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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Defense mechanisms

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Academic literature on the topic 'Defense mechanisms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

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Bogutyn, Tomasz, Janusz Pałczyński, Andrzej Kokoszka, and Paweł Holas. "Defense Mechanisms in Alexithymia." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.183.

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The Polish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire were completed by 387 university students. Scores on alexithymia correlate significantly with scores on the whole group of 12 immature defenses (Pearson r = .39, p<.001) and with scores on such individual immature defense mechanisms as Autistic Fantasy ( r = .39), Somatization ( r = .37), Projection ( r = .32), and Displacement ( r = .32). These results support other findings indicating that alexithymia is significantly associated with immature ego defenses.

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Fatima Akram and Mahwesh Arooj Naz. "Ego defense mechanisms, medication adherence and self-management of the patients with type 2 diabetes." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.706.

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Objective: To explore relationship involving Ego Defence Mechanism, Medication Adherence and Self-Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The cross-sectional co-relational study was conducted at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2017 to November 2018, and comprised diabetics aged 25-55 years. Other than demographic information, data was collected using the Urdu versions of the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Medication Adherence Scale, and the Diabetic Self-management Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) each were females and males. Mature defence mechanisms, like sublimation, suppression and humour, were significant predictors of self-management (p<0.001), and mature defence mechanism, like sublimation, was a significant predictor of medication adherence (p<0.05). Females were high on neurotic defence mechanism, like pseudo-altruism, compared to the males (p=0.001). Conclusion: Medication adherence and self-management were found to be dependent on mature defence mechanisms. Key Words: Ego defence mechanisms, Medication adherence, Self-management, Immature defences, Mature defences, Neurotic defences. Continuous...

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Cramer, Phebe. "IQ and Defense Mechanisms Assessed with the TAT." Rorschachiana 36, no. 1 (April 2015): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000058.

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Abstract. The concept of defense mechanism has a long history in psychoanalysis and clinical psychopathology. The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem. To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual ( Cramer, 1991a ) – has been developed and validated. Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method. The article presents examples of TAT stories that have been coded for defense use. These show how defense use changes after a period of psychotherapy, and how defenses change with age. Evidence for reliability and validity is provided, both from correlational and experimental studies. The remainder of the paper focuses on the relation between the use of defense mechanisms and intelligence. Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ. Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as psychiatric symptom change, level of Ego Development, and Big Five personality traits.

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Thobaben, Marshelle. "Defense Mechanisms and Defense Levels." Home Health Care Management & Practice 17, no. 4 (June 2005): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822304274097.

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Berzonsky, Michael, and Andrew Kinney. "Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms." Polish Psychological Bulletin 39, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-008-0022-7.

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Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms To investigate relationships between identity processing styles and patterns of defense mechanisms, 213 participants (Mean age = 23.01 years) completed measures of defense-mechanism clusters and styles of negotiating (or managing to avoid) identity conflicts and threats (64% of the participants were female). A self-exploratory, informational identity style was associated with defense mechanisms that control anxiety and threats via internal cognitive maneuvers. In contrast, a diffuse-avoidant identity style was found to be related to maladaptive defensive maneuvers including turning against others and turning aggression inward against oneself, which is related to depressive reactions. A foreclosing, normative identity style was associated with defenses that limit awareness of threatening ideas and information by denial, distortion, and negation. None of these relationships was qualified by age or gender. The findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development that emphasizes social-cognitive differences in how individuals construct, maintain, and reconstruct their self-identity.

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Cramer, Phebe. "Understanding Defense Mechanisms." Psychodynamic Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (December 2015): 523–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523.

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Said, Hyder, and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 32, no. 6 (November 2016): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0000000000000316.

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Palileo, Coleen, and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 27, no. 6 (November 2011): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e32834b3fcb.

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Sessler, Daniel I. "Thermoregulatory defense mechanisms." Critical Care Medicine 37, Supplement (July 2009): S203—S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181aa5568.

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Waterer, Grant W. "Airway Defense Mechanisms." Clinics in Chest Medicine 33, no. 2 (June 2012): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.03.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

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Traylor, Pamina. "Defense mechanisms /." Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12151.

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Holloway, Laurin Nicole. "Host Defense Mechanisms Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1245878489.

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Esparza, Jana Scoville. "Validating the Rorschach Defense Scale by Examining Defensive Functioning in College Students." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501158/.

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This study attempted to provide validation for Lerner and Lerner's Rorschach Defense Scale by investigating the relationship between primitive defenses as measured by the Rorschach Defense Scale, level of object relations as measured by the Developmental Analysis of the Concept of the Object Scale, and characteristic defensive operations as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed the Rorschach and MMPI, and the RDS and DACOS were applied to their Rorschach responses. The results show a significant positive correlation between use of primitive defenses and level of object relations development -and a significant negative correlation between the defense Projective Identification and MMPI scale 6 (Paranoia) elevation. Overall, these results did not support the validity of the RDS.

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MacGregor, Michael William. "Ego mechanisms of defense revisited, the relation of defense profiles to personality and health." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ57356.pdf.

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Fried, Limor. "Social defense mechanisms : tools for reclaiming our personal space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33151.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 67).
In contemporary Western society, electronic devices are becoming so prevalent that many people find themselves surrounded by technologies they find frustrating or annoying. The electronics industry has little incentive to address this complaint; I designed two counter-technologies to help people defend their personal space from unwanted electronic intrusion. Both devices were designed and prototyped with reference to the culture-jamming "Design Noir" philosophy. The first is a pair of glasses that darken whenever a television is in view. The second is low- power RF jammer capable of preventing cell phones or similarly intrusive wireless devices from operating within a user's personal space. By building functional prototypes that reflect equal consideration of technical and social issues, I identify three attributes of Noir products: Personal empowerment, participation in a critical discourse, and subversion.
by Limor Fried.
M.Eng.

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Jakobsson, Tina. "The Defense Mechanisms of Moll Flanders : A Psychoanalytical Essay." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35152.

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The essay analyzes how and why Moll Flanders’s childhood created mental and emotional patterns that would come to shape her personality and affect her behavior. The analysis will use psychoanalytical theories by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan to discern what defense mechanisms and desires Moll developed in childhood and how these presented themselves throughout her life. The essay concludes that she has a fear of abandonment and intimacy and that she uses denial and sublimation to repress anxiety and guilt. Moll’s core desire is to find stability, which is why she continuously strives for financial security due to equating money to comfort and safety. She sublimates her unconscious desire to replace her childhood caretakers and her repressed fears of annihilation by finding new men to take care of her. However, Moll’s unconscious keeps causing her to repeat negative behavioral patterns which trap her in cycles of fortune and misfortune.

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Scheiding, Victoria [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.

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Scheiding, Victoria Madeleine [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.

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Rose-Martel, Megan. "Innate Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Defense Associated with the Avian Eggshell." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32299.

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During the course of evolution, the avian egg has developed multiple physical and chemical barriers in order to resist microbial challenges. These barriers are essential for the successful reproduction of avian species as well as to maintain safe and nutritious food for human consumption of the table egg. The calcified eggshell is a biomineralized barrier with an integrated organic matrix containing antimicrobial proteins, a hallmark of sophisticated biological structures. Calcium carbonate is deposited onto the outer shell membranes to form the calcified mammillary, palisade and vertical crystal layers; the final layer to be deposited is the outer eggshell cuticle. In this thesis, mass spectrometry-based technology was used to investigate the proteome of the outer cuticle, the mammillary cones and the shell membranes in order to gain insight into biomineralization and antimicrobial functions of the avian eggshell. Proteomics analysis of the eggshell cuticle revealed multiple antimicrobial proteins, supporting the hypothesis that the outermost cuticle layer is the first barrier against invading pathogens. The two most abundant cuticle proteins identified are similar to Kunitz-like protease inhibitor (ovocalyxin-25) and ovocalyxin-32. Multiple antimicrobial proteins were also revealed to be associated with the shell membrane fibres. Among the most abundant proteins were lysozyme C, avian β-defensin-11, ovotransferrin, ovocalyxin-36 and gallin. The biomineralized shell is also an important physical barrier against invading pathogens. Proteomics analysis of the mammillary cones, the initiation sites for shell calcification, revealed several candidate proteins involved in calcitic biomineralization. Promising candidates include nucleobindin-2 and SPARC, two calcium binding proteins previously shown to modulate mineralization. In-depth analysis of the comprehensive proteomes generated by this study revealed the presence of histones in the shell membranes, shell and cuticle compartments. Histones are cationic antimicrobial peptides, which are key molecules of the innate immune defense system of many species. This thesis reports the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of histones extracted from avian erythrocytes against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results suggest that the underlying antimicrobial mechanism is based on the interaction between histones and lipopolysaccharides / lipoteichoic acids, which are negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes. Histones also inhibit the growth of Gram-positive biofilms; the minimal biofilm eradication concentrations were determined for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Sensitive proteomics analyses have provided great insight into the protein constituents of the eggshell matrix, with two primary roles in the innate immune defense of the egg: regulation of calcitic biomineralization and antimicrobial protection. Further research on these proteins and their functions can provide a new focus for selective breeding programs looking to enhance the egg’s natural defenses, or provide inspiration for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as the histones.

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Warren, Michelle. "Defense mechanisms as moderators of trauma symptomatology in maltreated adolescents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ61691.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

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International Council of E-Commerce Consultants. Threats and defense mechanisms. Clifton Park, NY: Course Technology Cengage Learning, 2010.

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1940-, Chow Ching Kuang, ed. Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Boca Raton, Florida: C.R.C. Press, 1988.

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1940-, Chow Ching Kuang, ed. Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1988.

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M, Olff, Godaert G, and Ursin Holger, eds. Quantification of human defence mechanisms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Ihilevich, David. Defense mechanisms: Their classification, correlates, and measurement with the defense mechanisms inventory. Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1993.

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C, Gleser Goldine, ed. Defense mechanisms: Their classification, correlates, and measurement with the defense mechanisms inventory. Owosso [Mich.] (615 Clark Ave., Owosso 48867): DMI Associates, 1986.

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7

Fritig, Bernard, and Michel Legrand, eds. Mechanisms of Plant Defense Responses. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1737-1.

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Cramer, Phebe. The Development of Defense Mechanisms. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9025-1.

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Větvička, Václav, and Petr Šíma. Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8835-6.

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Bernard, Fritig, Legrand Michel, and European Foundation for Plant Pathology. Conference, eds. Mechanisms of plant defense responses. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

1

Vaillant, George E. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1024–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1372.

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Hollway, Wendy. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, 378–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_70.

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 629–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_495.

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Benton, Janet G. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 478–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_789.

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Vaillant, George E. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1372-1.

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Levesque, Roger J. R. "Defense Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 908–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_495.

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Hong, Chen. "Defense Mechanisms." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6000-2_290-1.

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Leigh, Hoyle, and Morton F. Reiser. "Psychological Defense Mechanisms." In The Patient, 77–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4955-6_5.

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Furnham, Adrian. "Organizational defense mechanisms." In Management Mumbo-Jumbo, 107–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230626591_41.

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Zaleznik, Abraham. "Mechanisms of Defense." In Executive’s Guide to Understanding People, 85–110. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230103153_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

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Wang, Lu-Yi. "Defense mechanisms ofPachyrhynchusweevils." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112480.

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Ranekar, Anup P., and A. R. Bhagat Patil. "Survey of DOS defense mechanisms." In 2015 International Conference on Innovations in Information,Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciiecs.2015.7193058.

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Bedford, R. G., M. Kolesik, J. L. A. Chilla, M. K. Reed, T. R. Nelson, and J. V. Moloney. "Power-limiting mechanisms in VECSELs." In Defense and Security, edited by Andrew R. Pirich, Michael J. Hayduk, Eric J. Donkor, and Peter J. Delfyett, Jr. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.607428.

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Tasevski, Igor, and Kire Jakimoski. "Overview of SQL Injection Defense Mechanisms." In 2020 28th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/telfor51502.2020.9306676.

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Meftah, M., A. Irbah, R. Le Letty, M. Barré, S. Pasquarella, M. Bokaie, A. Bataille, and G. Poiet. "Mechanisms for space applications." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.917580.

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Das, Resul, Abubakar Karabade, and Gurkan Tuna. "Common network attack types and defense mechanisms." In 2015 23th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7130435.

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Webber, Franklin, Partha Pal, Paul Rubel, and Michael Atighetchi. "An abstract interface for cyber-defense mechanisms." In the 4th annual workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1413140.1413183.

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Amirtahmasebi, K., S. R. Jalalinia, and S. Khadem. "A survey of SQL injection defense mechanisms." In 2009 4th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitst.2009.5402604.

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Shah, Sanket B., Param Raval, Harin Khakhi, and Mehul S. Raval. "Frequency Centric Defense Mechanisms against Adversarial Examples." In MM '21: ACM Multimedia Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3475724.3483610.

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Gelbard, Friedrich, Christian Brandstatter, Klaus Doblhammer, Isabella Hinterleitner, Stefan Kohlhauser, Zsofia Kovacs, and Heimo Zeilinger. "Comparison of technical filter mechanisms and defense mechanisms of the human mind." In AFRICON 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6071985.

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Reports on the topic "Defense mechanisms"

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Larabell, Carolyn A. Self-Defense Mechanisms of Normal Breast Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458247.

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Baldo, James, and Craig A. Will. Strategy and Mechanisms for Encouraging Reuse in the Acquisition of Strategic Defense Initiative Software. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239727.

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Sordillo, Lorraine, Don Wojchowski, Gary Perdew, Arthur Saran, and Gabriel Leitner. Identification of Staphylococcus aureaus Virulence Factors Associated with Bovine Mastitis. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574340.bard.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The organism is able to adhere to and penetrate mammary epithelium, forming deep seated abscesses that result in chronic infections. This study was based on the observation that certain genotypes of S. aureus are isolated more frequently from field cases of bovine mastitis than others and the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus have an increased ability to resist neutrophil phagocytosis and killing compared to the rare variants. It was hypothesized that these predominating genotypes differentially express virulence factors that allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which predominating S. aureus genotypes were able to resist mammary gland defense mechanisms. The following specific aims were accomplished to address the overall objectives of this project: 1. Analyze and compare cell surface and secreted protein profiles of common and rare S. aureus genotypes isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis. 2. Purify and sequence selectively synthesized proteins unique to the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus . 3. Determine the in vitro effects of isolated proteins on essential host defense mechanisms. Results from each specific aim showed that these redominating genotypes differentially express factors that may allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. Using complementary approaches, both the US and Israeli teams identified differentially expressed S. aureus factors that were positively correlated with virulence as determined by the ability to modify host immune cell responses and increase disease pathogenesis. Several candidate virulence factors have ben identified at both the molecular (US team) and protein (Israeli team) levels. Components of the phosphotransferase system were shown to be differentially expressed in prevalent strains of S. aureus and to modify the growth potential of these strains in a milk microenvironment. Evidence provided by both the Israeli and US teams also demonstrated a potential role of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Certain enterotoxins were shown to directly affect neutrophil bactericidal activities which can profoundly affect the establishment of new intramammary infections. Other evidence suggests that S. aureus superantigens can suppress mammary defenses by enhancing lymphoid suppressor cell activity. Collectively, these data suggest that unique factors are associated with predominating S. aureus genotypes that can affect in vitro and in vivo virulence as related to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The potential development of a subunit mastitis vaccine which incorporates only relevant antigenic determinants has not been investigated in depth. Experiments outlined in this proposal has identified putative virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis and which may be used to formulate an efficacious subunit mastitis vaccine. Results from these studies may lead to the development of new methods to prevent this costly disease, providing a viable alternative to less effective mastitis control procedures based on chemotherapy.

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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.

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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.

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Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.

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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.

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Brown Horowitz, Sigal, Eric L. Davis, and Axel Elling. Dissecting interactions between root-knot nematode effectors and lipid signaling involved in plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598167.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogynespp., are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. Safety and environmental concerns related to the toxicity of nematicides along with a lack of natural resistance sources threaten most crops in Israel and the U.S. This emphasizes the need to identify genes and signal mechanisms that could provide novel nematode control tactics and resistance breeding targets. The sedentary root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogynespp. secrete effectors in a spatial and temporal manner to interfere with and mimic multiple physiological and morphological mechanisms, leading to modifications and reprogramming of the host cells' functions, resulted in construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. For successful parasitism, many effectors act as immunomodulators, aimed to manipulate and suppress immune defense signaling triggered upon nematode invasion. Plant development and defense rely mainly on hormone regulation. Herein, a metabolomic profiling of oxylipins and hormones composition of tomato roots were performed using LC-MS/MS, indicating a fluctuation in oxylipins profile in a compatible interaction. Moreover, further attention was given to uncover the implication of WRKYs transcription factors in regulating nematode development. In addition, in order to identify genes that might interact with the lipidomic defense pathway induced by oxylipins, a RNAseq was performed by exposing M. javanicasecond-stage juveniles to tomato protoplast, 9-HOT and 13-KOD oxylipins. This transcriptome generated a total of 4682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Being interested in effectors, we seek for DEGs carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among the DEGs including signal peptide, several had homology with known effectors in other nematode species, other unknown potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematodes' effectors which might interact with lipid signaling. The molecular interaction of LOX proteins with the Cyst nematode effectors illustrate the nematode strategy in manipulating plant lipid signals. The function of several other effectors in manipulating plant defense signals, as well as lipids signals, weakening cell walls, attenuating feeding site function and development are still being studied in depth for several novel effectors. As direct outcome of this project, the accumulating findings will be utilized to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing critical life-cycle phases of the parasitic M. incognita RKN, thereby facilitating design of effective controls based on perturbation of nematode behavior—without producing harmful side effects. The knowledge from this study will promote genome editing strategies aimed at developing nematode resistance in tomato and other nematode-susceptible crop species in Israel and the United States.

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Stanton, G. J., and T. K. Hughes. The Effects of Orally Applied and Systemic Interferon and Cytokines on Hormonal and Host Defense Mechanisms of Virus-Infected Mice. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada292762.

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Burdman, S., E. Welbaum, R. Walcott, and B. Zhao. erial fruit blotch, elucidating the mechanisms of fruit infection by Acidovorax citrulli. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134162.bard.

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Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli. BFB affects cucurbit production worldwide, and mainly watermelon and melon. Most A. citrulli strains are divided into two genetically differentiated groups: while group I strains have been mainly associated with melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. Like many Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria, A. citrulli relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for pathogenicity. The T3SS is responsible for direct secretion of bacterial protein effectors to the host cell. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) contribute to virulence through manipulation of the host cell metabolism and suppression of plant defense. Our previous collaboration showed that group I and II strains significantly differ in their T3E arsenal (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Phytopathology 2014, 104:1152-1162). Using comparative genomics, we also showed that group I and II strains of A. citrulli have substantial differences in their genome content (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7:430). Our long-term goals are to identify the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence and host preferential association of the two major groups of A. citrulli, and to exploit these insights to develop effective BFB management strategies. We hypothesize that differences in the arsenal of T3Es, are greatly responsible for the differences in host preferential association between strains belonging to the two groups. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) to investigate the susceptibility of cucurbit species to group I and II strains under field conditions; (2) to assess the contribution of T3Es and other virulence factors to A. citrulli virulence and host preference; and (3) to characterize the mechanisms of action of selected T3Es of A. citrulli. In the frame of objective 1, we carried out three field experiments involving inoculation of several cucurbit crops (watermelon, melon, pumpkin and squash) with group I and II strains. Findings from these experiments confirmed that A. citrulli strains exhibit a preference for watermelon and melon. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time under field conditions, host-preferential association of group I and II strains to melon and watermelon, respectively. While host-preferential association was observed in leaves and in fruit tissues, it was more pronounced in the latter. In this part of the project we also developed a duplex PCR assay to differentiate between group I and II strains. In the frame of objective 2, we employed a multifaceted approach combining bioinformatics and experimental methods to elucidate the T3E arsenal of A. citrulli. These experiments led to discovery that A. citrulli strains possess large arsenals with more than 60 T3E genes. Remarkably, we found that ~15% of the T3E genes are group-specific. Advances were achieved on the contribution of selected T3E genes and other virulence determinants to the ability of A. citrulli to colonize the fruit and other tissues of melon and watermelon. Last, in the frame of objective 3, we advanced our understanding on the mode of action of few key T3Es of A. citrulli. We also optimized a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in melon and watermelon. This system will allow us to test melon and watermelon genes that may have defense or susceptibility roles related to BFB disease. Overall, this collaboration substantially enriched our knowledge on basic aspects of BFB disease. We believe that the fruits of this collaboration will greatly contribute to our ultimate goal, which is generation of durable resistance of melon and watermelon to A. citrulli.

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Wood, Steven M., Jeffrey S. Kennedy, Ronald Shippee, and Joanne Arsenault. The Effects of a Nutrient-Enriched Bar on Host Defense Mechanisms and Immunogenicity of Hepatitis A Vaccine During US Army Ranger Training. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada375296.

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Wood, Steven M., Jeffrey S. Kennedy, Ronald Shippee, and Joanne Arsenault. The Effects of a Nutrient-Enriched Bar on Host Defense Mechanisms and Immunogenicity of Hepatitis a Vaccine During US Army Ranger Training. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada378619.

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