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1
Gautrey, Charlotte. "The biomechanics of the dynamic defence mechanism." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/13905.
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Context: It has been suggested that muscle fatigue can lead to injury, however, research investigating this phenomenon in functional ankle instability (FAI) subjects is lacking. Aim: The purpose of this thesis was to research postural sway and muscular latency in FAI subjects and healthy controls, both before and immediately after localised and globalised fatigue protocols. Subjects: All subjects used in this project were males, between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and participated in regular (>2 x week) aerobic exercise. Subjects were categorised into healthy subjects, or subjects with a history of FAI using the FAI questionnaire. Methods: Neuromuscular control was analysed in FAI subjects and healthy controls through measures of muscular latency and postural sway. These measures were repeated both before and immediately after localised and globalised fatigue protocols. Results: The induction of localised and globalised fatigue had no effect on muscle latency in the FAI or healthy subjects. However, postural sway was significantly increased in the FAI subjects, following localised and globalised fatigue, with globalised fatigue also significantly increasing postural sway in the healthy subjects. The globalised football-specific fatigue protocol caused the greatest deficits in the FAI subjects, but also the healthy controls. Conclusions: In terms of muscle latency individuals that participate in sports, as well as sports clinicians and coaches, should not be concerned about the theorised relationship between the onset of fatigue and an increased injury risk at the ankle. However, in terms of postural sway the globalised football-specific fatigue protocol caused the greatest deficits. This highlights that the fatigued individual may be at greater risk of musculoskeletal injury during prolonged exercise that involves multiple joints, such as a football match.
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Van, Dyk Johannes Jacobus. "An evaluation of the South African Department of Defence's policy on Defence Industrial Participation (DIP) as a defence industrial development mechanism." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1067.
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This dissertation focuses on the local defence-related industry as a beneficiary under the Department of Defence’s defence industrial participation (DIP) programme, managed by Armscor. Attention is given to the main construct of the development theory and how the DIP process in South Africa compares with the international reciprocal trade phenomena commonly referred to as ‘countertrade’. The author does an in-depth analysis of the Government’s policy regarding the defence-related industry (DRI) that forms part of the local defence industrial base (DIB), as well as the DIP policy, procedures and practices and their subsequent bearing on the local defence industry. The study is further substantiated with a comprehensive review of the consequences and outcomes resulting from the largest defence package deal (SDP), signed in December 1999, between the Department of Defence and several major foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and subsequently benchmarked against academic discourse on the subjects of international countertrade and development theories.
3
Stiff, Harald. "Explainable AI as a Defence Mechanism for Adversarial Examples." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260347.
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Deep learning is the gold standard for image classification tasks. With its introduction came many impressive improvements in computer vision outperforming all of the earlier machine learning models. However, in contrast to the success it has been shown that deep neural networks are easily fooled by adversarial examples, data that have been modified slightly to cause the neural networks to make incorrect classifications. This significant disadvantage has caused an increased doubt in neural networks and it has been questioned whether or not they are safe to use in practice. In this thesis we propose a new defence mechanism against adversarial examples that utilizes the explainable AI metrics of neural network predictions to filter out adversarial examples prior to model interference. We evaluate the filters against various attacks and models targeted at the MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and Cifar10 datasets. The results show that the filters can detect adversarial examples constructed with regular attacks but that they are not robust against adaptive attacks that specifically utilizes the architecture of the defence mechanism.Djupinlärning är den bästa metoden för bildklassificeringsuppgifter. Med dess introduktion kom många imponerande förbättringar inom datorseende som överträffade samtliga tidigare maskininlärningsmodeller. Samtidigt har det i kontrast till alla framgångar visat sig att djupa neuronnät lätt luras av motstridiga exempel, data som har modifierats för att få neurala nätverk att göra felaktiga klassificeringar. Denna nackdel har orsakat ett ökat tvivel gällande huruvida neuronnät är säkra att använda i praktiken. I detta examensarbete föreslås en ny försvarsmekanism mot motstridiga exempel som utnyttjar förklarbar AI för att filtrera bort motstridiga exempel innan de kommer i kontakt med modellerna. Vi utvärderar filtren mot olika attacker och modeller riktade till MNIST-, Fashion-MNIST-, och Cifar10-dataseten. Resultaten visar att filtren kan upptäcka motstridiga exempel konstruerade med vanliga attacker, men att de inte är robusta mot adaptiva attacker som specifikt utnyttjar försvarsmekanismens arkitektur.
4
Alobaidi, H. M. M. "Host defence mechanism in CAPD : a laboratory and clinical investigation." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356679.
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Arranz, Trullén Javier. "Unveiling the multifaceted antimicrobial mechanism of action of human host defence RNases." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400666.
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La presente tesis doctoral se encuentra integrada dentro del estudio a gran escala de la
estructura-función de las ribonucleasas antimicrobianas humanas. Estas proteínas catiónicas
y de bajo peso molecular son secretadas por la mayoría de los organismos vertebrados
agrupándose dentro la superfamilia de la ribonucleasa A, una de las enzimas mejor
caracterizadas del siglo XX. De interés remarcable podríamos considerar su amplio abanico
de propiedades biológicas, teniendo en cuenta su diverso historial de propiedades
biológicas no catalíticas, convirtiéndolas en un buen modelo de proteínas multifunción.
Junto a su principal característica como enzima catalizador de ácidos ribonucleicos, es
importante destacar también otro tipo de propiedades biológicas no menos esenciales,
como su actividad antimicrobiana, que comparten miembros distantes de la familia
sugiriendo una función ancestral en el sistema inmune. Además, se ha visto que la
expresión de algunas RNasas humanas puede ser inducida en procesos infecciosos. En
particular, las RNasas estudiadas en este trabajo, las RNasas humanas 3, 6 y 7, se expresan
principalmente en eosinófilos, monocitos y células epiteliales, respectivamente. Estas
proteínas muestran una alta cationicidad debido a su alta proporción de residuos básicos y
una notable actividad antimicrobiana frente a una amplia gama de patógenos humanos.
Nuestro grupo de investigación posee una larga trayectoria en el estudio del mecanismo de
acción de las ribonucleasas humanas y el trabajo teórico-experimental que se presenta en
esta tesis ha contribuido a consolidar el actual proyecto de investigación. Los principales
avances llevados a cabo por la presente tesis doctoral se enumeran a continuación:
- La caracterización del mecanismo antimicrobiano de la ribonucleasa 6, evaluando
sus propiedades microbicidas frente a patógenos y modelos de membrana.
Concretamente se ha revelado su actividad aglutinadora además de demostrarse
que su actividad antimicrobiana está localizada básicamente en su extremo Nterminal.
- La resolución de la primera estructura tridimensional de la ribonucleasa 6, obtenida
a 1.72 Å, que ha permitido asentar las bases estructurales para futuros estudios
funcionales. Análisis complementarios sobre su caracterización cinética y predicción
de complejos con diferentes ligandos han revelado sitios de unión y de catálisis que
posteriormente han sido confirmados mediante mutagénesis dirigida.
- El estudio de la efectiva actividad antipatogena a nivel intracelular que presentan las
ribonucleasas 3,6 y 7 asi como sus péptidos derivados N-terminales frente a
micobacterias en un modelo de macrófagos infectados.
- La expansión del conocimiento sobre las bases antipatogenas de diferentes péptidos
y proteínas antimicrobianas que participan en la erradicación de las infecciones por
micobacterias, asi como las terapias derivadas.
- La caracterización del mecanismo antimicrobiano de los 8 peptidos N-terminales
derivados de las ribonucleasas frente a Candida albicans, como modelo de patógeno
eucariota
Como conclusión, los resultados presentados en esta tesis contribuyen a profundizar en la
comprensión de las bases moleculares del papel que desempeñan algunas ribonucleasas en
el sistema inmune y expandir el proyecto al diseño de agentes terapéuticos basados en
péptidos antimicrobianos con el objetivo de erradicar enfermedades infecciosas causadas
por patógenos resistentes.The present doctoral thesis is integrated into the large-scale study of the structure and function of human antimicrobial ribonucleases. These cationic and low molecular weight proteins are grouped into the ribonuclease A superfamily, considered one of the best characterized enzymes of the twentieth century. The RNase A superfamily is specific for vertebrates and has attracted remarkable interest due to the diversity of displayed biological properties; and represents an excellent example of a multifunctional protein´s family. Together with the main enzymatic activity we must highlight other biological properties such as the angiogenic, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. The reported antimicrobial activity of distantly related family members in early vertebrates suggests that the family arouse with an ancestral function in host defence. Besides, the expression of several human RNases has been reported to be induced by infection. In particular, the RNases studied in this work, the human RNases 3, 6 and 7, are mainly expressed in eosinophils, monocytes and epithelial cells respectively. These proteins show a high cationicity due to the high proportion of basic residues and a remarkable antimicrobial activity against a wide range of human pathogens. Our research group has a consolidated experience in the study of the mechanism of action of human ribonucleases and the experimental work presented in this thesis is contributing to this overall research project. The main results achieved by the present PhD study are outlined below: - The characterization of the antimicrobial mechanism of RNase 6, both in bacteria cell cultures and using membrane models. Results highlight that the antimicrobial and cell agglutinating activities are mainly located at the N-terminus. - The resolution of the first three-dimensional structure of ribonuclease 6, obtained at 1.72 Å, which has set the structural basis for future functional studies. The kinetic characterization of RNase 6 mutant variants and the prediction of protein- substrate complexes have identified the enzyme nucleotide binding sites. - The study of the intracellular activity of ribonucleases 3, 6 and 7 and their derived Nterminal peptides against intracellular resident mycobacteria using a macrophage infected model. - The analysis of the anti-pathogenic mechanism of action of human antimicrobial proteins and peptides in mycobacterial infections and their applied therapies. - The comparative characterization of the antimicrobial mechanism of action of human RNases and their N-terminal derived peptides towards Candida albicans, as an eukaryote pathogen model. The results presented in this thesis will contribute to the understanding of the role of human RNases in the immune system and provide the structure- function basis to expand the initial project into the design of novel peptide mimetic therapeutics agents towards the eradication of resistant infectious diseases.
6
Hammami, Aida, and Pernilla Spåls. "Consequences of being a stress resilient child." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-10790.
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Aim; The aim of this study is to increase our knowledge of stress resilience children coming from backgrounds of substance abuse and to look at what consequences they may encounter, for not being able to express their emotions and deal with happenings experienced in their upbringing. Method; A qualitative approach has been used with e-mail interviews to collect our material, with young adults whom see themselves as having a history of alcoholism in the nearest family when growing up and despite this managed well in life. Result: We have concluded that resiliency is a way of coping with stressful situations. It is a way of repressing emotions when the emotions become too unbearable. When repressing the emotions you are denying the self the right to development, the right to exist as a person. And this leads to co-dependency.
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Walter, J. B. "Studies on the nodule formation as a cellular defence mechanism in some insect species." Thesis, Swansea University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639333.
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Bates, Chad. "The mechanism of defence : identity, structure and perceptions of gender and sexuality in the military." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/5673/.
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The 'Mechanism of Defence' project is an interdisciplinary study that examines the effect of sexuality on the perceived cohesion, morale and unit effectiveness of University Officer Training Corps (UOTC) battalions. The study privileges sociological theory and social policy using Emile Durkheim’s Division of Labour as its primary theoretical frame. The study evidences the influence of social structure as a central and abiding force in the establishment of community values and the integration of sexual minorities. It seeks to inform integrative measures in countries like the United States by examining and illustrating as a model the United Kingdom’s approach (post EU-ordered integration). The study has secured the full participation of the twelve largest (of 19 total) Territorial Army UOTC battalions in England and Wales. Five hundred and fifty-nine (559) British Army UOTC cadets were surveyed as to cohesion, morale, unit effectiveness and familiarity with minorities (including gays and lesbians) in their units in a comprehensive total sample of these battalions. 26 Cadets, commanding officers, adjutants and PSIs (Permanent Staff instructors, i.e. service veterans, some active service personnel) agreed to full length interviews (two to three hours each) regarding levels of cohesion, morale and unit effectiveness and the challenges they face as leaders in the post-integrative modern military system. The study devotes significant attention to the development, manifestation and impact of group, individual and community identity and the dynamics of organizational behaviour. This includes the extent of (individual and group) defence mechanisms triggered by gender and homophobia within the military environment. It also charts the development of anti-gay discrimination throughout history (from Ancient Greece and Feudal Japan to present day) with a brief but informative look at the effects of religion and politics.
9
Eichinger, Tobias Michael. "European Integration in Defence. Examining the Development of CSDP after Brexit through a Mechanism-Based Approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193785.
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Balakrishnan, K. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Offsets as a Mechanism for Promoting Malaysian Defence Industrial and Technological Development." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/2504.
Full textAbstract:
Offsets have taken centre stage in defence trade. To date, more than 78 countries around
the world practice offsets and outstanding offsets obligations run into billions of US
dollars However, why have offsets gained such a momentum? Increasingly, both sellers
and buyers in the arms trade view offsets as an efficient and effective economic
compensation tool to justify arms deals. Buyers, consider offsets as a catalyst for
industrial and technological development, employment, creation of value-added
activities and skills development. Sellers, on the other hand, perceive offsets as
providing product differentiation and competitive advantage in an already tough defence
market. The question, though is whether, do offsets really work as claimed? The
purpose of this dissertation is to empirically verify the above proposition by evaluating
the effectiveness of defence offsets in developing a defence industrial and technological
base, using Malaysia’s defence industry as a case study.
This study employs a Multi-Method or Triangulation Methodological approach
(comprising survey, archival sources and participatory observation) to gather data.
Fieldwork research employing questionnaires and interviews were undertaken as part of
a survey of Malaysian defence companies, international defence contractors and
relevant offsets-related government and non-governmental agencies. These data were
further substantiated and consolidated via archival sources, such as government and
company reports and also participatory observation.
Research analysis indicates that offsets have provided mixed results, in the case of
Malaysia. The successes have been mainly focused on technology capability-building
and human resource development, limited to through-life-support of the defence
equipment and the ancillary systems purchased. Morover, offsets have been
successfully used to diversify into civil sectors, mainly aerospace and electronics
sectors, leading to increased exports, jobs, backward linkages and technology
enhancement in these sectors. However, offsets have had minimal effect on creating
joint-production, collaborative activities and R&D programmes, requisites for the
process of Malaysianisation. Further, offsets have also been less than effective in increasing employment, and dual-use technology programmes that could provide longterm
impact on Malaysia’s economic growth.
Overall, Malaysia’s offsets policy has been pragmatic and flexible. The government has
played a vital role in ensuring that the offsets policy operates in tandem with Malaysia’s
national aspirations. Yet, offsets have had a limited impact on developing and
sustaining Malaysia’s defence industrial and technology base. The offsets policy aim
and objectives have not been clearly reflected in the offsets process and implementation.
As defence offsets will continue to be of an essence in Malaysia’s defence procurement
activity, initiatives should be taken to review the offsets policy and implementation
processes. The review should augment the effectiveness of offsets in developing
measurable and value-added programmes that build a sustainable and competitive
Malaysian defence industry. To this end, and based on the research findings of this
study, a number of important policy recommendations are advanced to raise the
effectiveness of Malaysia’s offsets policy.Cranfield University
11
Balakrishnan, Kogila. "Evaluating the effectiveness of offsets as a mechanism for promoting Malaysian defence industrial and technological development." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/2504.
Full textAbstract:
Offsets have taken centre stage in defence trade. To date, more than 78 countries around the world practice offsets and outstanding offsets obligations run into billions of US dollars However, why have offsets gained such a momentum? Increasingly, both sellers and buyers in the arms trade view offsets as an efficient and effective economic compensation tool to justify arms deals. Buyers, consider offsets as a catalyst for industrial and technological development, employment, creation of value-added activities and skills development. Sellers, on the other hand, perceive offsets as providing product differentiation and competitive advantage in an already tough defence market. The question, though is whether, do offsets really work as claimed? The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically verify the above proposition by evaluating the effectiveness of defence offsets in developing a defence industrial and technological base, using Malaysia’s defence industry as a case study. This study employs a Multi-Method or Triangulation Methodological approach (comprising survey, archival sources and participatory observation) to gather data. Fieldwork research employing questionnaires and interviews were undertaken as part of a survey of Malaysian defence companies, international defence contractors and relevant offsets-related government and non-governmental agencies. These data were further substantiated and consolidated via archival sources, such as government and company reports and also participatory observation. Research analysis indicates that offsets have provided mixed results, in the case of Malaysia. The successes have been mainly focused on technology capability-building and human resource development, limited to through-life-support of the defence equipment and the ancillary systems purchased. Morover, offsets have been successfully used to diversify into civil sectors, mainly aerospace and electronics sectors, leading to increased exports, jobs, backward linkages and technology enhancement in these sectors. However, offsets have had minimal effect on creating joint-production, collaborative activities and R&D programmes, requisites for the process of Malaysianisation. Further, offsets have also been less than effective in increasing employment, and dual-use technology programmes that could provide longterm impact on Malaysia’s economic growth. Overall, Malaysia’s offsets policy has been pragmatic and flexible. The government has played a vital role in ensuring that the offsets policy operates in tandem with Malaysia’s national aspirations. Yet, offsets have had a limited impact on developing and sustaining Malaysia’s defence industrial and technology base. The offsets policy aim and objectives have not been clearly reflected in the offsets process and implementation. As defence offsets will continue to be of an essence in Malaysia’s defence procurement activity, initiatives should be taken to review the offsets policy and implementation processes. The review should augment the effectiveness of offsets in developing measurable and value-added programmes that build a sustainable and competitive Malaysian defence industry. To this end, and based on the research findings of this study, a number of important policy recommendations are advanced to raise the effectiveness of Malaysia’s offsets policy.
12
Salazar, Montoya Vivian Angélica. "Exploring the mechanism of action of human antimicrobial ribonucleases." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310611.
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Las ribonucleases humanas son un grupo heterogéneo de proteínas pertenecientes a la
superfamilia de la Ribonucleasa A. Estas proteínas se caracterizan por su capacidad de
hidrolizar ácidos ribonucleicos y por la presencia de actividad antimicrobiana frente
diversos organismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, parásitos y virus.
El primer objetivo del presente estudio doctoral se centra en la caracterización de la
actividad antimicrobiana y en modelos de membrana de las formas nativas de la
ribonucleasa 3 purificadas a partir de eosinófilos. Las distintas formas nativas presentan
modificaciones postraduccionales dadas por diversos grados de glicosilación que se
correlacionan con la activación de los eosinófilos durante los procesos inflamatorios. El
estudio establece la capacidad antimicrobiana de las formas nativas y su actividad en
modelos de membrana. Los resultados indican que las modificaciones
postrasduccionales modulan la actividad biológica de la RNasa 3, sugiriendo una
contribución in vivo en su función fisiológica.
Como segundo objetivo de esta tesis, se evaluó por primera vez en nuestro grupo de
investigación la actividad antimicótica de las ribonucleasas 3 y 7 frente al hongo
Candida albicans, el cual fue elegido como modelo patógeno eucariota. Se determinó y
caracterizó la presencia de actividad frente a Candida por parte de ambas ribonucleasas
humanas.
Por último, el tercer objetivo de esta tesis se centra en la purificación y caracterización
de la ribonucleasa 8, la más reciente ribonucleasa humana descrita, identificada
inicialmente en placenta. La RNasa 8 presenta un patrón inusual de enlaces disulfuro
respecto a sus proteínas homólogas. Este cambio estructural modifica la estabilidad de
la proteína y expone regiones que facilitan el proceso de agregación proteica. Fue
necesaria la previa optimización de un protocolo alternativo de purificación. Se
analizaron sus propiedades antimicrobianas, sugiriendo su posible participación en la
respuesta inmunitaria innata.
Los resultados del presente estudio corroboran las propiedades antimicrobianas de
diversas ribonucleasas humanas miembros de la familia de la RNasa A, sugiriendo una
función ancestral en el sistema de defensa innato. El estudio contribuye a la
comprensión de su mecanismo de acción y plantea su potencial uso como herramientas
terapéuticas.Human ribonucleases are a heterogeneous group of proteins belonging to the superfamily of RNase A. These proteins are characterized by their ability to hydrolyse ribonucleic acids and the presence of antimicrobial activity against various pathogens including bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. The first objective of this doctoral study is focused on the antimicrobial characterization of native Ribonuclease 3 forms purified from eosinophils. Native forms present posttranslational modifications giving different glycosylation grades that modulate their activity during inflammatory processes. This study aims to establish the antimicrobial properties of native forms purified from eosinophils and their activity in a membrane model system. Results indicate that post-translational modifications contribute to the the protein biological activities, suggesting a related physiological role. As a second objective, we evaluated for the first time the antifungal activity of the antimicrobial RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans, an eukaryotic pathogen selected as a simple model to test the antimicrobial mechanism of action. Both human ribonucleases displayed a high antifungal activity. Results highlighted a dual mechanism of action, where cell lysis takes place at high protein concentration, while depolarization, cell internalization and cellular RNA degradation is achieved at sublethal doses. Finally, the last objective is focused on the characterization of ribonuclease 8, also called the placental RNase, the most recent human ribonuclease described. RNase 8 has gained and lost one cysteine residue in non-conserved positions in a mechanism called "disulphide shuffling". The protein tendency to aggregate required the design of an alternative purification protocol. We analysed its antimicrobial abilities, suggesting a possible role in innate defence. The results of this study confirmed the high antimicrobial activity of several human ribonucleases from the RNase A superfamily suggesting an ancestral role in the host immune defence response. The study contributed to the understanding of their mechanism of action and set the basis for applied drug design.
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Drago-Toscano, Claudia. "Variation in defence mechanism activities in Sitka spruce (Picea Sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and its relation to disease resistance and susceptibility." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329961.
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Fite, Alemu. "The antimicrobial interaction of acidified nitrite with other physiologically active compounds (PAC), the potential host defence mechanism of dietary nitrate." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369736.
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Transfer of nitrite at salivary concentrations enhance the antimicrobial activity of stomach acid against food borne pathogens and may be involved in the host defence of humans and animals. Studies from experimental animals, microbial tests, human ex vivo and in vivo investigations support the hypothesis that dietary nitrate is beneficial for health. The positive findings that acidified nitrite is antimicrobial at the acidic conditions of the stomach is viewed in conjunction with the potential production of nitrogen, intermediates such as NO, a molecule of significant importance in science. This led to propose that acidified nitrite can kill or inhibit enteric bacterial species that are associated with gastrointestinal diseases and could modify the antimicrobial effects of acidified nitrite by other physiologically active compounds. By a systematic exposure of selected enteric bacterial species to acidified nitrite and other PAC alone or in combinations, it was found that acidified nitrite, especially at low pH values was inhibitory to bacterial growth or killer of bacterial cells. Glutathione and vitamin C inhibited the antimicrobial effects of nitrite whilst thiocyanate and iodide enhanced it. Thiocyanate produced an effective antimicrobial activity that was comparable to nitrite but there was no synergistic antimicrobial interaction between acidified nitrite and thiocyanate. The addition of thiocyanate enhanced the antimicrobial effects of cow's milk in a pH-dependent activity. The overall results reported here suggested to conclude that dietary factors found in fruits and vegetables are not only beneficial in the supply of vitamins, antioxidants and enzymes but also antimicrobial agents that are worth investigation for therapeutic purposes.
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Salander, Pär. "Qualities in the short life : psychological studies relevant to patient and spouse in malignant glioma." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Onkologi, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96905.
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This thesis deals with psychological issues concerning patients with malignant gliomas, and their spouses. There is no known medical cure, and the patients have a limited survival expectancy. Therefore studies evaluating new treatment modes, an overall supportive atmosphere, and attempts to avoid imposing unnessesary strain are necessary. Thirty consecutive patients with astrocytomas, grade III-IV, were included in a clinical trial with estramustine phosphate in addition to conventional treatment with surgery and radiotherapy. Both the patients and their spouses participated in the present study which aimed at a deeper understanding of the psychological processes relevant to their situation. By means of repeated thematically structured interviews, patients and spouses were followed separately during the entire course of the disease process. In addition to these interviews, all patients were assessed with a mini-mental examination, and five-month survivors were tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Questionnaires on reaction to the diagnosis and assessing psychosocial well-being were also administered to the patients. The interviews were analysed with grounded theory methodology and the findings were juxtaposed to concepts in psychoanalysis and coping theory. The main finding was that the patients, despite or owing to their severe medical situations, showed a marked capacity to create protection and hope. By means of biased perception they created an 'illusion' that palliated their strain. This finding is related to object-relational psychoanalysis with obvious implications for the crucial discussion on telling bad news. Another finding was that the spouses displayed different crisis trajectories depending on the overall status of their partners. Different senses of the relationship were related to different modes of coping. Especially spouses to patients with personality changes were put under severe strain and ought to be acknowledged by medical staff. Patients with no obvious deficits five months after termination of primary treatment nevertheless evidenced, at neuropsychological testing, a pronounced deficiancy in long-term memory, but no clear impairment in global intellectual capacities. Estramustine phosphate was found to have a negative impact on sexuality and might be one causative agent behind the decline in long-term memory, but these adversive effects did not seem to affect psychosocial well-being. The selective reminding technique proved to be sensitive in detecting deficits and is recommended in future clinical trials affecting the CNS.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996, härtill 5 uppsatser.
digitalisering@umu
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Al-Shakarchi, N. H. A. "#Alpha#-precipitin of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during an outbrwak of ulcerative dermal necrosis and its possible role in the defence mechanism of the animal." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376858.
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Du, Plessis Amanda Linda. "Die begeleiding van die gedissosieerde persoon tot geestelike en emosionele groei : 'n pastorale studie / Amanda L. du Plessis." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/123.
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Because of the inability to deal with traumatic and stressful situations it often happens that a person
dissociates. These people then 'move out of the situation', so to speak. The dissociated person can
be spiritually, emotionally and physically handicapped for life. In the long term it often results in
depression, feelings of guilt, relationship problems, social maladjustment, as well as addiction to
medication. Pastoral counselling to this person (as part of a multidisciplinary approach) often results
in a decline of the symptoms and a normalisation of the person's situation.
From the basis-theoretical research it became clear that throughout history God is present in a very
prominent way in the life of the individual. Right from the very beginning at conception, until old
age, He is intensely involved. God created man in His image but through sin this image was
distorted. Because of His love for man, however, He fulfilled His promise of restoration and healing
in and through Jesus Christ.
It appears that knowledge regarding the phenomenon of dissociation dates back to as early as
400 BC. Research since the early 1990's onwards resulted in numerous publications, articles and
books being written on the topic of dissociation. In thls study, emphasis was placed on a number of
such relevant contributions. The specific characteristics of the dissociated person, practical
guidelines for counselling hirnlher as proposed by psychology, as well as pastoral psychologists
were discussed. It became evident that contributions and research in the field from a psychological
perspective seem to be much more advanced compared to what has been done by theologians to
date. For this reason it is imperative that pastoral counsellors become more acquainted with the
theme of dissociation. With regard to methodology, the eclectic approach proved to be the best
option. This will enable the pastoral counsellor in hidher guidance of the dissociated person to draw
on the wealth and variety of contributions and perspectives fiom both the psychological and the
theological domains.
As a result of and flowing forth from the basis-theoretical and meta-theoretical perspectives, practice-theoretical guidelines were formulated according to which pastoral guidance can be
provided to the dissociated person. Special emphasis was placed on a multidisciplinary approach
where full recognition was given to the possible contributions by psychologists, psychiatrists,
medical doctors and others.
As part of the preparation for counselling the dissociated person, attention was given to the
importance of prayer support. With regard to the counselling process itself, the following five
phases appeared to be of significance: introductory prayers, consultation and discussion, prayer as
part of the therapeutic process, the development of life skills, and spiritual growth after the
therapeutic process. Because of the cultic and ritual abuse that some victims have been exposed to,
it is possible that apart from fragmented sub-personalities, demonic influences may also be present.
It is thus of extreme importance to distinguish between these two areas, and the counsellor must be
well equipped with the necessary knowledge and experience to handle this complicated issue.
From this study it became evident that there is a special need for pastoral guidance of the dissociated
person by counsellors who are well acquainted with the complexities of this field. Scientific
knowledge, together with a pastoral focus as well as total dependence upon the therapeutic power of
the Holy Spirit, is indeed a 'winning recipe'.Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Fransson, Per. "Defense mechanism test och ungdomar." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96882.
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Traylor, Pamina. "Defense mechanisms /." Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12151.
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Burrells, C. "Studies on ovine pulmonary defence mechanisms." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355318.
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Ravenscroft, Harriet. "Defence mechanisms of dental pulp stem cells." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2018. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defence-mechanisms-of-dental-pulp-stem-cells(0e1880c7-13b4-4072-86c6-4b52a05d5175).html.
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Sundbom, Elisabet. "Borderline psychopathology and the defense mechanism test." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 1992. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100698.
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The main purpose of the present studies has been to develop the Defense Mechanism Test (DM1) for clinical assessment of severe psychopathology with the focus on the concept of Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) according to Kemberg. By relating the DMT and the Structural Interview to each other, the concurrent validity of the concept of Personality Organization (PO) for psychiatric inpatients has been investigated. Two different assessment approaches have been used for this purpose. One has been to take a theoretical perspective as the starting-point for the classification of PO by means of the DMT. The other has been a purely empirical approach designed to discern natural and discriminating patterns of DMT distortions for different diagnostic groups. A dialogue is also in progress between DMT and current research on the Rorschach test in order to increase understanding of borderline phenomena and pathology. The overall results support Kemberg's idea that borderline patients are characterized by specific intrapsychic constellations different from those of both psychotic and neurotic patients. Both the DMT and the Structural Interview provide reliable and consistent judgements of PO. Patients with the syndrome diagnosis Borderline Personality Disorder exhibit different perceptual distortions from patients suffering from other personality disorders. The classic borderline theory is a one-dimensional developmental model, where BPO constitutes a stable intermediate form between neurosis and psychosis. The present results suggest that a two-dimensional model might be more powerful. Hence, the level of self- and object representations and reality orientation might be considered both from a developmental gad an affective perspective across varying forms of pathology. Kemberg suggests that borderline and psychotic patients share a common defensive constellation, centered around splitting, organizing self- and object representations. This view did not find support. The defensive pattem of the BPO patients is significantly different from the PPO defensive pattern. The BPO patients form their self- and object images affectively and thus the self- and object representations would seem to influence the defensive organization and not the other way around. The results have implications for the procedure and the interpretation of the DMT e.g. one and the same DMT picture can discern different kinds of personality; reactions other than the operationalized defense categories in the DMT manual can be valid predictors of PO; some of the DMT defenses described in the manual have to be reconceptualized such as isolation, repression and to some degree denial. Multivariate models are powerful tools for the integration of reactions to DMT into diagnostic patterns.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 4 uppsatser.
digitalisering@umu
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O'Donovan, Lisa Anne. "Mechanisms of defence against tannins by Streptococcus caprinus /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09NP/09anpo26.pdf.
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Crampton, Bridget Genevieve. "Elucidation of defence response mechanisms in pearl millet." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132008-143627.
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Stanley, P. "Host defence mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47263.
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Joshi, Nimisha. "Bactericidal mechanisms of nanoparticles and microbial defence strategies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12223.
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Manufactured nanoparticles can be toxic to living organisms. This work aims to study the interaction of nanoparticles with bacteria as a model organism. The first objective was, to determine the mechanistic pathways of nanotoxicity with an emphasis on ions and oxidative stress as two key contributors and the second objective, was to investigate what mechanisms bacteria have developed as a strategy to protect themselves against nanotoxicity. The thesis further explores the role of environmental variables such as water chemistry, organic matter and other microorganisms, all of which can potentially change speciation of nanoparticles through their transformation into less toxic species. KEIO deletion mutants lacking genes encoding proteins which mediate resistance to oxidative stress and ionic toxicity were screened and found to be sensitive to both ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. A bioreporter to detect silver ions was constructed. This was found not to be induced by silver nanoparticles, yet showed reduced viability; this observation also indicates that besides ionic silver there are other toxicity pathways. E. coli strains capable of mediating resistance to oxidative stress by overexpression of certain proteins and bio reporters that could detect oxidative stress were constructed. The biosensor cells provide some but not too significant signals. Overexpression of proteins like superoxide dismutase and catalase reduces cell growth, hence, cell viability assays do not provide a realistic measure of protective impact, and thus this strategy is not suited to detect the nature of nanotoxicity. The protective role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was studied by developing an engineered strain of E. coli that overproduces the EPS colanic acid, and use of mutant strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti, a free-living N2 fixing bacterium. Nanoparticle exposure studies reveal that overproduction of EPS mitigates silver nanotoxicity. EPS encapsulates the cells and leads to aggregation of nanoparticles, as shown by microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Furthermore, addition of xanthan, an EPS analogue also produces a similar effect. Lastly, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of microcosms amended with silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles show rapid transformation of nanoparticles into corresponding oxides and sulphides. The microcosms show a significant presence of dissimilatory sulphate reducing bacteria (DSRB), and display only marginal change in bacterial community composition on exposure to nanoparticles. These findings suggest that nanomaterials will undergo changes in speciation dependent on the sediment chemistry and the metabolic activities of bacteria in the environment. This process will influence the impact of nanoparticles and the outcomes could be quite different from controlled in vitro exposure studies.
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Holloway, Laurin Nicole. "Host Defense Mechanisms Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1245878489.
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Jordan, Nicholas David. "Partial purification and characterisation of a wheat N-acetyl-#beta#-D-hexosaminidase and its role in defensive lignin deposition." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240956.
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Silverberg, Kristen Elisabeth. "Defense spending as a mechanism for reducing U.S. unemployment." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/646275696/viewonline.
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Ormrod, Douglas James. "Modulation of non-specific cellular defence mechanisms by cyclosporin A." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3195.
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The immune response modifier Cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used in the management of organ graft rejection and in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. CsA is a potent suppressor of T-lymphocyte function and it’s biological effects have been defined almost exclusively in these terms. However, recent studies in which the agent was shown to exacerbate a T-lymphocyte independent, experimentally induced bacterial infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis), indicated that CsA had effects on host defence mechanisms other than T-lymphocytes. The present study, using animal models, was undertaken to identify the host defence component modified by CsA. Neutrophils are a key component in the early response to infection and the administration of CsA resulted in an increase in the number of these cells in the circulation. When the effect of CsA on the in vitro metabolic activity of neutrophils and their ability to kill microorganisms was investigated, no changes were observed, but the in vivo ability of neutrophils to emigrate from the vasculature to a sterile inflammatory foci was markedly impaired. A model of localised subcutaneous infection was used to determine the effect of this CsA-associated suppression of neutrophil emigration on the ability of the host to mount a response to an infectious challenge. In CsA treated animals, neutrophil accumulation in E. coli infected, subcutaneously implanted sponges was initially suppressed, allowing bacterial numbers to increase rapidly. By 48 hours this powerful bacterial stimulus overrode the suppressive effects of CsA and led to a substantial increase in the size of the neutrophilic infiltrate. This finding of an initially reduced inflammatory response, followed by an increase in the influx of inflammatory cells, provided a possible explanation for the earlier observation that CsA promoted infection and tissue damage in experimental pyelonephritis. The relationship between the effect of CsA on neutrophil emigration and the pathogenesis of experimental pyelonephritis was therefore investigated. When CsA was administered to animals prior to inducing pyelonephritis, the neutrophilic infiltrate was markedly suppressed in the early stages. As predicted, this led to a logarithmic increase in bacterial numbers, the infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils and, ultimately, an exacerbation of tissue damage. Further studies, examining the effects of CsA on neutrophil-mediated inflammatory mechanisms, identified impaired neutrophil-to-endothelial cell adhesion as the most likely explanation for the observed defect in host defences. The integrated nature of cellular defence mechanisms in infectious disease is highlighted by these investigations. when microorganisms invade tissue, even though the number and function of circulating leucocytes may be normal their effective participation in the host response to infection depends on the ability to emigrate from the blood vessels to the site of infection. In summary, the discovery of additional properties of CsA provide an explanation for the patterns of infectious disease in patients treated with CsA, in whom infection with extracellular pathogens is common. It also seems likely that the ability of CsA to suppress neutrophil emigration may contribute to the effectiveness of the agent in the management of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis and psoriasis.
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Pipe, R. K. "Haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis : aspects of defence mechanisms." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638536.
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The blood cells of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis have been characterized using a range of criteria including, electron microscopy, lectin-affinity and enzyme localization. Three distinct sub-populations of haemocyte have been identified; these can be characterized on the basis of ultrastructural morphology as small agranular cells, granular cells containing small granules and granular cells containing large granules. Lectin-binding studies have shown the small granules of the granular cells to be positive for Helix pomatia lectin (HPA) indicating the presence of N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyl residues within the granules. The larger granules were not positive for HPA but did bind wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) which has an affinity for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl residues and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine oligomers. Furthermore the WGA-positive granules demonstrated a differential pattern of binding according to granule size, so that peripheral labelling was observed for granules of around 0.5 μm diameter whereas labelling occurred throughout the matrix for granules over 1 μm diameter. The lectin binding studies also demonstrated binding of both HPA and WGA as well as Tetragonolobus purpureas lectin( TPA) to the plasma membrane of a number of haemocytes; however the results did not demonstrate any correlation between surface lectin binding and cell type, as defined by the ultrastructural morphology. A range of hydrolytic enzymes was localized in association with the large granules of the granular cells, these included arylsulphatase, β-glucuronidase, elastase, lysozyme and cathepsin B, indicating that these granules constitute a form of lysosome. The small granules contained protease enzymes and in particular cathepsin G antibodies showed a high affinity for these granules.
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Lee, Min-Hi. "Induction and regulation of antiviral defence mechanisms through intracytoplasmic sensors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15950.
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Das Wechselspiel zwischen Viren und ihren Wirtszellen beginnt meist an pattern recognition-Rezeptoren (PRRs), die für die Erkennung unterschiedlichster Pathogene anhand bestimmter Strukturen, sogenannten pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), zuständig sind. Nach Detektion lösen die PRRs über verschiedene Signalkaskaden eine antivirale Antwort aus, die zur Expression antiviraler Gene führt. RIG-I und MDA5 sind zytoplasmatisch lokalisierte PRRs und erkennen RNA-Strukturen, die insbesondere während der viralen Replikation und Transkription verfügbar sind. Hantaviren sind humanpathogene RNA-Viren mit einem einzelsträngigen, segmentierten Genom. Die Konsequenzen hantaviraler Infektionen auf molekularer Ebene wurden bereits detailliert untersucht, aber die Mechanismen, die zur Induktion der Immunantwort führen, wie auch mögliche Immunevasionsstrategien, die wahrscheinlich in Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenität des jeweiligen Hantavirusstamms variieren, konnten bisher nicht identifiziert werden. Da Hantaviren im Cytoplasma ihrer Wirtszellen replizieren, stellen RIG-I und MDA5 potentielle Detektoren dar. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Bedeutung von RIG-I und MDA5 für die Erkennung von Hantavirus-Infektionen untersucht. Wachstumskinetiken zeigten, daß RIG-I die Replikation von pathogenen wie auch apathogenen Hantaviren beeinträchtigt. Außerdem konnte die RNA hantaviraler Nukleocapsid- (N-) ORFs als eine virale Komponente identifiziert werden, die Typ I Interferon über RIG-I induziert. Das Ausmaß der Interferon-Aktivierung korrelierte hierbei tendenziell mit dem Virulenzgrad der Virusstämme und war für die nicht-pathogenen Hantaviren nicht nachweisbar. Unterschiede in der Aktivierungsstärke können anhand vorläufiger Daten wahrscheinlich auf noch nicht identifizierte Motive zurückgeführt werden, die am 3’-Ende der N ORFs liegen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde keine Interferon-Aktivierung durch hantavirale Komponenten über MDA5 festgestellt.Host-virus interaction is usually initated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are responsible for the recognition of various pathogens based on so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon detection, PRRs trigger an antiviral immune response through different signalling cascades that lead to the expression of antiviral genes including interferon genes. RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmically localised PRRs and recognise RNA patterns that are particularly available during viral replication and transcription. Hantaviruses are RNA viruses with single-stranded segmented genomes. The consequences of hantaviral infections have been analysed in detail, but the mechanisms that lead to the induction of the innate immune response as well as immune evasion strategies depending on the pathogenicity of the respective hantavirus strains have not been identified yet. Since hantaviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of their host cells, RIG-I and MDA5 represent potential PRRs for hantaviral detection. This thesis investigates the impact of RIG-I and MDA5 on recognition of hantaviral infections. Growth kinetics show that RIG-I impairs the replication of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic hantaviruses. Furthermore, the RNA of hantaviral nucleocapsid protein (N) ORF could be identified as a viral component responsible for the induction of RIG-I signalling. It is shown that the degree of interferon promotor activation correlates with the virulence of the hantavirus strain from which the N ORF was derived. Based on preliminary data, differences in activation strength may be attributed to not yet identified motifs at the 3’ end of the ORF. In contrast, no interferon activation through MDA5 could be observed.
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Adams, Nicolette. "Investigation of defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4235.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-86).Disease resistance in plants has been extensively studied for the past century with many new and exciting results being discovered each year. A plant utilises both preformed and induced defence responses to resist pathogen attack but researchers have focused on dissecting the induced defence response pathway. The complex signal transduction pathway underlying the establishment of resistance to a wide range of pathogen attack is currently being dissected using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. Arabidopsis mutants displaying altered disease resistance response to pathogen infections can help us to get a beUer understanding of the genetiC and molecular basis of the disease resistance pathway. Extensive research has shown that accumulation of 3 signalling molecules are vitally important for establishing a resistance response, as aberrant signalling or accumulation of salicylic acid , ethylene or jasmonic acid `leads to an altered resistance response. Researchers continue to isolate and characterise defence-related mutants to piece together the intricate puzzle of defence-signalling components. A dominant Arabidopsis mutant, constitutive induced resistance 3 (cir3), had been isolated from an ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenised transgenic line expressing luciferase under the control of the PR-1 promoter (PR-1
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Vallance, Lisa. "Aspects of defence : discourse of veterans, research regarding current UK forces and veterans and working around defence mechanisms." Thesis, City University London, 2012. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3022/.
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Veterans seeking psychological input for mental health issues, following service with the UK Armed Forces, report difficulties in relating to mental health practitioners, often causing them to disengage with therapy. A wealth of quantitative research including epidemiology studies and outcome reports is available for this client group as well as best practice of treating mental health issues including combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. More qualitative studies are being produced, both for this client group and their associated mental health issues. However, there appears to be a paucity of qualitative literature regarding the language of veterans and it is this, especially in terms of improving the psychologists’ understanding of this client group, which has inspired this research. Nine veterans were interviewed using a semi-structured schedule and the data was transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. Nineteen repertoires are described within five groups: Professional/Objective; Personal/Subjective; Exclusive: Mind-Body Connection: and Refutation. In addition, one discourse superstructure – Defence – is identified. Synthesis of the repertoires and superstructure takes place in relation to: military culture; masculinity; Ehlers and Clarks 2000 cognitive model of PTSD and DSM IV symptom criteria; and, neuro-psychology of memory and Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph’s 1996 Dual Representation Theory of PTSD. In addition, applications of the repertoires for counselling are suggested.
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Shackleton, Kyle. "Novel aspects of nest defence in stingless bees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76550/.
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Defence against predators is fundamental to increasing an organism's fitness. My thesis explores this central theme in behavioural ecology using stingless bees as study organisms. The thesis contains a general introduction (Chapter 1), three data chapters (2-4) and a final discussion (5). Chapter 2 is a comparative study of aggression in nest defence among stingless bee species, and describes a new form of nest defence, suicidal biting, which is most prevalent in the genus Trigona. Chapter 3 describes a remarkable behaviour in Partamona helleri, which crashes head-first when entering its nest. An experiment suggests that this behaviour helps to avoid predation at the nest entrance. Chapter 4 studies nest defence in the hovering guards of Tetragonisca angustula, and demonstrates that through coordinated vigilance, a group level behaviour rarely observed in animals, the ability of the group to detect predators is enhanced.
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MacGregor, Michael William. "Ego mechanisms of defense revisited, the relation of defense profiles to personality and health." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ57356.pdf.
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Hellström, Magnus, and Erik Forsgren. "Contagious Defenses : Interaction of Emotional Contagion and Defense Styles in a Business Context with Regard to the Resistance to Change." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19923.
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Companies have always had to adapt to external changes by innovation and reorganisation, in order to stay competitive and survive. For many industries, such as the automotive industry for example the need to quickly adapt to new conditions is expected to increase. In the automotive industry this is due to amongst other factors the globalised value chains and megatrends such as decarbonisation, autonomous vehicles and shared mobility. The megatrends could possibly be disruptive for the industry. Therefore, the ability to successfully implement necessary changes is a key ability. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. While protecting the individual from anxiety, they often result in a resistance to changes and is therefore problematic for organisations in need of implementing change. Emotional contagion is a subconscious process that can make people emotionally converge. The authors propose that within a business context, emotional contagion enables stable organizational groups to converge with regard to which defense mechanisms that are employed. Within a case study of the automotive supplier Swedish Electro Magnets a quantitative analysis of defense styles was conducted based on the Defense Style Questionnaire on groups in the organisation. Three defense style categories were analysed Mature, Neurotic and Immature defense styles. For Mature defense styles significant findings confirmed that stable groups do converge with regard to what mechanisms are employed. Neurotic defense styles were not found significant, however these results are rather uncertain with a power of 15 %. Immature defense styles could not be analysed because of inhomogeneity of variance between the groups on this variable. The study shows that the two theories of Emotional contagion and Defence mechanism are interacting within the organisation of Swedish Electro Magnets with regard to Mature defense styles. The study also finds a large effect size, that suggests that the differences in the defense styles are visible to the naked eye of a careful observer. The large effect size makes the findings a promising field for further research to ultimately reduce the resistance to change in organisations.Företag har alltid behövt anpassa sig till yttre omständigheter genom innovation och omorganisering för att bevara sin konkurrenskraft och överleva. För många branscher som exempelvis fordonsindustrin, förväntas behovet av att snabbt kunna anpassa sig till nya omständigheter öka. Bland annat på grund av globaliserade värdekedjor och megatrender såsom koldioxidneutralitet, självkörande fordon och delad mobilitet. Potentiellt kan megatrender verka disruptivt för industrin. Därför är förmågan att framgångsrikt implementera förändring en nyckelfaktor Defense mechanisms är undermedvetna psykologiska strategier använda för att skydda en person från ångest som uppkommer från oacceptabla tankar eller känslor. Medan individen skyddas från ångest, leder ofta också Defense mechanisms till motstånd till förändring och är därför problematiskt för företag som är i behov av att implementera förändring. Emotional contagion är en undermedveten process som kan få personer att känslomässigt konvergera. Författarna föreslår att i företagssammanhang kan Emotional contagion få stabila grupper att konvergera med avseende på vilka Defense mechanisms som används av medlemmarna i gruppen. I en fallstudie på fordonsindustri underleverantören Swedish Electro Magnets har en kvantitativ studie genomförts baserat på självskattningsformuläret defense style Questionnaire på grupper i organisationen. Tre defense style kategorier undersöktes Mature, Neurotic och Immature. För Mature defense styles fanns signifikanta resultat vilka konfirmerade att stabila grupper konvergerar för vilka Defense mechanisms som används. Neurotic defense styles gav inte signifikanta resultat. Dessa resultat är dock osäkra då analysens styrka endast var 15 %. Immature defense styles kunde inte analyseras på grund av inhomogenitet i variansen mellan grupperna för denna variabel. Studien visar att de två teorierna Emotional contagion och Defense mechanisms interagerar i organisationen Swedish Electro Magnets med avseende på Mature defense styles. Studien fastslår också att det föreligger en stor effektstorlek, vilket tyder på att skillnader i defense styles är synlig för blotta ögat för en uppmärksam observatör. Den stora effektstorleken medför att fynden utgör ett lovande fält för fortsatt forskning vilket slutligen kan leda till att motstånd till förändring i organisationer kan reduceras.
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Tang, M. "Elicitor-induced defence response and signal mechanisms in Medicago sativa L." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639158.
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In this study, the responses and signal mechanisms were explored with a model system, concerning the interactions between lucerne suspension cells (Medicago sativa L., cv. Kabul) and elicitor either from avirulent (V2) or virulent (V1) isolate of Verticillium, alboatrum. V2 elicitor induced a two-phase of H2O2 accumulation in the cell cultures. Activation of defence expression led to an increase in PAL activity, phytoalexin accumulation and deposition of phenolic polymers. However, activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, peroxidases, glucanase, glutathione reductase, did not show obvious increase within 24 h after treatment with the elicitor. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased after 1st oxidative burst. V1 elicitor induced similar defence responses as V2 did, but a stronger response was observed when the same concentration of elicitor was used, confirming that Kabul is a resistance cultivar to V. albo-atrum. Ca2+ influx is necessary for oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Either blocking Ca2+ channel by La3+ or reduction of extracellular Ca2+ amount by EGTA, had an important inhibition on oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Intracellular Ca2+ also played a role in downstream signalling. Intracellular Ca2+ inhibitors. TBM-8 and Ruthenium red, strongly inhibited the PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. Oxidative burst has a relation with defence expression. An NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), which inhibited oxidative burst effectively, also inhibited PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulation. However, DCN, an inhibitor of peroxidase, also inhibited and oxidative burst, PAL activity and phytoalexin accumulated in micromolar range. Oxidative burst with superoxide-origin is related to defence activation. The H2O2 itself did not stimulate an activation of PAL activity. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) stimulated an increase in H2O2 accumulation. Microsomal membranes are capable of superoxide synthesis when NADPH/NADH was used as electron donor, which was DPI-sensitive. This enzyme activity increased after treatment of the cell cultures with elicitor.
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Wilkinson, J. R. "The role of mitochondria in defence mechanisms of human endothelial cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/147918/.
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Introduction: Mitochondria are considered to be the powerhouse of the cell being the primary generators of ATP, they also have numerous other important functions including; being the main generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a central role in apoptosis. As the main intracellular source of ROS, many people believe that mitochondria play a significant role in ageing. Senescence is associated with ageing and has been associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease. The concept of human cells lacking functional mitochondria (Rho 0 cells) is not new and was first described by Attardi et al in 1989. However, most of this work has been done on immortalised cell lines. Aims: To see if it is possible to generate and characterise Rho 0 human endothelial cells. To use these cells as a tool to investigate the mechanisms by which they respond to stress and whether differences in ROS production and/or antioxidant defences account for any differences observed. Methods: Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) were grown in media supplemented with glucose and uridine in the presence of low dose ethidium bromide. Rho 0 status of the cells was confirmed by auxotrophy for uridine, quantitative PCR for mitochondrial-encoded gene expression and western blots for mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Results: The Rho 0 status of the cells was confirmed by; auxotrophy for uridine (Rho 0 cells die in medium lacking uridine), absence of mitochondrial-encoded genes (subunit-1 of complex IV and subunit-6 of subunit V) and lack of expression of the mitochondrial-encoded protein subunit-1 of complex IV. Rho 0 cells are resistant to both stress-induced senescence and apoptosis. They produce less ROS and have upregulated antioxidant defences. Conclusions: It is possible to grow Rho 0 HUVEC. These cells are a useful tool for studying the role of mitochondria in senescence and apoptosis in the cardiovascular system.
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Clementson, Christian. "Client-side threats and a honeyclient-based defense mechanism, Honeyscout." Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20104.
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Client-side computers connected to the Internet today are exposed to a lot malicious activity. Browsing the web can easily result in malware infection even if the user only visits well known and trusted sites. Attackers use website vulnerabilities and ad-networks to expose their malicious code to a large user base. The continuing trend of the attackers seems to be botnet construction that collects large amounts of data which could be a serious threat to company secrets and personal integrity. Meanwhile security researches are using a technology known as honeypots/honeyclients to find and analyze new malware. This thesis takes the concept of honeyclients and combines it with a proxy and database software to construct a new kind of real time defense mechanism usable in live environments. The concept is given the name Honeyscout and it analyzes any content before it reaches the user by using visited sites as a starting point for further crawling, blacklisting any malicious content found. A proof-of-concept honeyscout has been developed using the honeyclient Monkey-Spider by Ali Ikinci as a base. Results from the evaluation shows that the concept has potential as an effective and user-friendly defense technology. There are however large needs to further optimize and speed up the crawling process.
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Scheiding, Victoria Madeleine [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.
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Fried, Limor. "Social defense mechanisms : tools for reclaiming our personal space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33151.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 67).
In contemporary Western society, electronic devices are becoming so prevalent that many people find themselves surrounded by technologies they find frustrating or annoying. The electronics industry has little incentive to address this complaint; I designed two counter-technologies to help people defend their personal space from unwanted electronic intrusion. Both devices were designed and prototyped with reference to the culture-jamming "Design Noir" philosophy. The first is a pair of glasses that darken whenever a television is in view. The second is low- power RF jammer capable of preventing cell phones or similarly intrusive wireless devices from operating within a user's personal space. By building functional prototypes that reflect equal consideration of technical and social issues, I identify three attributes of Noir products: Personal empowerment, participation in a critical discourse, and subversion.
by Limor Fried.
M.Eng.
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Scheiding, Victoria [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.
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Jakobsson, Tina. "The Defense Mechanisms of Moll Flanders : A Psychoanalytical Essay." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35152.
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The essay analyzes how and why Moll Flanders’s childhood created mental and emotional patterns that would come to shape her personality and affect her behavior. The analysis will use psychoanalytical theories by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan to discern what defense mechanisms and desires Moll developed in childhood and how these presented themselves throughout her life. The essay concludes that she has a fear of abandonment and intimacy and that she uses denial and sublimation to repress anxiety and guilt. Moll’s core desire is to find stability, which is why she continuously strives for financial security due to equating money to comfort and safety. She sublimates her unconscious desire to replace her childhood caretakers and her repressed fears of annihilation by finding new men to take care of her. However, Moll’s unconscious keeps causing her to repeat negative behavioral patterns which trap her in cycles of fortune and misfortune.
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Jansson, Marianne. "HIV-1 variability in relation to host defence mechanisms and disease outcome /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/search/diss.se.cfm?19980608jans.
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Crumlish, Margaret. "A study on the innate defence mechanisms in farmed tropical Rana spp." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321973.
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Zhang, Shaoli. "Molecular aspects of pancreatic islet cell defence mechanisms in Type I diabetes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240906.
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Zeng, Lirong. "A novel mechanism underlying programmed cell death in plant defense signaling." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1120255271.
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Lohani, Saroj Chandra, Abdulkareem O. Odesina, and Dhirendra Kumar. "SIP68, A GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE PROTEIN AND ITS ROLE IN PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISM." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/78.
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Salicylic Acid (SA) is an important plant hormone which acts as a therapeutic agent in the plant in response to biotic and abiotic stress. It plays a significant role in growth and development. SABP2, a methyl salicylate esterase is a key player in SA mediated defense signaling. It catalyzes the conversion of mobile methyl salicylate to salicylic acid. During infection, accumulation of salicylic acid in the distal organ in response to the primary infection elsewhere primes the plant to defend against subsequent infection by the mechanism known as Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). SIP68, one of the interacting proteins of SABP2 is a glucosyltransferase protein. Glucosyltransferase protein catalyzes the formation of the glycosidic bond by transferring glucose molecule from donor to acceptor molecules. Plant glucosyltransferase is widely distributed in nature playing the dual role of activating and inactivating enzymes. They are also associated with changing the protein stability and solubility of compounds. Since SABP2 has a role in SA mediated defense signaling and glucosyltransferase proteins are associated with physiological function thus, there is a possibility of SIP68 associated with the major or supportive role in either or both functions. The purified recombinant SIP68 protein was tested for glucosyltransferase activity using radioactive method. The purified SIP68 glucosylates various artificially available flavonoid compounds with highest activity detected with Kaempferol (flavonol) followed by quercetin but negligible activity with SA. HPLC based glucosyltransferase assay further verified SIP68 as a flavonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase, not SA glucosyltransferase. Our interest is to further characterize SIP68 and assess its role in plant defense mechanism. Knowing its expression pattern inside plant cell will help us to assess its activity pattern inside the cell. For this enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) tagged SIP68 was transiently expressed inside the plant cell. Confocal microscopy imaging suggests SIP68 likely to be localized in the cytoplasm which will be further confirmed by subcellular fractionation. To assess the role of SIP68 in plant defense mechanism transgenic line expressing altered SIP68 gene was generated using CRISPR Cas9 technique. Verified transgenic line challenged under different biotic and abiotic stress will help us to understand the role of SIP68 in plant defense mechanism. Our research will help us to understand defense mechanism in tobacco model system enabling us to use the knowledge to develop the resistant varieties of crops that are capable of withstanding the adverse condition of pathogenic as well environmental challenges.
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Liu, Pang-Wei, and 劉邦威. "An Adaptive Defence Mechanism for P2P Botnet." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69882761662075962878.
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碩士中原大學
資訊工程研究所
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Botnets have become major threats to the security of the Internet. By implanting malicious bots into computers owned by ordinary users through social engineering tricks, attackers are able to remotely control victim computers to carry out malicious or disturbing operations, such as DDOS attack, or spam mail delivery. Many mechanisms have been proposed to defend against botnets that are controlled through specific command nodes. The strategy adopted by these mechanisms focuses on identifying the command node and blocking messages sent from it. However, the same idea is not applicable to the recently evolved P2P botnets since any member in a P2P can take the role of a command node. Therefore, new mechanism is needed to defend against P2P botnet. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive defense mechanism against P2P botnets. Through identifying victim computers within a network environment via multistage monitoring first and with stopping potential malicious operations follows, attackers can no longer utilize victim computers to perform malicious operations.