Journal articles: 'Defender Of The Crown'

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Reid, Elspeth. "Liability for Dangerous Activities: A Comparative Analysis." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 4 (October 1999): 731–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063661.

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Hot air ballooning is a dangerous activity, and not only for the balloonist. In Guille v. Swan, 1 a balloonist crash-landed in a New York vegetable garden. When a crowd rushed to his assistance damage was caused to the vegetables. He was held to be strictly liable for the damage caused. Across the Atlantic balloonists were more glamorous although not more successful. In Scott's Trs. v. Moss, 2 the defender, an Edinburgh impresario, arranged a balloon flight by the “world-renowned scientific aeronaut”, Professor Baldwin. The advertisement promised that the Professor would descend by parachute, landing on ground rented by the defender. In the event, he missed and landed in a turnip field owned by the pursuers. Fences and a large number of turnips were trampled by the crowd rushing to the scene. The Court of Session decided that the defender could be liable only on the basis of fault. Foreseeability was of the essence: the pursuer was entitled to damages if and only if the crowd's actions were the “natural and probable consequence” of the defender's activities. Counsel's research had uncovered Guille v. Swan, but the Court of Session declined to follow it into strict liability.

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Bardacke, Frank. "The UFW and the Undocumented." International Labor and Working-Class History 83 (2013): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000045.

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It has become an embarrassment. The American Conservative crows, “Cesar Chávez, Minuteman,” and the accompanying article delivers the news that the United Farm Workers was not only anti-immigrant but that it set up its own border patrol between Arizona and Mexico. The magazine does not stand alone. Leaders of current right-wing vigilante groups claim Chávez's retroactive endorsement for their occasional attempts to close small sections of the border. In response, Chávez's defenders contend that the UFW opposed the undocumented only when they broke strikes; and besides, that was long ago, and now the union is a strong defender of immigrant rights. Thus, UFW policy toward the undocumented—controversial in its own time—once again has become a subject of public debate, threatening to tarnish the name given to so many California streets, parks, schools, community centers, and even university departments.

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Palfreyman, Mark, and Erik M. Jorgensen. "PKC Defends Crown Against Munc13." Neuron 54, no. 2 (April 2007): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.002.

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Brahams, Diana. "Medical Defence and Crown Indemnity." Lancet 333, no. 8641 (April 1989): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92622-6.

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Malykh, Svetlana E., and Olga A. Vasilyeva. "HARPOCRATES WITH ROYAL ATTRIBUTES AND HARPOCRATES-EROS: EGYPTIAN TERRACOTTA FIGURINES FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE PUSHKIN STATE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, MOSCOW." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-55-69.

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This article introduces five terracotta figurines acquired in Egypt by Vladimir S. Golenishchev and N. G. Ter-Mikaelyan and currently preserved at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. Three statuettes depict the child god Harpocrates with the attributes of royal power; two figurines demonstrate the identification of Harpocrates with the Greek god Eros. Most of the objects can be dated mainly to the Roman times, one is to be dated to the late Ptolemaic period. The places of finding or manufacturing of figurines are mostly unknown; however, according to a number of specific features, these could be towns of the Fayum Oasis, the Delta, and in one case — probably, Edfu. Terracotta figurines of Harpocrates with royal regalia are rare, especially in comparison with the wide-spread occurrence of terracottaе with Harpocrates holding a pot or cornucopia; all these data bring his functions as patron of fertility and defender of health to the fore. The presence of royal attributes seems to be a kind of secondary, partly decorative elements that only enhance the most popular aspects of terracotta images of Harpocrates. The type of figurines depicting Harpocrates sitting on a throne with the crown of the god Amun reproduces the iconography of small bronze sculpture. In other types of terracotta the royal attributes most frequently found are the double crown and — rarely — a nemes-headdress; the crown is usually surrounded by lotus buds, a favorite motive of Harpocrates’ iconography. The childish image of Harpocrates in the time of interaction between Eastern and Western cultures led to a natural synthesis of images of the child gods of Egyptian and Graeco-Roman worlds — Harpocrates and Eros. Apparently, such terracottaе, which had more Hellenistic than Egyptian features, were in demand by the population of different towns in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.

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Kaczorowski, Włodzimierz. "The 400th anniversary of the death of Stanisław Żółkiewski, Hetman and Great Crown Chancellor, Senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 18, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.3438.

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In the period of Nobles’ Democracy, the art of war of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth attained the highest level, making a real phenomenon in the then Europe. It owed its development, among others, to outstanding Hetmans of the Crown and Lithuania, victors in many battles, leaders surrounded by fame and admiration, genuine patriots. In the hall of fame of Grand Hetmans, Field Hetmans and Lithuanian Hetmans, a most prominent place is taken by Stanisław Żółkiewski (1747-1620).On 13 June 2019, Members of Parliament passed an occasional resolution dedicating the year 2020 to Stanisław Żółkiewski. The resolution reads, among others, “Stanisław Żółkiewski always put the good of Poland above his own benefits, stood faithfully on the side of successive kings, also in internal conflicts, despite the critical opinion of Sigismund III’s politics. He advocated religious tolerance and easing conflicts. […] The Seym of the Republic of Poland, upon acknowledging the great contributions of Stanisław Żółkiewski,creator of the victory of Klushino and a conqueror of Moscow, tenacious defender of the Mother Country for which he sacrificed his life, establishes the year 2020, which marks the occasion of the 400th anniversary of his death, the Year of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.”

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Barros, Wirley. "444 pedras da réplica amazônica da “Saint Edward’s Crown” - Project 444 Stones: Arte - Ciência - História - Reflexão Política." BOLETIM DO MUSEU DE GEOCIÊNCIAS DA AMAZÔNIA 7 (2020), no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v72020i2a1woob.

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Project by authorship and idealization of the paraense doctor Wirley Otávio Oliveira de Barros, which involves art, science, history and political reflection, developed in the city of Belém, capital of the State of Pará, in the middle of the Amazon region, registered in a notary through a Notarial Act. This grandiose work was developed with scientific support Museum of Geosciences of the Amazon (MUGEO) of the Institute of Geosciences (IG) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) through Prof. Dr. Marcondes Lima da Costa, with a PhD in Mineralogy and Geochemistry from Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (Friedrich-Alexander), in Germany (1982) and with a post-doctorate in mineralogy-geochemistry from IG-USP (2001); chemist Dr. Suyanne Flávia Rodrigues, with a doctorate in Mineralogy and Geochemistry from the Graduate Program in Geology and Geochemistry (PPGG) at IG / UFPA and MsC. geologist Gisele Tavares Marques, also from PPGG. This project, which will soon be presented to the public, was duly informed to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor (Elizabeth II), of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in addition to Head of Commonwealth Realms and Defender of Faith, as it presents as a prominent item the replica work of “Saint Edward's Crown” or “St. Stephen’s Crown ”, as mentioned in the Royal letter received on February 3, 2016, signed by Miss Jennie Vine (Deputy to the Senior Correspondence Officer for Buckingham Palace), who on this occasion conveys the monarch's personal message. This is the official coronation crown of British monarchs, consisting of 444 stones of distinct mineral gems, which inspired the title attributed to the project. Therefore, it is a replica of a symbol of POWER, whose heraldic meaning of CRUZ DE MALTA and FLOR-DE-LIS guide the conduct and political profile of the ruler. In this regard, the author also addresses a message to the "men of power", made through a personal text of his own.

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VAN DER BLOM, HENRIETTE. "CATO AND THE PEOPLE." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2012.00040.x.

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Abstract Cato the Younger is often depicted as a principled senator and a vehement defender of republican values, but how did he relate to the people of Rome? The ancient sources present a multifaceted picture of this relation and central to these descriptions are Cato's oratorical qualities as a means to communicate with the urban populace. Cato was an effective orator and aware of the various influential tactics available when addressing the crowd, but he was never the people's hero. While he would, at times, promote people-friendly tactics and ingratiate himself with the crowd, this was only a means to his ultimate end: the advancement of his own interpretation of the res publica.

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Tague, Peter W. "Faulty Adversarial Performance by Criminal Defenders in the Crown Court." King's Law Journal 12, no. 2 (January 2001): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2001.11427534.

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CAPLAN, LUCY. "“Strange What Cosmopolites Music Makes of Us”: Classical Music, the Black Press, and Nora Douglas Holt's Black Feminist Audiotopia." Journal of the Society for American Music 14, no. 3 (August 2020): 308–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196320000218.

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AbstractThis article examines the music criticism of Nora Douglas Holt, an African American woman who wrote a classical music column for the Chicago Defender (1917–1923) and published a monthly magazine, Music and Poetry (1921–1922). I make two claims regarding the force and impact of Holt's ideas. First, by writing about classical music in the black press, Holt advanced a model of embodied listening that rejected racist attempts to keep African Americans out of the concert hall and embraced a communal approach to knowledge production. Second, Holt was a black feminist intellectual who refuted dominant notions of classical music's putative race- and gender-transcending universalism; instead, she acknowledged the generative possibilities of racial difference in general and blackness in particular. I analyze Holt's intellectual commitments by situating her ideas within the context of early twentieth-century black feminist thought; analyzing the principal themes of her writing in the Chicago Defender and Music and Poetry; and assessing her engagement with a single musical work, Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 in F Minor, op. 36. Ultimately, Holt's criticism offers new insight into how race, gender, and musical activity intersected in the Jim Crow era and invites a more nuanced and capacious understanding of black women's manifold contributions to US musical culture.

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CAVAGNA, ANNA GIULIA. "OPERE E LIBRI DI UN ASTRONOMO CARTOGRAFO DEL XVIII SECOLO: TRA ERUDIZIONE E STATO." Nuncius 13, no. 2 (1998): 461–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539198x00509.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title Giovanni Giacomo Marinoni (Udine 1676 - Vienna 1755), of humble origins, lived in Italy and Austria as an official of the Empire. In the early Eighteenth century he embarked upon a brillant carreer as a mathematics teacher, a topographer and a military engineer. He set up and run a military school in Vienna, partly financed by the Crown. The curriculum of the school included many new technical skills. As a cartographer and surveying instructor he was in the region of Lombardy where he defended the interests of the Austrians. He built the first Viennese astronomical observatory, again only partly financed by the Crown. He was ennobled and created Imperial counsellor. As an habitue of the Republic of Letters he corresponded with many scholars and became a member of the London, Berlin and Saint Peterburg Academies. He published his own works and owned a rich library.

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Paine, T. D., C. A. Blanche, T. E. Nebeker, and F. M. Stephen. "Composition of loblolly pine resin defenses: comparison of monoterpenes from induced lesion and sapwood resin." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-185.

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Even-aged loblolly pines in three crown classes chosen to represent varying levels of vigor were inoculated with the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystisminor to induce hypersensitive tissue formation. There were no differences in monoterpene composition of the induced tissue among crown classes growing on the same site. However, there were significant differences in percent composition of individual monoterpenes between trees growing on a poorer wet site and those growing on a better dry site. There were also quantitative and qualitative differences in monoterpene composition of preformed xylem resin compared with the monoterpenes extracted from the hypersensitive tissue. The differences in composition between the preformed resin and resin found in the hypersensitive tissue may reflect, in part, the energy requirements for initiation of the inducible system.

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Zhou, Jiarui, Junshan Yang, Ling Lin, Zexuan Zhu, and Zhen Ji. "A Local Best Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Crown Jewel Defense Strategy." International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2015010103.

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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence algorithm well known for its simplicity and high efficiency on various optimization problems. Conventional PSO suffers from premature convergence due to the rapid convergence speed and lack of population diversity. PSO is easy to get trapped in local optimal, which largely deteriorates its performance. It is natural to detect stagnation during the optimization, and reactivate the swarm to search towards the global optimum. In this work the authors impose the reflecting bound-handling scheme and von Neumann topology on PSO to increase the population diversity. A novel Crown Jewel Defense (CJD) strategy is also introduced to restart the swarm when it is trapped in a local optimal. The resultant algorithm named LCJDPSO-rfl is tested on a group of unimodal and multimodal benchmark functions with rotation and shifting, and compared with other state-of-the-art PSO variants. The experimental results demonstrate stability and efficiency of LCJDPSO-rfl on most of the functions.

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Lamovšek, Janja, Barbara Gerič Stare, Irena Mavrič Pleško, Saša Širca, and Gregor Urek. "Agrobacteria Enhance Plant Defense Against Root-Knot Nematodes on Tomato." Phytopathology® 107, no. 6 (June 2017): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-16-0269-r.

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The increased incidence of the crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has long been associated with activities of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Pot experiments on tomato were designed to assess plant vitality, nematode reproduction, and crown gall incidence in combined infection with Agrobacterium and Meloidogyne spp. on tomato roots. Results suggest that tomato plants infected with pathogenic A. tumefaciens 2 days before the nematodes show enhanced plant defense against M. ethiopica resulting in lower egg and gall counts on roots 45 and 90 days postinoculation (dpi); no significantly enhanced defense was observed when the plant was inoculated with bacteria and nematodes at the same time. Split-root experiments also showed that the observed interaction was systemic. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis that targeted several genes under plant hormonal control suggests that the suppression was mediated via systemic acquired resistance by the pathogenesis-related protein 1 and that M. ethiopica did not enhance the defense reaction of tomato against Agrobacterium spp. Nematodes completely inhibited tumor growth in a 45-day experiment if inoculated onto the roots before the pathogenic bacteria. We conclude that the observed antagonism in the tested pathosystem was the result of initially strong plant defense that was later suppressed by the invading pathogen and pest.

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Deaker, DJ, B. Mos, C. Lawson, SA Dworjanyn, C. Budden, and M. Byrne. "Coral defences: the perilous transition of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish to corallivory." Marine Ecology Progress Series 665 (April 29, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13660.

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The transition from the post-settlement herbivorous juvenile to the coral-eating stage of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) is a fundamental step to seed population outbreaks that decimate tropical coral reefs. How the highly cryptic juveniles fare during this transition is poorly understood. We show that the juveniles are vulnerable to attack by coral during this ontogenetic diet shift to coral prey. We monitored the condition, growth, and survival of juvenile COTS during the first 3.5 mo on a diet of Acropora sp. In initial encounters, juveniles often withdrew their arms to avoid the defensive nematocysts of the corals. Within the first 67 d of being offered coral, 37.8% of the juveniles experienced various levels of sublethal and lethal damage. Damaged arms were reduced to ~65.4% of the length of an intact arm, but most injured juveniles were able to regenerate their arms with an average predicted recovery time of ~4 mo. Although sublethal damage slowed the growth of injured juveniles, their capacity to regenerate is likely to contribute to the success of this highly prolific species. Despite being the prey of COTS, coral can influence the survival of juveniles, and potentially reduce their ecological impact by prolonging their growth to reproductive maturity, delaying their transition into a coral predator, and thereby hindering recruitment into the adult population.

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Norris, Rachel, and M. McCauley. "Defence Clinical Psychology Service: an overview of clinical psychology in the UK Ministry of Defence." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001044.

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The Defence Clinical Psychology Service (DCPS) is the professional clinical psychology service and community of clinical psychology practice within UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). The DCPS provides professional clinical care, consultation and research in support of the UK Armed Forces. Regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council, DCPS psychologists are employed as Crown (Civil) Servants within the MoD. Serving as assets of Joint Forces Command within the Defence Primary Healthcare organisation, the professional leadership for such personnel is provided by the office of the Defence Consultant Advisor (DCA) for clinical psychology. The following paper offers an overview of the history, service context, training and mission of the DCPS. Areas for future development are also considered.

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Gardiner, Anne B. "Defenders of the Mystery." Recusant History 30, no. 2 (October 2010): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200012784.

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The 1688 Revolution was the culmination of an eighteen-year campaign against James and his co-religionists as idolaters of bread. The Test Acts of 1673 and 1678 required an oath against Transubstantiation for public employment, and the parliamentary debate in 1673 showed that the ground for this was idolatry. It was a strange accusation, because the age was more inclined to atheism than idolatry and because virtually all the Christian world—Catholics, Orthodox, and Lutherans—worshiped Christ as bodily present in the Sacrament. In three recent councils between 1639 and 1672, the Orthodox Churches had accepted the term transubstantiation and condemned Calvinist teaching on the Eucharist. Stranger still, the accusation of idolatry was being raised not by Puritans, but by Anglican churchmen and a Cavalier parliament. The first Test Act of 1673 (25 Charles II, c. 2) excluded Catholics from all civil and military employment under the Crown under penalty of £500 pounds and disability in law, unless they would take this oath against Transubstantiation: ‘I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the sacrament of the Lord's supper, or in the elements of bread and wine, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever’.

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Formentin, Sara Mizar. "Key Performance Indicators for the Upgrade of Existing Coastal Defense Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090994.

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Due to the effects of climate change on the sea levels and on the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, many coastal defense structures are expected to be exposed to increased loads with respect to their design conditions in the near future and need to be upgraded. Often, several design alternatives are available, and the identification of the ideal solution is not straightforward. Solutions that are effective in reducing overtopping and ensuring hydraulic safety may reduce or compromise the structural performance. Solutions that are both hydraulically and structurally effective may be extremely expensive and/or environmentally harmful. Using consolidated techniques of Multi-criteria analysis, this contribution proposes a simple methodology to consistently compare and rank the performance of several alternative approaches to upgrade existing structures, and to individuate the best solution. The proposed methodology consists of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of alternative solutions of upgrades, considering the reduction in the wave overtopping discharge (q) and the wave forces (F) by limiting costs and environmental impact. The definition of the KPIs was developed on the basis of new experimental data of q and F at dikes with crown walls and parapets, but it can be applied to various structure types, sea levels, and wave conditions. The application of the KPIs to the new experiments prompts a few conclusions of practical utility concerning the effectiveness of berms, crown walls, and parapets as elements to upgrade existing dikes.

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Sheehy, Elizabeth. "Expert evidence on coercive control in support of self-defence: The trial of Teresa Craig." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (September 20, 2017): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817733524.

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This article uses the transcripts from an abused woman’s trial in Canada for first-degree murder of her husband to explore the expert testimony provided by Dr Evan Stark to support a potential defence of self-defence. His evidence focused on coercive control theory and provoked extreme resistance from Crown prosecutors, such that self-defence was ultimately removed from the jury’s consideration. The trial illustrates the advantages and challenges of using coercive control theory as well as its future potential.

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Paine, T. D., and F. M. Stephen. "The relationship of tree height and crown class to the induced plant defenses of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2090–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-285.

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Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were inoculated with a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., at three heights to determine whether the trees responded to infection differently at each height. Loblolly pines responded to inoculation of this fungus by producing lesions of various dimensions. These were dissected and weighed. Lesions had the same weight at all three heights up the stem. However, the extent (or intensity) of reaction to fungal infection and wounding varied as a function of crown class of the tree. The influence of site quality on induced defenses may be assessed using this technique.

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Park, Woong June, Frank Hochholdinger, and Alfons Gierl. "Release of the benzoxazinoids defense molecules during lateral- and crown root emergence in Zea mays." Journal of Plant Physiology 161, no. 8 (August 2004): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.005.

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Petrusek, A., R. Tollrian, K. Schwenk, A. Haas, and C. Laforsch. "A "crown of thorns" is an inducible defense that protects Daphnia against an ancient predator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 7 (January 14, 2009): 2248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808075106.

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Aguirre, Rodolfo. "The Indians and Major Studies in New Spain: Monarchical Politics, Debates, and Results." Social Sciences 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040115.

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This article studies some stages and debates about the access of New Spain’s Indians to major studies: The discussion about their mental capacity in the 16th century, the impulse of Carlos II to the indigenous nobility in the 17th century, or the reticence in the Royal University of Mexico and the Church to their acceptance in the 18th century. It also analyzes the responses given by the Crown to the interest of the Indians elites in superior studies, degrees and public positions, protected by their rights as free vassals of the kingdom and as nobles, comparable to the Spanish nobility. Despite the insistent resistance of sectors of the colonial government and society to the rise of Indians, they firmly defended, in the 18th century, the rights and privileges granted to them by the monarchy since the beginning of New Spain, thereby achieving their entry into the university, colleges, and clergy.

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Pašeta, Senia. "Nationalist responses to two royal visits to Ireland, 1900 and 1903." Irish Historical Studies 31, no. 124 (November 1999): 488–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400014371.

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In July 1903 Maud Gonne hung a black petticoat from the window of her Dublin home, insulting her unionist neighbours and provoking what became known as ‘the battle of Coulson Avenue’. Aided by nationalist friends, athletes from Cumann na nGaedheal and her sturdy housekeeper, she defended her ‘flag’ against police and irate neighbours. Gonne’s lingerie — allegedly a mark of respect for the recently deceased pope — flew in stark and defiant contrast to the numerous Union Jacks which lined her street in honour of King Edward VII’s visit to Ireland. This episode heralded a month of spectacular protest which polarised nationalist opinion. Like the visit to Dublin of Queen Victoria in 1900, King Edward’s tour provoked both enormous public interest and rivalry between various Irish institutions which vied to express their loyalty to the crown. But the royal tours also instigated fierce debate within the nationalist community and highlighted the ever deepening rifts between constitutional nationalism and ‘advanced’ nationalism.

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San Vicente González de Aspuru, Jose Ignacio. "Nerón, auriga solar = Nero, solar auriga." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 15 (November 5, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3840.

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Resumen: Se analiza la trayectoria de Nerón como auriga. Esta actividad estaba mal considerada por relacionarse con ‘gente infame’, pero Nerón defendió su afición argumentando que la antigua tradición de la conducción de carros era propia de reyes y héroes. Su inclinación le venía de herencia familiar, ya que algunos Ahenobarbos habían practicado la conducción de carros. Nerón se preparó para este deporte y actuó en el circo como auriga. Lo hizo en un principio de manera privada, hasta que a partir del año 64 participó en espectáculos públicos. En su papel de conductor de carros de caballos terminó identificándose con Febo, el Sol, y se hizo representar en las monedas y esculturas con la corona radiada. Esta innovación tuvo éxito y el tocado solar permaneció en las imágenes monetales de los emperadores hasta el Bajo Imperio.Abstract: We analyze Nero´s trajectory as a charioteer. This activity was badly considered for being related to 'infamous people', but Nero defended his hobby by arguing that the ancient tradition of car driving was typical of kings and heroes. His interest came from family tradition, since some Ahenobarbi had practiced the driving of cars. Nero trained for this sport and performed in circus as a charioteer. At first he did it privately until 64 A.D., when he started to participate in public shows. In his role of horse carriages driver, he ended up identifying himself with Phoebus, the Sun, and was represented in coins and sculptures with the radiated crown. This innovation was successful and the headdress remained in monetary images of the emperors until the Late Empire.Palabras clave: Cuadriga, Apolo, Febo, Sol, Olimpia, Circo Máximo.Key words: Quadriga, Apollo, Phoebus, Sol, Olympia, Circus Maximus.

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Simonsen, Natasha. "Belhaj v. Straw & Rahmatullah (NO 1) v. Ministry of Defence (U.K. Sup. Ct.)." International Legal Materials 56, no. 5 (October 2017): 951–1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2017.35.

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In Belhaj & Rahmatullah (No 1) v. Straw & Ors, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom cleared the way for claims against British forces for complicity in acts of rendition and torture abroad to proceed to trial. The judgment in Belhaj was one of a trio of important judgments handed down on January 17, 2017, the other two concerning the doctrine of Crown act of state and the right to detain in noninternational armed conflicts. This Note considers only Belhaj, in which the Supreme Court rejected the arguments that the doctrines of state immunity and/or foreign act of state precluded U.K. courts from hearing the claims.

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Kagay, Donald J. "The Defense of the Crown of Aragon during the War of the Two Pedros (1356-1366)." Journal of Military History 71, no. 1 (2007): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0040.

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Kamya, Pamela Z., Maria Byrne, Benjamin Mos, Lauren Hall, and Symon A. Dworjanyn. "Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1856 (June 7, 2017): 20170778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0778.

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The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pH T levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/ p CO 2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.

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McHARDY, ALISON, and NICHOLAS ORME. "The Defence of an Alien Priory: Modbury (Devon) in the 1450s." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, no. 2 (April 1999): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046999001694.

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Alien priories, the small dependencies of foreign religious houses established in the years following the Norman Conquest, were partly thank-offerings for military success and partly civilising centres and reminders of home for England's new rulers. Their foundation in the newly-conquered lands mirrored the success of the Anglo-Normans in colonising the British Isles, since later examples were planted in southern Scotland and in Ireland too. In England their establishment dated from the late eleventh to the early thirteenth centuries. They passed out of existence over a time-scale which was almost as long, for from the late thirteenth century, during periods of Anglo-French war, they were under attack from the crown as alleged nests of spies and as exporters of wealth to the enemy. The consequent seizure of these small houses by the crown and their vigorous exploitation by the exchequer reduced monastic life in all these houses and extinguished it in many, so that the mother houses found it advantageous to sell smaller properties while some of the larger priories were prompted to seek denization. Such solutions are evident from the last two decades of the fourteenth century. Apparent landmarks in this process of disintegration and change prove, upon close inspection, to be illusory; neither the ‘expulsion’ of 1378 nor the Act of Dissolution of 1414 were such decisive moments in the history of these houses as was once thought. Instead, we may suggest, each of these small houses must be examined separately, for the later history of each was distinctive. The religious life was entirely extinguished in some, which had become merely manors, by the later fourteenth century. Courtiers under Edward III and Richard II acquired a number which they used for the endowment of new religious houses; the Carthusian order was an especial beneficiary. Henry V endowed his new foundation of Sheen with alien priories, while some others were used to augment the endowments of existing monasteries and even hospitals. Pontefract (Yorkshire), thanks to the good offices of John of Gaunt, became denizen in 1393.

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Guenther, J., K. Heimann, and R. de Nys. "Pedicellariae of the crown-of-thorns sea star Acanthaster planci are not an effective defence against fouling." Marine Ecology Progress Series 340 (2007): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps340101.

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Morrison, Karen Y. "Spanish Imperial Vassalage and the Social Reproduction of Slavery in Colonial Cuba." Journal of Global Slavery 3, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00303004.

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Abstract With the social reproduction of slavery in colonial Cuba as its center point, this essay draws on the recent historiographical acknowledgment of the way vassalage mediated the often starkly drawn social distinctions between whites and enslaved people within colonial Spanish America. Inside the region’s emergent, capitalist political economy, feudal vassalage continued to define each social sector’s rights and responsibilities vis-á-vis the Spanish Crown. The rights of enslaved vassals derived from their potential contributions to the Spanish monarchy’s imperial survival, in their capacity to populate the extensive empire with loyal Catholic subjects and potential military defenders. These concerns also justified the Spanish monarchial state’s ability to intervene between its slaveholding vassals and its enslaved vassals, by limiting private property rights over enslaved people and operating in ways that did not fully conform to capitalist profit motives. Awareness of such sovereign-vassal interdependencies challenges historians to broaden their understanding of the relationship between capitalism and slavery to include the remnants of feudal social-political forms, even into the nineteenth century.

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Park, Yong-Soon, and Choong-Min Ryu. "Inter-organ defense networking: Leaf whitefly sucking elicits plant immunity to crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens." Plant Signaling & Behavior 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): e1081325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1081325.

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Myrup, Erik Lars. "Kings, Colonies, and Councilors: Brazil and the Making of Portugal's Overseas Council, 1642-1833." Americas 67, no. 2 (October 2010): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500005447.

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In February 1724 two municipal councils (câmaras) in Brazil wrote to the Portuguese crown. Although presiding over the faraway cities of Belém do Pará and São Luís do Maranhão, they claimed the right to advise the king in matters of state. “[T]he first obligation of aldermen (vereadores),” they explained, “is to act as defenders of the cities and peoples that they represent, or in other words, to be councilors to the sovereign prince, … instructing him in what is necessary for the increase and conservation of the people.” In their capacity as councilors, the aldermen proposed a forty-point plan that would turn colonial administration in Amazonia on end. Among other changes, they recommended that missionaries should no longer have temporal jurisdiction over indigenous villages, that the power of overseas governors and justice ministers should be diminished, and that their own children and grandchildren should be given preferential treatment to serve in local positions. Concluding with a flourish, they promised that their recommendations would generate a “superabundance of wealth” and be inexpensive to boot, not costing a penny more than the price of paper (to print a royal decree).

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Pavlica, Z., M. Pogačnik, and Polona Juntes. "DEFENCE REACTION IN DENTAL PULP AFTER PULP CAPPING AND PARTIAL PULPECTOMY IN DOGS." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.48.2000.1.3.

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The dental pulp was capped indirectly or directly, or partial vital pulpectomy was performed on the 12 functionally most important teeth of 24 beagle dogs. For pulp capping, calcium hydroxide was used, followed by zinc phosphate as a lining, and the preparation was restored with amalgam or composite material. Histological sections were prepared and examined for degree and type of pulp inflammation (hyperaemia, pulpitis, necrosis or gangrene). Degenerative changes of dental pulp (vacuolation, calcification, amyloid or hyaline changes) were also determined. For indirect pulp capping the width of predentine in crown and root dental pulp was measured, and for direct pulp capping and partial pulpectomy (vital pulpotomy) the width and quality of the dentinal bridge were graded. The radical method of partial vital pulpectomy of the coronal part of the dental pulp in dogs produced better quality and continuity of the dentinal bridge than the less radical method of direct pulp capping. This was particularly obvious in small single root teeth such as incisors.

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Kthiri, Zayneb, Maissa Ben Jabeur, Fadia Chairi, Camilo López-Cristoffanini, Marta López-Carbonell, Maria Dolores Serret, Jose Luis Araus, Chahine Karmous, and Walid Hamada. "Exploring the Potential of Meyerozyma guilliermondii on Physiological Performances and Defense Response against Fusarium Crown Rot on Durum Wheat." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010052.

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Coating seeds with bio-control agents is a potentially effective approach to reduce the usage of pesticides and fertilizers applied and protect the natural environment. This study evaluated the effect of seed coating with Meyerozyma guilliermondii, strain INAT (MT731365), on seed germination, plant growth and photosynthesis, and plant resistance against Fusarium culmorum, in durum wheat under controlled conditions. Compared to control plants, seed coating with M. guilliermondii promoted the wheat growth (shoot and roots length and biomass), and photosynthesis and transpiration traits (chlorophyll, ɸPSII, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, etc.) together with higher nitrogen balance index (NBI) and lower flavonols and anthocyanins. At 21 days post infection with Fusarium, M. guilliermondii was found to reduce the disease incidence and the severity, with reduction rates reaching up to 31.2% and 30.4%, respectively, as well as to alleviate the disease damaging impact on photosynthesis and plant growth. This was associated with lower ABA, flavonols and anthocyanins, compared to infected control. A pivotal function of M. guilliermondii as an antagonist of F. culmorum and a growth promoter is discussed.

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Kthiri, Zayneb, Maissa Ben Jabeur, Fadia Chairi, Camilo López-Cristoffanini, Marta López-Carbonell, Maria Dolores Serret, Jose Luis Araus, Chahine Karmous, and Walid Hamada. "Exploring the Potential of Meyerozyma guilliermondii on Physiological Performances and Defense Response against Fusarium Crown Rot on Durum Wheat." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010052.

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Coating seeds with bio-control agents is a potentially effective approach to reduce the usage of pesticides and fertilizers applied and protect the natural environment. This study evaluated the effect of seed coating with Meyerozyma guilliermondii, strain INAT (MT731365), on seed germination, plant growth and photosynthesis, and plant resistance against Fusarium culmorum, in durum wheat under controlled conditions. Compared to control plants, seed coating with M. guilliermondii promoted the wheat growth (shoot and roots length and biomass), and photosynthesis and transpiration traits (chlorophyll, ɸPSII, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, etc.) together with higher nitrogen balance index (NBI) and lower flavonols and anthocyanins. At 21 days post infection with Fusarium, M. guilliermondii was found to reduce the disease incidence and the severity, with reduction rates reaching up to 31.2% and 30.4%, respectively, as well as to alleviate the disease damaging impact on photosynthesis and plant growth. This was associated with lower ABA, flavonols and anthocyanins, compared to infected control. A pivotal function of M. guilliermondii as an antagonist of F. culmorum and a growth promoter is discussed.

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Tang, James T. H. "From Empire Defence to Imperial Retreat: Britain's Postwar China Policy and the Decolonization of Hong Kong." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1994): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012427.

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Attempts to examine Hong Kong as an issue in British postwar colonial policy often emphasize the unique nature of the colony, and therefore a special case in British decolonization. Hong Kong has been regarded as an unconventional colonial entity, an anachronism in the modern world. But others argue that the word colony is not an appropriate term to describe it, except in the most severely technical legal sense, because of its spectacular industrial and economic development since the end of the Second World War. Nonetheless, Hong Kong has existed as a British crown colony since 1842, and its colonial political structures have remained more or less the same until the early 1980s. Hong Kong's special relations with China is an important factor making it an oddity in post-war British decolonization. Instead of becoming independent like most other British colonialterritories, Hong Kong's political future is linked to China. This situation of ‘decolonization without independence’ has been an important theme of academic analysis on the colony's political development.

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Robertson, Robyn, Ward Vanlaar, Herb Simpson, and Paul Boase. "Results from a national survey of Crown prosecutors and defense counsel on impaired driving in Canada: A “System Improvements” perspective." Journal of Safety Research 40, no. 1 (January 2009): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2008.12.001.

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Sangeetha, G., R. Thangavelu, S. Usha Rani, and A. Muthukumar. "Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants and induction of defense related compounds in banana fruits cv. Robusta against crown rot pathogens." Biological Control 64, no. 1 (January 2013): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.12.013.

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40

Randewich, Andrew, Rob Lock, Warren Garbett, and Dominic Bethencourt-Smith. "Inertial confinement fusion: a defence context." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2184 (October 12, 2020): 20200012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0012.

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Almost 30 years since the last UK nuclear test, it remains necessary regularly to underwrite the safety and effectiveness of the National Nuclear Deterrent. To do so has been possible to date because of the development of continually improving science and engineering tools running on ever more powerful high-performance computing platforms, underpinned by cutting-edge experimental facilities. While some of these facilities, such as the Orion laser, are based in the UK, others are accessed by international collaboration. This is most notably with the USA via capabilities such as the National Ignition Facility, but also with France where a joint hydrodynamics facility is nearing completion following establishment of a Treaty in 2010. Despite the remarkable capability of the science and engineering tools, there is an increasing requirement for experiments as materials age and systems inevitably evolve further from what was specifically trialled at underground nuclear tests (UGTs). The data from UGTs will remain the best possible representation of the extreme conditions generated in a nuclear explosion, but it is essential to supplement these data by realizing new capabilities that will bring us closer to achieving laboratory simulations of these conditions. For high-energy-density physics, the most promising technique for generating temperatures and densities of interest is inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Continued research in ICF by the UK will support the certification of the deterrent for decades to come; hence the UK works closely with the international community to develop ICF science. UK Ministry of Defence © Crown Owned Copyright 2020/AWE. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 1)'.

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Davis, Ryan S., Sharon Hood, and Barbara J. Bentz. "Fire-injured ponderosa pine provide a pulsed resource for bark beetles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 12 (December 2012): 2022–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-147.

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Bark beetles can cause substantial mortality of trees that would otherwise survive fire injuries. Resin response of fire-injured northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) and specific injuries that contribute to increased bark beetle attack susceptibility and brood production are unknown. We monitored ponderosa pine mortality and resin flow and bark beetle colonization and reproduction following a prescribed fire in Idaho and a wildfire in Montana. The level of fire-caused tree injury differed between the two sites, and the level of tree injury most susceptible to bark beetle attack and colonization also differed. Strip-attacked trees alive 3 years post-fire had lower levels of bole and crown injury than trees mass attacked and killed by bark beetles, suggesting that fire-injured trees were less well defended. Brood production of western pine beetle ( Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) did not differ between fire-injured and uninjured trees, although mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) brood production was low in both tree types, potentially due to competition with faster developing bark beetle species that also colonized trees. Despite a large number of live trees remaining at both sites, bark beetle response to fire-injured trees pulsed and receded within 2 years post-fire, potentially due to a limited number of trees that could be easily colonized.

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Gao, Xiang, Xing Lu, Man Wu, Haiyan Zhang, Ruqian Pan, Jiang Tian, Shuxian Li, and Hong Liao. "Co-Inoculation with Rhizobia and AMF Inhibited Soybean Red Crown Rot: From Field Study to Plant Defense-Related Gene Expression Analysis." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 19, 2012): e33977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033977.

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Martinson, S. J., A. A. Fernádez Ajó, A. S. Martínez, F. E. Krivak-Tetley, J. M. Villacide, M. P. Ayres, and J. C. Corley. "Attack rates ofSirex noctilioand patterns of pine tree defenses and mortality in northern Patagonia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000184.

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AbstractAccidental and intentional global movement of species has increased the frequency of novel plant–insect interactions. In Patagonia, the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, has invaded commercial plantations of North American pines. We compared the patterns of resin defenses andS. noctilio-caused mortality at two mixed-species forests near San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. We observed lower levels of resin flow and higher levels of mortality inPinus contortacompared withPinus ponderosa. In general,S. noctilioattacked trees with lower resin compared with neighboring trees. Resin production inP. ponderosawas not related to growth rates, but forP. contorta, slower growing trees produced less resin than faster growing conspecifics. For all infested trees, attack density and number of drills (ovipositor probes) per attack did not vary with resin production. Most attacks resulted in one or two drills. Attack rates and drills/attack were basically uniform across the bole of the tree except for a decrease in both drills/attack and attack density in the upper portion of the crown, and an increase in the attack density for the bottom 10% of the tree. Planted pines in Patagonia grow faster than their counterparts in North America, and produce less resin, consistent with the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis. Limited resin defenses may help to explain the high susceptibility ofP. contortato woodwasps in Patagonia.

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Ashrafyan, Konstantin Eduardovich. "The policy of Catholic Monarchs and Popes in the New World on the Christianization of the population and the policy of local authorities (1492–1513)." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101208.

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The aim was to study the attitude towards slavery and freedom for the natives of the open lands of America on the part of the Spanish Crown, on the one hand, and Christopher Columbus in 14911504, and then his son Diego Columbus, appointed governor of Hispaniola in 1508 and became viceroy of the West Indies, on the other. As a result, the texts of the bulls of Pope Alexander VI for May 3 and May 4, September 26, 1493, letters of Catholic Monarchs, letters of Christopher Columbus, letters and orders of Bobadilla and Nicholas Ovando and the events of 1511 in Hispaniola described in the book of Las Casas, as well as documents on the results of the work of the Junta of Burgos in 1512 and the Junta of Valladolid in 1513 were studied and analyzed. The study showed the true and humane attitude of Catholic Monarchs towards the natives of America and the emergence of laws under which the natives of America were granted freedom and equal rights with the Castilians. It also shows the policy of slavery and exploitation set up by the House of Columbus against the Indians, and the political battles with the defenders of the Indians from the Dominican Order, that made possible Burgos Laws of 1512 and their amendments Laws of Valladolid laws of 1513 and their consequences for the freedom and life of the natives.

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Elliot, Richard D. "The Effects of Predation Risk and Group Size On the Anti-Predator Responses of Nesting Lapwings Vanellusvanellus." Behaviour 92, no. 1-2 (1985): 168–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00433.

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The anti-predator responses of nesting lapwings were studied near Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, using taxidermy mounts of a carrion crow, great black-backed gull, and red fox pulled towards their nests. Lapwings appeared to respond to these dummies and to a control woodpigeon as they would to the live animals. Responses to nest predators that are relatively harmless to adult lapwings, represented by the crow, included initial investigative flights. These quickly changed to diving attacks, over 60% of which actually struck the dummy predator. In response to the fox, which is a threat to both the adults and the eggs, lapwings never made physical contact, but circled overhead, or attempted to lead or distract the predator on the ground. Responses to the fox were similar in daylight and darkness, but lapwings did not respond to the dummy crow at night. Both diving and distraction responses to the gull were observed. Thus the closeness of attack was inversely related to the risk that the live predator would have posed to the adults. The intensity of response to the dummy crow increased through the incubation period and breeding season, as predicted on the basis of a decreasing difference between the reproductive value of the adults and the clutch they were protecting, resulting in the defenders under-taking increasingly greater risks. Both the number of lapwings responding to the crow, and the distances from the nest at which high intensity responses occurred, increased with the size of the nesting aggregation, ranging from one to five pairs, but not with the number of birds present prior to the experiment. Both these effects should lead to a higher probability of successfully repelling a crow with increasing group size. The area in which diving attacks occurred extended to 40-60 m from the nest in larger groups. Neither relationship was found in experiments with the dummy fox, in which all high intensity responses were performed by one adult only. Nesting in loose aggregations thus seems to enhance the effectiveness of the lapwings' responses to nest predators such as crows, but not to more dangerous predators such as the fox.

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Lupton, John A. "Prairie Defender." Annals of Iowa 77, no. 1 (January 2018): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12455.

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Lupton, John A. "Prairie Defender." Annals of Iowa 77, no. 1 (January 2018): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/.12455.

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Seppa, Nathan. "Homegrown Defender." Science News 169, no. 23 (June 10, 2006): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4019234.

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Greb, G. A. "Missile Defender." Science 256, no. 5059 (May 15, 1992): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5059.1043.

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Abramson, Seth. "Public Defender." Iowa Review 36, no. 3 (December 2006): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6241.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Defender Of The Crown'

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