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Journal articles on the topic 'Defense mechanisms (Psychology)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bogutyn, Tomasz, Janusz Pałczyński, Andrzej Kokoszka, and Paweł Holas. "Defense Mechanisms in Alexithymia." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.183.

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The Polish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire were completed by 387 university students. Scores on alexithymia correlate significantly with scores on the whole group of 12 immature defenses (Pearson r = .39, p<.001) and with scores on such individual immature defense mechanisms as Autistic Fantasy ( r = .39), Somatization ( r = .37), Projection ( r = .32), and Displacement ( r = .32). These results support other findings indicating that alexithymia is significantly associated with immature ego defenses.

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2

Cramer, Phebe. "IQ and Defense Mechanisms Assessed with the TAT." Rorschachiana 36, no. 1 (April 2015): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000058.

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Abstract. The concept of defense mechanism has a long history in psychoanalysis and clinical psychopathology. The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem. To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual ( Cramer, 1991a ) – has been developed and validated. Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method. The article presents examples of TAT stories that have been coded for defense use. These show how defense use changes after a period of psychotherapy, and how defenses change with age. Evidence for reliability and validity is provided, both from correlational and experimental studies. The remainder of the paper focuses on the relation between the use of defense mechanisms and intelligence. Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ. Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as psychiatric symptom change, level of Ego Development, and Big Five personality traits.

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3

Berzonsky, Michael, and Andrew Kinney. "Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms." Polish Psychological Bulletin 39, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-008-0022-7.

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Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms To investigate relationships between identity processing styles and patterns of defense mechanisms, 213 participants (Mean age = 23.01 years) completed measures of defense-mechanism clusters and styles of negotiating (or managing to avoid) identity conflicts and threats (64% of the participants were female). A self-exploratory, informational identity style was associated with defense mechanisms that control anxiety and threats via internal cognitive maneuvers. In contrast, a diffuse-avoidant identity style was found to be related to maladaptive defensive maneuvers including turning against others and turning aggression inward against oneself, which is related to depressive reactions. A foreclosing, normative identity style was associated with defenses that limit awareness of threatening ideas and information by denial, distortion, and negation. None of these relationships was qualified by age or gender. The findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development that emphasizes social-cognitive differences in how individuals construct, maintain, and reconstruct their self-identity.

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4

Farhoudi, Fateme, and Dennis Tay. "The image schemas of container and source-path-goal in the theory of psychodynamic defense mechanisms." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2023): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.22004.far.

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Abstract In this article, we evaluated the theory of defense mechanisms from the cognitive linguistics perspective. We chose two basic image schemas of container and path-goal and reviewed three psychodynamic psychotherapy textbooks and two psychology dictionaries to extract passages defining defense mechanisms by one of the selected image schemas. Seventeen defense mechanisms were extracted, categorized, and discussed according to their underlying image schemas. In conclusion, we suggest that the development of the defense mechanisms could be traced back to the early interactions of an infant with the physical environment. Moreover, there might be a relationship between the adaptive levels of the defense mechanisms and the chronological development of image schemas in an infant’s mind, e.g., defenses defined using the image schema of container are usually less adaptive than defenses defined using the image schema of path-goal.

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5

Nicolas, Michel, and Ahmed Jebrane. "Relationships between Coping Strategies and Defense Mechanisms in Sport Performance." Psychological Reports 103, no. 3 (December 2008): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.735-744.

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In an exploratory study, the relationships between two major concepts in psychological adjustment, coping strategies, and defense mechanisms were investigated. Sport competition is an example of a real-world context in which people's responses to stressful situations can be investigated. The extent to which participants reported different uses of coping strategies and defense mechanisms was assessed in terms of performance. 26 elite kayakers were classified into one of two groups, depending on the discrepancy between their standard performance and their performance in competition. Correlations were found among the coping strategies of seeking social support, positive reappraisal/planful problem solving, and mature defenses and between the coping strategy of distancing/avoidance and immature defenses. The results of multivariate and univariate analyses confirmed a significantly different use of coping strategies and defense mechanisms between the two performance groups. In light of these findings, certain recommendations in terms of methodology and application are warranted. Coping strategies and defense mechanisms should be studied to improve adjustment to sport performance.

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6

Besser, Avi. "SELF- AND BEST-FRIEND ASSESSMENTS OF PERSONALITY VULNERABILITY AND DEFENSES IN THE PREDICTION OF DEPRESSION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 6 (January 1, 2004): 559–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.6.559.

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The associations are explored between personality vulnerability and the use of defense mechanisms in the prediction of depression. A nonclinical community sample of 187 respondents and their same-sex best friends reported on participants' personality vulnerability factors (Self-criticism, Dependency and Efficacy), defense mechanisms (Mature, Immature and Emotion-avoiding), and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: CES-D; Radloff, 1977). It was found that Mature defenses were associated only with Efficacy. Extensive use of Immature and Emotion-avoiding defenses was associated with vulnerability to depression. Furthermore, Immature defenses interacted with personality vulnerabilities. Specifically, highly self-critical participants who reported low levels of Immature defense were less depressed than were participants high on both Self-criticism and Immature defense. High Immature defense scores mediated the effect of Dependency on depression. Finally, more severe vulnerability was found when targets both rated themselves and were rated by their best friends as higher on Dependency and/or on Emotion-avoiding defenses. The implications of these findings for the study of the role of defense mechanisms in personality configurations and their susceptibility to depression, as well as for the use of multisource assessment strategies in the study of personality, are discussed. Finally, the practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

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7

Sala, Maria Nives, Silvia Testa, Francisco Pons, and Paola Molina. "Emotion Regulation and Defense Mechanisms." Journal of Individual Differences 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000151.

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This study examined the relations between emotion regulation and defense mechanisms as assessed through self-report questionnaires. Participants were 314 undergraduate students at the University of Turin (Faculty of Agricultural Studies, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences and Faculty of Psychology). Correlational analysis identified several associations between emotion regulation strategies and defense mechanisms. A second-order factor model was tested in which each of the dimensions assessed by the defense mechanisms and emotion regulation instruments was assigned to either an adaptive or maladaptive latent dimension. The results suggested that the dimensions of adaptiveness and maladaptiveness may represent a key link between emotion regulation and defense mechanisms.

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8

Tang, Qingfeng, and Jinlin Peng. "Research on the Influence of Different Psychological Defense Mechanisms on the Psychology of Students." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 6, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v6i5.3902.

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The contradiction between id and ego is the root cause of various problems in the growth process of students. On the basis of understanding the functions of different psychological defense mechanisms, teachers can assist students in dealing with all areas of inner conflict and thus achieve a balanced state. Psychological defense mechanism is one of the means for individuals to deal with setbacks and anxiety. It plays an important role in preserving an individual’s mental health. This paper mainly analyzes the impact of different types of psychological defense mechanisms in the growth process of students and discusses its importance as well as its significance. Finally, by analyzing its influencing factors, this paper also proposes strategies for adjusting the psychological defense mechanism, so as to provide reference for teachers in the practical education process.

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9

Cramer, Phebe. "Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation." American Psychologist 55, no. 6 (2000): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.637.

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10

Weber, Sandra, William H. Gottdiener, and Cordelia Chou. "Relationship between defense mechanisms and psychopathic traits in an Internet sample." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 85, no. 3 (September 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2021.85.3.271.

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The authors compared the defense mechanisms used by a community sample of people with and without self-reported psychopathic traits. Defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire-60 and psychopathy was assessed using the Levinson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in a sample of 225 adults recruited on the Internet. Results found that people with self-reported psychopathy traits used significantly more immature and neurotic defense mechanisms than people without a psychopathic personality profile. All participants reported equal use of mature defenses.

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11

Juni, Samuel. "Measurement of Defenses in Special Populations: Revision of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory." Journal of Research in Personality 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1994.1017.

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12

Tallandini, Maria Anna, and Corrado Caudek. "Defense mechanisms development in typical children." Psychotherapy Research 20, no. 5 (September 2010): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2010.493536.

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13

Murray, James F. "Defense Mechanisms: Their Classification, Correlation, and Measurement With the Defense Mechanisms Inventory (Book)." Journal of Personality Assessment 53, no. 1 (March 1989): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5301_22.

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14

Jannah, Raudhatul, and Hanisfa Salsabila. "Mekanisme Pertahanan Ego Said Mahran Dalam Novel Al-Lisshu Wa Al-Killab Karya Najib Mahfuzh (Kajian Psikologi Sastra Sigmund Freud)." `A Jamiy : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 11, no. 2 (August 18, 2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/ajamiy.11.2.298-309.2022.

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This research is entitled Said Mahran's Self Defense Mechanism in the Novel Al-Lisshu wa Al-Killab by Najib Mahfuzh (Sigmund Freud's Literary Psychology Study). The purpose of this research is to describe the self-defense mechanism used by Said Mahran in dealing with the conflict that befell him. The method used in completing this research is descriptive analysis method using Sigmund Freud's literary psychology approach. The data source of this research is the novel Al-Lisshu Wa Al-Killab by Najib Mahfuzh. The collection technique was carried out by means of observation through reading and recording important data related to the research. The data analysis technique used the Miles and Huberman approach. As for the results of this study, there are five self-defense mechanisms used by Said Mahran, among others: Fantasy, Projection, Diversion, Action Formation and Apathy. The purpose of the self-defense mechanism used by Said Mahran is to reduce anxiety and fear of failure in carrying out and realizing his plans.

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15

Chatterjee, Ishita. "Is Defense a Way of Coping?" Academic Bulletin of Mental Health 2 (May 17, 2024): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/abmh_9_2023.

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Over the years, the concept of psychological adaptability has stirred the field of psychology. Researchers from personality psychology, clinical psychology, and other interrelated areas of psychology have taken a special interest in understanding the adaptive functioning within the individual that may help in healthy adjustment. One of such adaptive mechanisms was first described by Sigmund Freud under the label of defense, which had been through a lot of revisions over the years. Another concept, though stemming from a different conceptual framework, could be equally important to understand the adjustment process, which was labeled as coping. The present article aims to shed light on the various similarities and differences between both concepts despite their conceptual distancing.

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16

Susanti, Nila. "FREUD’S DEFENSE MECHANISM ON KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS AND TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE." JETLe (Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning) 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v1i2.9077.

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<div class="WordSection1"><p>This paper attempts to analyze Blanche's psychology at A Streetcar Named Desire by American playwright Tennessee Williams and Mariam and Laila in A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini in relation to Freud's use of defense mechanisms, in order to restore their mental and physical health. The main character of women has gotten an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable impulse by blocking impulses such as superego, thereby reducing suffering from previous traumatic experiences that cannot be erased from their minds, and anxiety to survive. Their anxiety becomes so excessive that the ego forms a defense mechanism to protect them with new hopes, dreams and desires to reduce excessive stress. Blanche, under his mental and social pressure, his illusions and falsification of reality, were unable to overcome the trauma-causing situation in reality, leaving him on the verge of collapse. Mariam and Laila, who most often experience physical and mental stress, internal and external conflicts that come from people in their lives, war, religion and culture. Which ultimately forms the character of women who turn against rebels with strength and defense. The research method used to describe and analyze the main female characters in A Thousand Splendid Suns and A Streetcar Named Desire is with some evidence obtained from the statements of the main female figures containing defense mechanisms including repression, regression, rationalization, and rejection. The author finally discovered many things about the main female character from both literary works. In A Thousand Splendid Suns only three defense mechanisms were found. Mariam and Laila do not use regression as one of their defense mechanisms. Both characters never behave like a child. No evidence was found to support the use of this defense mechanism. In A Streetcar Named Desire, four defense mechanisms are found. Blanche uses all defense mechanisms as his defense.</p><p><em>Keywords: Women, Anxiety, Freud's defense mechanisms</em><em></em></p></div>

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17

Cramer, Phebe. "The unconscious status of defense mechanisms." American Psychologist 56, no. 9 (2001): 762–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.9.762.

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18

Syahidah, Jihan, and Arido Laksono. "Psychoanalytical Conflicts, Anxiety, and Ego Defense Mechanisms of The Main Character in Karin Slaughter’s The Good Daughter." Culturalistics: Journal of Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Studies 5, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/culturalistics.v5i2.12474.

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This study is aimed to observe the factors of defense mechanisms applied by the main character, Charlie Quinn in The Good Daughter’s novel by Karin Slaughter. The Good Daughter tells the story of Charlie Quinn who undergoes certain unfortunate situations in Pikeville, Georgia, United States. Library research is conducted to gather the data. The primary data were collected from the novel whilst the secondary data were collected from journals, books, and articles. Character and characterization, conflicts, and settings are observed for the intrinsic aspects whilst the psychology of literature approach that includes the factors of Sigmund Freud’s defense mechanisms is observed for the extrinsic aspects. It is determined that from the analysis, defense mechanisms are applied to redeem objective and neurotic anxiety. Objective and neurotic anxiety are the factors that trigger the use of defense mechanisms. Finally, the kinds of defense mechanisms employed by the main character to redeem anxiety are intellectualization, repression, denial, regression, and displacement.Keywords: The Good Daughter; defense mechanisms; objective anxiety; neurotic anxiety

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19

Cramer, Phebe. "Defense Mechanisms and Physiological Reactivity to Stress." Journal of Personality 71, no. 2 (March 14, 2003): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7102001.

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20

Turton, R. W. "Book Review: The Development of Defense Mechanisms." South African Journal of Psychology 24, no. 2 (June 1994): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639402400209.

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21

Fukunishi, Isao, Yuichi Numata, and Masaki Hattori. "Alexithymia and Defense Mechanisms in Myocardial Infarction." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.219.

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The relationship between alexithymia and defense mechanisms was examined among 66 patients with myocardial infarction. Alexithymia was greater among patients with acute myocardial infarction than among those with old myocardial infarction. Alexithymia was correlated with scores on measures of the defense mechanisms of denial, negation, repression, and reaction formation. The results suggest the possibility that alexithymia may be evident when effective coping mechanisms are employed to minimize the severity of perceived threats or conflicts.

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22

Vaillant, George E. "Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103, no. 1 (1994): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.44.

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23

Nugroho, M. Aprianto Budie, and Sely Viladinia. "AUDREY TURNER’S CONFLICTS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN KINSELLA’S 'FINDING AUDREY'." LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v3i1.1146.

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A story becomes interesting because of the existence of the characters’ conflicts. This research objectives were to investigate the conflicts and defense mechanisms in Audrey Turner, the main character of Finding Audrey novel written by Sophie Kinsella. This research was conducted in qualitative method by using narrative research design. The collected data were identified, categorized, and analyzed based on literature and psychology perspectives of Islam’s (2016) theory and defense mechanisms by Cramer (2006). The findings show that person vs him/herself as the internal conflict is found 52 times (67.5%). The first external conflict found is person vs person which appears 23 times (29.9%) It is followed by person vs society and person vs nature conflicts, each of which appears once only (1.3%). Three kinds of defense mechanisms are found as well. The denial defense mechanisms are found 72 times (54.1%) whereas projection and identification are each found as many as 48 times (36.1%) and 13 times (9.8%). It means that Audrey, as the main character, mostly faces conflicts against her own self and feels of fears affected from her anxiety disorder and people around her. To deal with her conflicts, Audrey mostly uses denial as a defense mechanism to protect herself.

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24

Bedel, Ahmet. "The Role of Interpersonal Problem Solving in Using the Immature Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents." Universitas Psychologica 18, no. 5 (December 30, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-5.rips.

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The purpose of this study was to examine associations between interpersonal problem solving and immature defense mechanisms in addition to whether interpersonal problem solving are predictors of immature defense mechanisms. The participants of the study consists of 428 high schools students (184 of the students were females). Interpersonal Problem Solving Inventory and Defense Style Questionnaire were applied. Results of multiple regression analyses indicated that all variables of interpersonal problem solving skills together accounted for 32% of the variance in defense mechanisms. Specifically, significant predictors of immature defense mechanisms levels were lack of self-confidence, negative approach to the problems, constructive problem solving respectively. Generally, the levels of adolescents resort to immature defense mechanisms, lack of self-confidence and negative approach to the problem of the increase, a decrease in constructive problem-solving skills are seen to be effective. The results of the study was discussd within the results of the previous studies.

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25

Mehlman, Elizabeth, and Steve Slane. "Validity of Self-Report Measures of Defense Mechanisms." Assessment 1, no. 2 (June 1994): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191194001002009.

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26

ERIKSEN, HEGE R., MIRANDA OLFF, CHRIS MANN, MAURICE B. STERMAN, and HOLGER URSIN. "Psychological defense mechanisms and electroencephalographic arousal." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 37, no. 4 (December 1996): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00668.x.

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27

Prout, Tracy A., William H. Gottdiener, Alexander Camargo, and Sean Murphy. "The relationship between defense mechanisms and religious coping using a new two-factor solution for the Defense Style Questionnaire-40." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 82, no. 3 (September 2018): 224–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2018.82.3.224.

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This study examined the factor structure of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) and explored the relationships between defense mechanisms and religious coping in a diverse sample of 380 college students. In contrast with the three-factor model of defenses proposed by the developers of the DSQ-40, principal axis factoring yielded two internally consistent components: adaptive and maladaptive defense styles. Endorsement of adaptive defenses was positively correlated with the use of positive religious coping strategies and negatively correlated with negative religious coping. Maladaptive defenses were associated with the endorsement of negative religious coping strategies. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations are made for future use of the DSQ-40.

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28

Sabrina, Nurul Annisa. "Analisis Konflik Batin Dan Mekanisme Pertahanan Tokoh Sasaki Miyo Dalam Anime Nakitai Watashi Wa Neko Wo Kaburu." J-Litera: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya Jepang 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jlitera.2021.3.1.3861.

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This research examines the intrinsic elements of anime Nakitai Watashi wa Neko wo Kaburu, as well as the inner conflicts and defense mechanisms of Sasaki Miyo character in the anime Nakitai Watashi wa Neko wo Kaburu. This research uses qualitative descriptive technique with literary psychology approach. The data collection technique was carried out by using the note-taking technique. The theories that were used in this research are fiction study theory to analyze intrinsic elements and Freud's psychoanalytic theory to analyze the inner conflict and defense mechanisms of Sasaki Miyo. The result of this research is that there are 35 data that show the intrinsic elements of the anime Nakitai Watashi wa Neko wo Kaburu and 8 data that show the inner conflict and defense mechanisms of Sasaki Miyo character in the anime Nakitai Watashi wa Neko wo Kaburu. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that Sasaki Miyo, a middle school girl who was unhappy because her parents had gotten divorced and chose to run away from her house as a cat, experienced inner conflicts and used various defense mechanisms when the inner conflicts occurred. There are 6 defense mechanisms that are used by Miyo, and those are reaction formation, rationalization, reversal, compensation, and undoing. The factors that cause Miyo's unhappiness eventually accumulated so that Miyo often used projection as a defense mechanism, where she continued to project her anger towards her parents.

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29

Aleman, Kristian. "OBJECT RELATION QUALITY, ALEXITHYMIA, AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF DRUG ABUSERS WITH ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 10 (January 1, 2007): 1335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1335.

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The purpose was to investigate, in a sample of drug abusers, whether subscales in the KAPP (Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile, Weinryb, 1992) interview and defense mechanisms explored by the DMTm (Defense Mechanism Technique modified) could differentiate between DSM-III-R clusters and personality disorders (PDs). Forty-seven (47) subjects out of the 84 injecting drug abusers (56%) recruited from a detoxification hospital ward in Sweden had a primary antisocial PD (ASPD) with a comorbid second DSM-III-R PD diagnosis. Pathology was significant on the KAPP subscales of“Dependency and separation,” “Alexithymic traits,” “Normopathic traits,”“Coping with aggressive affects,” and “Sexual satisfaction” in relation to cluster B (dramatic). All subscales were predominant in patients with ASPD/narcissistic PD, who showed the defense mechanism marked denial. The two latter subscales were related to patients with ASPD/borderline PD, who showed the defense of introaggression and the DMTm sign of disappearance of threat. Finally, some psychoanalytic constructs in KAPP and DMTm showed congruence.

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30

Catina, Ana, Inez Gitzinger, and Hanne Hoeckh. "Defense mechanisms: An approach from the perspective of personal construct psychology." International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology 5, no. 3 (July 1992): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08936039208404315.

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31

Mullen, Linda S., Carlos Blanco, Susan C. Vaughan, Roger Vaughan, and Steven P. Roose. "Defense mechanisms and personality in depression." Depression and Anxiety 10, no. 4 (1999): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1999)10:4<168::aid-da5>3.0.co;2-5.

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32

Perry, J. Christopher, and Jesse Metzger. "Introduction to “Defense Mechanisms in Psychotherapy”." Journal of Clinical Psychology 70, no. 5 (March 27, 2014): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22084.

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33

Metzger, Jesse A. "Adaptive Defense Mechanisms: Function and Transcendence." Journal of Clinical Psychology 70, no. 5 (March 27, 2014): 478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22091.

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34

Mihalits, Dominik Stefan, and Marco Codenotti. "The Conceptual Tragedy in Studying Defense Mechanisms." Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 54, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09515-6.

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35

Mogami, Tamiko. "Psychosexual Fixation and Defense Mechanisms in a Sample of Young Japanese Women: A Preliminary Study." Psychological Reports 107, no. 1 (August 2010): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.pr0.107.4.79-86.

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The present pilot study examined psychosexual fixations and defense mechanisms in a sample of young Japanese women. The Lexical Rorschach count and the Defense Mechanisms Inventory were administered to 24 female college students. Sadism on the Lexical Rorschach count was positively correlated with Reversal of Affect. Phallic fixation on the Lexical Rorschach count was positively correlated with Projection. Psychoanalytic hypotheses about the associations between psychosexual fixations and defense mechanisms were partially confirmed.

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36

Bibace, Roger, David Marcus, Debra Thomason, and E. Anne Litt. "Teaching Psychological Defenses: An Interactive Computerized Program." Teaching of Psychology 14, no. 1 (February 1987): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1401_9.

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An interactive computerized teaching program with which students learn to analyze behaviors as examples of psychological defense is described. Students are presented with a short paragraph describing a fictional situation in which a defensive behavior is enacted. These behaviors are analyzed in terms of actor-action-object propositions. The transformations in these three terms generate psychological defenses such as projection and reaction formation. Students' satisfaction with the program and their subsequent performance in identifying defense mechanisms indicated that it was useful for developing analytic skills.

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37

Sandstrom, Marlene J., and Phebe Cramer. "Girls' Use of Defense Mechanisms Following Peer Rejection." Journal of Personality 71, no. 4 (June 26, 2003): 605–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7104004.

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38

Malone, Johanna C., Shiri Cohen, Sabrina R. Liu, George E. Vaillant, and Robert J. Waldinger. "Adaptive midlife defense mechanisms and late-life health." Personality and Individual Differences 55, no. 2 (July 2013): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.025.

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39

Cramer, Phebe. "Identity, Personality, and Defense Mechanisms: An Observer-Based Study." Journal of Research in Personality 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2171.

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Apter, Alan, Doron Gothelf, Ronny Offer, Gidi Ratzoni, Israel Orbach, Sam Tyano, and Cynthia R. Pfeffer. "Suicidal Adolescents and Ego Defense Mechanisms." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 11 (November 1997): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199711000-00013.

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APTER, ALAN, DORON GOTHELF, RONNY OFFER, GIDI RATZONI, ISRAEL ORBACH, SAM TYANO, and CYNTHIA R. PFEFFER. "Suicidal Adolescents and Ego Defense Mechanisms." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 11 (November 1997): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-8567(09)66560-6.

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Widatama, Shafira Kiemas, Titik Sudiatmi, and Wahyu Dini Septiari. "Mekanisme Pertahanan Ego Tokoh Utama dalam Novel Two Lost Souls Karya Pia Devina." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 10, no. 3 (December 20, 2022): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v10i3.118402.

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This study aims to describe the use of ego defense mechanisms in the main character as an effort to deal with a problem faced by the main character in the novel Two Lost Souls by Pia Devina. This type of research is qualitative using a description method, so this research will emphasize sentences to describe a situation that occurs in the field more specifically and in depth. The data collection technique used is in the form of a literacy study technique whose activities are in the form of an activity carried out by reading and taking notes on the research object which will later be processed as research material. The data analysis technique is a content analysis technique with reference to Sigmund Freud's Literary Psychology theory, namely self-defense mechanisms. The ego defense mechanism contained in the novel Two Lost Souls through the main character is repression which is a strong basis for ego defense, then with regression which triggers tension or emotional outbursts in a character, but it is different from the defense of apathy which tends to withdraw more from a problem.

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Rangell, Leo. "The Analysis of Defense: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense Revisited." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 37, no. 1 (February 1989): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000306518903700119.

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Кедярова, Е. А., М. Ю. Уварова, В. В. Монжиевская, Н. И. Русских, Н. И. Чернецкая, and О. А. Шумовская. "Peculiarities of Personal Defense in Patients with Different Psychosomatic Diseases." Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.11.1.015.

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Изучены защитные механизмы личности у пациентов с тремя видами психосоматических заболеваний (сахарный диабет, бронхиальная астма, гастрит). Проведено сопоставительное исследование как психологических защит при разных видах психосоматических заболеваний, так и в зависимости от давности возникновения заболевания. Показано, что пациенты с вновь выявленным заболеванием используют более широкий репертуар защитных механизмов, а также чаще используют конструктивные виды защит (компенсация, рационализация), что, вероятно, свидетельствует о более высоком уровне стрессоустойчивости в начале заболевания. Пациенты с такими заболеваниями, как сахарный диабет, бронхиальная астма, склонны к использованию более деструктивных защитных механизмов вытеснения и отрицания, в отличие от пациентов с гастритом. Более конструктивные психологические защиты, такие как компенсация и рационализация, чаще используют пациенты с гастритом. Во всех группах с хроническим заболеванием доминирующим защитным механизмом высокого уровня напряжения является замещение, что, вероятно, можно определить как замещение решения своих проблем (неприемлемых чувств, действий, недостижимых объектов и т. д.) соматической патологией. Personal defense mechanisms of patients with three kinds of psychosomatic diseases (diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, gastritis) are studied. Peculiarities of psychological defense mechanisms are studied not only in patients with different kinds of diseases, but also in patients with different duration of disease. It was showed that patients with diseases found not so long ago have wider psychological defenses and more often use constructive defenses such as compensation and rationalization, which can be related to their higher stress resistance at the beginning of disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma are more likely to use destructive defenses of repression and denying unlike patients with gastritis. Constructive defense such as compensationand rationalization is more likely to be used by patients with gastritis. all patients with chronic diseases use repression much more often than other defense mechanisms, and it may be related with their tendency to solve emotional and other problems by means of their psychosomatic diseases.

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Kartini, Azizah Intan. "Anxiety and defense mechanisms of Hyojang characters in movie 사도 (Sado)." Journal of Korean Applied Linguistics 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jokal.v3i1.38869.

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In 1757, Crown Prince Hyojang, son of King Yeongjo, suffered from a severe anxiety disorder. This illness can be seen in the movie Sado by Lee Jeon-ik released in 2015. The main character of the movie Sado is a representative of Prince Hyojang, who is described as experiencing anxiety which puts pressure on his father. Therefore, this study explores why they implement defense mechanisms against anxiety experienced by individuals. Driven by these problems, this research through literature focuses on two problems; how anxiety is shown by Hyojang's character in the movie Sado and how the defense mechanism is shown by Hyojang's character in the movie Sado. This research is qualitative research using descriptive methods with a literature psychology approach and psychoanalytic theory developed by Freud. The results of this research are as follows; First, the main character Hyojang in the movie Sado experiences three forms of anxiety which are realistic anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety; Second, Hyojang’s subconsciousness is described as carrying out three forms of defense mechanisms that are displacement, reaction formation, and repression.

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Setyo, Fakhry Tri, and Abdillah Nugroho. "DEFENSE MECHANISM IN NO LONGER HUMAN (2019) MOVIE: A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2024): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v8i1.9262.

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This study explores Osamu Dazai's defense mechanisms as depicted in the film adaptation of No Longer Human (2019) from a psychoanalytic perspective, drawing on Sigmund Freud's theoretical framework. The narrative follows the protagonist's tumultuous journey, highlighting his struggles with identity, alienation, and social conformity. Using Freud's psychoanalytic concepts, including defense mechanisms such as denial, projection, displacement, sublimation, reaction formation, undoing, and isolation, this study examines the protagonist's psychological responses to trauma and guilt. Employing Miles and Huberman’s method of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, the research conducts a close analysis of character behavior, dialogue, and symbolism. The film's depiction of these defense mechanisms offers profound insights into the human psyche and its coping strategies in the face of internal and external conflict. By integrating Freudian theory with cinematic interpretation, this study aims to elucidate the intricacies of Dazai's defense mechanisms and provide a deeper understanding of the complexity of human psychology as portrayed in the film.

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Verheij, René, Leo Timmerman, Jan Passchier, Durk Fekkes, and Lolke Pepplinkhuizen. "Trait Anxiety, Coping with Stress, and Norharman." Psychological Reports 80, no. 1 (February 1997): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.51.

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Plasma levels of the β-carboline norharman, concentration of platelet 5-HT, trait measures of anxiety, and measures of coping and defense mechanisms were compared for 15 patients with panic disorder and 24 healthy volunteers. Patients indicated that they made less use of the defense mechanism of principalization than control subjects. No other differences between patients and controls were significant. Platelet 5-HT concentration was positively correlated with the subjectively reported anxiety. Plasma norharman concentration was negatively correlated with the defense mechanisms of principalization and repression and positively correlated with coping strategies involving palliation. The positive correlations of norharman levels with projection and self-comforting fell short of significance and existed in the patient group only. No correlation was apparent between levels of plasma norharman and scores on anxiety. It was concluded that norharman is not a marker for panic disorder or trait anxiety, but that it might reflect intrapsychic and coping processes.

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Nobles, Calvin, and Ian Mcandrew. "The Intersectionality of Offensive Cybersecurity and Human Factors: A Position Paper." Scientific Bulletin 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2023-0022.

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Abstract This position paper delves into the complex interplay between proactive cyber defense mechanisms and inherent human susceptibilities. The researchers posit that as cyber systems advance in technical robustness, malicious entities progressively exploit human psychological tendencies and behavioral inconsistencies to circumvent security measures. These exploitations are not merely opportunistic but are strategic, leveraging a profound comprehension of human cognitive biases to undermine security infrastructures. The researchers argue for broadening the intellectual horizon in this domain, underscoring the imperative for a multidisciplinary methodology that amalgamates the empirical acumen of psychology, sociology, and computer science. The article asserts that the fortification of cyber defenses is contingent upon the comprehensive integration of human vulnerability assessments within cybersecurity frameworks. This position paper calls for an augmentation of scholarly research at the nexus of offensive cybersecurity and human factors, formulating defense mechanisms centered around the human element and promulgating inclusive cybersecurity policies that harmonize human and technological considerations.

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Zanarini, Mary C., Jolie L. Weingeroff, and Frances R. Frankenburg. "Defense Mechanisms Associated With Borderline Personality Disorder." Journal of Personality Disorders 23, no. 2 (April 2009): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.113.

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Szajnberg, Nathan. "Protecting the Self: Defense Mechanisms in Action." International Journal of Psychoanalysis 89, no. 1 (February 2008): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2007.00012_2.x.

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