve on the practice of subtitling in media houses in Cameroon. These include increasing the level of subtitled programmes broadcast on TV stations, raising awareness on the importance of media information access by the hearing impaired; creating an audiovisual translation unit in each TV broadcasting house and recruiting audiovisual translators; voting of laws to make the subtitling of some, if not, all TV programmes broadcast by Cameroonian TV channels mandatory; educating the public on the importance of subtitling by gradually introducing them to viewers through TV programmes, so that their eyes and mind could progressively get used to watching subtitled material and thus avoid total rejection of the subtitles; and training more audiovisual translators in Cameroon.
Key words: Translation, Bilingualism, Patriotism, Vector, Subtitling
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Minenko, Olesya. "«HAMLET» BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE IN THE TRANSLATION AND CREATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE UKRAINIAN WRITERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." English and American Studies 1, no. 17 (December 22, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/382015.
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The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the translations of the tragedy «Hamlet» by William Shakespeare in the context of the aesthetic views of Ukrainian writers of the nineteenth century. The idea that synchronous and diachronic consideration of the literary evolution of Hamlet’s image demonstrates the emergence of Hamletism as a certain aesthetic category is justified. A comparative analysis of the translations of Hamlet by Ukrainian authors was carried out. On the basis of research, it is established that the translator, as well as the reader, finds itself «between» texts of different cultures and literatures, that is, in a situation of complete uncertainty, cultural «border», by performing a double hermeneutic act of «decoding» «one’s» and «another’s» tradition available in the original and in its translation. The author concludes that Shakespeare at the world-philosophical level was close to the Ukrainian translators of the XIX century: the writers considered in Shakespeare’s works a timeless universality and a prehistoric dimension of the human personality, a peculiar human «monad», which can be different in different ways. It was observed that Ukrainian translators are united not only by language innovation, the attraction of deep layers of the Ukrainian language, but also the sole purpose – the cultural revival of the state through the revival of the language.
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Emzir, Emzir, Ninuk Lustyantie, and Akbar Akbar. "TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TASKS INTO INDONESIAN THROUGH ONLINE MACHINE TRANSLATION PROGRAM." IJER - INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL REVIEW 4, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijer.04.01.10.
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The objective of this research is to obtain a deep understanding about the online machine translation of graduate students in the Language Education Doctoral Program of State University of Jakarta, Indonesia, from source language to target language in order to achieve equivalence in the subject of Language Translation and Education. The approach used is qualitative approach with ethnography method. The translation process is conducted by writing down words or copying-pasting sentences to be translated and then those words/sentences will be automatically translated by machine translation. A repetitive edit, revision and correction process shall be first performed in order to get an optimum result i.e. translated sentences are equal in textual and meanings. The deviations occur due to inaccurate equivalents caused by different cultures between the source language and target language as well as the scope of translated language scientific field. The used strategy is a literal translation. Based on the research results, the translation of English tasks to Indonesian through the online translation program is very useful to facilitate the students’ lecturing process in completing their tasks.
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Bialik, Veronika, and Ilona Derik. "REPRODUCTION OF TROPES IN THE POETICAL WORK OF E. A. POE “DREAMS” TRANSLATED FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 31 (December 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-31-2.
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Translation of fiction, and in particular — translation of poetic works plays an extremely important role in modern translation studies. In the process of global more and more people are learning foreign languages and showing a deep interest in the cultural heritage of other countries, including literature. This explains the increased interest of readers in the poetry of foreign authors. The complexity of literary translation is due to the fact that the translator must not only have the basic translation skills, but also must have the creative abilities and background knowledge to fully reproduce all the artistic means that are found in the original text. The objective of the article is to analyze the reproduction of tropes in translation of the poetic work of E. A. Poe “Dreams” from English into Chinese to identify tactics, techniques and transformations allowing to reproduce artistic means in translation. According to the results of the study, it was found out that in the poetic work “Dreams” the following artistic means were employed: epithet, metaphor,personification, comparison and rhetorical question. Despite the difference in the mentalities of the English and Chinese people, the translator used the tactic of national coloring preservation while rendering in translation all the above-mentioned artistic means. This tactic made it possible to fully implement the desired emotional impact on the target audience and convey the mood and attitude of the original author. In the five cases out of the twelve, the translator resorted to the transformation of the addition to deepen the emotional impact on the recipient. It may be concluded that the translator hasn’t only achieved the goal but also managed to preserve the main function of the work of art — an aesthetic impact on the reader, and besides successfully re-created eleven of the twelve artistic means at work.
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Sheikh Al-Shabab, Omar A. "Construction and Interpretation Of Corpus-Based English Poetry Vocabulary Profile." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 5 (July 6, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575//aiac.ijalel.v.6n.5p.51.
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Vocabulary Profilers (VPrs) are deeply rooted in pedagogical purposes. The current investigation, however, uses the Classic and Compleat VPrs to: 1) determine the distribution and content of vocabulary in an English poetry corpus 2) explain differences in the constituents of the vocabulary profile (VP), 3) explore the role of language users in constructing the VP. The corpus includes Extended Corpus (EC: 1.363.225 words), Micro Corpus (MC: 43.200 words) from thirty-six poets, and two poems translated into Arabic. The main results show that Types, Offlist words, Academic and Anglo-Saxon words outline the VP, and that the number of Types and the size of the Individual Mental Lexicon constitute the main features of the translator’s VP. The paper concludes that the poet’s construction of the poetry VP undergoes multilayer interpretation by the reader/analyst and the translator, who utilize their socio-environmental context to pin down the semantic potential of the VP anew.
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Min, Wu. "Machine Translation of Concise State Sentences for Quantifier Phrases." Journal of Education, Teaching and Social Studies 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): p138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v1n2p138.
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With the development of deep learning methods, the machine translation system based on deep neural network has reached a very high accuracy, but for some daily Chinese phenomenon machine translation system is still not able to translate correctly. In this paper, we study a sentence that often appears in Chinese spoken language, that is, a simple state sentence composed of quantitative phrases, and improve the existing machine translation system. The external helper program constructed in this paper is compatible with the current mainstream network translation systems, greatly improving the translation effect of these translation systems on the concise state sentences composed of quantitative phrases.
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Huang, Xin. "On James E. Bosson’s Translation of A Treasury of Aphoristic Jewels: The Subhsitarstnanidhi of Sa Skya Pandita in Tibetan and Mongolian." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (July 30, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p301.
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From the perspective of history, literature and translatology, this article discusses in depth the translation of Bosson and holds that: (1) his selection of source language text (SLT) should be timely—his adaptation to the social and historical context of the United States and the theme of the era; (2) his interpretation of SLT is much accurate since Bosson has devoted all his life to Tibetan and Mongolian studies; however, there still exists some under-translation—the translation carries less information than the original, Bosson fails to reproduce the deep meanings of SLT related to Tibetan culture; (3) his literal translation or foreignization, making the version featured by a purely linguistic translation method, in order to help the intended readers to insight into the laws how to render the Mongolian, or Tibetan into English; and (4) his expression in the version tends to be colloquial, and be rich in foreignized expressions. All these reflect the subjectivity from Bosson, as a linguistic translator, non-literary translator. Furthermore, Bosson’s subjectivity is not only an adaptation to the social and historical context, the theme of the era, but also a limited transcendence of these constraints.
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Bochkovskaya, Anna V. "BALBIR MADHOPURI. KÃTĪLĪ RĀHÕ KE RĀHĪ / THE THORNY PATH (CHAPTER FROM CHĀNGIĀ RUKH / AGAINST THE NIGHT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-233-246.
Full textAbstract:
The commented translation of a chapter from the Chāṅgiā rukh (Against the Night) autobiography (2002) by Balbir Madhopuri, a renowned Indian writer, poet, translator, journalist and social activist, brings forward episodes from the life of Dalit inhabitants of a Punjab village in the 1960–1970s. Following the school of hard knocks of his childhood in the chamar quarter of Madhopur, a village in Jalandhar district, Balbir Madhopuri managed to receive a good education and take to literature. He has authored 14 books including three volumes of poetry, translated 35 pieces of world literary classics into Punjabi, his mother language, and edited 42 books in Punjabi. In 2014, he was awarded the Translation Prize from India’s Sahitya Academy for contribution to the development and promotion of Punjabi. Narrating the story, Balbir Madhopuri shares memories, thoughts and emotions from early days that determined his motivations to struggle against poverty, deprivation and injustice. The chapter Kãṭīlī rāhõ ke rāhī (The Thorny Path [Madhopuri, 2010]) tells readers about the destiny of low-caste Punjabis as well as about village traditions and rituals featuring Hindu, Sikh and Muslim beliefs deeply intertwined in the Land of Five Rivers. Memories of childhood joys and sorrows go side by side with Balbir Madhopuri’s reflections on social oppression and caste inequality that still remain in contemporary India’s society. This commented translation is the final one in a series of four chapters from Balbir Madhopuri’s autobiography scheduled for publication in this journal in 2020.
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Li, Yuying, and Qi Lu. "On the C-E Translation of Chinese Classics from the Perspective of Thick Translation Theory." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0810.16.
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Thick translation theory was put forward by Appiah, an American translation theorist, concerning the cultural information dissemination and cultural significance of a deep description. Based on the English translation version of Six Chapters of a Floating Life, the study analyses the manifestation of traditional Chinese culture and methods to translate Chinese classic words from the perspective of “thick translation” theory, in an attempt to verify the operability of the theory in the translation of Chinese classics.
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Lakhtionova, K. "TRANSLATION ERRORS IN TRANSLATIONS OF FICTION TEXT OR TRANSMITTING TRACKERS." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 33 (2018): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2018.33.15.
Full textAbstract:
Everything has been changing all the time in our world. It concerns language and literature as well. New traditions are being formed, and old ones die. Literary activity (creativity) could not avoid such changes: flexible natural form (shape) came instead of classical writing, instead of classical writing, great and sentimental, inherent to French literature. Bokacho`s Style and perfectionism in language mean following the rules of language standard, starting from XIII century and finishing XVIII. Padre Grande was criticized too for glorification of Toskana literary language and humiliation of local dialects. Outstanding personality of Dzhuzeppe Parini appears in early period of defining his positions, ignoring linguistic polemics, avoiding different extremes and exaggerations. Parini demonstrates society in ironic style, old such as “batrachomyomachia” – ironic “Illiada”, Moskeida” – Orlando`s statements: epical forms reflect plebeian picture of the world. Irony – is a kind of obsolete society, which didn`t understand its decline. Obsolete does its best to pretend modern, the more proud is the style, the poorer it is. This is the essence of Parini`s conception incarnated in his literary work “Giorno”(Day) which is based on irony, deep and sad. There are no doubts, that after the research and discuss about Parini, after publications of the translation in Spanish, not only ceased, but gained great interest of literary researches. It is clear, that some mistakes in translations were done, but we are not judges. The most important is basic content which is presented in the introduction of A. Prieto. Analyzing translator`s mistakes from Italian language of original text into Spanish we have to focus on key phrase of Maris Isabel Honsales-Fernandes, that Spanish has not a lot in common with Italian. It is evident especially in translation of lexical units, where the translator did mistakes, that demonstrates not appropriate level of Italian language knowledge. We can call this phenomenon “amici falsi del traduttore”, ignorance of particular lexis and meaning that lexical unit can have in both languages. This ignorance led to misunderstanding even to ugliness and curvature of original text. The translator Marselo Arroyita-Chauresi, who is a poet himself, is much more to be desired. He has tried to follow the text of original in some cases. But he was not successful in his attempts. You can just imagine Spanish translation to be translated into language of original even being of 200 years old, which we could receive. Not a proper level of the Italian language and misunderstanding of some words, which in Spanish and Italian sound the same way. Translator`s work – hard labour which needs flawless knowledge of the language of original not to loose while translating artistic value or even to deface author`s concept. It just verifies common known truth: not to ignore even the slightest peculiarities of the text of original. The translator has to know lexis and a grammar perfectly, be able to use translator`s transformations in order to avoid such phenomena as failed translation and misrepresentation of the content of the text, especially if it is a poetry.
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Muhammad Yunus Anis, Ticha Fauziyatul Anwar,. "TEKNIK PENERJEMAHAN UNSUR KOHESI GRAMATIKAL KONJUNGSI PADA NOVEL FĪ SABĪLI A'T-TĀJ." Jurnal CMES 11, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.11.2.28596.
Full textAbstract:
This research will elaborate deeply about the variant of conjunction in Arabic language and its techniques of translation. The investigating of translation techniques had the significant role in the process of translation. The translation problems had been found in the process of translation, especially related to the arabic conjunction. The analysis of variant techniques of translation towardsthe arabic conjunction can be investigated by the theory of gramatical equivalence between Arabic (L1) and Bahasa Indonesia (L2). This research aims to elaborate comprehensively about the variant construction of cohesive conjunction in Arabic language and its variant models of translation into Bahasa Indonesia. The second aim of this research is to investigate the techniques of translation toward the construction of cohesive conjunctions, especially in the Arabic prose Fi Sabiili At-Taaj which had been translated by Choirul Anwar into Bahasa Indonesia as "Ambisi Meraih Mahkota" published by Fajar Pustaka (2001). This research had been classified as descriptive qualitative model. The data had been classified using the random sampling method. The result of the research had been concluded that: (1) the Arabic adversative conjunctions had been translated into "tidak", "tetapi", and "bahkan" in Bahasa Indonesia. (2) the Arabic additive conjunctions had been translated into "dan", "lalu", and "maupun" in Bahasa Indonesia. (3) the Arabic temporal conjunctions had been translated into "kemudian" and "akhirnya" in Bahasa Indonesia. (4) the Arabic causal conjunctions had been translated into "sehingga" and "sampai" in Bahasa Indonesia. (5) several techniques had been implemented in the translations of Arabic novel FiiSabiili At Taaj, such as: literal, reduction, discursive creation, linguistic amplification, established equivalence, transposition, linguistic compression, and calque.
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Huang, Yin-Fu, and Yi-Hao Li. "Translating Sentimental Statements Using Deep Learning Techniques." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020138.
Full textAbstract:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows machines to know nature languages and helps us do tasks, such as retrieving information, answering questions, text summarization, categorizing text, and machine translation. To our understanding, no NLP was used to translate statements from negative sentiment to positive sentiment with resembling semantics, although human communication needs. The developments of translating sentimental statements using deep learning techniques are proposed in this paper. First, for a sentiment translation model, we create negative–positive sentimental statement datasets. Then using deep learning techniques, the sentiment translation model is developed. Perplexity, bilingual evaluation understudy, and human evaluations are used in the experiments to test the model, and the results are satisfactory. Finally, if the trained datasets can be constructed as planned, we believe the techniques used in translating sentimental statements are possible, and more sophisticated models can be developed.
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Huang, Yin-Fu, and Yi-Hao Li. "Translating Sentimental Statements Using Deep Learning Techniques." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020138.
Full textAbstract:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows machines to know nature languages and helps us do tasks, such as retrieving information, answering questions, text summarization, categorizing text, and machine translation. To our understanding, no NLP was used to translate statements from negative sentiment to positive sentiment with resembling semantics, although human communication needs. The developments of translating sentimental statements using deep learning techniques are proposed in this paper. First, for a sentiment translation model, we create negative–positive sentimental statement datasets. Then using deep learning techniques, the sentiment translation model is developed. Perplexity, bilingual evaluation understudy, and human evaluations are used in the experiments to test the model, and the results are satisfactory. Finally, if the trained datasets can be constructed as planned, we believe the techniques used in translating sentimental statements are possible, and more sophisticated models can be developed.
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Ayyad, Ghada Rajeh, and Tengku Sepora Tengku Mahadi. "PROCEDURES OF FOREIGNIZING CULTURE- SPECIFIC- TERMS IN THE NOBLE QUR’AN." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 3, no. 9 (March 10, 2020): 09–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.39002.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the differences between cultures, translating terms that are related to a specific culture is a hard row to hoe. These terms are deeply rooted in culture. Therefore, it is almost impossible to find an equivalent for such terms. In fact, the task becomes more difficult in case of religious texts such as the Noble Qur’an. This problem has been a major focus of translation theorists and scholars. To solve such a problem, Venuti (1995) introduced the foreignization strategy that aims at transferring both the meaning and the culture of the source language to the target language. This strategy requires the translators to use some translation procedures to apply it. This paper tends to discuss the procedures used by the translators of the Noble Qur’an to foreignize culture-specific-terms.
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Ochiai, Tatsuko. "The Politics of Affect in English-Language Translations of Toshi Maruki’s Hiroshima no Pika." International Research in Children's Literature 2, no. 1 (July 2009): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1755619809000507.
Full textAbstract:
Picture books have a large potential to expand cross-cultural interactions because their visual codes seem to be intelligible and accessible from one culture to another. However, the interpretation of pictures is affected by interaction with the verbal text, which, during transmission, may undergo significant changes under the influences of linguistic structures and cultural politics. Taking Toshi Maruki’s Hiroshima No Pika ( 1980 ) as its example, the article examines cultural transmission in translations of a picture book about war, a topic which normally entails a political issue and emotional affect. Comparison of the original text with a British translation (1983) and an American translation (1982) suggests that political perspectives in England and the USA in the early 1980s not only shape how the Japanese text is translated, but also prompt the translators to omit or add material. Making adjustments in order to mediate a text for an audience with a different set of cultural assumptions can dismantle the innermost significance of the original work and reduce narrative depth. The article concludes that, for effective cross-cultural communication, both a deep and culturally accurate interpretation of the original work and adequate consideration of the effects of any cultural or linguistic adjustment is essential.
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Aliphan, G. K. "Continuity in the work of Abai and Lermontov." Turkology 6, no. 104 (January 12, 2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-3162.020.
Full textAbstract:
The content of the article is based on the poem "Duma" by M.Y. Lermontov. It occupies a special place in the poet's work. "Duma" is a work with a deep and rich content, reflecting the thoughts of the poet, concerned about the future of his generation. Abai translated this poem into the Kazakh language. This article examines the problem of the creative continuity of the two poets, associated with the translation of the "Duma" into the Kazakh language and its ideological and thematic content. M.Y. Lermontov was never satisfied with the current social situation and the people he was surrounded with. He was too sophisticated and innovative poet for his time. He was deeply anxious about present and future of the Russian society. “The thought” is a work with profound meaning as a result of his criticism. Just as M.Y. Lermontov Abay mercilessly criticized inadequacies of his living time. Abay tried to remedy people and their morality with his humanistic philosophy. The article depicts common ideas and philosophy of the both poets on the basis of contents and translation of one poem.