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Journal articles on the topic 'Defence and Trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

O'Connor, Bernard. "In Defence of Trade Defence." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 2 (2007): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007015.

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2

Bickel, Fabian. "Brexit and Trade Defence: Effects of a Changed Territory." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 1 (2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab005.

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ABSTRACT After the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the EU’s trade defence measures no longer applied to the territory of the UK. This means that the UK now applies its own trade defence measures and has transitioned some of the EU’s trade defence measures. The EU applies its trade defence measures to the reduced territory of the EU27, while third parties that had imposed trade defence measures against the EU now apply them against the EU27 and the UK. This article analyses the compatibility of these changed measures with WTO law. It argues first that in principle WTO law allows c

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3

Boots, Mike, and Alex Best. "The evolution of constitutive and induced defences to infectious disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1883 (2018): 20180658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0658.

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In response to infectious disease, hosts typically mount both constitutive and induced defences. Constitutive defence prevents infection in the first place, while induced defence typically shortens the infectious period. The two routes to defence, therefore, have very different implications not only to individuals but also to the epidemiology of the disease. Moreover, the costs of constitutive defences are likely to be paid even in the absence of disease, while induced defences are likely to incur the most substantial costs when they are used in response to infection. We examine theoretically

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4

Park, Gihong, and Hans G. Dam. "Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (2021): 20202480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2480.

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Induced prey defences against consumers are conspicuous in microbes, plants and animals. In toxigenic prey, a defence fitness cost should result in a trade-off between defence expression and individual growth. Yet, previous experimental work has failed to detect such induced defence cost in toxigenic phytoplankton. We measured a potential direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in a red tide dinoflagellate prey using relative gene expression (RGE) of a mitotic cyclin gene ( cyc ), a marker that correlates to cell growth. This approach disentangles the reduction in cell growth fr

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5

Chatterjee, Tonmoy, and Nilendu Chatterjee. "National Defence Under Alternative Trade Policy Regimes: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 1 (2020): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520961346.

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Defence mechanism for any nation is the way through which internal as well as external geo-political condition can be stabilised. Moreover, defence sector can also be treated as one of the most potential sectors regarding financial transactions and the relevance of it is valid both in autarky and in the regime of international trade. Using Granger Causality for a panel of 27 developing countries across Asian and South American continents, we have found that different trade measures are playing major role in the way of functioning of national defence. For further analytical purpose and also to

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6

Wischhoff, Uschi, Fernando Marques-Santos, Giselle Bonetti, Lilian T. Manica, James J. Roper, and Marcos Rodrigues. "Are nest defense behaviours and fitness components linked in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa)?" Behaviour 156, no. 2 (2019): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003535.

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Abstract How are personalities maintained in wild animal populations? A possible mechanism is the existence of trade-offs between fitness components (survival and reproductive success) among behavioural types. We investigated this trade-off in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) by capturing adults and monitoring their reproduction over time. We focused on the personality trait of nest defence against a human. We found that swallows with different levels of nest defence had similar probability to return from migration between two years (a proxy for survival). In one year, swallows t

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7

Melin, Yves. "Protective Orders in Trade Defence Investigations." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 7/8 (2014): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014034.

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8

Vaerenbergh, Pieter Van. "The EU’s Commitment to Social and Environmental Standards in its Modernised Trade Defence Instruments." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 4 (2022): 843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-4-843.

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Since the modernisation of the Basic Regulations in 2017 and 2018, the EU explicitly exerts social and environmental goals through the application of its trade defence instruments. Whereas the Commission portrayed the new rules as a guarantee that high European standards would not disadvantage the European industry in application of trade defence instruments, commentators were quick to question the EU’s true intentions behind the inclusion of social and environmental considerations. This article reviews three major aspects of social and environmental considerations in trade defence practice: t

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9

Lindgren, B. S., and K. F. Raffa. "Evolution of tree killing in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): trade-offs between the maddening crowds and a sticky situation." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 5 (2013): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.27.

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AbstractBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) play important roles in temperate conifer ecosystems, and also cause substantial economic losses. Although their general life histories are relatively similar, different species vary markedly in the physiological condition of the hosts they select. Most of ∼6000 known species colonise dead or stressed trees, a resource they share with a large diversity of insects and other organisms. A small number of bark beetle species kill healthy, live trees. These few are of particular interest as they compete directly with humans for resources.

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10

Fones, Helen N., Gail M. Preston, and J. Andrew C. Smith. "Variation in defence strategies in the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens is indicative of synergies and trade-offs between forms of defence." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (2019): 172418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172418.

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In the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens, zinc may provide a defence against pathogens. However, zinc accumulation is a variable trait in this species. We hypothesize that this variability affects the outcome of interactions between metal accumulation and the various constitutive and inducible defences that N. caerulescens shares with non-accumulator plants. We compare zinc concentrations, glucosinolate concentrations and inducible stress responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, in four N. caerulescens populations, and relate these to the growth of the

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11

Moroni, Alessandra, Bregt Natens, and Arnoud Willems. "Hurdles to Litigating Trade Defence Measures Before the EU Courts." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 6 (2020): 919–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020039.

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EU institutions often use trade defence measures to shield EU industries from competition. These measures come at the expense of importers and foreign exporting producers. The most feasible avenue for importers and exporting producers to obtain a practicable remedy is by challenging an adverse trade defence measure before the EU Courts. However, the EU Courts have adopted a strict approach to challenges to trade defence measures, which increasingly requires sophisticated litigation strategies to overcome multiple hurdles. First, the standing requirements to have a case admitted are stringent.

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12

Cowshish, Amit. "India–Israel Defence Trade: Issues and Challenges." Strategic Analysis 41, no. 4 (2017): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2017.1330445.

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13

Pančić, Marina, and Thomas Kiørboe. "Phytoplankton defence mechanisms: traits and trade-offs." Biological Reviews 93, no. 2 (2018): 1269–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12395.

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14

Beck, Jochen, and Laurent Ruessmann. "Enforcement of EU TDI Measures: Addressing the Challenges of the 21st Century." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 9 (2020): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020082.

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The EU’s trade defence instruments (TDI) enforcement tools are around twenty-five years old and circumvention activities have expanded considerably beyond what the existing rules initially sought to address. This article examines the main enforcement challenges and suggests legislative changes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the EU TDI enforcement tools. subsidies, anti-subsidy, countervail, dumping, anti-dumping, circumvention, enforcement, trade, trade defence, absorption, transhipment, channelling, simple assembly, non-cooperation

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15

Thu, Trang Lu Thi. "Trade Defence Instruments in Vietnam: Reality and Solutions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 7/8 (2012): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012043.

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Increasing international trade liberalization has dramatically dropped tariff and non-tariff barriers in the last decade in line with the commitments of WTO Members. Anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard measures, three pillars of trade defence instruments (TDIs), are considered as an effective means of protectionism for countries to reversely impose tariff barriers against their trading partners for the benefit of domestic industries. WTO accession and regional economic integration presented Vietnam with considerable potential and opportunities to expand and to intensify its trade relation

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16

Lux, Michael. "EU Initiative on Modernization of Trade Defence Instruments." Global Trade and Customs Journal 7, Issue 11/12 (2012): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2012061.

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17

Hindley, Brian. "The Green Paper on Trade Defence Instruments: Antidumping." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 10 (2007): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007039.

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18

Wong, Kar‐Yiu. "Foreign trade, military alliance, and defence‐burden sharing." Defence Economics 2, no. 2 (1991): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430719108404683.

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19

Forganni, Antonella, and Heidi Reed. "Circumvention of Trade Defence Measures and Business Ethics." Journal of Business Ethics 155, no. 1 (2017): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3536-0.

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20

Panagariya, Arvind. "Miracles and Debacles: In Defence of Trade Openness." World Economy 27, no. 8 (2004): 1149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2004.00650.x.

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21

Benson, Sumner. "DEFENCE‐RELATED EXPORT CONTROLS AND US FOREIGN TRADE." International Marketing Review 4, no. 1 (1987): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb008325.

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22

Van Scherpenberg, Jens. "Transatlantic competition and European defence industries: a new look at the trade—defence linkage." International Affairs 73, no. 1 (1997): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623552.

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23

BUCKLEY, JOHN. "Contradictions in British Defence Policy 1937–1939 The RAF and the Defence of Trade." Twentieth Century British History 5, no. 1 (1994): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/5.1.100.

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24

Vaerenbergh, Pieter Van. "The Role of Trade Defence Instruments in EU Trade Agreements: Theory versus Practice." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 21, no. 2 (2018): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2018-2-217.

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25

Poecher, Harald. "Defence Market Trends in the 21st Century and Opportunities for the European Defence Sector." Haditechnika 56, no. 1 (2022): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23713/ht.56.1.08.

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The arms trade is good business. At the beginning of the 21st century, the countries of Europe no longer play the central role in this business as they did more than 100 years ago. The most recent efforts made by the European Union indicate that there is an intention to give more importance to the development and production of armament goods in Europe again.

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26

Behera, Laxman Kumar, and G. Balachandran. "Indo-US Defence Industry Cooperation: A Prognosis." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 3 (2018): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418785455.

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The defence industrial cooperation is a clear missing link in an otherwise expanding strategic relationship between India and the US. The one-way defence trade is not only out of sync with India’s traditional demand for technology transfer and license production from its arms suppliers, but is also contrary to Make in India initiative of the Indian government. It is, therefore, imperative for New Delhi in particular to find an industrial solution to its increasing yet skewed defence trade relationship with the Washington. Besides demanding industrial benefits from all possible defence deals wi

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27

Alagic, Ognjen. "Customs Valuation: A Bosnian and Herzegovinian Perspective." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 2 (2020): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020011.

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When is litigation successful? Using the example of trade defence measures, this article addresses the effect of and compliance with judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Its premise is that if a favourable judgment does not result in an improvement of the legal or economic position of the applicant, there is no incentive to litigate. This reduces accountability for EU institutions, turning the effect of and compliance with judgments into a fundamental question of judicial protection. With that in mind, this article sets out the differences in the effect of annulments and in

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28

Natens, Bregt, Arnoud Willems, and Sven de Knop. "Effect of and Compliance with Judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Case of Trade Defence Measures." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 2 (2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020010.

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When is litigation successful? Using the example of trade defence measures, this article addresses the effect of and compliance with judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Its premise is that if a favourable judgment does not result in an improvement of the legal or economic position of the applicant, there is no incentive to litigate. This reduces accountability for EU institutions, turning the effect of and compliance with judgments into a fundamental question of judicial protection. With that in mind, this article sets out the differences in the effect of annulments and in

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29

Kuplewatzky, Nicolaj. "Balancing Disclosure and Access to Documents in EU Trade Defence Investigations." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 8 (2020): 366–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020077.

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The European Union’s founding treaties recognize the need for a balancing exercise between protective interests and the principles of openness, transparency, and the right of access to documents. Nowhere is that balancing exercise as evident as in the field of trade defence investigations. There, primary EU law principles meet the restrictions arising from the Union’s international law obligations under the WTO Agreements as well the sectoral EU law system of protection of confidential information. What is more, to-date, the Court of Justice of the European Union is yet to provide guidance on

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30

Laprévote, François-Charles, and Wanjie Lin. "Between State Aid, Trade and Antitrust: The Mixed Procedural Heritage of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation and the Overarching Principle of Non- Discrimination." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 3 (2022): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-3-443.

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The FSR intends to fill a regulatory gap between trade law, State aid and antitrust law, and achieves this through a unique blend of familiar concepts and rules, drawing from the rich legal traditions of the EU State aid, antitrust, and trade defense regimes. This legal inheritance can be observed throughout the FSR’s procedural framework, including the structure of its review procedures, the Commission’s investigative powers, and the rights of defence of undertakings. Given its legacy, there will be a continuing dialogue between the FSR and these other regulatory systems, possibly with the FS

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31

Smith, Paul. "In Defence of Trade-Unionism: Bill Wedderburn and Rookes v. Barnard." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 42, no. 1 (2021): 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2021.42.3.

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Bill Wedderburn (1927-2012) - from 1977, Lord Wedderburn of Charlton - was a towering figure in the world of labour law. His commitment to trade-unionism and the right of workers to take industrial action, given the asymmetrical nature of the employment relationship, ran deep, pervading every aspect of his forensic, sometimes biting, analysis of labour law and the role of the common law. Prompted by the Rookes decision in the High Court, 1961, and the subsequent decision of the House of Lords Judicial Committee, 1964, Wedderburn launched a wide-ranging defence - academic and public - of trade

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32

Vyboldina, Elena. "The Green Paper on Trade Defence Instruments: Anti-dumping." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 11/12 (2007): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007050.

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33

Antonini, Renato. "Access to (Confidential) Data in EU Trade Defence Proceedings." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 7/8 (2014): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014041.

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In trade defence proceedings, confidential information warrants protection. At the same time, access to confidential information can be vital for interested parties to defend their interests. The system in place in the European Union ('EU') does not allow interested parties to access confidential information. This article provides some suggestions concerning the possible introduction in the EU of a mechanism whereby, under certain conditions, representatives of interested parties are allowed access to the confidential information submitted by all other interested parties.

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34

Martin, Lynn B., Zachary M. Weil, and Randy J. Nelson. "Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: mediation by physiological trade-offs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1490 (2007): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2142.

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Animals living in temporally dynamic environments experience variation in resource availability, climate and threat of infection over the course of the year. Thus, to survive and reproduce successfully, these organisms must allocate resources among competing physiological systems in such a way as to maximize fitness in changing environments. Here, we review evidence supporting the hypothesis that physiological trade-offs, particularly those between the reproductive and immune systems, mediate part of the seasonal changes detected in the immune defences of many vertebrates. Abundant recent work

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35

Taweel, Khaled El, and Gustav Brink. "Trade Defence Instruments in Africa: Possible Scenarios for Implementation under the TFTA." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 2 (2018): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0226.

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Africa is moving towards more economic integration, leading to the conclusion of the Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (TFTA). The trade remedies annex, essential to ensure economic survival of industries in member states, must still be developed. This article proposes a gradual approach to achieve integration and a regional trade defence system.

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36

Cayetano, Luis, Lukas Rothacher, Jean-Christophe Simon, and Christoph Vorburger. "Cheaper is not always worse: strongly protective isolates of a defensive symbiont are less costly to the aphid host." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1799 (2015): 20142333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2333.

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Defences against parasites are typically associated with costs to the host that contribute to the maintenance of variation in resistance. This also applies to the defence provided by the facultative bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which protects its aphid hosts against parasitoid wasps while imposing life-history costs. To investigate the cost–benefit relationship within protected hosts, we introduced multiple isolates of H. defensa to the same genetic backgrounds of black bean aphids, Aphis fabae , and we quantified the protection against their parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum as w

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37

Costa, Fernanda Vieira da, Antônio César Medeiros de Queiroz, Maria Luiza Bicalho Maia, Ronaldo Reis Júnior, and Marcílio Fagundes. "Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how a supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?" Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (2016): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18586.

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<p>Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defence against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. The trade-off between vegetative growth and defence, and their indirect effects on herbivory in <em>Copaifera langsdorffii </em>was evaluated during two consecutive years of high and low reproductive investment of host plant. We asked: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by CNBH, resulting in more

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38

Cech, Lubomír. "The United Kingdom and the European Union and their post-brexit trade in heavy conventional weapons." Vector European, no. 2 (November 2021): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52507/2345-1106.2021-2.16.

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The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union in early 2020 brought new changes and challenges concerning also the heavy conventional weapons trade. Both the UK and the EU now have an opportunity to strengthen their position in the global conventional arms trade and revise territorial structures of their defence industries. The author attempts to analyse the positions of the United Kingdom and the European Union in the global heavy conventional arms trade over the past five years and to outline their future prospects after Brexit. The main source of the paper comes from quantitative

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39

Piérola, Fernando. "Practical Considerations for Trade Remedies Disputes at the National And World Trade Organization Levels Part 4: How to Act in WTO Disputes on Trade Remedies." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 5 (2007): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007026.

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In this article, the author presents considerations of a practical nature that may be relevant in a WTO dispute on trade remedies. The author assumes the perspective of both an exporting country challenging a trade remedy and its related investigation, and an importing countrymaking the corresponding defence. These considerations are presented in accordance with the sequence of procedural steps that arise in a WTO dispute, including panel proceedings and appellate review.

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40

Whitehead, Susan R., and Katja Poveda. "Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication." Annals of Botany 123, no. 6 (2019): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz010.

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Abstract Background and Aims Most crops have been dramatically altered from their wild ancestors with the primary goal of increasing harvestable yield. A long-held hypothesis is that increased allocation to yield has reduced plant investment in defence and resulted in crops that are highly susceptible to pests. However, clear demonstrations of these trade-offs have been elusive due to the many selective pressures that occur concurrently during crop domestication. Methods To provide a robust test of whether increased allocation to yield can alter plant investment in defence, this study examined

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41

Hartley, Keith. "Defence Industrial Policy in a Military Alliance." Journal of Peace Research 43, no. 4 (2006): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343306064976.

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Much of the alliance literature has focused on the collective defence benefits and burden-sharing. This article considers the potential for developing a defence industrial policy in a military alliance. Previous proposals from the literature are reviewed, especially proposals for economic specialization based on comparative advantage applied to both armed forces and defence industries in a military alliance. European Union (EU) defence policy is outlined, including its armaments agencies (OCCAR and the European Defence Agency), and inefficiencies in EU defence markets are identified. Economic

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42

Rimmer, Matthew. "The Global Tobacco Epidemic, the Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products, and the World Trade Organization." QUT Law Review 17, no. 2 (2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v17i2.695.

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In response to complaints by Ukraine, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Indonesia, the government of Australia has defended the introduction of plain packaging of tobacco products in the World Trade Organization. This article focuses upon the legal defence of Australia before the WTO Panel. A key part of its defence has been the strong empirical evidence for the efficacy of plain packaging of tobacco products as a legitimate health measure designed to combat the global tobacco epidemic. Australia has provided a convincing case that plain packaging of tobacco products is compatible wi

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43

Bastías, Daniel A., Ernesto Gianoli, and Pedro E. Gundel. "Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off." New Phytologist 230, no. 6 (2021): 2105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17335.

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44

Senduk, Jeffry H. "A Survey of EU Trade Defence Case Law in 2009." Global Trade and Customs Journal 5, Issue 6 (2010): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2010027.

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The EU Trade Defence Instruments (TDIs), namely anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties, are highly technical subjects that one might think should fall within the realm of specialized lawyers and EU officials only. With this survey however, the authors demonstrate that technicalities, such as inter alia ‘Market Economy Treatment’ (MET) and the methodology applied to calculate dumping or injury margins, are very often of great importance, in economic terms to companies. The level of a duty that is to be paid by companies often depends on such technicalities. After the Council has adopted a final a

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45

Waddington, Jeremy. "Trade unions and the defence of the European social model." Industrial Relations Journal 36, no. 6 (2005): 518–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2005.00380.x.

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46

Davis, J. S. "THE BREACH OF THE “EURO DEFENCE” TO TRADE MARK INFRINGEMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 1 (2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197313000275.

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47

Gatta, Cam. "Estoppel is not a valid defence for trade mark infringement." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11, no. 9 (2016): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpw098.

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48

Disney, Richard, and Howard Gospel. "The Seniority Model of Trade Union Behaviour: A (Partial) Defence." British Journal of Industrial Relations 27, no. 2 (1989): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1989.tb00216.x.

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49

Muñiz, Pablo. "Preferential Origin Disputes: Is the Good Faith Defence under EU Law Being Eroded?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 10, Issue 11/12 (2015): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2015045.

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Under certain circumstances, importers in the EU can invoke the so-called good faith defence when goods imported, pursuant to preferential trade arrangements, which are accompanied by certificates of origin, are later found not to qualify for such preferential duty treatment. The application of the good faith defence is already subject to strict conditions. This article will review whether certain developments, such as, in particular, the replacement of certificates of origin by systems of self-certification of origin, may erode the good faith defence under EU law, and in general what effects

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50

Contrepois, Sylvie, and Steve Jefferys. "Trade unionism under challenge from offshoring and globalisation." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, no. 4 (2005): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100406.

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Trade unionism in western Europe is facing the growing challenge of the relocation of work to other parts of the world. This article focuses on the major banking trade unions in France and the UK. It discusses the unions' responses to globalisation in a sector where information technology has exposed firms to intense competitive pressures and has encouraged not just relocation but also business mergers and concentration combined with widespread outsourcing. The authors find that there is often a tension between the day-to-day defence of the workers and broader trade union aspirations to develo

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