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1
Esparza, Jana Scoville. "Validating the Rorschach Defense Scale by Examining Defensive Functioning in College Students." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501158/.
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This study attempted to provide validation for Lerner and Lerner's Rorschach Defense Scale by investigating the relationship between primitive defenses as measured by the Rorschach Defense Scale, level of object relations as measured by the Developmental Analysis of the Concept of the Object Scale, and characteristic defensive operations as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed the Rorschach and MMPI, and the RDS and DACOS were applied to their Rorschach responses. The results show a significant positive correlation between use of primitive defenses and level of object relations development -and a significant negative correlation between the defense Projective Identification and MMPI scale 6 (Paranoia) elevation. Overall, these results did not support the validity of the RDS.
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Biernbaum, Mark Aaron. "Attachment style, defense mechanisms, sex, and psychopathological symptom severity : a self-organizational perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9113.
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Williams, Lynley. "Turning against the self a literature review with clinical illustrations : dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Science, Auckland University of Technology, January 2005 /." Abstract Full dissertation, 2005.
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Demitrack, Elise. "Mechanisms of Gastric Defense against Luminal Acid and Helicobacter pylori." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1275937800.
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Knox, Dayan. "Nucleus basalis cholinergic lesions and defense responses." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127235519.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 103 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-103). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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McNiel, Patrick D. "Implicit and explicit measures." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28132.
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Sadler, Lyn M. "Ego Mechanisms of Defense among Child Victims of Sexual Abuse: a TAT Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278379/.
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Using the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991), Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories of 29 sexually abused female subjects and 28 non-abused female clinical control subjects were rated for the frequency of use of denial, projection, and identification.
8
Petraglia, Jonathan. "Defense mechanisms in psychotheraphy: an examination of the therapeutic techniques employed by therapists in-session." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=122971.
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Psychodynamic psychotherapy emphasizes the unconscious aspects of experience in the therapeutic process. Within this theoretical framework lie unconscious mental processes that aim to protect an individual from unwanted thoughts, emotions, and anxiety referred to as defense mechanisms. Research has shown that defense mechanisms are both an empirically robust and clinically meaningful construct (e.g., Hentschel, Smith, Draguns, & Ehlers, 2004). This thesis presents research that aims to study the intersection of therapeutic technique and defense mechanisms in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The thesis is divided into 5 chapters and includes three manuscripts. The first manuscript reviews and synthesizes the body of work pertaining to defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic literature with an emphasis on how these sources can subsequently inform the direction of empirical research studies in psychodynamic research. Consensus meetings with other researchers were used to organize, reorder, and integrate findings; this resulted in the construction of a table of "principles" that represent the conclusions of the first study. Psychoanalytic thinkers consistently identified one of these principles, defense interpretation depth, as an important clinical axiom. In Manuscripts 2 and 3, two empirical investigations that examined this principle are presented. The first empirical study compared low-alliance and high-alliance sessions for a sample of patients seen in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (40 sessions). The results indicated that while overall defensive functioning (ODF) was similar in the two alliance groups, therapists tended to make "deeper" defense interpretations in those sessions identified as low-alliance sessions. The second empirical study also examined defense interpretation depth; however, in this case the moment-to-moment therapist-patient interactions were examined using lag sequential analysis. Results indicated that defense interpretation depth followed a predictable pattern in low-alliance sessions. These results are discussed and implications for future research and practice are explored.La psychothérapie psychodynamique met l'accent sur les aspects inconscients de l'expérience dans le processus thérapeutique. Dans ce cadre théorique, se trouvent des processus mentaux inconscients qui visent à protéger l'individu des pensées indésirables, des émotions et l'anxiété, appelés mécanismes de défense. La recherche a montré que les mécanismes de défense sont à la fois une construction empirique robuste et cliniquement significative (Hentschel, Smith, Draguns, & Ehlers, 2004). Cette thèse présente une recherche qui vise à étudier l'intersection de la technique thérapeutique et des mécanismes de défense en psychothérapie psychodynamique. La thèse est divisée en cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre examine et synthétise l'ensemble des travaux portant sur les mécanismes de défense de la littérature psychodynamique avec un accent sur la façon dont ces sources peuvent ensuite influencer la direction des études empiriques dans la recherche psychodynamique. Des réunions de consensus avec d'autres chercheurs ont été utilisées pour organiser, réorganiser et intégrer les résultats. Celà permit la construction d'un tableau de «principes» qui présente les conclusions de la première étude. Les experts psychanalytiques identifient systématiquement l'un de ces principes, la profondeur de l'interprétation de la défense, comme un axiome clinique importante. La prochaine étape, chapitres deux et trois, comprend deux études empiriques qui ont examiné ce principe. La première étude empirique a comparé des séances « d'alliance faible » et de « grande alliance » pour un échantillon de patients vus en psychothérapie psychodynamique à court terme (40 séances). Les résultats ont indiqué que, bien que le fonctionnement défensif global (ODF) fût similaire dans les deux groupes de l'alliance, les thérapeutes ont tendance à «approfondir» les interprétations de la défense de ces séances identifiées comme séances « alliance faible ». La deuxième étude empirique a également examiné la profondeur de l'interprétation de la défense, mais dans ce cas, les interactions patient-thérapeute d'un moment à l'autre ont été examinées en utilisant une analyse séquentielle. De même pour l'autre étude, les résultats ont indiqué que la profondeur d'interprétation de la défense a suivi une tendance prévisible dans les séances « alliance faible ». Ces résultats sont discutés et les implications pour la recherche et la pratique future sont explorées.
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Mnguni, Peliwe Pelisa. "Mutuality, reciprocity and mature relatedness a psychodynamic perspective on sustainability /." Swinburne Research Bank, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/22485.
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Thesis (PhD) - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008.Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-236).
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Tweeten, Susan D. "Coping Strategies of Urban Pre-Adolescent Children When Faced with Teasing Insults." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396717199.
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Poteau, Stephen Rene. "Implicit Cognition and Terror Management Theory: The Utility of Indirect Measurement In Understanding Death-Related Defense Mechanisms." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/47365.
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PsychologyPh.D.
The current paper was an attempt to study the defense mechanisms of terror management theory (TMT) via implicit cognition/indirect measures. In Study 1, an American and Foreign Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) and an American-Foreign Implicit Association Test (IAT) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward patriotism in an attempt to predict the worldview defense of patriotism in the TMT paradigm. It was hypothesized that these indirect measures would be predictive of the occurrence and strength of the worldview defense among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. The cultural worldview defense commonly found in TMT did not arise, which precluded testing the efficacy of indirect measures as predictors. Explanations as to why the worldview defense did not arise and modifications to the design of the study are proffered. In Study 2, the automaticity of the self-esteem bolstering construct postulated by TMT was examined via an indirect measure of self-esteem (i.e., the self-esteem SC-IAT) and a measure of state self-esteem (i.e., the modified Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). It was hypothesized that these measures of self-esteem would capture automatic self-esteem bolstering among participants primed with thoughts of mortality and not control participants. Both measures of self-esteem failed to capture the automaticity of the appearance of self-esteem bolstering following a mortality salience manipulation. Explanations for the lack of detection of self-esteem bolstering and suggestions for future research into the self-esteem bolstering construct within the TMT paradigm are discussed. Finally, factors central to the successful incorporation of indirect measures into the TMT paradigm are addressed.
Temple University--Theses
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Patrick, Rachel Lynn. "Defense Mechanisms and Social Anxiety as Risk Factors for College Alcohol Abuse and Binge Drinking." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1114092616.
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McMahan, Ethan A. "Values and mortality salience the moderating effects of value orientation on cultural worldview defense /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400968231&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Grudtner, Roberta Rossi. "Estudo da contratransferência e sua associação com características do paciente em psicoterapia de orientação analítica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18501.
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Introdução: O conceito de contratransferência (CT) sofreu considerável evolução desde sua formulação inicial. Originalmente, a CT foi conceituada como um obstáculo ao tratamento devendo ser superado. Esta visão restrita se amplia, no decorrer dos últimos 100 anos, considerando as reações contratransferenciais uma criação conjunta entre analista e paciente, tornando-se, quando adequadamente utilizado, um valioso instrumento diagnóstico e terapêutico. Atualmente, a centralidade da CT na prática clínica é incontestável, correlacionando-se com a transferência, paralelamente, às vezes, induzindo-a e, para alguns, precedendo-a. De acordo com a literatura, reações contratransferenciais têm implicações no processo terapêutico e podem influenciar no desfecho do tratamento psicoterápico. Portanto, analisar empiricamente as associações entre sentimentos do terapeuta e fatores do paciente pode ampliar o conhecimento desta questão clínica e teórica extremamente relevante na psicanálise e na psicoterapia psicodinâmica contemporâneas. Método: Este estudo avaliou a CT e sua associação com características do paciente em psicoterapia de orientação analítica, delineamento transversal com amostra consecutiva, composta por 86 pares terapêuticos do Ambulatório de Psicoterapia de Orientação Analítica do Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, avaliação multiaxial e estilo defensivo dos pacientes. A Escala de Avaliação da Contratransferência (EACT), questionário autoaplicável que lista 23 sentimentos distribuídos nas dimensões de aproximação, afastamento e indiferença, foi utilizada para aferir a CT no início, meio e final da sessão. Resultados: Observou-se que gênero, renda, estado civil, Eixo IV e GAF da avaliação multiaxial correlacionaram-se com a CT. A associação entre padrões contratransferenciais e estas características pode refletir a influência do paciente na experiência subjetiva do terapeuta. Não se evidenciou, nesta amostra, correlação de sentimentos contratransferenciais com idade, escolaridade e estilo defensivo do paciente. Além disso, a presença de diagnóstico nos eixos I, II e III da avaliação multiaxial não se associou com a CT. Estes resultados, de acordo com estudos empíricos, podem sugerir a contribuição questionável dos transtornos psiquiátricos clínicos e dos transtornos de personalidade com sentimentos contratransferenciais específicos. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram um predomínio de sentimentos de aproximação, com aumento da intensidade no decorrer da sessão. Pode se inferir que houve diminuição da ansiedade inicial dos terapeutas, possibilitando maior contato emocional e ampliação da sua capacidade empática. Ou seja, evidenciou-se empiricamente que em cada sessão o terapeuta vive um processo de aproximação gradativa com o paciente. Conclusão: Há sentimentos contratransferenciais comuns associados a determinadas características dos pacientes em psicoterapia de orientação analítica. A CT do terapeuta constitui parte inevitável de cada encontro analítico. Através dos afetos contratransferenciais, o terapeuta percebe o que seu paciente sente, inferindo sua realidade psíquica. Portanto, o terapeuta utiliza a si próprio como instrumento de compreensão. Assim, a busca pelo terapeuta das fontes de seus sentimentos contratransferenciais possibilita o manejo adequado e efetivo da CT, promovendo o processo terapêutico. Este estudo possui limitações que comprometem a generalização dos resultados, sendo imperioso destacar a necessidade de pesquisas futuras através de estudos empíricos controlados para ampliar o conhecimento nesta área de grande relevância na prática de psicanalistas e psicoterapeutas.Introduction: The concept of countertransference (CT) has undergone considerable change since its initial description. CT was originally defined as an obstacle to treatment that had to be overcome. This limited view has broadened in the last 100 years, countertransference reactions are created jointly by analyst and patient and may, when adequately used, be a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool. The central role played by CT in clinical practice is currently undeniable, and is now seen as corresponding to transference, following it side by side, sometimes inducing it and, at other times, preceding it. According to the literature, countertransference reactions have a role in therapy and may affect the outcome of psychotherapeutic treatments. Therefore, to empirically address what are the relationships between therapist feelings and patient parameters can contribute to amplify a set of crucial questions in contemporary clinical and theoretical psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated countertransference and its association with patient characteristics in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. It enrolled 86 consecutive therapeutic dyads seen at the Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Outpatient Service in the Psychiatry Department of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Sociodemographic data, multiaxial assessment and patients’ defensive styles were recorded. The Countertransference Evaluation Scale (CTES), a self-report feeling checklist that contains 23 words for feelings classified into tree dimensions, closeness, distance and indifference, was used to measure CT at the beginning, middle and end of the session. Results: Sex, income, marital status, axis IV disorders and GAF scores were correlated with CT. The association between countertransference reactions and patient characteristics may reflect the influence of the patient on the therapist's subjective experience. In this study, no association between feelings induced in the therapist and patient defense style, educational level and age was found. Moreover, axis I, II and III diagnoses were not associated with CT. These results, in agreement with other empirical studies, may suggest that the contribution of psychiatric diagnoses and personality disorders to specific countertransference reactions is still unclear. This finding may suggest a decrease in the initial therapist anxiety, a change that may promote greater emotional contact and an increase in the capacity to empathize. Namely, it is demonstrated empirically that in each session the therapist lives a process of gradual approach with the patient. Conclusion: There are common countertransference feelings associated with some patient characteristics in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. CT is an inevitable part of each analytical encounter. CT feelings make the therapists understand what their patients feel and to infer their inner reality. Therapists, therefore, may use their own feelings as a tool to understand the patient. The search for the sources of therapist’s countertransference feelings makes possible the appropriate and effective use of the CT, promoting the therapeutic process. This study has limitations that compromise the generalization of the results, being imperious to detach the necessity of future research through empirical controlled studies to widen the knowledge in this area of paramount relevance in the practice of psychoanalysts and the psychotherapists.
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Sombke, Chad. "Testing Models of Depression and Paranoia in Men and Women: The Role of Cognitive Style, Guilt, Shame, and Defense Mechanisms." DigitalCommons@USU, 2001. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6177.
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Gender differences in psychopathology have long been of interest in the fields of clinical, developmental, and personality psychology. Lewis proposed two models to explain the emergence of the development of gender differences in depression and paranoia. Lewis stated that gender differences in depression and paranoia can be traced to corresponding gender differences in cognitive style, guilt-proneness, shame-proneness, and the use of specific defense mechanisms. Although research evidence has validated certain components of these two models, neither model has ever been tested in its entirety. This research project intended to test Lewis's models in their entirety by utilizing structural equation modeling.
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Villanueva, Javier Gerardo. "Defensive processing in elementary school children /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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J, Martin Andrew. "Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism : predictors and consequences from a self-worth motivation perspective /." [Campbelltown, N.S.W.] : University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Faculty of Education, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030714.120839/index.html.
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Ertin, Serkan. "Dissociation Of Literary Characters: The Use Of." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607301/index.pdf.
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&ldquoDissociative Identity Disorder&rdquo
, also known as split or multiple personality disorder, made its appearance in literature in the form of &lsquo
the double&rsquo
, a projected dual personality. Ralph Tymms is believed to be the first to use the psychological provenance of the double as a literary device. To date, many publications have been made on Dissociative Identity Disorder, and many literary works dealing with &lsquo
the double&rsquo
have been published. However, the subject of the double, in all its literary and psychological manifestations, has not yet found the sufficient research and up-to-date study that it deserves. This paper ventures to study some of the links between Modern British Drama and Clinical and Social Psychology. It analyses the fact that although people adopting Dissociative Identity Disorder as a defence mechanism against social and personal constrictions are viewed outside the norms of personality structure, this practice allows them to create a personal space and a personal voice in the conditions they find themselves in. To this end, the characters Susan, Gareth, and Alan in the plays Woman in Mind, Philadelphia, Here I Come!, and Equus, written by Alan Ayckbourn, Brian Friel, and Peter Shaffer, respectively, will be studied.
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Edwards, Scott A. "Threats to development, protective resources, and competence : testing structural models of resilience." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1203655.
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The interdisciplinary field of developmental psychopathology has brought considerable organization and clarity to the study of resilience, and it was from this theoretical perspective that the present study was conducted. One-hundred and forty-three preschool children, ages four to six, were recruited to answer two primary questions. First, do resilient (high threats, high competence) children differ from their maladapted (high threats, low competence) and competent (low threats, high competence) peers on measures of potential protective resources (i.e., intellectual ability and parent-child relationship)? Second, what are the mechanisms that underlie the effects of threats to development and protective resources on children's emotional and behavioral competence? To test the first question, differences across groups were examined using categorical, person-based analytic procedures (i.e., ANOVA, MANOVA). It was found that the quality of the parent-child relationship among resilient children was indeed more favorable than among maladaptive children, but resilient and competent children did not differ on this dimension. Resilient children produced significantly higher results on nonverbal intellectual reasoning tasks, but were no better than their maladapted counterparts on verbal intellectual abilities. To explore the second question, variable-based analyses (structural equation modeling) were used to test for hypothesized processes underlying the impact that threats and resources have on competence. The results supported the notion of an adversity process in which threats to development directly and unfavorably impacted children's functioning. Mixed support was found for the compensatory process in which resources directly influenced competence in a manner that compensated for the effects of threats. An indirect, compensatory-enhancing processwas supported whereby intellectual resources contributed to improved parent-child relationship which in turn had a positive influence on competence. The most important finding was the adversity-mediating process. This mechanism indicated that threats to development not only directly diminish competence, but also deleteriously impact resource variables. Likewise, this finding suggested that protective resources are essential in buffering children from the consequences of exposure to threats. Specifically, while the quality of the parent-child relationship did not have strong direct influences on competence, it mediated the effects of threats. Implications from these findings for future research and clinical practice are outlined.Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education
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Silva, Josenildo José da. "O papel da sublimação no estudo freudiano do fenômeno religioso: uma releitura." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2017. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1319.
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O ser humano continua sendo a espécie diferenciada em meio a uma natureza tão vasta. Seu destaque lhe advém da sua capacidade de abstrair-se do dado imediato, de refletir sobre o mesmo e de lhe conferir significados. Esta sua posição, no entanto, não lhe coloca num lugar privilegiado de centralidade, ou ainda de primazia frente aos outros seres com os quais convive. Impõe-lhe, ao contrário, uma responsabilidade de cuidado sobre todo o cosmos. Por isso, ele está sempre buscando sentidos para o que lhe está em derredor. Entre os inúmeros caminhos trilhados pelo homem nesta busca de significação do mundo, tem sobressaído na contemporaneidade, como um elemento cada vez mais presente e atuante na vida das pessoas, a dimensão religiosa espiritual. Para além de todas as profecias de sua gradativa, mas inexorável, superação/eliminação da história humana e, também, contradizendo as muitas afirmativas feitas a seu respeito pelos vários processos de secularização, ela se encontra em nosso meio com nuances algumas vezes mais intensos e, em outros momentos, menos significativos. No entanto, sempre está presente. Nosso trabalho se apresenta como uma proposta de releitura psicanalítica deste fenômeno, a Religião, que ocupou na construção teórica de Sigmund Freud um lugar bastante significativo, revelando-se como uma realidade que lhe era verdadeiramente inquietante, o que se demonstra pelo número de suas aparições desde os seus primeiros construtos psicanalíticos até às vésperas de sua morte. Ainda que, declarando-se um ateu convicto, S. Freud sempre buscou uma compreensão mais acurada do fenômeno religioso e suas implicações na vida dos sujeitos humanos. Será possível à Religião constituir-se ao ser humano contemporâneo como um caminho sublimatório, em meio a tantos outros, que lhe auxilie na construção de sua subjetividade? O presente estudo foi realizado através de uma pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico dos principais textos de Sigmund Freud referentes à sublimação e ao fenômeno religioso, bem como de estudos realizados por importantes psicanalistas atuais e alguns sociólogos da religião. Nossa pesquisa pretendeu alcançar uma maior compreensão do conceito de sublimação na metapsicologia freudiana tendo em vista sua aplicação na releitura da experiência religiosa nos escritos de Sigmund Freud, superando, desta forma impasses entre as áreas da Psicanálise e da Religião e construindo, ao mesmo tempo, espaços de diálogo e mútuo enriquecimento entre os referidos campos de conhecimento do sujeito humano.The human being remains as the differentiated species among such a vast nature. Its distinction comes from its ability to abstract itself from the immediate data, to reflect about it and give it meanings. This position, however, does not place him in a privileged place of centrality, or even of primacy over other beings with whom he coexists. It imposes, on the contrary, a responsibility of care over the whole cosmos. Therefore, he is always searching for meanings to what is around him. Among the countless paths that men have gone through during this search for meaning of the world, nowadays there is an element that is getting more and more present and active on the daily lives of people: the religious spiritual dimension. In addition to all the prophecies of its gradual but inexorable overcoming/elimination from human history, and also contradicting the many affirmations made about it by the various processes of secularization, it finds itself in our midst with nuances sometimes more intense and, at other times, less significant. However, it is always present. Our work is presented as a proposal of psychoanalytic re-reading, based on the concept of sublimation, of the religious phenomenon, which occupied very significant place in the theoretical construction of Sigmund S. Freud, revealing itself as a reality that was truly disturbing to him, which is demonstrated by the number of appearances since his first psychoanalytic constructs until the eve of his death. Even declaring himself a "convicted atheist," Freud has always sought a more accurate understanding of the religious phenomenon and its implications in the lives of human subjects. Is it possible for Religion to constitute the contemporary human being as a sublimatory way, among so many others, to assist it in the construction of its subjectivity? The present study was carried out through a bibliographical research of Sigmund Freud's main texts referring to sublimation and religious phenomena, as well as studies carried out by important current psychoanalysts and some sociologists of religion. Our research aimed to reach a greater understanding of the concept of sublimation in Freudian metapsychology in view of its application in re-reading religious experience in Sigmund Freud's writings, thus overcoming impasses between the areas of Psychoanalysis and Religion and, at the same time, Spaces of dialogue and mutual enrichment between the mentioned fields of knowledge of the human subject.
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Silva, Benedito Carlos Miranda da. "Psicodinâmica e qualidade de vida do médico: um estudo transversal em Botucatu-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-24062013-111218/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A Psicodinâmica é o estudo da interação das forças psíquicas que subsidiam o funcionamento mental. A dinâmica mental interfere na qualidade de vida de um indivíduo, na medida em que modifica a percepção que ele tem da própria existência. O papel da psicodinâmica sobre a qualidade de vida ainda é pouco estudado. OBJETIVOS: Estudar, de forma transversal, a relação entre psicodinâmica e qualidade de vida na população de médicos de Botucatu, para testar a hipótese de que quanto melhor a psicodinâmica do médico melhor a sua qualidade de vida. MÉTODOS: Foram enviados questionários, com carta-resposta, para 602 médicos (população referenciada). As variáveis independentes (Psicodinâmica) foram obtidas por meio de duas escalas: a) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), que avalia e classifica os mecanismos de defesa do ego em maduros, neuróticos e imaturos; b) Bell Object Relations and Reality Test Inventory (BORRTI - Forma O), que avalia e classifica as relações objetais (alienação, egocentrismo, vinculação insegura e incapacidade social) em normais e patológicas. As variáveis dependentes (qualidade de vida) foram avaliadas pelo World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Abreviado), que fornece escores para os quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. As variáveis moderadoras foram obtidas por meio de um questionário sóciodemográfico. A análise estatística foi feita por meio dos seguintes testes: Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Coeficiente de Spearman e modelos de regressão linear com resposta Gamma. Foram utilizados os softwares SPSS versão 17, R versão 2.11.0 e Graph Pad versão 5.0. RESULTADOS: Foram respondidos 198 (33%) questionários válidos. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos: a média (± desvio padrão) de idade foi de 47,6 (± 11,12) anos e o sexo masculino foi de 53,5%. A presença de perfil patológico nas relações objetais do tipo alienação, egocentrismo e vinculação insegura reduziu os escores dos domínios psicológico (p < 0,001) e relações sociais (p < 0,001), da qualidade de vida. A presença do fator imaturo das defesas do ego reduziu os escores dos domínios físico (p < 0,0001) e meio ambiente (p < 0,0001), da qualidade de vida. DISCUSSÃO: Defesas imaturas do ego dificultam a adaptação do indivíduo à vida profissional e conjugal, enquanto que a presença do perfil patológico das relações objetais leva à dificuldade em manter relacionamentos estáveis e à tendência a manipular as pessoas, apresentando-se socialmente inapto. Ou seja, médicos com esse perfil (de defesas e de relações objetais) devem enfrentar dificuldades para conviver com outras pessoas, inclusive com pacientes. Sua qualidade de vida é pior do que a de médicos com defesas maduras do ego e perfil normal de relações objetais. CONCLUSÕES: A psicodinâmica e a qualidade de vida do médico estão significativamente relacionadas. Os escores da qualidade de vida caem à medida que aumentam os escores das defesas imaturas do ego. Médicos com perfil patológico nas relações objetais apresentam menores escores de qualidade de vida, em relação àqueles com perfil normalINTRODUCTION: Psychodynamics is the study of the psychological forces that underlie mental action. Ego defense mechanisms and object relations are psychodynamic aspects that affect quality of life as they alter people\'s perceptions of their own life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of ego defense mechanisms and object relations on quality of life in a population of physicians, and thus test our hypothesis that mature ego defenses and normal object relations are associated with better physician quality of life. METHODS: In this cross- sectional study, questionnaires and pre-stamped return envelopes were sent to the population of physicians (602 individuals) living in the city of Botucatu, São Paulo. Psychodynamics was evaluated using the following instruments: a) Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), which assesses and classifies ego defense mechanisms as mature, neurotic, or immature; b) Bell Object Relations and Reality Test Inventory (BORRTI - Forma O), which assesses and classifies object relations (alienation, egocentricity, insecure attachment, and social incompetence) as either normal or pathological. Quality of life was assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) that was developed in the context of four domains of quality of life: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Demographic data were obtained via a specific questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the tests of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Spearman\'s coefficient, and Gamma linear regression models with SPSS v. 17, R v. 2.11.0 and Graph Pad v. 5.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 198 questionnaires (33%) with valid responses were obtained. Among respondents, mean age was 47.6 ± 11 years, and the rate of males was 53.5%. High BORRTI scores (pathology) on the alienation, egocentricity and insecure attachment subscales were associated with reduced WHOQOL-BREF scores for the psychological health (p < 0,001) and social relationships (p < 0,001) domains. Immature ego defense mechanisms were associated with lower WHOQOL-BREF scores for the physical health (p < 0,0001) and environment (p < 0,0001) domains. DISCUSSION: Immature ego defenses impair adjustment to professional and marital life, while pathological object relations lead to difficulty in sustaining stable relationships and tendency to manipulate others, hence social ineptitude. Physicians with immature defenses and pathological object relations are, therefore, likely to find it hard to relate with other people, including patients. Their quality of life is worse in comparison with that of physicians with mature ego defenses and normal object relations. In the study population, both immature ego defenses and pathological object relations were associated with lower quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Among physicians, quality of life is influenced by its psychodynamics, herein assessed through ego defense mechanisms and object relations
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Vallance, Lisa. "Aspects of defence : discourse of veterans, research regarding current UK forces and veterans and working around defence mechanisms." Thesis, City University London, 2012. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3022/.
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Veterans seeking psychological input for mental health issues, following service with the UK Armed Forces, report difficulties in relating to mental health practitioners, often causing them to disengage with therapy. A wealth of quantitative research including epidemiology studies and outcome reports is available for this client group as well as best practice of treating mental health issues including combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. More qualitative studies are being produced, both for this client group and their associated mental health issues. However, there appears to be a paucity of qualitative literature regarding the language of veterans and it is this, especially in terms of improving the psychologists’ understanding of this client group, which has inspired this research. Nine veterans were interviewed using a semi-structured schedule and the data was transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. Nineteen repertoires are described within five groups: Professional/Objective; Personal/Subjective; Exclusive: Mind-Body Connection: and Refutation. In addition, one discourse superstructure – Defence – is identified. Synthesis of the repertoires and superstructure takes place in relation to: military culture; masculinity; Ehlers and Clarks 2000 cognitive model of PTSD and DSM IV symptom criteria; and, neuro-psychology of memory and Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph’s 1996 Dual Representation Theory of PTSD. In addition, applications of the repertoires for counselling are suggested.
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Ning, Ling Han. "La vie psychique et sociale des enfants dans les orphelinats chinois." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H001/document.
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Ma recherche vise à la vie psychique et sociale des enfants dans les orphelinats chinois. Ces enfants sont souvent abandonnés à cause de leur handicap. Ils sont placés aussi du fait de la défaillance de leurs parents consécutive à un décès, un paupérisme, un emprisonnement, ou des difficultés qu'ils subissent les conduisant à l'abandon de l'enfant. Je m'interroge sur la façon dont les enfants dans les orphelinats chinois vont s'organiser psychiquement et socialement pour faire face à ce double traumatisme : celui de l'abandon, celui du placement. Pour vérifier les effets de la carence affective croisée avec l'abandon et l'institutionnalisation, une recherche exploratoire qui consiste en l'observation sur le terrain et les entretiens avec 3 nurses est réalisée au sein de deux orphelinats chinois. Et puis, le recueil des données s'est déroulé auprès de 16 enfants de 7 à 12 ans avec ces outils méthodologiques: l'entretien auprès des enfants, le dessin et le test des contes. L'analyse des données recueillies est basée sur trois vecteurs qui fondent l'organisation de la vie psychique d'un individu : la représentation de soi, la représentation de son lien à l'autre, les mécanismes de défense et d'adaptation mis en oeuvre. La présentation des résultats est scindée en deux parties : étude globale des données (étude globale des entretiens ; étude globale de dessins ; étude globale du test des contes) et études de cas (7 cas parmi les échantillons sont choisis pour des études approfondies). Les résultats montrent que les enfants présentent des défaillances dans lareprésentation de soi qui se décèlent par les atteintes dans l'estime de soi et par des sentiments négatifs, des défaillances dans la relation à l'autre de l'ordre de la pathologie du lien, et que pour faire face à leur situation, certains enfants peuvent entrer dans un processus de résilience qui s'observe par les mécanismes de défense qu'ils utilisent ou par la référence à un tuteur de résilienceMy research aims to psychic and social life of children in Chinese orphanages. These children are often abandoned because of their disability. They are placed as a result of the failure of their parents following a death, pauperism, imprisonment, or the difficulties they face leading to the abandonment of the child. I wonder how these children in Chineseorphanages will organize themselves socially and psychologically to deal with the double trauma: abandonment and placement. To test the effects of emotional deprivation crossed with the abandonment and institutionalization, an exploratory research, which consists of field observation and interviews with three nurses is carried out in two Chinese orphanages. And then, the data collection was conducted with 16 children from 7 to 12 years with the methodological tools: the interview with children, drawing and testing stories. The analysis of data collected is based on three vectors that underlie the organization of the psychic life of an individual : self-representation, representation of his relationship with others, defense mechanisms implemented. The presentation of results is divided into two parts: comprehensive study of data (comprehensive study of the interviews, comprehensive study of the drawings, comprehensive study of the test stories) and case studies (7 cases among the samples are selected for in-depth studies). The results show that these children have deficiencies in self-representation which are detected by the self-esteem damaged and negative feelings, deficiencies in their relationship with others of the order of pathology of the link, and to deal with their situation, some children may enter into a process of resilience which is observed by the defense mechanisms they use or by reference to a guardian of resilience
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Fujii, Keisuke. "Cognitive and motor control mechanism for ballgame defenders in 1-on-1 defensive situation." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188790.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第18352号
人博第665号
新制||人||160(附属図書館)
25||人博||665(吉田南総合図書館)
31210
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)准教授 神﨑 素樹, 教授 森谷 敏夫, 准教授 久代 恵介, 教授 小田 伸午
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Börner, Michaela. "Real and illusory reports of posttraumatic growth and their correlation with well-being : an empirical examination with special focus on defence mechanisms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38528/.
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Reports of posttraumatic growth can sometimes be illusory. Several researchers have argued that reports of posttraumatic growth may incorporate two separate phenomena, namely real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth. However, it is not often made explicit which kinds of illusions indicate illusory posttraumatic growth. An explicit conceptualisation of illusory posttraumatic growth is, however, necessary in order to investigate the research questions within this thesis, namely (a) whether reports of posttraumatic growth are correlated with illusions and (b) whether real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth differ in their correlation with well-being. Within the thesis, it was, therefore, primarily suggested that defensiveness could be responsible for illusory posttraumatic growth. The assumption was that high levels of maladaptive defensiveness may be used when distress cannot be endured. Internal and external experiences could then be pushed away. This case could potentially indicate illusory posttraumatic growth. In contrast, people who use low levels of maladaptive defences or high levels of mature defences may be able to endure the distress following a trauma or adversity. Internal and external experiences may be processed and accommodated. This case could potentially indicate real posttraumatic growth. The assumptions about illusions were tested within the thesis. It was investigated which kind of illusions could be adaptive psychological operations and which illusions could be maladaptive psychological operations. The results supported the assumptions within this thesis concerning adaptive versus maladaptive illusions. Within three studies, self-reported posttraumatic growth was significantly correlated with a neurotic defence style. It was concluded that this correlation could indicate that sometimes reports of posttraumatic growth are not real. However, other interpretations were also discussed. Four studies investigated whether real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth differ in their correlation with well-being. Within chapter 5, real posttraumatic growth, indicated by low levels of a neurotic or an immature defence style, was correlated positively with negative change following adversity (non significant). In contrast, illusory posttraumatic growth, indicated by high levels of a neurotic or an immature defence style, was not correlated with negative change following adversity. Although the difference between illusory posttraumatic growth and real posttraumatic growth concerning negative change following adversity had a meaningful effect size, it was not significant. Within chapter 7.3, real posttraumatic growth, indicated by extremely low levels of neurotic defensiveness, was correlated significantly with posttraumatic stress. In contrast, illusory posttraumatic growth, indicated by extremely high levels of neurotic defensiveness, was not correlated with posttraumatic stress. The difference between real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth was significant. Within chapter 8, real posttraumatic growth (high levels of mature defensiveness) was correlated with decreases in hedonic well-being measured by positive and negative affect. In contrast, illusory posttraumatic growth (low levels of mature defensiveness) was correlated with increased levels of hedonic well-being. The difference between real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth was significant. In total, reports of posttraumatic growth may, in fact, sometimes be correlated with defensiveness. However, real posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth do only slightly differ concerning their correlation with well-being.
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Bonomi, Tomás Moraes Abreu. "O mau cheiro sobre as bases da sustentação psíquica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15447.
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The present work, inserted in the fundamental psychopathology field of study, is based on a clinical situation. The patient demands analysis because all her love relationships failed which caused intense suffering. After a few sessions the patient says she knows why her relationships come to an end: She stinks. The stench becomes a recurring theme during her analysis both in her speech as in her dreams, memories, fantasies, hallucinations and also in the transfer with the analyst. A clinical hypothesis is formulated in the terms of the stench being a defense mechanism. As theoretical foundation the following psychoanalytical concepts will be used: symptom, narcissism, defense mechanism, hallucinations, anxiety, femininity among others. Finally, are mapped different functions of the stench in the psychic dynamism and therefore discusses his role as psychic support base
O presente trabalho, inserido no campo de estudo da Psicopatologia Fundamental, tem como base a narrativa de um atendimento clínico. A paciente em questão procura análise, pois todos seus relacionamentos amorosos fracassavam, o que lhe causava intenso sofrimento. Passadas algumas sessões, a paciente diz que sabe o porquê dos seus fracassos nas relações: ela fede. O mau cheiro passa a ser tema recorrente durante sua análise, tanto em seu discurso manifesto como em sonhos, lembranças, fantasias, alucinações e também na transferência. A partir desses elementos é formulada uma hipótese clínica de que o mau cheiro se insere na economia psíquica da paciente como um mecanismo de defesa. Como fundamentação teórica são utilizados os conceitos psicanalíticos de sintoma, narcisismo, mecanismo de defesa, alucinação, angústia, feminilidade, entre outros. Por fim, são mapeadas diferentes funções do cheiro no dinamismo psíquico e, assim, discute-se sua função como base de sustentação psíquica
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Gaultier, Sydney. "Interculturalité et pluralité interne : incidences intergénérationnelles et représentation topique des mécanismes de défense et stratégies de coping." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH035.
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Les recherches en psychologie clinique interculturelle décrivent avec pertinence les aménagements psychiques et/ou psychopathologiques engagés par les processus acculturatifs. Cependant, se pose la question de la façon dont les différentes cultures au carrefour desquelles se situe un sujet vont interagir entre elles au sein même de l'individu. Ainsi, la rencontre des cultures ne se produit pas uniquement dans le champ social, mais aussi dans l'espace psychique, de sorte que l'interculturel ne décrit pas simplement un phénomène extérieur, mais plus singulièrement une composition subjective. Pouvons-nous produire une représentation topique de cette pluralité interne ? Que nous apporterait-elle dans la compréhension du sujet interculturel ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous proposons une approche interdisciplinaire et transversale entre ces deux « commutateurs » du social en l'individu que sont le Surmoi et l'habitus. La modélisation d'un « acteur pluriel » (Lahire, 2001), à l'image des matrices de socialisation et espaces sociaux auxquels il participe, servira de socle à partir duquel nous penserons la pluralité interne du sujet interculturel. Les dispositifs de régulation psychique (mécanismes de défense et stratégies de coping) seront nos indicateurs. Notre étude porte sur la comparaison de sujets (N=497) autochtones et issus d'une immigration, en fonction de l'aire géographique et culturelle d'origine et du degré d'ascendance immigrée. Nos résultats concordent globalement avec l'hypothèse d'un sujet interculturel sur le modèle d'un acteur pluriel. Cette perspective nous permet de proposer une représentation topique de l'incidence de l'interculturalité comme pluralité interne, mais aussi, à un niveau empirique de dégager une représentation dynamique des incidences de l'immigration sur les sujets qui en sont issusResearch in intercultural clinical psychology describes the psychic and/or the psychopathological changes incurred by the acculturation process. However, the question arises of how different cultures will interact with each other within the psychological space of the individual. Thus, the meeting of cultures does not only occur within the social field, but also within the psychicological space. The intercultural aspects do not simply refer to an outside reality, but more particularly to a subjective experience. Can we produce a representation of this internal plurality? What would be its contribution in understanding the intercultural domain? To answer these questions, we propose a transversal and interdisciplinary approach that strives to understand how the two social "switches" of the individual operates, that is the superego and the habitus. The modeling of a "plural actor" (Lahire, 2001), in the image of socialization matrices and social spaces to which he belongs, will serve a basis from which the internal plurality of cultures will be addressed. The regulatory mechanisms of the psychic (the defense mechanisms and the coping strategies) will be our indicators. Our study focuses on the comparison between non-immigrant and immigrant individuals (N=497), in function of their geographical and cultural origin, and the degree of immigrant descent. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis according to which an intercultural topic should be integrated in the model of a plural actor. This perspective allows us to provide a clear picture of the impact of multiculturalism as internal plurality, but also to generate a dynamic representation of the effects of immigration on related topics
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Roby, Dominique. "Reactions de defense et expression genique de plantes de melon en reponse a une infection fongique." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30079.
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Yssouf, Rozette. "Les jeunes Mahorais : entre doute et peur, le choix de la sublimation contre l'effondrement psychique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG008.
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Cette recherche en psychologie clinique porte sur les jeunes de Mayotte dans l’objectif de mieux les connaître, de mieux les comprendre dans leur fonctionnement psychologique au regard de leur contexte socioculturel. Elle est issue d’une observation clinique faite à Mayotte d’abord en tant que psychologue clinicienne puis doctorante en psychologie auprès des associations œuvrant pour la jeunesse et à l'hôpital de Mamoudzou. Mayotte est l’île française de l’archipel des Comores, devenue le 101ème département français en 2011 sous la présidence de Nicols Sarkozy. Elle fait partie de ces territoires français d’Outre-mer où la confrontation de la tradition et de la modernité ainsi que les questions de perte de repères et de crise identitaire sont encore d’actualité. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressée à la santé mentale de la jeunesse mahoraise et avons tenté de comprendre l’organisation du fonctionnement sociétal de l’île ainsi que les facteurs qui favorisent la sublimation chez les jeunes. En effet, ces jeunes sont nombreux à s’interroger dans une société mahoraise où le dévoilement de soi reste tabou et les émotions, plus précisément les difficultés psychiques sont étouffées. Il n’est pas coutume de parler de ce qui ne va pas, de ce qui fait mal, des violences que l’on subit, ni de leur impact psychologique. Ces maux passés sous silence sont parfois et souvent banalisés et créent des souffrances psychiques inimaginables. Dans ce contexte particulier, on s’est demandé comment les jeunes mahorais s'organisent pour surmonter leurs difficultés et leurs souffrances psychologiques. Et cela nous a conduit à soulever plusieurs questions. Quels sont les mécanismes de défense qu’ils emploient pour appréhender leur réalité insoutenable ? Quelles sont les stratégies qu’ils utilisent pour s’adapter à leur réalité ? Quels sont les moyens qu'ils déploient pour éviter un effondrement psychique ? Pour tenter de répondre à toutes ces questions, nous avons mené des enquêtes auprès des jeunes âgés de 18 à 35 ans, rencontrés en entretiens cliniques, à qui nous avons soumis des questionnaires en ligne, des échelles d’évaluation psychologique et d'un test de personnalité (MMPI-2-RF) et ce, afin de recueillir le maximum d'informations. Les jeunes mahorais ont été nombreux à participer à nos enquêtes, autant des étudiants que de jeunes diplômés et salariés. Nous avons sélectionné dix jeunes, hommes et femmes, pour illustrer nos études de cas. Les résultats de cette recherche doctorale nous renseignent beaucoup sur le fonctionnement de la société mahoraise d’aujourd’hui et surtout sur la santé mentale de ses jeunes. On y apprend par exemple que la matrilinéarité fait la spécificité de Mayotte et le rôle que joue la femme, en particulier la mère, dans l’éducation de ses enfants est très important dans le processus de développement psychique de ces derniers. En effet, la mère contribue à la stabilité émotionnelle et psychique des jeunes rencontrés et ayant participé à cette recherche. Cette observation soulève inéluctablement la question de la place et du rôle du père dans la vie des jeunes mahorais. Elle interroge également les effets de cette absence de la figure paternelle et ses répercussions sur la construction identitaire des jeunes mahorais.Tiraillés entre tradition et modernité, souffrant de perte de repères identitaires et culturels, certains jeunes mahorais arrivent quand même à se sublimer tandis que d’autres s’effondrent et développent des troubles psychiatriques qui peuvent, dans des cas extrêmes, conduire au passage à l’acte. Cette thèse se propose de réfléchir et d’analyser les processus qui conduisent à des parcours si différentsThis research in clinical psychology focuses on the young people of Mayotte with the aim of getting to know them better, to better understand their psychological functioning in relation to their socio-cultural context. It is the result of a clinical observation made in Mayotte, first as a clinical psychologist and then as a doctoral student in psychology at youth associations and at the Mamoudzou hospital. Mayotte is the French island of the Comoros archipelago, which became the 101st French department in 2011 under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. It is one of those French overseas territories where the confrontation between tradition and modernity as well as the issues of loss of reference points and identity crisis are still topical. In this thesis, we looked at the mental health of the youth of Mahoras and tried to understand the organization of the island's societal functioning as well as the factors that promote sublimation among young people. Indeed, these young people are many to question themselves in a Mahoran society where self-unveiling remains taboo and emotions, more precisely psychic difficulties are stifled. It is not customary to talk about what is wrong, what hurts, about the violence that one undergoes, nor about its psychological impact. These evils passed under silence are sometimes and often trivialized and create unimaginable psychic sufferings. In this particular context, the question has been raised as to how young Mahorais organise themselves to overcome their psychological difficulties and suffering. And this has led us to raise several questions. What defence mechanisms do they use to deal with their unbearable reality ? What strategies do they use to adapt to their reality? What means do they deploy to avoid psychological collapse ? In an attempt to answer all these questions, we conducted surveys among young people aged 18 to 35 years, interviewed in clinical interviews, to whom we submitted online questionnaires, psychological evaluation scales and a personality test (MMPI-2-RF) in order to gather as much information as possible. A large number of young Mahorais participated in our surveys, both students and young graduates and employees. We selected ten young men and women to illustrate our case studies.The results of this doctoral research tell us a lot about how Mahoran society functions today and especially about the mental health of its young people. We learn, for example, that matrilineality is a specific feature of Mayotte and the role played by women, especially mothers, in the education of their children is very important in the process of their psychological development. Indeed, the mother contributes to the emotional and psychological stability of the young people met and who participated in this research. This observation inevitably raises the question of the place and role of the father in the lives of young Mahorais. It also questions the effects of this absence of the paternal figure and its repercussions on the construction of identity of young Mahorais.Torn between tradition and modernity, suffering from a loss of identity and cultural references, some young Mahorais still manage to sublimate themselves, while others collapse and develop psychiatric disorders which can, in extreme cases, lead to the act of acting. This thesis proposes to reflect on and analyse the processes that lead to such different paths
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Coquin, René-Jean. "Des stratégies au service des professeurs d'EPS pour faire face à la violence des collégiens." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR134.
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Au regard de notre retour d’expérience avec les élèves et des différentes enquêtes sur la violence en milieu scolaire, nous observons un nombre préoccupant de professeurs d'EPS en collège se plaignant du stress généré par l’environnement scolaire, et qui de ce fait, impacte leur santé et le plaisir d'enseigner dans une ambiance de classe parfois délétère. En effet, la plupart d’entre eux utilise le coping consciemment ou non pour mener à bien leur apprentissage en tentant de préserver leur intégrité physique et mentale. Ainsi, à partir de ce stress généré par les conflits issus de l’interaction entre l’environnement et les réponses apportées aux déviances, nous avons cherché à savoir comment les enseignants élaborent et mettent en œuvre leurs stratégies de coping pour la circonstance par le biais d’attitudes et de méthodes pédagogiques afin d’assurer au mieux leur enseignement. C’est pourquoi notre question de recherche a été stipulée comme suit : « Comment chaque enseignant d'EPS en collège choisit et met en œuvre ses stratégies de coping, mécanismes de défense ou tout autre processus d'adaptation pour atténuer le stress engendré par la violence des élèves dans le but de les amener à s'inscrire dans une dynamique de travail personnel ou collectif in situ sans acte répréhensible et sans mettre en péril son intégrité physique et psychologique ? ». Après la question centrale, deux hypothèses ont été retenues. Tout d’abord, il n’y a qu’une alternative : soit l’enseignant élabore des stratégies de coping adaptées pour modifier le problème qui est à l’origine du stress, ou soit il réagit par des mécanismes mentaux involontaires. Pour la deuxième hypothèse, l’efficacité d’une stratégie de coping dépend de son rôle de modérateur de la relation stress-détresse et peut préserver de cette façon la santé. Concernant la partie méthodologique, notre champ d’analyse s’est appuyé sur cinq démarches. D’abord, la qualitative pour obtenir une description détaillée des évènements visant à comprendre les expériences personnelles des enseignants. Ensuite, l’inductive pour asseoir nos hypothèses et découvrir des données inconnues ou des problèmes ignorés comme dans l’incidence de la contingence. Puis, la déductive afin d’ouvrir nos réflexions sur la généralisation et l’explication des faits dans le but d'anticiper sur l'expérience. Après cela, la démarche hypothético-déductive pour préciser la formulation de la question centrale et la planification des différentes étapes de la recherche. Et enfin, la compréhensive pour caractériser notre posture, vu que nous avons mis en évidence la démarche explicative pour justifier le travail de construction propre à la compréhension telle que nous l’avons envisagé et réalisé en suivant un mouvement de va-et-vient, au sens où il implique tant des procédures inductives que déductives. Concernant les réponses aux sous-questions posées, l’hypothèse (H1) émise a été totalement affaiblie et n’a pu être validée, car un enseignant peut simultanément utiliser les modalités de coping centrées sur le problème avec un degré de déni de la difficulté de la tâche, et user de projection pour y faire face. Quant à l’hypothèse (H2), elle est validée, car elle s’appuie sur la théorie de Laborit en considérant que l’efficacité d’une stratégie de coping quelle qu’elle soit, dépend de son rôle de tempérance de la relation stress-détresse. Pour répondre à la question centrale à partir des hypothèses émises, nous suggérons que lorsque qu’un enseignant se trouve dans une situation aversive évaluée comme menaçante ou excédant ses ressources, il prend en considération deux paramètres pour agir et se préserver : ses caractéristiques personnelles, à savoir ses ressources à l'instar de ses compétences, son expérience, etc., et les caractéristiques de la situation rencontrée, c'est-à-dire les déterminants environnementaux et situationnels à partir des différentes évaluations mises en œuvre pour choisir et élaborer les stratégies de copingIn view of our feedback from the students and the various surveys on violence in the school environment, we observe a worrying number of PSE teachers in college complaining about the stress generated by the school environment, and who therefore , impacts their health and the pleasure of teaching in a sometimes deleterious class atmosphere. Most of them use coping, consciously or not, to carry out their learning while trying to preserve their physical and mental integrity. Thus, from this stress generated by the conflicts arising from the interaction between the environment and the responses to deviations, we sought to know how the teachers develop and implement their coping strategies for the circumstance through of pedagogical attitudes and methods in order to best ensure their teaching. This is why our research question was stated as follows: "How each PSE teacher in college chooses and implements his coping strategies, defense mechanisms or any other adaptation process to alleviate the stress caused by student violence in order to induce them to join a dynamic of personal or collective work in situ without wrongdoing and without jeopardizing their physical and psychological integrity? " After the central question, two hypotheses were retained. First of all, there is only one alternative: either the teacher develops suitable coping strategies to modify the problem that is causing the stress, or either he reacts by involuntary mental mechanisms. For the second hypothesis, the effectiveness of a coping strategy depends on its role as moderator of the stress-distress relationship and can thus preserve health. Concerning the methodological part, our field of analysis was based on five approaches. First, the qualitative to obtain a detailed description of events aimed at understanding the personal experiences of teachers. Then, the inductive to sit our hypotheses and discover unknown data or ignored problems as in the incidence of contingency. Then, the deductive in order to open our reflections on the generalization and the explanation of the facts in order to anticipate the experience. After that, the hypothetico-deductive approach to clarify the formulation of the central question and the planning of the different stages of the research. And finally, the understanding to characterize our posture, since we have highlighted the explanatory approach to justify the construction work specific to understanding as we envisaged and carried out by following a back and forth movement, in the sense that it involves both inductive and deductive procedures. Concerning the answers to the sub-questions asked, the hypothesis (H1) put forward was totally weakened and could not be validated, because a teacher can simultaneously use the coping methods centered on the problem with a degree of denial of the difficulty of the task, and use projection to face it. As for hypothesis (H2), it is validated, because it is based on Laborit's theory by considering that the effectiveness of a coping strategy whatever it is, depends on its role of temperance of the relation stress-distress. To answer the central question based on the hypotheses put forward, we suggest that when a teacher is in an aversive situation assessed as threatening or exceeding his resources, he takes into account two parameters to act and to preserve himself : his personal characteristics, namely its resources like its skills, experience, etc., and the characteristics of the situation encountered, that is to say the environmental and situational determinants from the various assessments implemented to choose and develop coping strategies
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Mazau, Dominique. "Etude cellulaire et moleculaire des glycoproteines riches en hydroxyproline dans les interactions plantes-microorganismes." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30160.
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Fallah, Mohamed. "Étude et comparaison des mécanismes de tolérance à la sécheresse chez une variété résistante et une variété sensible de maïs (zea mays L. )." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF2S907.
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L'activite de la nitrate reductase, les teneurs glucidiques et l'assimilation nette ont ete etudiees pendant et apres la secheresse. La difference intervarietale concernant l'activite de la nitrate reductase pourrait resulter de la compartimentation cellulaire des nitrates
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Rivas, Elaine M. "A Comparison of Attachment-Related Defenses and Ego Defense Mechanisms." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/631.
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The concept of ego defense mechanisms has been a central component of psychoanalytic theory since Freud and the repeated subject of psychoanalytic research. Attachment theory, originally formulated by John Bowlby as a radical revision of psychoanalytic views regarding the fundamental forces that drive our behavior, includes the concept of defensive processes, but so far these attachment-related defenses have not yet been the subject of research. The current study utilized attachment-related defense ratings adapted from the Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) and more traditionally defined ego defense mechanisms as measured by the Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM) in a sample of 90 college students to address whether a functional relationship exists between these conceptually different views of defense. Age and gender were also examined as potential covariates. Bivariate correlations between attachment related defense variables and ego defense variables indicated there was a medium-sized relationship between overall attachment-defense and overall ego-defense use. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine which individual attachment defense variables and ego defense variables most contributed to this relationship, while controlling for age. The attachment defenses of Cognitive Disconnection and Segregated Systems and the ego defense mechanisms of Denial and Identification were found to account for most of the variance. Moderation analysis indicated there were no significant interactions between pairings of individual defense variables. No gender differences were found for any of the variables. Implications of these findings for future research regarding attachment-related defenses are discussed.
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Wright, Virginia C. "Adolescents' defense mechanisms and associations with behavioral symptomatology :: a longitudinal study." 1991. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2202.
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Barksdale, Cheryl Delaine. "Justification Mechanisms in the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression and their Relation to Defense Mechanisms." 2007. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/120.
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The Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A; James, 1998; James & McIntyre, 2000) is an inductive reasoning test designed to assess the extent to which individuals use implicit reasoning biases – known as justification mechanisms (JMs) – to justify engaging in behavioral aggression. James and colleagues (James, 1998; James & Mazerolle, 2002; James et al., 2005) have consistently described the CRT-A as an indirect measure of these implicit cognitions, or JMs, but they recently reframed their discussion of the test to emphasize its theoretical grounding in the concept of defense mechanisms (A. Freud, 1936/1966). In particular, they indicated that the JMs for aggression are influenced by the defense mechanism known as Rationalization (James et al., 2005). However, a close examination of the JMs for aggression reveals that they may also be influenced by a number of additional defense mechanisms. The main purposes of this paper are: 1) To demonstrate the theoretical consistency between defense mechanisms and the CRT-A, and 2) to empirically evaluate the extent to which the CRT-A and its JMs for aggression are related to specific, theoretically relevant defense mechanisms. The theory of ego defense is reviewed, the CRT-A is integrated into the framework of that theory, the JMs for aggression are aligned with specific defense mechanisms that appear similar in function and form, and hypotheses are developed to guide empirical tests of the proposed relations between the JMs for aggression (as assessed with the CRT-A) and those specific defense mechanisms (as assessed with both the Defense-Q [Davidson & MacGregor, 1996] and the MacORDS [MacGregor, Olson, Langford, Meterson, & Lahti, 2003]). Results were largely non-supportive of the hypotheses. In particular, none of the defense mechanisms under investigation (Rationalization, Projection, Grandiosity, Turning Against Others, Identification with the Aggressor, Devaluation, and Neurotic Denial) showed any relation to the CRT-A at the item level. Furthermore, only Grandiosity showed a somewhat consistent relationship with CRT-A scale scores, and even this was exceptionally small. Implications include the possibility that JMs for aggression are not as implicit/unconscious as once believed, and that the CRT-A’s predictive ability may be cogently explained in terms of the theory of threatened egotism (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996).
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Lowry, Rosamund. "Copying styles and defense mechanisms in adults vicariuosly exposed to violent crime : an explorative study." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/262.
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The primary objective of this research was to initiate exploratory research into the coping styles and defense mechanisms of adults vicariously exposed to violent crime. This research focused on determining the presence, nature and complexity of symptoms in those vicariously exposed to violent crime. Gaining an understanding of the coping styles and defense mechanisms that individuals who are vicariously exposed to violent crime adopt was also a central focus of this study. A psychodynamic theoretical framework was employed. Situating this research within a broader theory of coping was also necessary. Zeidner and Endler's (1996) integrative conceptual framework was used to understand the coping styles that one adopts as being both dispositional and contextual. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with seven respondents (Wengraf,2001). Ulin et al.'s (2002) method of qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze and interpret data. Emotion-focused coping was found to be the prominent form of coping used by the respondents. It appeared that when problem-focused coping fails to alleviate the individual's anxiety, they then engage in emotion focused coping. Two forms of emotion focused coping were identified: adaptive and pathological emotion focused coping. With regards to vicarious trauma symptoms, a variety of five symptoms were evident across the transcripts. It is also necessary to emphasize that respondents experienced variable combinations of symptoms and generally did not experience all of such symptoms. It was concluded that in the presence of the vicarious exposure to violent crime, participants utilized various defense mechanism (such as: splitting, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization and suppression) which inform their coping style and their experience of symptoms of vicarious trauma.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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Gilbert, Maria Catharina. "A comparison between the perceptual defense levels displayed by marriage partners in relation to insight." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14731.
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M.A. (Clinical Psychology)An interest in the causes of disruption in disturbed marriages led to the present study which focuses on the area of interpersonal perception in the marriage relationship. Previous work has demonstrated that there are significantly more perceptual disjunctions between partners in disturbed than in non-disturbed marriages. However, prior research did not attempt to relate such disparate perceptions to personality factors in the respective partners ...
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Smit, Mara M. "Persoonlikheidsversteurings, kliniese sindrome en verdedigingsmeganismes: 'n vergelyking van major en distimiese depressiewe pasiente." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/810.
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Research output indicates that a very high percentage op people with depressive disorders do not improve after a period of two years. One can thus assume that poor identification of the symptomatology and the factors involved in the etiology and maintenance thereof could lead to a generalised diagnosis and a less successful intervention. Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) has explicit criteria for both Dysthymia and Unipolar Major Depression it is sometimes difficult for clinical therapists to distinguish between them because of/due to the symptom similarities. Against this background the question is often asked whether Dysthymia is entitled to an unique diagnostic status. A few international investigations, as well as the preceding study (Smit 1994) have indicated that they are in fact different disorders. Each of these research findings however only focuses on specific areas of these disorders. The main purpose of the present study is however to identify the differences and similarities between the two depressive groups. An in-depth study was done to get an indication of the different comorbid personality and syndrome disorders as well as the unconscious defence mechanisms these patients tend to use. Two hundred and fifty five patients from the TARA, the H. Moross Centre, Weskoppies Hospital and Vista Private Clinic was evaluated. The DSM-IV was used to distinguish between the subjects of the different groups. Thereafter Hamilton's Depression Rating Scale was applied to get an indication whether the chosen patients weren't too little or too seriously depressed, as this could have influenced the results. The patients were then tested with Millon's Clinical Multi-Axial Inventory II to determine their comorbid personality and syndrome disorders. Finally they were assessed with Ihilevich and Gleser's Defence Mechanism Inventory to establish the defence style they usually unconsciously use. The results indicate that both groups tend to have comorbid anxiety and somatoform disorders. The findings also suggested that the Schizoid, Dependent and Borderline personality disorders would be the best indicators/predictors for the diagnosis of Unipolar Major Depression. According to the results the Dysthymic group had significantly higher measures on the Self-Defeating, Schizoid, Schizotypal, Avoidant, Borderline, Paranoid, Somatoform, Dysthymic, Thought Disorder, Major Depressive, Delusional and Aggressive style sub-scales. The best predictors/indicators for the Dysthymic Depressive Disorder are the Anxiety, Drug dependence, Thought Disorder, Major Depression and Somatoform syndrome disorders, the Anti-Social, Self-Defeating, and Schizotypal personality disorders, as well as the Aggressive, Projective, Intellectual, Intrapunitive and Reversal defence mechanisms. The results also indicate that the Dysthymic males had significantly higher measures than the females on 19 of the 27 subscales. The females subjects of the Unipolar Major Depressive group had significantly higher scores than the males on the Dependent and Somatoform sub-scales, while the males of the Major Depressive group had significantly higher scores than the females of this group on the Anti-Social, Aggressive-Sadistic, Alcohol dependence and Drug dependence sub-scales. One can come to the conclusion that the Dysthymic group (especially the males) are much more affected than the Unipolar Major Depressive group. These findings thus support the view that Dysthymia is entitled to a own unique diagnostic status, at least for a South African population.Dr. A. Burke
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Seeley, Elizabeth M. "Two temperaments, one relationship : the interpersonal context of traits as a predictor of self-silencing." 2003. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2401.
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Robinson, Megan McKenzie. "Attachment, defense mechanisms and emotion usage in children in institutions during middle childhood within a South African context." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12613.
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Although the importance of Attachment in the normal development of a child has repeatedly been shown (Bowlby, 1961; 1979) there is a limited amount of research into its relationships with the usage of defense mechanisms and emotions. This research, therefore, investigated the relationships between attachment type, defense mechanisms and emotions during middle childhood (8-12 years) in 64 children from 4 children’s homes and 1 hospital in the Gauteng area. The children completed the Deferential Emotions Scale IV (DES-IV), the Attachment Story Completion Test (ASCT) and the Attachment Security Scale (ASS). The legal guardians of the children completed the Comprehensive Assessment of Defense Scale (CADS). Significant correlations were found to exist between the usage defense mechanisms and emotions. The results obtained from the analyses therefore suggest a complex interplay of relationships between attachment, defense mechanisms and emotion during middle childhood for the children in these institutions. For example, the research found that certain defense mechanisms and emotions were found to be correlated in a complex and interrelated system of interactions. Similarly, although no significant associations were found between attachment, defense mechanisms and emotions were found, the frequency distributions provided detailed information suggesting that attachment does influence the defenses used and emotion during middle childhood. These finding suggest that further research needs to be conducted in this area to further this knowledge base and to inform the caregivers and staff at institutions such as those included in the study.
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Καραγιάννης, Παναγιώτης. "Η λειτουργία των μηχανισμών άμυνας στη συμβουλευτική διαδικασία στο πλαίσιο της προσωποκεντρικής προσέγγισης. Case study: περιστατικά βιντεοσκοπήμενων συνεδριών του Τμήματος Ψυχοθεραπείας του Νοσοκομείου "St George" του Λονδίνου με τίτλο "Psychological defence mechanisms". Μετάφραση από την αγγλική γλώσσα στην ελληνική και υποτιτλισμός." Thesis, 2005. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/3529.
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Sullivan, Rosemary. "A different kind of fantasy group dynamics and psychological change in male batterers /." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/16008.
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Kochhar, S. S. "Defence mechanisms and personality dimensions." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4298.
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Powell, Olivia Cassandra. "Cognitive processing in dissociation." Thesis, 2008. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/21263/1/whole_PowellOliviaCassandra2008_thesis.pdf.
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Dissociation is defined as "disruption in the usually integrated functions of
consciousness, memory, identity, or perception" (DSM-IV-TR: American
Psychiatric Association, 2000), however it remains one of the least understood and
poorly defined concepts within psychology. The term is used to describe a diverse
range of psychological phenomena and distinguishing normal from pathological
dissociative phenomena is problematic. Dissociative phenomena are believed to
be experienced by most individuals and are considered adaptively functional.
Dissociation may be maladaptive however if an individual habitually dissociates in
response to everyday situations, preventing normal cognitive processing and
adaptive coping. Considerable debate exists as to whether the experience of
dissociation is normally distributed throughout the general population or whether
pathological dissociation is a categorically separate type of dissociative phenomena
that is only experienced by a few. A relationship between dissociation and trauma
history has been well established, however precisely how dissociation develops in
relation to trauma still remains unclear. Attachment theory and research have made
important contributions. Although differences in attentional and pre-attentive
cognitive processing have been associated with dissociation, there have been
relatively few research attempts to identify and investigate the specific cognitive
processes involved in dissociation. Better understanding of dissociation at the
cognitive level will not only help clarify conceptualisations of dissociation, but will
have important clinical treatment implications for a range of psychopathology in
which dissociation is present.
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Saleh, Gasser. "La résistance à l’interférence proactive en situation de rejet social et le rôle de la propension au clivage." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24398.
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Le clivage est un mécanisme de défense dans lequel les représentations positives et négatives de soi-même et d’autrui sont séparées afin d’éviter de ressentir l’anxiété. Les stresseurs interpersonnels provoqueraient des comportements impulsifs chez les individus ayant une propension au clivage élevée. Ceci dit, les processus cognitifs associés à la propension au clivage sont inconnus. La capacité de résistance à l’interférence proactive est la capacité de résister à l’intrusion en mémoire de travail de pensées impertinentes pour la tâche en cours. Ainsi, cette capacité pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la gestion de représentations et être diminuée par les stresseurs de nature interpersonnelle. La présente étude avait pour but de vérifier l’hypothèse voulant que la résistance à l’interférence proactive diminue dans une condition d’exclusion sociale et que cet effet soit augmenté par la propension au clivage. L’échantillon comprenait 131 individus provenant d’une population non-clinique. D’abord, ils ont complété un questionnaire mesurant la propension au clivage. Ensuite, ils ont été assignés aléatoirement à une condition soit d’exclusion sociale, soit d’inclusion sociale. Finalement, ils ont effectué une tâche de résistance à l’interférence proactive. Dans la condition d’exclusion, les participants commettent davantage d’erreurs sur les cibles négatives non récentes que sur les cibles négatives récentes à la tâche de résistance à l’interférence proactive. Aucune interaction n’a été obtenue entre la propension au clivage et les conditions sociales. Conséquemment, les processus cognitifs associés à la propension au clivage demeurent inconnus, mais des pistes d’explication sont explorées du point de vue méthodologique pour les recherches futures.Splitting refers to a defense mechanism by which the positively and negatively charged representations of self and others are separated in order to protect oneself from several anxiety. Interpersonal stresses play a major role in triggering impulsive behaviors among individuals with a high splitting usage. However, the cognitive processes associated with the usage of splitting are unknown. Resistance to proactive interference is the ability to resist memory intrusions from irrelevant previously learned information. This cognitive ability might, thus, play an important role in regulating representations and be decreased by interpersonal stress. It is hypothesized that the resistance to proactive interference would decrease during social exclusion and this effect would be function of splitting use frequency. The sample consisted of 131 nonclinical individuals from student and general population. They completed a self-report splitting questionnaire. Then, they were randomly assigned to rejection or inclusion conditions on an interpersonal task. Finally, they performed a resistance to proactive interference task. In the rejection condition, the error rate on negative probes trials was higher than recent negative probes trials. Splitting usage did not interact with social condition in predicting the error rate in the resistance to proactive interference task. Consequently, the cognitive processes associated to splitting usage remain unknown but explanations are explored in a methodological view for future researches.
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Beaulieu-Pelletier, Geneviève. "Vers un approfondissement de l’évaluation des états mentaux : exploration de leurs propriétés et répercussions." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8500.
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Les états mentaux réfèrent à la qualité de la capacité d’un individu à élaborer mentalement et à s’ouvrir à son expérience subjective dans l’ici et maintenant. Les divers états mentaux varient quant à la disponibilité des ressources représenta-tionnelles et affectives pouvant être activées afin d’organiser l’expérience vécue, ainsi que dans leur utilisation de stratégies défensives et d’autorégulation. La présente thèse avait pour objectifs 1) d’approfondir l’évaluation des états mentaux par le développement et la validation d’un instrument pratique, le Mental States Task (MST), développé afin d’évaluer différentes qualités d’états mentaux et 2) d’investiguer les propriétés psychiques et les répercussions des différents états mentaux.
Le premier article avait pour but de valider le MST. La première partie de l’article est consacrée à la validation du MST dans sa version francophone, et la deuxième partie porte sur la traduction et la validation du MST dans sa version anglophone. Les résultats fournissent des indices convaincants de validité et de fidélité, ainsi qu’une valeur prédictive adéquate. Le MST semble représenter de façon conforme autant les états mentaux de bas niveau que de haut niveau selon le continuum de réflexivité. De fait, les états mentaux de bas niveau et de haut niveau ont été respectivement associés à un large spectre de construits négatifs/immatures et positifs/matures. De plus, chaque état mental évalué par le MST semble posséder des propriétés particulières relativement aux processus mentaux et émotionnels utilisés pour traiter l’expérience.
Le second article avait pour objectif d’approfondir l’étude de la valeur prédictive du MST par le biais de l’évaluation des coûts psychiques engendrés par les différentes qualités d’états mentaux—coûts présumés dépendant des ressources représentationnelles disponibles et du type de stratégies de régulation utilisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les états mentaux de bas niveau génèrent des coûts énergétiques plus élevés, ayant pour répercussion d’entraîner subséquemment un effet de déplétion du moi. Inversement, les états mentaux de haut niveau engendrent de moindres coûts, protégeant contre un état subséquent de déplétion du moi. Le MST s’est avéré être un outil efficace d’évaluation des répercussions énergétiques occasionnées par les divers états mentaux.Mental states refer to the quality of one’s capacity to mentally elaborate and open up to his/her subjective experience in the here-and-now moment. Mental states differ relatively to the availability of the representational and affective resources triggered in order to organize the experience, and in the type of defensive and self-regulatory strategies used. The aims of this thesis were 1) to deepen the evaluation of mental states through the creation and validation of a practical measure, the Mental States Task (MST), in order to evaluate differences in quality of mental states, and 2) to investigate the psychic properties and repercussions of the different mental states. The goal of the first article was to validate the MST. The first part of this article was dedicated to the validation of the French version of the MST, and the second part to the translation and validation of its English version. Results provide convincing evidence of validity and reliability, as well as an adequate predictive value with respect to a large range of related concepts, in both its French and English versions. The MST appears to well represent both low- and high-level mental states according to the reflective continuum, which were found to be linked to a large range of negative/immature and positive/mature constructs, respectively. In addition, each mental state measured by the MST appears to have particular characteristics relative to the mental and emotional processes used to deal with the experience. The purpose of the second article was to deepen the investigation of the predictive value of the MST, through the evaluation of the psychic costs generated by the different qualities of mental states—the costs presumably depending on the representational resources available and the regulatory strategies used. Results suggest that using low-level mental states generates higher energetic costs, resulting in a subsequent ego-depletion effect. Conversely, high-level mental states generate fewer costs, protecting from a subsequent ego-depletion effect. The MST appeared to be an efficient tool in the assessment of the energetic repercussions produced by the different mental sates.
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Lord, Jodi Ann. "Identification of a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fear." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2674.
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Although fear is an integral part of normal human functioning, it is important to obtain knowledge of children’s normative fear and defence mechanism in order for parents and caregivers to understand and contribute towards mediating potentially stressful experiences of children in their care.
This combined qualitative and quantitative study aimed to identify a dominant defence mechanism for children in their middle childhood in dealing with fear. In order to reach the aim of this study a conceptual framework was done exploring terms central to this study including: development in middle childhood, fear, coping mechanisms and defence mechanisms. Miller and Dollard’s learning theory as a theoretical perspective was applied to the study. Interviews were conducted with eleven children in the southern suburbs of Cape Town. The data was analyzed and several findings were identified and explored. Implications, limitations as well as suggestions are part of the concluding chapter of the report.Sociology
M. Diac. (Play Therapy)
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Burkitt, Ian, and Paul W. Sullivan. "Embodied ideas and divided selves: revisiting Laing via Bakhtin." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5899.
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In this article, we apply Mikhail Bakhtin's model of a 'divided self' to R.D. Laing's eponymous work on the lived experience of divided selves in 'psychosis'. Both of these authors offer intriguing insights into the fracturing of self through its social relationships (including the 'micro-dialogues' staged for oneself) but from uniquely different perspectives. Bakhtin (1984) uses Dostoevsky's novels as his material for a theory of self, centrally concerned with moments of split identity, crisis, and personal transformation, while Laing relies on his patient's accounts of 'psychosis'. We will outline how two key Bakhtinian divisions of the self (spirit/soul and authoritative/internally persuasive discourse) help to make sense of Laing's descriptions of his patient's experiences and micro-dialogues. Conversely, when refracted through Laing's phenomenology Bakhtin's account of the self becomes richer and somewhat darkened in terms of a double-edged ontology, which describes a maximally open self but one that is consumed by ideas, unable to manage their contradictions. The implications of this for managing the dilemmas of self-identity will be drawn out.
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Filippa, Olga Maddalena. "Exploring resilience in the narratives of Zimbabwean adolescents affected by parental out-migration and the diaspora." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20682.
Full textAbstract:
Text in EnglishZimbabwe‘s economic and political instability has resulted in the migration of over four million of its people. Many of those who join the Diaspora leave their children behind in the home country, a phenomenon known as ―Diaspora orphans‖. Little is known of the experiences of these Zimbabwean adolescents affected by parental out-migration. A Pilot Study in 2011 highlighted emergent themes and explored the use of defence and coping mechanisms, by thematically analysing in-depth interviews carried out with these youngsters. This study re-examined these interviews and carried out follow-up ones, with a view to establish whether longitudinal changes take place. Resilience levels of participants were also measured, using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure ‒ 28, in individual, relational and contextual areas, to establish whether high resilience results in better coping and adjustment to parental absence. Findings confirm this and evidence that multiple stressors result in lower resilience levels and seem to indicate that a reciprocal relationship exists between resilience levels and optimal coping. Recommendations on how best to help these youngsters to cope with their altered circumstances, with special emphasis on the role of educational establishments, and suggestions for further research in this field conclude this study.
Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
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Du, Plooy Jacolene Mathilda. "Persepsies van ouers aangaande regressiewe gedrag by die kleuter." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1593.
Full textAbstract:
Text in AfrikaansThe focus of this qualitative study was the perceptions of parents regarding their toddlers' regressive behaviour. For the purposes of this study the term perceptions relates to both the impressions in a persons' consciousness as well as the result thereof. The researcher compiled a conceptual framework from the existing literature and then carried out the empirical study. A focus group of four parents' whose toddler or toddlers showed regressive behavior at the time of the study was compiled. A focusgroup discussion was held where the parents described their perceptions of their toddlers' regressive behaviour. The focus group discussion was recorded both by video camera as well as a digital recorder with the consent of all focus group participants, after which it was transcribed. Recurring themes were identified from the transcribed data and verified with literature. Qualitative data were obtained that answered the research question.
Social work
M.Diac.