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Journal articles on the topic 'Defence mechanism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Fatima Akram and Mahwesh Arooj Naz. "Ego defense mechanisms, medication adherence and self-management of the patients with type 2 diabetes." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.706.

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Objective: To explore relationship involving Ego Defence Mechanism, Medication Adherence and Self-Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The cross-sectional co-relational study was conducted at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2017 to November 2018, and comprised diabetics aged 25-55 years. Other than demographic information, data was collected using the Urdu versions of the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Medication Adherence Scale, and the Diabetic Self-management Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) each were females and males. Mature defence mechanisms, like sublimation, suppression and humour, were significant predictors of self-management (p<0.001), and mature defence mechanism, like sublimation, was a significant predictor of medication adherence (p<0.05). Females were high on neurotic defence mechanism, like pseudo-altruism, compared to the males (p=0.001). Conclusion: Medication adherence and self-management were found to be dependent on mature defence mechanisms. Key Words: Ego defence mechanisms, Medication adherence, Self-management, Immature defences, Mature defences, Neurotic defences. Continuous...

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2

Deshmukh, Dr Nivedita. "A Brief Study of Defence Mechanism." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/42.

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3

Muris, Peter, and Harald Merckelbach. "Defence style and behaviour therapy outcome in a specific phobia." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 3 (May 1996): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035704.

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SynopsisThe Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) was administered to patients with a specific phobia (animal type; N = 54) and to control subjects (N = 29). Results indicated that specific phobia patients and non-phobic control subjects exhibit a similar pattern of defences. Also, the study investigated whether specific DSQ defence styles affect behaviour therapy outcome. It was found that an immature defence style, and especially the defence mechanism projection, was related to less favourable treatment results.

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4

Bogren, Lennart, Inga-Britt Bogren, and Lars-Håkan Thorell. "Defense Mechanism Test and Electrodermal Activity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 1 (August 1998): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.279.

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Electrodermal activity was registered during examination with the Defense Mechanism Test of 21 patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder, affective disorder, or schizophrenic disorder. The test can be interpreted as a model situation of how a person defends himself against a threat to avoid anxiety. We used Andersson's modified version of the test and tested the hypothesis that electrodermal activity should increase when there were responses categorised as Anxiety and decrease when there were responses categorised as defences or when the threat was correctly identified. We found significant increase in all electrodermal variables in connection with responses categorised as Anxiety. After exposures with responses categorised as Isolation, the maximal skin conductance level and the magnitude of late nonspecific responses were significantly decreased. After exposures when the threat was identified and thus no longer subliminal, the electrodermal activity was significantly decreased. All these findings support our hypothesis. After exposures with responses categorised as Denial all electrodermal variables were significantly increased. Similarly in responses categorised as Repression, Introaggression, and Disavowal or denial of hero's sex the frequency of late nonspecific responses were significantly increased. The increased electrodermal activity could be due to insufficient defence strategies as categorised in the Defense Mechanism Test.

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5

Kline, Paul. "Defence mechanisms. Their classification, correlates, and measurement with the defence mechanism inventory." Personality and Individual Differences 13, no. 9 (September 1992): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90140-k.

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6

James, Alex, Ken Morison, and Simon Todd. "A mathematical model of the defence mechanism of a bombardier beetle." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 79 (February 6, 2013): 20120801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0801.

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Previous studies of bombardier beetles have shown that some species have a continuous discharge while others exhibit a pulsed discharge. Here, a mathematical model of the defence mechanism of the bombardier beetle is developed and the hypothesis that almost all bombardiers' defences have some sort of cyclic behaviour at frequencies much higher than previously thought is put forward. The observation of pulses arises from secondary lower frequency cycles that appear for some parameter values. For realistic parameter values, the model can exhibit all the characteristics seen in the various species of bombardier. The possibility that all bombardiers have the same underlying defence mechanism gives weight to the theory that all bombardiers' explosive secretory mechanisms have diversified from a common ancestral mechanism.

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7

Kragh, Ulf. "In defence of the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT)-a reply." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 39, no. 2 (June 1998): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00065.

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8

Kline, Paul. "Defences in psychotherapy. The clinical application of the defence mechanism inventory." Personality and Individual Differences 13, no. 9 (September 1992): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90141-b.

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9

Kirkham, Mavis, Helen Stapleton, Penny Curtis, and Gwenan Thomas. "Stereotyping as a professional defence mechanism." British Journal of Midwifery 10, no. 9 (September 2002): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.9.10609.

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10

Chainy, Gagan Bihari Nityananda, Biswaranjan Paital, and Jagneswar Dandapat. "An Overview of Seasonal Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Parameters in Some Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6126570.

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Antioxidant defence system, a highly conserved biochemical mechanism, protects organisms from harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of metabolism. Both invertebrates and vertebrates are unable to modify environmental physical factors such as photoperiod, temperature, salinity, humidity, oxygen content, and food availability as per their requirement. Therefore, they have evolved mechanisms to modulate their metabolic pathways to cope their physiology with changing environmental challenges for survival. Antioxidant defences are one of such biochemical mechanisms. At low concentration, ROS regulates several physiological processes, whereas at higher concentration they are toxic to organisms because they impair cellular functions by oxidizing biomolecules. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defences make species able to maintain their correct ROS titre to take various physiological functions such as hibernation, aestivation, migration, and reproduction against changing environmental physical parameters. In this paper, we have compiled information available in the literature on seasonal variation in antioxidant defence system in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates. The primary objective was to understand the relationship between varied biological phenomena seen in different animal species and conserved antioxidant defence system with respect to seasons.

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11

Lefèvre, Thierry, Jacobus C. de Roode, Balint Z. Kacsoh, and Todd A. Schlenke. "Defence strategies against a parasitoid wasp in Drosophila : fight or flight?" Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (August 24, 2011): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0725.

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Hosts may defend themselves against parasitism through a wide variety of defence mechanisms, but due to finite resources, investment in one defence mechanism may trade-off with investment in another mechanism. We studied resistance strategies against the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi in two Drosophila species. We found that D. melanogaster had significantly lower physiological resistance against L. boulardi than D. simulans , and hypothesized that D. melanogaster might instead invest more heavily in other forms of defence, such as behavioural defence. We found that when given a choice between clean oviposition sites and sites infested with wasps, both D. melanogaster and D. simulans detected and avoided infested sites, which presumably limits later exposure of their offspring to infection. Unlike D. simulans , however, D. melanogaster laid significantly fewer eggs than controls in the forced presence of wasps. Our findings suggest that D. melanogaster relies more heavily on behavioural avoidance as defence against wasp parasitism than D. simulans , and that this may compensate for a lack of physiological defence.

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12

Kudoh, Kazuhiro, and Hachiro Tagami. "Defence Mechanism against Dermatophytes in Experimental Dermatophytosis." Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 36, no. 2 (1995): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3314/jjmm.36.131.

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13

Mann, David. "Art as a Defence Mechanism Against Creativity." British Journal of Psychotherapy 7, no. 1 (September 1990): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1990.tb01314.x.

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14

Bogren, Lennart, Inga-Britt Bogren, Torbjörn Ohrt, and Ingemar Sjödin. "Panic disorder and the Defence Mechanism Test." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 56, no. 3 (January 2002): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/080394802317607174.

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15

Shende, Sumer. "Crossfire DoS Attack and its Defence Mechanism." International Journal of Computer Applications 132, no. 3 (December 17, 2015): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015907313.

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16

Cooper, C., and P. Kline. "An evaluation of the Defence Mechanism Test." British Journal of Psychology 77, no. 1 (February 1986): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb01978.x.

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17

Narayan, Arpita, and Upendra Kumar. "A Defence Mechanism: DNS based DDoS Attack." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 33, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v33p101.

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18

Ekehammar, Bo, Irena Zuber, and Margareta Simonsson‐Sarnecki. "The Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) revisited: experimental validation using threatening and non‐threatening pictures." European Journal of Personality 16, no. 4 (July 2002): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.457.

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Although the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) has been in use for almost half a century, it is still unclear what it actually measures. The psychodynamic theory on which the test is based states that the threatful DMT pictures activate various defence mechanisms. To test this proposition, the original DMT pictures were redrawn by a professional artist, changing the emotional content without altering the structural properties. In this way, a neutral and a friendly variant were shaped. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to the threatful, neutral, and friendly stimulus conditions. In contrast to predictions made from psychodynamic theory, that the threatful picture would activate more ‘signs of defence’ than the others, the results disclosed that the three conditions activated the same amounts of ‘signs of defence’ and the same levels of various perceptual thresholds. Thus, rather than capturing psychodynamic defence mechanisms, our results suggest that the DMT taps perceptual or information‐processing difficulties in correct identification of brief stimulus exposures regardless of their emotional contents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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19

Abrantes, Marta C., Jan Kok, and Maria de Fátima Silva Lopes. "Enterococcus faecalis zinc-responsive proteins mediate bacterial defence against zinc overload, lysozyme and oxidative stress." Microbiology 160, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.080341-0.

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Two Enterococcus faecalis genes encoding the P-type ATPase EF1400 and the putative SapB protein EF0759 were previously shown to be strongly upregulated in the presence of high concentrations of zinc. In the present work, we showed that a Zn2+-responsive DNA-binding motif (zim) is present in the promoter regions of these genes. Both proteins were further studied with respect to their involvement in zinc homeostasis and invasion of the host. EF0759 contributed to intramacrophage survival by an as-yet unknown mechanism(s). EF1400, here renamed ZntAEf, is an ATPase with specificity for zinc and plays a role in dealing with several host defences, i.e. zinc overload, oxidative stress and lysozyme; it provides E. faecalis cells with the ability to survive inside macrophages. As these three host defence mechanisms are important at several sites in the host, i.e. inside macrophages and in saliva, this work suggested that ZntAEf constitutes a crucial E. faecalis defence mechanism that is likely to contribute to the ability of this bacterium to endure life inside its host.

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20

Rauch, Gisep, Martin Kalbe, and Thorsten B. H. Reusch. "One day is enough: rapid and specific host–parasite interactions in a stickleback-trematode system." Biology Letters 2, no. 3 (March 14, 2006): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0462.

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Red Queen models of host–parasite coevolution are based on genotype by genotype host–parasite interactions. Such interactions require a genotype specific host defence and, simultaneously, a genotype specific parasite infectivity. Specificity is defined here as defence or infection ability successful against only a subset of genotypes of the same species. A specific defence depends on detectable genotypic variation on the parasite side and on a host defence mechanism that differentiates between parasite genotypes. In vertebrates, the MHC-based adaptive immune system can provide such a defence mechanism, but it needs at least several days to get fully mounted. In contrast, the innate immune system is immediately ready. The trematode parasite species used here reaches the immunologically protected eye lens of its three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) host within 24 h. Thus, it disappears too fast for the fully mounted MHC-based adaptive immune system. In a complete cross-infection experiment using five fish-families and five parasite-clones, we found for the first time fish-family by parasite-clone interactions in vertebrates, although the parasite was only exposed to the immune system for maximally one day. Such interactions require a fast genotype specific defence, suggesting the importance of other defence mechanisms than the too slow, fully mounted adaptive immune system in vertebrates.

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21

Golenishenko, A., and O. Kulikova. "Inpatient schizophrenics compensation gain in remission, influenced by complex psychotherapy." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73013-9.

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Due to personality disorders recovery being paid much attention, we observe psychotherapy obtaining great importance in schizophrenics combination therapy. Successful adaptation to social functioning various conditions depends largely on psychological defence. An adequate reaction to disease and realistic attitude to treatment promote life upgrading.The objectives of the research is to define the effectiveness of psychotherapy in connection of adaptive mechanism of the psychological defence.The aims include the study of the correction possibilities of unadapted psychological mechanism with the help of psychotherapy.We examined 53 patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Used Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) to estimate patients clinical state, a test method TOBOL to diagnose attitude to disease. Psychological defence mechanisms were investigated by the help of enquirers FKBS, SBAKWe discovered that disease syntonic attitude increased noticeably (p < 0,05). Also we registered anxious, dysphoric and sensitive attitudes decrease (p < 0,041; p < 0,036; p < 0,05). There is a tendency to reduce anosognosic and anergic relationship towards disease (p < 0,053; p < 0,06).These data indicate patients intention to estimate realistically their condition without over- or under- statements. We observe less anxiety, suspicion and dismay concerning catadromes, complications, ineffective treatment and mental activity increase.After psychotherapy being applied, the maximum indices reduction was fixed in defence mechanisms such as: “against object”, “denial” (p < 0,05), “against the self’ appeal (p < 0,05), “social contacts avoidance” (p < 0,01). The symptoms investigation results prove that schizophrenics subjected to psychotherapy observe primitive defences tension decrease. All the validation, anxiety and self-aggression decrease.

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22

Liew, F. Y., and F. E. G. Cox. "Nonspecific defence mechanism: the role of nitric oxide." Immunology Today 12, no. 3 (January 1991): A17—A21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(05)80006-4.

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23

Samuel, B. John, and M. Raja Gughan. "MVEE: A Defence Mechanism against Code Injection Attacks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.565.

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The growth of interconnected computer increases the amount and obscurity of attacks. Computer systems require apt security mechanism. Intrusion detection and prevention systems play an important part in detecting and preventing the attacks before they conciliate software. Multi-variant execution environment is an intrusion detection and prevention mechanism that executes several slightly different versions of a program, called variants, in concurrency. The variants are defined as more than 2 same instances. These variants contain the same operational unit of the original program. The variants are built to have indistinguishable manners under normal execution environment. If any of the variant is under attack, there are noticeable divergences in their execution behavior. A monitor compares the execution manners of the variants at specific synchronization points and raises an alarm when a variance is detected.

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24

Lillestøl, Reidun, Peter Redder, Roger A. Garrett, and Kim Brügger. "A putative viral defence mechanism in archaeal cells." Archaea 2, no. 1 (2006): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/542818.

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Clusters of regularly spaced direct repeats, separated by unconserved spacer sequences, are ubiquitous in archaeal chromosomes and occur in some plasmids. Some clusters constitute around 1% of chromosomal DNA. Similarly structured clusters, generally smaller, also occur in some bacterial chromosomes. Although early studies implicated these clusters in segregation/partition functions, recent evidence suggests that the spacer sequences derive from extrachromosomal elements, and, primarily, viruses. This has led to the proposal that the clusters provide a defence against viral propagation in cells, and that both the mode of inhibition of viral propagation and the mechanism of adding spacer-repeat units to clusters, are dependent on RNAs transcribed from the clusters. Moreover, the putative inhibitory apparatus (piRNA-based) may be evolutionarily related to the interference RNA systems (siRNA and miRNA), which are common in eukarya. Here, we analyze all the current data on archaeal repeat clusters and provide some new insights into their diverse structures, transcriptional properties and mode of structural development. The results are consistent with larger cluster transcripts being processed at the centers of the repeat sequences and being further trimmed by exonucleases to yield a dominant, intracellular RNA species, which corresponds approximately to the size of a spacer. Furthermore, analysis of the extensive clusters ofSulfolobus solfataricusstrains P1 and P2B provides support for the presence of a flanking sequence adjoining a cluster being a prerequisite for the incorporation of new spacer-repeat units, which occurs between the flanking sequence and the cluster. An archaeal database summarizing the data will be maintained at http://dac.molbio.ku.dk/dbs/SRSR/.

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25

Cornelis, Pierre. "Shielding, a new pathogen defence mechanism against PMNs." Microbiology 155, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.033969-0.

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26

Stamp, T., MV Jenkins, M. Katakity, and CR Kelsey. "P61. Skeletal fluoride uptake: A possible defence mechanism." Bone 15, no. 2 (March 1994): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90794-3.

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27

Boucher, E., M. Marin, R. Holani, M. Young-Speirs, D. M. Moore, and E. R. Cobo. "Characteristic pro-inflammatory cytokines and host defence cathelicidin peptide produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages infected withNeospora caninum." Parasitology 145, no. 7 (November 24, 2017): 871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017002104.

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AbstractNeospora caninumis a coccidian intracellular protozoan capable of infecting a wide range of mammals, although severe disease is mostly reported in dogs and cattle. Innate defences triggered by monocytes/macrophages are key in the pathogenesis of neosporosis, as these cells are first-line defenders against intracellular infections. The aim of this study was to characterize infection and innate responses in macrophages infected withN. caninumusing a well-known cell model to study macrophage functions (human monocyte THP-1 cells). Intracellular invasion of live tachyzoites occurred as fast as 4 h (confirmed with immunofluorescence microscopy usingN. caninum-specific antibodies). Macrophages infected byN. caninumhad increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, IFNγ). Interestingly,N. caninuminduced expression of host-defence peptides (cathelicidins), a mechanism of defence never reported forN. caninuminfection in macrophages. The expression of cytokines and cathelicidins in macrophages invaded byN. caninumwas mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK 1/2). Secretion of such innate factors fromN. caninum-infected macrophages reduced parasite internalization and promoted the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in naïve macrophages. We concluded that rapid invasion of macrophages byN. caninumtriggered protective innate defence mechanisms against intracellular pathogens.

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28

Maltby, John, Jacqueline Kirwan, and Paddy McCollam. "Scores on a Statistics Test and Scores on the Defense Style Questionnaire." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.364.

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Scores for 21 men and 41 women on a university statistics test were compared with scores on the 1993 Defense Style Questionnaire of Andrews, et al. The significant negative association between higher scores on the statistics test and higher scores on the measure of the defence mechanism of projection suggested the latter construct be considered when examining statistical achievement.

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29

Bohdan, Wasilewski, Yourtsenyuk Olha, and Egan Eugene. "Depression as a civilization-deformed adaptation and defence mechanism." Insights on the Depression and Anxiety 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ida.1001013.

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30

Ikeda, Katsuhisa. "Macrolides and Airway Defence Mechanism. Macrolide and Electrolyte Secretion." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 47, no. 2 (1996): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.47.193.

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31

Alboni, Paolo, Marco Alboni, and Lorella Gianfranchi. "Diving bradycardia: a mechanism of defence against hypoxic damage." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 12, no. 6 (June 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0b013e328344bcdc.

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32

Allpress, James D., and Peter C. Gowland. "Dehalogenases: environmental defence mechanism and model of enzyme evolution." Biochemical Education 26, no. 4 (October 1998): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0307-4412(98)00090-9.

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33

Lee, Jong Jin, and Ki Young Lee. "A Study of Cloud-based DDoS Attack Defence Mechanism." Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology 13, no. 10 (January 31, 2015): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14801/jkiit.2015.13.10.91.

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Singh, Vishwa Pratap, and R. L. Ujjwal. "Gini impurity based NDN cache pollution attack defence mechanism." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 41, no. 6 (August 17, 2020): 1353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02522667.2020.1809092.

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35

Alric, Jérôme. "Fear Avoidance as the Body’s Defence Mechanism for Death." American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpn.20180603.12.

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36

Yusri, Fadhilla. "CORRELATION BETWEEN SELF CONCEPT AND DEFENCE MECHANISM OF STUDENTS." GUIDENA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/gdn.v6i2.601.

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Basically every individual has a concept about himself. The concept which has been ingrained in each individual, would influence the behavior of that individuals in various aspects of their life including in facing the problems. Only a little of the students are able to solve the problem well. Sometimes to keep themselves right in a problem, they “form” defense mechanism. This research was conducted to reveal the correlation between self concept and defense mechanism of guidance and counseling students of IAIN Bukittinggi. The population was the entire of guidance and counseling students that concist of 452 students, and 102 samples. The data was collected by using questionnaire that was processed using product moment technique in SPSS 21.0 version. The result shown that there is a significant correlation between self-concept and defense mechanism in facing the problem with the r calculated was 0.433. The strength of the correlation between self-concept and defense mechanism of BK students of IAIN Bukittinggi are at moderate or sufficient.

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Naganuma, Shinji, Yutaro Hayasaka, S. Teraoka, and Kazuo Ota. "Immunity and host defence mechanism in patients undergoing CAPD." Journal of Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 21, no. 5 (1988): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt1985.21.435.

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38

K.M, Akhil, Rahul C.T, and Athira V.B. "Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks and Defence Mechanism." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 10, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2021.v10i03.010.

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Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is one of the major threats to Internet sites and one of the major security problems Internet faces today. The nature of threats caused by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on networks. With little or no warning, a DDoS attack could easily destroy its victim's communication and network resources in a short period of time. This paper outlines the problem of DDoS attacks and developing a classification of DDoS attacks and DDoS defense mechanisms. Important features of each attack and defense system category are described and advantages and disadvantages of each proposed scheme are outlined. The goal of the paper is to set a certain order of existence methods of attack and defense mechanisms, for the better understanding DDoS attacks can be achieved with more effective methods and means of self-defense can be developed.

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39

EKEHAMMAR, BO, and IRENA ZUBER. "In defence of the criticism of the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT): A reply to Kragh (1998)." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 40, no. 1 (March 1999): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00101.

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40

Nguyen, Dung Ngoc. "CHANGES IN THE NATIONAL DEFENCE - SECURITY POLICY OF JAPAN UNDER JAPAN-US STRATEGIC SECURITY MECHANISM WITHIN AND AFTER THE COLD WAR." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 15 (September 15, 2009): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i15.2347.

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National defence - security is an especially important field for a nation in any age of time. In the case of Japan, this national defence - security problem pretty differs from that one in other countries. The paper focuses on studying the national defence – security policy of Japan within and after the Cold War, under Japan - US strategic security mechanism in order to understand the changes in aims , solutions and implementing the national defence – security policy of Japan in conditions of international and regional change.Begun with presenting the national defence - security policy of Japan in Cold War time, the paper pays attention into making clear some essential changes in the national defence – security policy of Japan , that was devided into 2 periods : 1991 -2001, 2001 - todays and rapidly increasing growth of the Self Defence Forces of Japan.

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Medeiros Filho, Oscar. "A South American Defence Structure: Problems and Prospects." Contexto Internacional 39, no. 3 (December 2017): 673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2017390300011.

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Abstract This article discusses the process of building a South American defence architecture over the past two decades, culminating in the formation of the South American Defence Council (Consejo de Defensa Suramericano, or CDS). It discusses the main proposals for a regional security mechanism, primarily made by Brazil and Venezuela, analyses the debates around them, and characterises them as different models of regionalism, namely a pluralistic and amalgamated model. I argue that the differences between these models, and the different agendas underpinning them, constitute obstacles to the progress of regional co-operation and integration in the military field. Other obstacles include the overlap of regional defence initiatives, the different options for operationalising ‘extra-regional deterrence’, the relationship between regional countries and extra-regional actors, the inclusion of security issues in the CDS agenda, and the idea of demilitarising borders.

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Delgadillo, M. Otilia, Pilar Sáenz, Beatriz Salvador, Juan Antonio García, and Carmen Simón-Mateo. "Human influenza virus NS1 protein enhances viral pathogenicity and acts as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.19735-0.

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RNA silencing has a well-established function as an antiviral defence mechanism in plants and insects. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay, we report here that NS1 protein from human influenza A virus suppresses RNA silencing in plants in a manner similar to P1/HC-Pro protein of Tobacco etch potyvirus, a well-characterized plant virus silencing suppressor. Moreover, we have shown that NS1 protein expression strongly enhances the symptoms of Potato virus X in three different plant hosts, suggesting that NS1 protein could be inhibiting defence mechanisms activated in the plant on infection. These data provide further evidence that an RNA silencing pathway could also be activated as a defence response in mammals.

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Appiah, Isabella, Aleksandra Nikolic-Kokic, Zorana Orescanin-Dusic, Ratko Radojicic, Slobodan Milovanovic, Mihajlo Spasic, and Dusko Blagojevic. "Reversible Oxidation of Myometrial Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels with Hydrogen Peroxide." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/105820.

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The uteri, spontaneously active or Ca2+(6 mM) induced, were allowed to equilibrate, and to inhibit voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels 1 mM 4-amino pyridine (4-AP) was applied for 15 min before adding H2O2 . H2O2was added cumulatively: 2 μM, 20 μM, 200 μM, 400 μM, and 3 mM. Average time for H2O2concentrations (2, 20, 200, and 400)μM to reach its full effect was 15 min. H2O23 mM had a prolonged effect and therefore was left to act for 30 min. Two-way ANOVA showed significant differences in time dependency between spontaneous and Ca2+-induced rat uteri after applying 3 mM H2O2(type of contraction,P=0.0280), but not 400 μM H2O2(P=0.9271). Our results indicate that H2O2oxidises channel intracellular thiol groups and activates the channel, inducing relaxation. Cell antioxidative defence system quickly activates glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) defence mechanism but not catalase (CAT) defence mechanism. Intracellular redox mechanisms repair the oxidised sites and again establish deactivation ofKVchannels, recuperating contractility. In conclusion, our results demonstrate thatKVchannels can be altered in a time-dependent manner by reversible redox-dependent intracellular alterations.

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Gariballa, SE, and AJ Sinclair. "Cerebrovascular disease and oxidative stress." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 9, no. 3 (August 1999): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259899009314.

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There is strong indirect evidence that free radical production appears to be an important mechanism of brain injury after exposure to ischaemia and reperfusion. Although significant brain damage occurs during an ischaemic episode, new cerebral damage can occur after reperfusion. One proposed mechanism for the brain damage that occurs during reperfusion involves generation of free radicals. Body defences against free radicals depends on the balance between free radical generation and the antioxidant protective defence system. Many of these protective antioxidants are essential nutrients or have essential nutrients as part of their molecule that has to be obtained from diet.

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Biscop, Sven. "Permanent Structured Cooperation and the Future of the ESDP: Transformation and Integration." European Foreign Affairs Review 13, Issue 4 (December 1, 2008): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2008034.

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The low deployability of Europe’s armed forces is a well–known problem. The primary cause of this problematic state of affairs is the still almost exclusively national focus of defence planning, while capability gaps at the aggregate EU and NATO levels are being ignored. The question must be asked whether the existing mechanisms for capability development, in the ESDP as well as NATO, are sufficient to achieve the required transformation from static to expeditionary forces within a reasonable time frame. The only way to achieve the quantum leap that is necessary to realise defence transformation is through pooling, which, by reducing intra–European duplications, can produce much more deployable capabilities within the current combined defence budget. From that point of view, Permanent Structured Cooperation, the new mechanism for capability development to be established by the Lisbon Treaty, has great potential. If successful, it will require a rethinking of NATO defence planning and its relation with the ESDP, as well as the start of a broader strategic debate on a defence white paper for the EU.

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Wischhoff, Uschi, Fernando Marques-Santos, Giselle Bonetti, Lilian T. Manica, James J. Roper, and Marcos Rodrigues. "Are nest defense behaviours and fitness components linked in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa)?" Behaviour 156, no. 2 (2019): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003535.

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Abstract How are personalities maintained in wild animal populations? A possible mechanism is the existence of trade-offs between fitness components (survival and reproductive success) among behavioural types. We investigated this trade-off in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) by capturing adults and monitoring their reproduction over time. We focused on the personality trait of nest defence against a human. We found that swallows with different levels of nest defence had similar probability to return from migration between two years (a proxy for survival). In one year, swallows that defended their nests more boldly were also more likely to succeed. However, nest defence was not linked to nestling weight or number of fledglings. Thus, we found no evidence of a trade-off between fitness components. It is possible that the investigated relationships become relevant only in extreme years that severely alter the costs and benefits of this behaviour.

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Tilson, Barbara. "A Practice Review of Technology Management." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 11, no. 3 (November 1996): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949608726335.

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Defence industry cutbacks impact at national and local economy levels by triggering business deaths and job cuts, leading to lost workforce and production skills and a contracting manufacturing and technology base. Diversification is a key responsive mechanism to defence industry contraction, but how this can be funded and managed is a major issue. One route is to provide the structure and mechanisms for technology transfer. The 1980s and 1990s have seen a number of initiatives established which prioritised this route and some have received European funding under KONVER I support for defence diversification. These constituted the primary focus of research for this paper and form a practice review of diversification experiences between 1993 and 1995 through selected case studies from Lancashire, the West Midlands, the South West and Hertfordshire. Discussion of the mechanisms, structures and operational issues is contexualised by outlining public and private sector strategies and support.

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Kadota, Jun-ichi. "Macrolides and Airway Defence Mechanism. Macrolide Antibiotics and Inflammatory Cells." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 47, no. 2 (1996): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.47.173.

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Jud, W., L. Fischer, E. Canaval, G. Wohlfahrt, A. Tissier, and A. Hansel. "Plant surface reactions: an ozone defence mechanism impacting atmospheric chemistry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 14 (July 21, 2015): 19873–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-19873-2015.

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Abstract. Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations are considered a toxic threat to plants, responsible for global crop losses with associated economic costs of several billion dollars per year. Plant injuries have been linked to the uptake of ozone through stomatal pores and oxidative damage of the internal leaf tissue. But a striking question remains: how much ozone effectively enters the plant through open stomata and how much is lost by chemical reactions at the plant surface? In this laboratory study we could show that semi-volatile organic compounds exuded by the glandular trichomes of different Nicotiana tabacum varieties are an efficient ozone sink at the plant surface. In our experiments, different diterpenoid compounds were responsible for a strongly variety dependent ozone uptake of plants under dark conditions, when stomatal pores are almost closed. Surface reactions of ozone were accompanied by prompt release of oxygenated volatile organic compounds, which could be linked to the corresponding precursor compounds: ozonolysis of cis-abienol (C20H34O) – a diterpenoid with two exocyclic double bonds – caused emissions of formaldehyde (HCHO) and methyl vinyl ketone (C4H6O). The ring-structured cembratrien-diols (C20H34O2) with three endocyclic double bonds need at least two ozonolysis steps to form volatile carbonyls such as 4-oxopentanal (C5H8O2), which we could observe in the gas phase, too. Fluid dynamic calculations were used to model ozone distribution in the diffusion limited leaf boundary layer under daylight conditions. In the case of an ozone-reactive leaf surface, ozone gradients in the vicinity of stomatal pores are changed in such a way, that ozone flux through the open stomata is strongly reduced. Our results show that unsaturated semi-volatile compounds at the plant surface should be considered as a source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds, impacting gas phase chemistry, as well as efficient ozone sink improving the ozone tolerance of plants.

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Mcnamara, M. P., C. Collins-Lech, J. H. Wiessner, B. L. Hahn, and P. G. Sohnle. "NEUTROPHIL DEATH AS A DEFENCE MECHANISM AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS INFECTIONS." Lancet 332, no. 8621 (November 1988): 1163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90234-6.

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