Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Defence Estates'
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Escobedo, Arce Angel Diego. "Defensa de la propiedad frente al fraude inmobiliario, a propósito de los fundamentos de inconstitucionalidad del principio de fe pública registral." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2016. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1368.
Full textDíaz, Cáceda Joel. "La responsabilidad internacional de los Estados: base para la defensa de los Derechos Humanos." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116011.
Full textHolmberg, Sara, and Martin Linjo. "Det svenska skyddsrumsbestådet : en undersökning av skyddsrummens relevans i Sverige." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297483.
Full textIn 2002, the Swedish government decided to stop building air raid shelters. Sweden has per capita the second most air raid shelters in the world. A large number of air raid shelters in Sweden, combined with the decision to stop constructing them, has left Sweden at a crossroad. How much should Sweden care about the air raid shelters? To foreign enemies, the air raid shelters may seem as yet another obstacle to invading, because of the opportunity given to the Swedish civilians to be safe from bombs and the effects of war. Even though the warfare has changed during the years and new strategies have been developed, a safe place for civilians will strengthen the defending side. For this defense to work, the air raid shelters have to be constructed at available locations for civilians, be equipped with the material needed, be operated by a civilian and the shelters have to be in good condition. It was during the Cold War era that Sweden built most of its air raid shelters. With a lot of decades and different rules of construction passing, many of these air raid shelters have problems now. The problems concern materials missing, air filters which have passed their best before date, the shelters being renovated to something completely different, or simply that the shelter cannot guarantee the function that it once did. In Sweden, The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) is the agency responsible for the condition of the air raid shelters. The agency has the utmost responsibility that the air raid shelters will be safe in case of emergency. To fulfill that, the agency executes supervision and regulatory control of the shelters. In this essay, the condition of the Swedish air raid shelters and the problems that come along with them get examined. We also found it interesting to examine the air raid shelters' relevance to Swedish society from a historic and present-day point of view. A qualitative and legal dogmatic method has been used. The conclusions that could be drawn from this essay is that Sweden’s air raid shelters are in different conditions regarding standard and quality. It can also be established that there aren’t enough regulatory controls being executed. Finally, the Swedish air raid shelters do serve a purpose for the Swedish society even though they have been built for other reasons.
Donadelli, Laura Meneghim [UNESP]. "Segurança na América do Sul: uma abordagem histórico-conceitual." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138716.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho analisamos a trajetória do conceito de Segurança na América do Sul a partir década de 1990, com o objetivo de compreender a gênese construtiva das definições utilizadas nos âmbitos continental, estatal e regional e averiguar se as definições empregadas correspondem às realidades do Sul ou de que maneira foram baseadas em formulações importadas. Para isso, realizamos a coleta e a análise de documentos de instituições, reuniões e acordos que versaram sobre o tema, tais como a Organização dos Estados Americanos, as Conferências de Ministros de Defesa das Américas, as Cúpulas das Américas, a Declaração sobre Segurança nas Américas, a União das Nações Sul-Americanas, os Livros Brancos e as Políticas de Defesa. Com o auxílio da literatura de Segurança Internacional e Defesa, o resultado foi uma análise desde a Segurança Nacional, característica do período da Guerra Fria, até a Segurança Humana ou Cidadã, empregada na atualidade, em consonância com os eventos históricos que acreditamos terem influenciado em sua adoção. Tendo como pano de fundo a particular história dos países da região, marcada por regimes militares, nos atentamos aos fatores que tiveram importância na formulação das legislações nacionais e para a cooperação internacional, como a delimitação entre Segurança Pública e Defesa e o papel das Forças Armadas nesta lógica conflitante, potencializada pela questão das novas ameaças.
In this dissertation we analyzed the trajectory of the concept of Security in South America since the 1990s, with the purpose of understand the constructive genesis of the different definitions utilized in the continental, state and regional scopes and verify if the definitions correspond to the realities of the South or in which way they were based on imported formulations. For this, we have collected and analyzed documents from institutions, meetings and agreements on the subject-matter, such as the Organization of American States, the Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas, the Summits of the Americas, the Declaration on Security in the Americas, the Union of South American Nations, the White Papers and Defense Policies. With the aid of the International Security and Defense literature, the result was one analysis from the National Security, typical on the Cold War, to the Human or Citizen Security, used nowadays, in line with historical events that we believe that have influenced in their usage. Having the countries’ particular history as background, marked by military regimes, we paid special attention to the factors that had importance in the formulation of the national legislations and to the international cooperation, such as the delimitation between Public Security and Defense and the role of the Armed Forces in this conflicting logic, powered by the new threats matter.
En este estudio analizamos la trayectoria del concepto de Seguridad en América del Sur desde la década de 1990, con el objetivo de comprender la génesis constructiva de las definiciones utilizadas en los ámbitos continental, estatal y regional y averiguar si las definiciones utilizadas corresponden a las realidades del Sur o de qué manera fueran importadas. Para ello, realizamos la recolección y el análisis de documentos de instituciones, reuniones y acuerdos sobre el tema, tales como la Organización de los Estados Americanos, la Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Américas, las Cumbres de las Américas, la Declaración sobre Seguridad en las Américas, la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, los Libros Blancos y las Políticas de Defensa. Con la ayuda de la literatura en el tema de la Seguridad Internacional y Defensa, el resultado fue un análisis desde la Seguridad Nacional, característica del período de la Guerra Fría, hasta la Seguridad Humana y Ciudadana, utilizadas en la actualidad, acompañado por los acontecimientos históricos que creemos que han impactado el su uso. Teniendo como fondo la particular historia de los países de la región, marcada por regímenes militares, nos atentamos a los factores que fueran importantes en la formulación de las legislaciones nacionales y para la cooperación internacional, como la delimitación entre Seguridad Interna y Defensa y el papel de las Fuerzas Armadas en esta lógica conflitante, potencializada por la cuestión de las nuevas amenazas.
Castro, Villagra Rodrigo. "El derecho fundamental de acceso a la justicia y a defensa letrada; mecanismos de protección a través de sus agentes estatales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112472.
Full textEl objetivo de este trabajo de memoria es exponer aquella dimensión del derecho fundamental del igualitario Acceso a la justicia, en lo relacionado con la garantía de los ciudadanos a contar con una defensa letrada. A través de esta investigación, se propone un análisis al texto de constitucional y a los actuales agentes encargados de la asistencia jurídica, examinando el estado actual de la organización de este sistema subsidiario y la forma en que estos mecanismos de asistencia profesional son dispuestos para materializar efectivamente la igualdad técnica de las partes en las diversas formas de enjuiciamiento. Es importante señalar que estos sistemas de asistencia judicial están basados en dos principios básicos; el del debido proceso y el de subsidiariedad. El primero de ellos se relaciona con esta garantía en el acceso necesario a la participación de un profesional que pueda hacerse cargo de la defensa de los intereses de los particulares, de manera tal que las alegaciones y pretensiones que se hagan frente a la autoridad puedan ser respaldadas por un profesional y así poder traducir estas pretensiones en un lenguaje jurídico y en una estrategia procesal adecuada. El principio de la subsidiariedad estatal esta vinculado, en este aspecto, en la necesidad de otorgar esta defensa letrada en aquellos casos en los que no pueda asumirse directamente el costo económico por los particulares que acceden al sistema. Lo anterior significa finalmente que el Estado debe organizar un sistema lo suficientemente amplio para cubrir las necesidades del público que no está en condiciones de pagar las prestaciones privadas de un abogado y ,de esta manera, se genera la obligación de organizar un mecanismo eficiente para responder a esta necesidad pública.
Calderón, López Andrés. "Cuando el Estado es el enemigo: Panorama de la defensa de la competencia frente a la actividad Estatal Anticompetitiva." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118538.
Full textVasconcellos, Helena. "Cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal : uma análise do mutual legal assistance treaty Brasil/Estados Unidos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/90501.
Full textThis paper will examine the matter of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, between Brazil and the United States. The first part of the paper will study the general theory of international judicial cooperation, analyzing its history, concept and categories, enrolling its sources and foundations as well as the basic principles applicable to the subject, to finally examine judicial cooperation in the ambit of the European Union and MERCOSUL, and the existing judicial networks throughout the world. Following, the issue will be studied within the legal systems of both countries, Brazil and United States, each with its own peculiarities. The study of judicial cooperation within Brazilian legal system will involve the historic background, an analyzis of the laws applicable, the study of the varieties of cooperation and of the Brazilian central authority, as well as a brief incursion in cooperation networks integrated by Brazil, and in the Draft Bill for an International Judicial Cooperation Law. At the United States level, we will study the history of the subject, the main constitutional problems faced in the use of the evidence produced abroad, the American Federal Statutes, the types of assistance and the coercive means of evidence gathering, also making a comparative analyzis between letters rogatory and Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties. Finally, towards the end of the present study, we will specifically address the subject of judicial cooperation between Brazil and the United States, first analyzing the other forms of assistance between both nations, and then focusing in the MLAT between Brazil/United States and its pros and cons, to eventually aim attention at the controversial article I, item 5, of the 3.810/2001 Decree (prohibition of the use, by the defense, of the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) and in the search for solutions to such an important matter.
Rodríguez, Silvestre Felipe. "Problemáticas actuales respecto al uso de la fuerza y los actores no estatales : un análisis al aspecto ratione personae de la legítima defensa." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139662.
Full textCarmo, Elieser Francisco Severiano do. "O controle concorrencial dos atos de concentração como instrumento de implementação de política pública estatal /." Franca : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89861.
Full textBanca: Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas
Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, notadamente a partir da década de 80, a globalização mundial e a liberalização da economia, aliadas aos avanços tecnológicos e às profundas modificações das economias nacionais, alteraram significativamente os padrões de concorrência nos mercados. Nesse ambiente de competição extrema, o acúmulo do poder econômico assumiu um novo significado para os agentes econômicos e tornou-se verdadeira garantia de sobrevivência comercial. As concentrações econômicas, portanto, apresentaram-se como meio eficaz para combater os obstáculos impostos por este novo e desconhecido mercado, de modo que sua utilização foi até mesmo incentivada por vários Estados, como instrumento de fortalecimento das economias nacionais. Porém, muito embora as concentrações econômicas possam trazer aumento de tecnologia, diminuição dos preços ao consumidor, melhoria na qualidade dos produtos e serviços, entre outros benefícios; podem também representar um grande risco à manutenção da higidez dos mercados, decorrente do uso irrazoável do poder econômico por parte desses agentes em detrimento ao bem-estar dos consumidores e da economia. Nesse contexto, um conceito passa a adquirir importante relevância na ordenação dos mercados: a defesa da concorrência. A defesa da concorrência é hoje atuada pelos Estados não mais como um instrumento para a correção de distorções tópicas, mas sim como um verdadeiro instrumento de políticas públicas, que buscam garantir a manutenção de mercado saudável e competitivo, tutelando os consumidores e a economia como um todo, através da efetivação dos princípios da livre iniciativa, livre concorrência e da repressão ao abuso do poder econômico. No que diz respeito às concentrações econômicas, a solução para equilibrar o conflito de valores por elas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Over the last decades, remarkably since the 80's, the world-wide globalization and economy liberalism along with technology breakthroughs as well as deep domestic economies changes have all significantly altered the markets trade competition standards. Amid such a highly competitive scenario, the economic power control has both acquired a novel meaning for the economy players and become a commercial survival true guarantee. Thus economical concentrations have shown to be effective in overcoming the pitfalls posed by this unknown new market. Therefore, several States have been encouraging such a model even as a tool to strengthen domestic economies. Yet, although economical concentrations might bring about a technological boom, lower prices to the final consumer, and an improved products and services quality, they may also represent a high risk to robust markets maintenance due to this economical power mismanagement which tends to neglect both the consumers' and the economy's well-being. Thus, a major concept has been playing a crucial role in ordering markets: the trade competition defense. Nowadays, States have no longer been defending trade competition as a mere tool to fix topical misplacements, but as a true public policies instrument aimed at assuring a sustained healthy competitive market on which consumers and economy are protected as a whole by means of effective liberal principles, free trade competition, and by fighting economical power abuse. As to the economical concentrations, a solution to balance the emerging values conflict lies on the trade competition control, once allowing the use of abusive economical power and other hazardous trading practices has shown to be as damaging as not enjoying the advantages provided by the economical concentrations.
Mestre
Francisco, Flávio Thales Ribeiro. "O novo negro em perspectiva transnacional. Representações afro-americanas sobre o Brasil e a França no jornal Chicago Defender (1916-1940)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-26052015-115255/.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the representations of Brazil and France as models of racial fraternities on the pages of Chicago Defender between 1916 and 1940. This periodical emerged in the interwar scenario as a standard for the Black Press. In this research, we will demonstrate how Chicago Defender engaged in a struggle for black inclusion, diffusing enthusiastically the images of a new Negro connected to the American modernity. After a wave of racial violence that swept the American territory in 1919, the Chicago Defender increased the number of articles and news regarding Brazil and France, claiming both countries as examples of social orders free from racist practices and references for social mobility in which a new Negro would rise.
Bahamon, Ardila Dario Andres 1976. "Acoplamento entre estados de borda e suas assinaturas em anéis quânticos e nanofitas de grafeno." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277017.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho analisamos os efeitos das bordas nas propriedades eletrônicas e de transporte em estruturas finitas de grafeno, como nanofitas, pontos quânticos e anéis quânticos de grafeno. Nós focamos essencialmente no acoplamento entre os estados localizados nas bordas externas e estados localizados nas bordas internas, tais como as bordas internas dos anéis, vacâncias ou defeitos estendidos gerados pelas fronteiras de grão. Os cálculos são abordados no formalismo tight-binding para a rede hexagonal do grafeno. Para calcular as propriedades de transporte utilizamos o formalismo de Landauer-Buttiker e as funções de Green da rede. Para anéis quânticos observamos que a evolução dos estados localizados nas bordas internas, em função do campo magnético é oposta à dos estados localizados nas bordas externas. Tanto para anéis quânticos quanto para nanofitas, quando a magnitude do campo magnético gera um comprimento magnético maior do que a metade da separação entre as bordas internas e externas, os estados se acoplam levando à criação de gaps no espectro de auto-energias e ressonâncias de Fano na condutância. Este cenário é enriquecido pelo fato do grafeno ter duas sub-redes (novo grau de liberdade), identi cando que uma mudança na sub-rede dos átomos mais externos ou mais internos dos braços vizinhos de um anel muda a distribuição de carga e que a sub-rede de uma vacância fortemente modifica a forma de linha da condutância em uma nanofita. O mapeamento da densidade local de estados, diferenciada por sub-rede, nos leva a propor uma possível imagem experimental da força de acoplamento, que caracteriza a forma de linha das ressonâncias Fano. Quando consideramos um defeito estendido na rede do grafeno (defeito linear como os recentemente observados experimentalmente) foi encontrado que ele age como uma borda interna, que adiciona um novo canal para elétrons de baixa energia, e que tem aplicações promissórias como um o metálico quântico. Todos os nossos resultados são robustos quando a desordem nas bordas é incluído
Abstract: This work is concerned with the effects of the edges in the electronic and transport properties of nite structures of graphene, such as quantum dots, quantum rings and graphene nanoribbons. We primarily focus on the coupling between states located at the outer edges and states located at the inner edges, as internal edges of rings, vacancies or extended defects generated by the grain boundaries. The calculations are addressed within the tight-binding formalism for the hexagonal lattice. To calculate the transport properties we use the Landauer-B uttiker formalism and the recursive lattice Green's functions. For quantum rings we observed that the evolution of the states located at the inner edges, as a function of magnetic eld is opposite to that of the states located on the outer edges. For quantum rings as well as graphene nanoribbons when the magnitude of the magnetic eld creates a magnetic length larger than a half of the separation between the inner and outer edges, the states are coupled creating gaps in the self-energy spectrum and Fano resonances in the conductance of the graphene nanoribbons. This scenario is enriched when the sublattice is added as a new degree of freedom, identifying that a change in sublattice of the most external or most internal atoms of neighboring arms of a ring changes the charge distribution and the sublattice of a vacancy strongly modify the lineshape of the conductance. Sublattice differentiated Local density of states mapping for different lineshapes leading us to propose a possible experimental imaging of the coupling strength, which characterizes the lineshape of the Fano resonances. When we considered the recently experimentally observed extended defect, we found that it acts as an internal edge, which adds a new channel for low energy electrons, and would have promissory applications as metallic wire. All of our results are robust when edge disorder is included
Doutorado
Física da Matéria Condensada
Doutor em Ciências
Carmo, Elieser Francisco Severiano do [UNESP]. "O controle concorrencial dos atos de concentração como instrumento de implementação de política pública estatal." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89861.
Full textNas últimas décadas, notadamente a partir da década de 80, a globalização mundial e a liberalização da economia, aliadas aos avanços tecnológicos e às profundas modificações das economias nacionais, alteraram significativamente os padrões de concorrência nos mercados. Nesse ambiente de competição extrema, o acúmulo do poder econômico assumiu um novo significado para os agentes econômicos e tornou-se verdadeira garantia de sobrevivência comercial. As concentrações econômicas, portanto, apresentaram-se como meio eficaz para combater os obstáculos impostos por este novo e desconhecido mercado, de modo que sua utilização foi até mesmo incentivada por vários Estados, como instrumento de fortalecimento das economias nacionais. Porém, muito embora as concentrações econômicas possam trazer aumento de tecnologia, diminuição dos preços ao consumidor, melhoria na qualidade dos produtos e serviços, entre outros benefícios; podem também representar um grande risco à manutenção da higidez dos mercados, decorrente do uso irrazoável do poder econômico por parte desses agentes em detrimento ao bem-estar dos consumidores e da economia. Nesse contexto, um conceito passa a adquirir importante relevância na ordenação dos mercados: a defesa da concorrência. A defesa da concorrência é hoje atuada pelos Estados não mais como um instrumento para a correção de distorções tópicas, mas sim como um verdadeiro instrumento de políticas públicas, que buscam garantir a manutenção de mercado saudável e competitivo, tutelando os consumidores e a economia como um todo, através da efetivação dos princípios da livre iniciativa, livre concorrência e da repressão ao abuso do poder econômico. No que diz respeito às concentrações econômicas, a solução para equilibrar o conflito de valores por elas...
Over the last decades, remarkably since the 80’s, the world-wide globalization and economy liberalism along with technology breakthroughs as well as deep domestic economies changes have all significantly altered the markets trade competition standards. Amid such a highly competitive scenario, the economic power control has both acquired a novel meaning for the economy players and become a commercial survival true guarantee. Thus economical concentrations have shown to be effective in overcoming the pitfalls posed by this unknown new market. Therefore, several States have been encouraging such a model even as a tool to strengthen domestic economies. Yet, although economical concentrations might bring about a technological boom, lower prices to the final consumer, and an improved products and services quality, they may also represent a high risk to robust markets maintenance due to this economical power mismanagement which tends to neglect both the consumers’ and the economy’s well-being. Thus, a major concept has been playing a crucial role in ordering markets: the trade competition defense. Nowadays, States have no longer been defending trade competition as a mere tool to fix topical misplacements, but as a true public policies instrument aimed at assuring a sustained healthy competitive market on which consumers and economy are protected as a whole by means of effective liberal principles, free trade competition, and by fighting economical power abuse. As to the economical concentrations, a solution to balance the emerging values conflict lies on the trade competition control, once allowing the use of abusive economical power and other hazardous trading practices has shown to be as damaging as not enjoying the advantages provided by the economical concentrations.
Iñiguez, Morales Catalina Jesús. "Relación entre los órganos de la administración del Estado y la defensa y promoción de la libre competencia en Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139345.
Full textEl presente trabajo tiene como objeto determinar en qué medida los denominados actos de autoridad quedan sometidos a las disposiciones contenidas en el Decreto Ley N°211 y sus posteriores modificaciones. Asimismo, se pretende exponer cómo interactúan el Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre Competencia (“TDLC”) y la Fiscalía Nacional Económica (“FNE”) con los Órganos de la Administración del Estado (“OAE”), tanto en su rol de defensa como de promoción de la libre competencia. Finalmente, se realizan algunas recomendaciones para mejorar el cumplimiento de dicho cometido. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea, se utilizó un método cuantitativo consistente principalmente en la recolección de antecedentes y criterios relevantes a partir de resoluciones judiciales y administrativas seleccionadas, para luego pasar a una etapa de análisis lógico-jurídico que, finalmente, permitió agrupar y describir cómo se han desarrollado las potestades del TDLC y la FNE en su relación con los OAE. Como resultado de la investigación, se encontraron algunos lineamientos jurisprudenciales respecto a la materia, sin perjuicio de que se develaron vacíos y problemáticas tanto jurídicas como prácticas, cuya puesta de relieve esperamos sea un aporte a la mejor comprensión de esta materia
Hlavsa, Petr. "Vady a poruchy rezidenčních nemovitostí z pohledu tepelné techniky a jejich možný dopad na cenu nemovitosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233063.
Full textSoria, Luján Daniel. "The defense of democracy in and out the borders. The political process of the OEA Dialogue Table from 2000." Revista de Ciencia Política y Gobierno, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/48648.
Full textEn el presente artículo se describe el proceso político de la Mesa de Diálogo de la OEA del año 2000 en el Perú. Este espacio fue una experiencia exitosa, aunque singular y difícilmente repetible, de impulso a la transición política del gobierno de Alberto Fujimori al gobierno de transición de Valentín Paniagua y de desmantelamiento del soporte jurídico fujimorista que afectaba la accountability horizontal en el país. Dicho éxito se debió a cuatro factores:1) El déficit de legitimidad interna y externa del tercer gobierno de Alberto Fujimori; 2) el reconocimiento internacional de la Mesa de Diálogo como el espacio para llevar adelante la transición política y la democratización; 3) la unión y fortalecimiento de la oposición, y 4) la división y debilitamiento del oficialismo parlamentario. Asimismo, esta experiencia política sucedida en el Perú fue el impulso y la justificación para el nacimiento de la Carta Democrática Interamericana en el año 2001.
No presente artigo descrevese o processo político da Mesa do Diálogo da OEA do ano 200no Peru. Neste espaço foi uma experiência com muito sucesso, mas excêntrica e de difícil repe- tição, de ímpeto á transição política do governo de Alberto Fujimori ao governo de transição de Valentin Paniagua e de desmontagem do apoio jurídico fujimorista que afetavam a accoun- tability horizontal no país. Esse sucesso se deve a quatro fatores: 1) O déficit de legitimidade interna e externa do terceiro governo do Alberto Fujimori; 2) O reconhecimento internacional da Mesa de dialogo como o espaço para levar adiante a transição política e a democratização;3) A união e fortalecimento da oposição; e 4) A divisão e o enfraquecimento do governo parlamentariam. Também, essa experiência política que aconteceu no Peru foi o impulso e ajustificação para o nascimento da Carta Democrática Interamericana do ano 2001.
Vilanova, Torren Laura. "Interacción fruta-patógeno: factores de virulencia de Penicillium spp. y mecanismos de defensa de naranjas y manzanas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285360.
Full textPenicillium digitatum y Penicillium expansum son los patógenos más devastadores de frutos cítricos y de pepita, respectivamente, y son los responsables de importantes pérdidas económicas durante el manejo poscosecha. Una mejor compresión de las interacciones huésped-patógeno, incluyendo los mecanismos de defensa del huésped y los factores de virulencia del patógeno, puede jugar un papel importante en el diseño de estrategias de control nuevas y más seguras. Para alcanzar estos objetivos generales, se utilizó una aproximación multidisciplinar, incluyendo estudios patológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares. El primer objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar las capacidades de infección de ambos patógenos en naranjas y en manzanas a diferentes estados de madurez de los frutos, concentraciones de inóculo del patógeno y temperaturas de almacenaje para definir las interacciones compatibles e incompatibles. Debido a que ambos patógenos estudiados requieren una herida para iniciar el proceso de infección, se estudió el efecto de la respuesta a la herida en naranjas y manzanas, como un mecanismo de defensa contra los patógenos compatibles y los no-huéspedes. La lignina fue identificada como un componente importante implicado en la respuesta de defensa a la herida de naranjas y manzanas respecto a patógenos compatibles y no-huéspedes, utilizando aproximaciones histoquímicas y bioquímicas. Se llevaron a cabo análisis transcriptómicos en respuesta a los patógenos compatibles y los no-huéspedes para identificar los genes implicados en la ruta de los fenilpropanoides. Se analizó la expresión de varios genes implicados en esta ruta utilizando diferentes aproximaciones. Además, se evaluó la capacidad de P. digitatum y P. expansum para mejorar su virulencia acidificando de manera local el pH de las naranjas y las manzanas. La mezcla de los ácidos málico y cítrico podría contribuir en la acidificación de la podredumbre de las naranjas por P. digitatum mientras que la disminución del pH en manzanas podridas por P. expansum se relacionó con la acumulación de los ácidos glucónico y fumárico. Los resultados globales obtenidos en esta tesis nos pueden ayudar a comprender mejor los mecanismos de defensa de las frutas y los factores de virulencia de los patógenos para controlar las enfermedades de manera más eficaz.
Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium expansum are the most devastating pathogens of citrus and pome fruits, respectively, and are responsible for important economical losses during postharvest handling. A better understanding of host-pathogen interactions, including host defence mechanisms and pathogen virulence factors, can play an important role to design new and safer control strategies. To achieve these general objectives, a multidisciplinary approach including pathological, biochemical and molecular studies was used. The first objective of this thesis was to study the infection capacities of both pathogens in oranges and apples at different maturity stages of fruit, pathogen inoculum concentrations and storage temperatures to define compatible and incompatible interactions. Due to both studied pathogens require a wound to initiate the infection process, the effect of wound response in oranges and apples was studied as a defence mechanism against compatible and non-host pathogens. Lignin was identified as an important compound involved in the orange and apple wound response to compatible and non-host pathogens using histochemical and biochemical approaches. Transcriptomic analysis in response to the compatible and non-host pathogens were conducted to identify apple genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway. The expression of several genes involved in this pathway was analysed in oranges and in apples using different approaches. In addition, the ability of P. digitatum and P. expansum to enhance their virulence by locally acidifying the pH of oranges and apples was evaluated. The mixture of malic and citric acids could at least contribute to the acidification of P. digitatum-decayed oranges while the pH decrease in P. expansum-decayed apples was related to the accumulation of gluconic and fumaric acids. Overall results obtained in this thesis can help us to better understand fruit defence mechanisms and pathogen virulence factors to control diseases more effectively.
Souza, Carolina Yumi de. "Cooperação bilateral Brasil-EUA em matéria penal: alcançando o devido processo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-15102015-140217/.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to demonstrate how the respect to the due process of law can be achieved at the same time that the legal systems involved are respected on an international legal cooperation. The plurality of jurisdictions, mutual confidence, respect for fundamental rights and duty/need to cooperate lead to apparent dichotomies when evaluating the matter, such as the one that contrasts efficiency and guaranteeism. However, when contextualizing the cooperation and analyzing its main features, we affirm that the effective cooperation, recognition of the diversity of legal systems and the rights of those concerned are the main vectors of the institute, whose balance is essential to its correct application. Starting from this premise, cooperation cannot be understood as an instrument dedicated primarily to the use of the prosecution as another crime-fighting tool, but rather as a procedure whose purpose is to achieve a fair trial. To discuss the way in which this fair trial would be guaranteed, we start by studying the bilateral relations between Brazil and United States, which brings together the main challenges to a cooperation based on the respect for fundamental rights, which must permeate all branches of law, and, in particular, the respect to the rights of the defense, which are the ones hit the hardest in the practice of this institute. Then, the American system of international legal cooperation will be also analyzed with an emphasis on its legislation and jurisprudence on the subject. This analysis is timely, as the performance of the United States in the area is quite intense and its discipline is exhaustive, which makes the study of the comparative law beneficial to the attempt at propositioning solutions to unresolved issues in the Brazilian system, whose lack of regulation leads to uncertainty. These mainly focus on safeguarding the rights of the defense, jettisoned from the development process of the institute and excluded from the use of MLAT (Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty) and from the possibility of interfering in the outcome of the execution of a request for assistance. After promptly identifying the main problems, we proceed with the presentation of general solutions embodied in proposals for interpretation and amendment of our legislation. In summary, these proposals are directed to the protection of being heard, which demonstrate the need of making available appropriate means of action to the defense that should be proportional to the means that the prosecution has in honor of the corollary of parity of weapons. In addition, the defense should have the opportunity to manifest itself at all times of the execution of the request for cooperation and the deferred adversary proceeding should not become the rule. Finally, the suggestions will return to the role that the traditional causes of restriction to the assistance can play when safeguarding the rights studied herein.
Torres, Sthefane Mara [UNESP]. "As Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas: interesses brasileiros versus interesses norte-americanos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96017.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira
This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view
Torres, Sthefane Mara. "As Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas : interesses brasileiros versus interesses norte-americanos /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96017.
Full textBanca: Eduardo Mei
Banca: Samuel Alves Soares
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo fazer uma análise cronológica das Conferências de Ministros da Defesa das Américas (CMDA) que ocorrem bianualmente desde 1995, reunindo os formuladores de políticas de defesa da maioria dos países do continente. Neste foro de discussão focamos a atuação brasileira na defesa dos interesses nacionais como importante ponto de contraposição à tentativa de imposição de agenda norte-americana. Este trabalho versa sobre os interesses brasileiros no campo da defesa e como estes são representados e defendidos no âmbito das CMDA em uma busca por espaço face às diferenças da agenda norte-americana. Importante ponto desta dissertação é elucidar como este foro de debate internacional contribui para a cooperação e debates de temas relativos à defesa e segurança nas Américas pela ótica brasileira
Abstract: This dissertation aims to make a chronological analysis of the Conferences of Ministers of Defense of the Americas (CMDA) that occur biannually since 1995, bringing together policymakers of defense of most countries of the continent. In this discussion forum focusing the Brazilian performance in the defense of national interests as a major point of opposition to the US attempt to impose American agenda. This paper describes the Brazilian interests in defense area and how they are represented and defended in the context of CDMA in a quest for space over the differences of the U.S. agenda. Important point of this dissertation is to elucidate how this forum of international debate contributes to cooperation and discussions of issues relating to defense and security in the Americas by the Brazilian view
Mestre
Allaire, Didier. "Développement d’une approche systémique de la gestion patrimoniale d’un parc immobilier d’envergure nationale pour améliorer sa performance énergétique : une application menée sur le parc immobilier de l’État utilisé par le ministère de la défense." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1174/document.
Full textPolicies addressing energy issues in France in the real estate focus on actions to be taken throughout the building. This fragmented view obscures the existence of other real estate objects for which the effectiveness of an approach limited to only implement technical solutions is insufficient: the case of nationwide real estate assets. The systemic approach shows that the resolution of the problem raised by the integration of the new energy context doesn't lie in the energy action but in the transformation of building management beyond energy. A building stock energy understanding implies to review the real estate object itself to get its overall functioning and develop an improvement process in which to integrate the control of energy flow. This thesis presents a systemic interpretation of national building stocks and an analysis of their functional complexity using a concept of global performance. This approach, above all, based on the methodological development of a macroscopic process mapping to intervene in asset management for a positive development of the real estate system. The particular study of the Defence real estate has to confront the complexity of real estate and to apply our methodological framework to the energy field. The validation of a strategic approach and the establishment of a management information system helped to validate the operational range of results. The emergence of a real estate strategic thinking reveals perspectives of systemic progression based on the gradual reorganization of real estate rudimentary operation
Cunha, Alberto José Carvalho Baceira Honório. "Caminhando lentamente rumo a uma Defesa Europeia - o compromisso possível entre a França e a Alemanha." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18715.
Full textO tema desta dissertação será a influência que os interesses nacionais da França e da Alemanha tiveram no determinar da evolução até ao presente da Política de Defesa e Segurança Comum (CSDP). De facto, a primazia dos interesses nacionais, (nomeadamente Franceses e Alemães) em relação aos interesses comunitários é observável na evolução da CSDP até ao presente: os avanços na CSDP apenas existem se forem no interesse da França e da Alemanha A questão principal da dissertação, que constituirá, igualmente, a pergunta de partida para o autor, é a seguinte: "Quais são os interesses nacionais da França e da Alemanha que têm determinado a evolução da CSDP da União Europeia, desde os seus primórdios até aos dias de hoje?" Esta dissertação não pretende ir aos detalhes técnicos das missões e meios militares da CSDP, mas irá focar-se nas instituições e estruturas político-militares criadas no âmbito da mesma. O âmbito temporal desta dissertação começa em 1999, com a criação, como “pilar” da UE, da Política Europeia de Defesa e Segurança, no âmbito da entrada em vigor do Tratado de Amesterdão. A dissertação parte de uma premissa de supremacia dos interesses estatais (determinados por cada um dos Estados-membros da UE) em relação aos interesses comunitários (comuns a todos os Estados-membros da UE e às suas instituições). Esta abordagem privilegiará,portanto, uma abordagem teórica Realista das Relações Internacionais, por contraste a uma abordagem Institucionalista ou de cariz Liberal. O autor irá concluir que a CSDP ainda não evoluiu rumo a um verdadeiro exército europeu porque ainda não se deu uma convergência dos interesses nacionais franceses e alemães nesse sentido, bem como o facto de os avanços na CSDP serem fortemente condicionados pela existência da NATO e pelas potências atlantistas, nomeadamente os EUA e o Reino Unido.
The subject of this dissertation is the influence that the French and German national interests had in determining the evolution of the Common Defense Policy and Security (CSDP). In fact, the primacy of national interests (notably French and German) in relation to Community interests is observable in the evolution of the CSDP until the presente day: advances in the CSDP have only ocurred if they are in the interests of France and Germany. The main research question of this dsissertation, which will be your starting question, is the following: "What are the national interests of France and Germany that have determined the evolution of the CSDP of the European Union, from its beginnings to this day?" This dissertation is not intended to go into the technical details of the missions and military assets of the CSDP but will, instead, focus on the politico-military institutions and structures created within it. The timeframe for the dissertation beinsn in 1999 with the creation of the European pillar of the European Defense and Security Policy as the "pillar" of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Furthermore, the dissertation is based upon the a premise of the supremacy of state interests (as determined by individual EUMember States) in relation to community interests (common to all EU Member States and their institutions). This approach will therefore favor a "Realist" theoretical approach to International Relations, in contrast to an "Institutionalist" or “Liberal” approach. The author will conclude that the CSDP has not yet evolved towards a true European army because there has not yet been a convergence of French and German national interests in that regard, as well as the fact that advances in the CSDP are strongly conditioned by the existence of NATO and the national interests of the “Atlantist” powers (United States and United Kingdom).
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Zhong, Hong-Xhing, and 鐘弘翔. "Ministry of National Defense Sales Price of Leftover Units and Market Price of Real Estate in Surrounding Areas." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16123823216264036510.
Full text國立屏東大學
國際貿易學系碩士班
103
It has been nearly four decades since the military began carrying out the reconstruction of old military dependents’ villages in 1977. The policy was adjusted several times due to changes in the social environment and was originally scheduled to be completed in 2005. However, the objective was not completed as scheduled due to policy changes, construction, and land disposal. The construction period was extended to 2009 and land disposal period was extended to 2013 to protect the rights of military dependents living in the villages. This paper uses relevant literature as the theoretical foundation, and presents an empirical study that examines the difference in sales price of leftover units in northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan and the average house price within a 500 m radius, comparing the prices of public housing with private housing. The sales price of 44 leftover units in 14 locations was compared with 417 housing units within a 500 m radius of the locations, and was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. There is no significant difference in the average price of public housing in different areas. In contrast, the average price of private housing is significantly different areas. 2. When comparing the prices of leftover public housing units with private housing within a 500 m radius, there was a significant difference in central and southern Taiwan, but there was no significant difference in northern and eastern Taiwan. Therefore, the Ministry of National Defense (MND) is caring for military servicemen when implementing “Sales of Leftover Units in Old Military Dependents’ Villages”. With the MND actively recruiting soldiers, perhaps this benefit will increase the willingness of young people to enter or remain in the military.
HSU, MU-TE, and 徐慕德. "A Study on the Defense of Real Estate Investment Trust Take Hong Kong H¬-REITs as an example." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09080573355770830018.
Full text輔仁大學
金融與國際企業學系金融碩士在職專班
105
Title of thesis:A Study on the Defense of Real Estate Investment Trust Take Hong Kong H¬-REITs as an example Department of Finance and International Business (Master’s Program in Finance) Fu Jen Catholic University Student:Hsu, Mu-Te Advisor:Lee, Ah-Yee Total pages:45 Key words:Hong Kong REITs、 Real estate investment trust、 defensive stock、 volatility、risk、 regression analysis、 generalized self - regression condition heterogeneous variance Abstract: The real estate investment trusts (REITs) have been issued for a long time in the United States, however the development of real estate securitization in Asia is much slower. The real estate investment trusts are often seen as defensive and risk-averse against stocks. This thesis focuses on the linkage between Hong Kong's stock market and its REITs, particularly on whether Hong Kong's REITs exhibit resilience during stock market declines. This thesis uses regression analysis and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model to study the effect of a decline in stock index. I hope to find the evidence of the Hong Kong H-REITs risk characteristics and to provide investors with an objective advice for investment.
Hsiung, Jui-hsien, and 熊瑞先. "The Responsibility for Defect Warranties in the Sale of House - Taking the Haunted House for an Example, also Discussing Its Marketing Strategies for the Estate Agency Industry." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bc56zv.
Full text國立高雄大學
高階法律暨管理碩士在職專班(EMLBA)
102
The objective of this thesis is market so-called“haunted houses” in order to solve the problem of high vacancy rates in the market, and to stimulate transactions in housing sector. Houses where an unfortunate incident took place are considered defective objects in legal terms. Effective marketing strategies are necessary for the purpose of selling defective objects and avoid poor sales .This is what the author of this paper wishes for the most. Since a haunted house is a defective object, is the seller responsible for providing such information? We need to discuss the legal effects of whether the seller transmits the information about a haunted house. Furthermore, as for the definition of haunted house, we need to define it from the perspectives of theory and court cases in reality. The first issue we need to discuss is how to define a haunted house. Afterwards, we also need to probe the legal effects when an object is recognized as a haunted house, such as whether the buyer accepts the house unconditionally, terminates the contract conditionally, or requests indemnification .If the contract can be terminated, does it cause uncertainty about the laws? If a contract cannot be terminated, does it cause injustice to the buyer? Are there examples of legislation in order to solve this problem? This will be the issue we need to discuss later on. The sources of information for this essay are from publications of scholars, court verdicts, and websites. The research methodology is a literature review of court verdicts in order to come up with a research conclusion for common traits. As a result ,the credibility of this research is high. In terms of marketing, it is commonly accepted to market perfect products. However, if a product is not perfect, such as a haunted house, how do we market it? Since the author majored in both law and management, the main objective of this essay is to combine the two fields in order to come up with a complete legitimate definition and proper marketing strategies. It goes without saying that if we change the ideology of haunted houses from the way it has traditionally been, it would be an additional and scarce benefit of this study.
Gonçalves, Claudia Portela Ribeiro. "A legítima defesa no moderno direito internacional." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90356.
Full textFollowing the attacks on the twin towers and the American Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the UN Security Council issued two resolutions, 1368 and 1373, in which it determined the threat to international peace and security in the body of the resolution and mentioned in the preamble the right of self-defense. Such resolutions served as authorization for the United States to enter Afghani territory to fight the terrorist organization Al Qaeda. The fact that the SC did not make it clear, in those resolutions, whether the situation was a threat to international peace and security, Article 39 of the Charter, or of legitimate defense, of Article 51 of the Charter, opened a great breach in the interpretation of the provision contained in Article 51. Article 39 makes possible a collective military action of the SC in terms of Articles 42 and 43 of the Charter, while Article 51 allows the use of force on an individual basis by the victim State. Since then, many internationalists and heads of government have begun to affirm the possibility of exercising the right of self-defense of Article 51 of the Charter against non-state actors (in this case, a terrorist group) and the possibility of exercising that right in a deferred way (preemptive self-defense). More recently, as of 2014, when internal conflict broke out with international consequences in Syria, States began to claim collective self-defense or on behalf of a third party to justify the use of force on the territory of that State. In order to legitimize the use of force, states have begun to use a doctrine called "unable or unwilling," which has no UN endorsement to date. Despite the new international practices related to the use of force in alleged self-defense, we do not envision the formation of an opinio juris on such topics. The practice of some states, however great their international presence, is not capable, on its own, of forming international customary law. On the other hand, we see that such practices only demonstrate a regrettable corrosion of the SC's role with respect to its jurisdiction in collective security.
Após os ataques às Torres Gêmeas e ao Pentágono americano em 11 de setembro de 2001, o Conselho de Segurança da ONU (CS) editou duas resoluções, 1.368 e 1.373, nas quais determinou a ocorrência de ameaça à paz e à segurança internacionais no corpo da resolução e mencionou no preâmbulo o direito de legítima defesa. Tais resoluções serviram de autorização para que os Estados Unidos adentrassem o território do Afeganistão a fim de combater a organização terrorista Al Qaeda. O fato de o CS não ter deixado claro, naquelas resoluções, se a situação se tratava de ameaça à paz e à segurança internacionais, do art. 39 da Carta, ou de legítima defesa, do art. 51 da Carta, abriu grande brecha na interpretação da norma contida no art. 51. O art. 39 possibilita uma ação militar coletiva do CS nos termos dos arts. 42 e 43 da Carta, enquanto que o art. 51 permite o uso da força de forma individual por parte do Estado vítima. A partir disso, muitos internacionalistas e chefes de governo começaram a afirmar a possibilidade de exercício do direto de legítima defesa do art. 51 da Carta contra atores não estatais (no caso, grupo terroristas) bem como a possibilidade de exercício desse direito de forma postergada (legítima defesa preemptiva). Mais recentemente, a partir de 2014, quando teve início conflito interno com consequências internacionais na Síria, Estados começaram a alegar legítima defesa de terceiro ou coletiva para justificar o uso da força no território desse Estado. A fim de legitimar o uso da força, Estados começaram a se utilizar de uma doutrina chamada unable or unwilling, que não tem qualquer respaldo da ONU até o momento. Apesar das novas práticas internacionais no que tange ou uso da força em alegada legítima defesa, não vislumbramos a formação de uma opinio juris nas mencionadas temáticas. A prática de alguns estados, por maior projeção internacional que tenham, não é capaz, sozinha, de formar costume internacional. Percebemos, por outro lado, que tais práticas apenas demonstram uma lamentável corrosão do papel do CS quanto à sua competência na segurança coletiva .