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1
Traylor, Pamina. "Defense mechanisms /." Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12151.
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Holloway, Laurin Nicole. "Host Defense Mechanisms Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1245878489.
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Esparza, Jana Scoville. "Validating the Rorschach Defense Scale by Examining Defensive Functioning in College Students." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501158/.
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This study attempted to provide validation for Lerner and Lerner's Rorschach Defense Scale by investigating the relationship between primitive defenses as measured by the Rorschach Defense Scale, level of object relations as measured by the Developmental Analysis of the Concept of the Object Scale, and characteristic defensive operations as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed the Rorschach and MMPI, and the RDS and DACOS were applied to their Rorschach responses. The results show a significant positive correlation between use of primitive defenses and level of object relations development -and a significant negative correlation between the defense Projective Identification and MMPI scale 6 (Paranoia) elevation. Overall, these results did not support the validity of the RDS.
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MacGregor, Michael William. "Ego mechanisms of defense revisited, the relation of defense profiles to personality and health." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ57356.pdf.
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Fried, Limor. "Social defense mechanisms : tools for reclaiming our personal space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33151.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 67).
In contemporary Western society, electronic devices are becoming so prevalent that many people find themselves surrounded by technologies they find frustrating or annoying. The electronics industry has little incentive to address this complaint; I designed two counter-technologies to help people defend their personal space from unwanted electronic intrusion. Both devices were designed and prototyped with reference to the culture-jamming "Design Noir" philosophy. The first is a pair of glasses that darken whenever a television is in view. The second is low- power RF jammer capable of preventing cell phones or similarly intrusive wireless devices from operating within a user's personal space. By building functional prototypes that reflect equal consideration of technical and social issues, I identify three attributes of Noir products: Personal empowerment, participation in a critical discourse, and subversion.
by Limor Fried.
M.Eng.
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Jakobsson, Tina. "The Defense Mechanisms of Moll Flanders : A Psychoanalytical Essay." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35152.
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The essay analyzes how and why Moll Flanders’s childhood created mental and emotional patterns that would come to shape her personality and affect her behavior. The analysis will use psychoanalytical theories by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan to discern what defense mechanisms and desires Moll developed in childhood and how these presented themselves throughout her life. The essay concludes that she has a fear of abandonment and intimacy and that she uses denial and sublimation to repress anxiety and guilt. Moll’s core desire is to find stability, which is why she continuously strives for financial security due to equating money to comfort and safety. She sublimates her unconscious desire to replace her childhood caretakers and her repressed fears of annihilation by finding new men to take care of her. However, Moll’s unconscious keeps causing her to repeat negative behavioral patterns which trap her in cycles of fortune and misfortune.
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Scheiding, Victoria [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.
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Scheiding, Victoria Madeleine [Verfasser]. "Immune defense mechanisms against Legionella longbeachae / Victoria Madeleine Scheiding." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206417552/34.
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Rose-Martel, Megan. "Innate Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Defense Associated with the Avian Eggshell." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32299.
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During the course of evolution, the avian egg has developed multiple physical and chemical barriers in order to resist microbial challenges. These barriers are essential for the successful reproduction of avian species as well as to maintain safe and nutritious food for human consumption of the table egg. The calcified eggshell is a biomineralized barrier with an integrated organic matrix containing antimicrobial proteins, a hallmark of sophisticated biological structures. Calcium carbonate is deposited onto the outer shell membranes to form the calcified mammillary, palisade and vertical crystal layers; the final layer to be deposited is the outer eggshell cuticle. In this thesis, mass spectrometry-based technology was used to investigate the proteome of the outer cuticle, the mammillary cones and the shell membranes in order to gain insight into biomineralization and antimicrobial functions of the avian eggshell. Proteomics analysis of the eggshell cuticle revealed multiple antimicrobial proteins, supporting the hypothesis that the outermost cuticle layer is the first barrier against invading pathogens. The two most abundant cuticle proteins identified are similar to Kunitz-like protease inhibitor (ovocalyxin-25) and ovocalyxin-32. Multiple antimicrobial proteins were also revealed to be associated with the shell membrane fibres. Among the most abundant proteins were lysozyme C, avian β-defensin-11, ovotransferrin, ovocalyxin-36 and gallin. The biomineralized shell is also an important physical barrier against invading pathogens. Proteomics analysis of the mammillary cones, the initiation sites for shell calcification, revealed several candidate proteins involved in calcitic biomineralization. Promising candidates include nucleobindin-2 and SPARC, two calcium binding proteins previously shown to modulate mineralization. In-depth analysis of the comprehensive proteomes generated by this study revealed the presence of histones in the shell membranes, shell and cuticle compartments. Histones are cationic antimicrobial peptides, which are key molecules of the innate immune defense system of many species. This thesis reports the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of histones extracted from avian erythrocytes against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results suggest that the underlying antimicrobial mechanism is based on the interaction between histones and lipopolysaccharides / lipoteichoic acids, which are negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes. Histones also inhibit the growth of Gram-positive biofilms; the minimal biofilm eradication concentrations were determined for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Sensitive proteomics analyses have provided great insight into the protein constituents of the eggshell matrix, with two primary roles in the innate immune defense of the egg: regulation of calcitic biomineralization and antimicrobial protection. Further research on these proteins and their functions can provide a new focus for selective breeding programs looking to enhance the egg’s natural defenses, or provide inspiration for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as the histones.
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Warren, Michelle. "Defense mechanisms as moderators of trauma symptomatology in maltreated adolescents." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ61691.pdf.
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Madera, Laurence. "Mechanisms of immune response regulation by innate defense regulator peptides." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43066.
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The growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new anti-infective therapeutics. Innate defense regulator (IDR) peptides are a novel class of immunomodulatory agents shown to combat bacterial pathogens in murine models of infection via the augmentation of host immune functions, including the stimulation of chemokine production and enhancement of leukocyte recruitment, while suppressing bacterial-induced inflammation. Although IDR-peptides present the potential for future broad-range anti-infective agents, our limited understanding of how they modulate host immunity remains an obstacle in their development as clinical therapeutics. I hypothesized that IDR-peptides impact host immunity by modulating the immune responses of monocytes, a cell population necessary for IDR-mediated protection against infection. In this study, IDR-1002 was found to be a multi-faceted regulator of monocyte migration. IDR-1002 induced the production of monocyte-specific chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-3, as well as neutrophil-specific chemokines, IL-8 and GRO-α in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), correlating with the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, in monocytes. IDR-1002 was also found to enhance human monocyte migration towards chemokines through the enhancement of β1-integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin via regulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathway. In addition, IDR-1002 increased monocyte responsiveness to the chemokines MIP-1α and RANTES via modulation of CCR5 expression. These results demonstrate an overall promotion of monocyte motility by IDR-1002. In contrast to the immune-strengthening effects of IDR-1002, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human PBMCs stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was suppressed by the peptide, and correlated with a suppression of LPS-induced NFκB and p38 MAPK signalling and activation of PI3K-Akt signalling in monocytes. These results demonstrate that IDR-peptides are potent modulators of human monocyte function via their extensive regulation of monocyte signalling networks, potentially accounting for their multifunctional effects on host immunity in murine models of bacterial infection.
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Demitrack, Elise. "Mechanisms of Gastric Defense against Luminal Acid and Helicobacter pylori." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1275937800.
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Chouvenc, Thomas. "Defense mechanisms in termites against the infection of Entomopathogenic fungi." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024715.
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Sundbom, Elisabet. "Borderline psychopathology and the defense mechanism test." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 1992. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100698.
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The main purpose of the present studies has been to develop the Defense Mechanism Test (DM1) for clinical assessment of severe psychopathology with the focus on the concept of Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) according to Kemberg. By relating the DMT and the Structural Interview to each other, the concurrent validity of the concept of Personality Organization (PO) for psychiatric inpatients has been investigated. Two different assessment approaches have been used for this purpose. One has been to take a theoretical perspective as the starting-point for the classification of PO by means of the DMT. The other has been a purely empirical approach designed to discern natural and discriminating patterns of DMT distortions for different diagnostic groups. A dialogue is also in progress between DMT and current research on the Rorschach test in order to increase understanding of borderline phenomena and pathology. The overall results support Kemberg's idea that borderline patients are characterized by specific intrapsychic constellations different from those of both psychotic and neurotic patients. Both the DMT and the Structural Interview provide reliable and consistent judgements of PO. Patients with the syndrome diagnosis Borderline Personality Disorder exhibit different perceptual distortions from patients suffering from other personality disorders. The classic borderline theory is a one-dimensional developmental model, where BPO constitutes a stable intermediate form between neurosis and psychosis. The present results suggest that a two-dimensional model might be more powerful. Hence, the level of self- and object representations and reality orientation might be considered both from a developmental gad an affective perspective across varying forms of pathology. Kemberg suggests that borderline and psychotic patients share a common defensive constellation, centered around splitting, organizing self- and object representations. This view did not find support. The defensive pattem of the BPO patients is significantly different from the PPO defensive pattern. The BPO patients form their self- and object images affectively and thus the self- and object representations would seem to influence the defensive organization and not the other way around. The results have implications for the procedure and the interpretation of the DMT e.g. one and the same DMT picture can discern different kinds of personality; reactions other than the operationalized defense categories in the DMT manual can be valid predictors of PO; some of the DMT defenses described in the manual have to be reconceptualized such as isolation, repression and to some degree denial. Multivariate models are powerful tools for the integration of reactions to DMT into diagnostic patterns.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 4 uppsatser.
digitalisering@umu
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Hellström, Magnus, and Erik Forsgren. "Contagious Defenses : Interaction of Emotional Contagion and Defense Styles in a Business Context with Regard to the Resistance to Change." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19923.
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Companies have always had to adapt to external changes by innovation and reorganisation, in order to stay competitive and survive. For many industries, such as the automotive industry for example the need to quickly adapt to new conditions is expected to increase. In the automotive industry this is due to amongst other factors the globalised value chains and megatrends such as decarbonisation, autonomous vehicles and shared mobility. The megatrends could possibly be disruptive for the industry. Therefore, the ability to successfully implement necessary changes is a key ability. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. While protecting the individual from anxiety, they often result in a resistance to changes and is therefore problematic for organisations in need of implementing change. Emotional contagion is a subconscious process that can make people emotionally converge. The authors propose that within a business context, emotional contagion enables stable organizational groups to converge with regard to which defense mechanisms that are employed. Within a case study of the automotive supplier Swedish Electro Magnets a quantitative analysis of defense styles was conducted based on the Defense Style Questionnaire on groups in the organisation. Three defense style categories were analysed Mature, Neurotic and Immature defense styles. For Mature defense styles significant findings confirmed that stable groups do converge with regard to what mechanisms are employed. Neurotic defense styles were not found significant, however these results are rather uncertain with a power of 15 %. Immature defense styles could not be analysed because of inhomogeneity of variance between the groups on this variable. The study shows that the two theories of Emotional contagion and Defence mechanism are interacting within the organisation of Swedish Electro Magnets with regard to Mature defense styles. The study also finds a large effect size, that suggests that the differences in the defense styles are visible to the naked eye of a careful observer. The large effect size makes the findings a promising field for further research to ultimately reduce the resistance to change in organisations.Företag har alltid behövt anpassa sig till yttre omständigheter genom innovation och omorganisering för att bevara sin konkurrenskraft och överleva. För många branscher som exempelvis fordonsindustrin, förväntas behovet av att snabbt kunna anpassa sig till nya omständigheter öka. Bland annat på grund av globaliserade värdekedjor och megatrender såsom koldioxidneutralitet, självkörande fordon och delad mobilitet. Potentiellt kan megatrender verka disruptivt för industrin. Därför är förmågan att framgångsrikt implementera förändring en nyckelfaktor Defense mechanisms är undermedvetna psykologiska strategier använda för att skydda en person från ångest som uppkommer från oacceptabla tankar eller känslor. Medan individen skyddas från ångest, leder ofta också Defense mechanisms till motstånd till förändring och är därför problematiskt för företag som är i behov av att implementera förändring. Emotional contagion är en undermedveten process som kan få personer att känslomässigt konvergera. Författarna föreslår att i företagssammanhang kan Emotional contagion få stabila grupper att konvergera med avseende på vilka Defense mechanisms som används av medlemmarna i gruppen. I en fallstudie på fordonsindustri underleverantören Swedish Electro Magnets har en kvantitativ studie genomförts baserat på självskattningsformuläret defense style Questionnaire på grupper i organisationen. Tre defense style kategorier undersöktes Mature, Neurotic och Immature. För Mature defense styles fanns signifikanta resultat vilka konfirmerade att stabila grupper konvergerar för vilka Defense mechanisms som används. Neurotic defense styles gav inte signifikanta resultat. Dessa resultat är dock osäkra då analysens styrka endast var 15 %. Immature defense styles kunde inte analyseras på grund av inhomogenitet i variansen mellan grupperna för denna variabel. Studien visar att de två teorierna Emotional contagion och Defense mechanisms interagerar i organisationen Swedish Electro Magnets med avseende på Mature defense styles. Studien fastslår också att det föreligger en stor effektstorlek, vilket tyder på att skillnader i defense styles är synlig för blotta ögat för en uppmärksam observatör. Den stora effektstorleken medför att fynden utgör ett lovande fält för fortsatt forskning vilket slutligen kan leda till att motstånd till förändring i organisationer kan reduceras.
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Knox, Dayan. "Nucleus basalis cholinergic lesions and defense responses." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127235519.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 103 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-103). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Machado, João Paulo Batista. "Insights into regulatory mechanisms of the NIK-mediated antiviral defense: new components and the molecular bases of the defense." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6505.
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A proteína NIK (NSP-interacting kinase), identificada por interagir com a proteína NSP (nuclear shuttle protein) de geminivírus, apresenta características estruturais, bioquímicas e biológicas condizentes com um autêntico receptor cinase envolvido na resposta de defesa à infecção por geminivírus. A ativação deste receptor imune resulta na fosforilação da proteína ribossomal L10 (RPL10) e na subsequente relocação nuclear desta proteína ribossomal. Apesar dos avanços obtidos com a identificação de RPL10, outras conexões moleculares que ligam a ativação de NIK à resposta antiviral ainda são desconhecidas, bem como a natureza deste mecanismo de defesa. Nesta investigação, foi identificado um novo componente efetor downstream da via de sinalização mediada por NIK, um fator de transcrição denominado LIMYB (L10-Interacting Myb domain-containing protein), isolado pela sua capacidade de interagir com RPL10 pelo sistema de duplo híbrido em leveduras. Ensaios de co-imunoprecipitação e de complementação de fluorescência bimolecular (BiFC) mostraram que o complexo RPL10-LIMYB ocorre estavelmente na planta, mais precisamente no núcleo das células vegetais. Estudos de caracterização funcional mostraram que LIMYB atua como um autêntico fator de transcrição, ligando-se ao promotor e inibindo a expressão de genes de proteínas ribossomais. Estes resultados sugerem que o mecanismo de defesa antiviral mediado por NIK baseia-se na supressão da tradução do hospedeiro. Para examinar esta hipótese, inicialmente foi avaliado os níveis de tradução em linhagens de tomate superexpressando um mutante superativo de AtNIK1 (T474D). Os resultados mostraram que as linhagens transgênicas apresentaram menor acúmulo de proteínas recentemente sintetizadas quando comparadas com plantas WT. Posteriormente, as linhagens de tomate superexpressando T474D foram infectadas com duas espécies de begomovírus altamente divergentes, ToYSV (Tomato yellow spot virus) e ToSRV (Tomato severe rugose virus). As linhagens transgênicas apresentaram sintomas atenuados ou foram assintomáticas. Estas observações foram associadas com um atraso na infecção viral, com taxas de infecção menores e com a redução no acúmulo de DNA viral em folhas sistêmicas infectadas. Apesar do fenótipo de tolerância exibido pelas linhagens superexpressando T474D e dos menores índices de síntese proteica, estas linhagens não apresentaram diferenças no desenvolvimento, no desempenho fisiológico e nas características horticulturais quando comparadas com plantas WT ou com linhagens superexpressando AtNIK1. Finalmente, foi determinado se a redução nos níveis de tradução global do hospedeiro causado pela superexpressão de T474D poderia prejudicar a síntese de proteínas virais. Para isto, frações polissomais foram isoladas a partir de linhagens WT e T474D infectadas com ToYSV e a presença de mRNA viral foi examinada nestas frações. Os resultados mostraram uma menor associação do mRNA que codifica a proteína do capsídeo viral nas frações de polissomos de linhagens T474D quando comparadas àquelas de linhagens não transformadas. Coletivamente, estes resultados indicam que begomovírus não são capazes de manter altos níveis de tradução de mRNA virais nas linhagens superexpressando o mutante T474D, indicando que a supressão global da síntese de proteínas, identificada nestes genótipos, pode proteger eficientemente as células contra a infecção por estes vírus. Entretanto, estudos da variação global na expressão gênica de plantas nik1 alelos nulos mostraram que a perda da função de NIK1 promoveu a indução de componentes do hub principal da sinalização a brassinosteróide e de hubs envolvidos na sinalização ao ácido salicílico e na imunidade antibacteriana. Estes resultados sugerem que NIK1 pode funcionar como um regulador negativo em vias de sinalização de desenvolvimento e imunidade, apesar de sua propriedade antiviral.
The NSP-interacting kinase (NIK) protein, identified through interaction with the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), displays structural, biochemical and biological characteristics consistent with an authentic receptor kinase involved in defense response against geminivirus infection. The activation of this immune receptor leads to phosphorilation of the ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10) and in the subsequent nuclear relocation of this ribosomal protein. Apart from the identification of RPL10 as a downtream component of the defense signaling, others molecular connections that link the NIK activation to the antiviral response, as well as the nature of this defense mechanism, remain to be determined. In this investigation, a new downstream effector component of the NIK-mediated signaling pathway, a transcription fator designated LIMYB (L10-Interacting Myb domain-containing protein), was identified by its capacity to interact with RPL10 through yeast two-hybrid system. Co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that RPL10-LIMYB complex occurs stably in the plant, specifically in the nucleus of plant cells. Functional characterization studies showed that LIMYB acts as an authentic transcription fator, binding to and inhibiting expression of ribosomal protein promoters. These results suggest that NIK-mediated antiviral defense mechanism is based on host translation suppression. To examine this hypothesis, the translation levels in tomato lines overexpressing the constitutively active mutant of AtNIK1 (T474D) was initially assessed. The results demonstrated that transgenic lines had lower accumulation of newly synthesized proteins when comparated to WT plants. Subsequently, T474D-overexpressing tomato lines were infected with two highly divergent begomovirus species, ToYSV (Tomato yellow spot virus) and ToSRV (Tomato severe rugose virus). The transgenic lines either displayed attenuated symptons or were asymptomatic. These findings were associated with delay in viral infections, lower infection rates and reduction in viral DNA accumulation in systemically infected leaves. Despite the tolerance phenotype and lower rates of protein synthesis displayed by T474D-overexpressing lines, no difference in the development, physiological performance and horticultural traits was observed between T474D-overexpressing and WT or AtNIK1-overexpressing lines. Finally, whether the reduction in overall levels of host translation caused by overexpression of T474D could affect the viral proteins synthesis was examined. For this purpose, polysomal fractions were isolated from WT and T474D lines infected with ToYSV and examined for the presence of viral mRNA. The results showed lower association of mRNA encoding viral capsid protein at the polysomes fractions of T474D lines when comparated to that of untransformed lines. Collectively, these results indicate that begomovirus are not able to maintain high levels of viral mRNA translation into T474D-overexpressing lines, indicating that the global suppression of the protein synthesis identified in these genotypes may efficiently protect cells against infection by these virus. However, studies of global changes in gene expression of nik1 null alleles revealed that loss of NIK1 function promoted induction of components of the main brassinosteroid signaling hub and of hubs involved in salicylic acid signaling and antibacterial immunity. These results suggest that NIK1 may function as a negative regulator in development and immunity signaling pathways, despite its antiviral property.
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Hsieh, Ji-Fan (Sarah). "Molecular and Chemical Mechanisms of Defence against Myrtle Rust in Australian Myrtaceae." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143530.
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Increased human disturbance to forest ecosystems has exacerbated
the spread of fungal pathogens to non-native environments. Rust
pathogens (Pucciniales) can spread long distances by human
activity and wind dispersal, and can cause severe disease
outbreaks in cereal crops and in forest trees. The exotic fungus
Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) arrived in Australia in 2010
and most species of native Myrtaceae including Eucalyptus and
Melaleuca are susceptible to infection to various degrees. Plants
infected by A. psidii can suffer from crown loss and eventual
mortality, which can be detrimental to ecosystems as well as to
many rural industries that produce essential oils and flavourings
from species of Myrtaceae. Within-species variation in resistance
to A. psidii has been discovered in many native species. However,
the molecular and chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii
infection in these species are largely unknown. Finding the
molecular and chemical basis of resistance against A. psidii is
therefore an essential part of ensuring that future plantations
and re-afforestation programs are resistant to this pathogen.
This thesis therefore aims to elucidate the molecular and
chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii in Myrtaceae in
Australia, with the goal of obtaining a comprehensive view of
potential mechanisms involved in defence to identify candidate
genes that may be implemented into resistance breeding. After
first screening multiple species of Myrtaceae, I selected
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and M. quinquenervia (broadleaf
paperbark) for detailed molecular study because they showed
varying disease symptoms from resistance to susceptibility among
individuals, and were economically and ecologically important and
amenable to molecular studies. I used a variety of experimental
approaches, including RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, GC-MS, and functional
characterisation through heterologous gene expression in E. coli
to apply an integrated analysis that examined both molecular and
chemical aspects of plant defence. I constructed the
transcriptomes of M. alternifolia and M. quinquenervia de novo
and investigated differential gene expressions between resistant
and susceptible plants. I showed that resistant M. alternifolia
and M. quinquenervia over-express genes which may be contribute
to defence against to A. psidii infection, and have found and
functionally characterised new terpene synthase genes that showed
induction in response to infection by A. psidii in M.
quinquenervia.
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Williams, Lynley. "Turning against the self a literature review with clinical illustrations : dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Science, Auckland University of Technology, January 2005 /." Abstract Full dissertation, 2005.
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Asad, Saeed Ahmad. "Interactions between heavy metals and glucosinolates as defense mechanisms in Thlaspi caerulescens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12237/.
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Hyperaccumulator plant species grow in metalliferous soils and accumulate exceedingly high concentrations of metals. They are increasingly studied because of their potential for cleaning up land contaminated with heavy metals, but another aspect of study relates to the reason for hyperaccumulation. The most accepted hypothesis over the last few decades is the ‘elemental defence’ hypothesis, which states that high levels of metals defend the plant against herbivores. Whilst some of the literature is contradictory, some is supportive. An added complication is that many hyperaccumulators belong to the Brassicaceae and produce glucosinolates as organic defences against herbivory. The question to be answered is whether metals or glucosinolates act as the primary defence in these plants and the most recent suggestion is the ‘joint effects’ hypothesis, which states that both classes of chemical work together to benefit the plant and protect it from herbivores. This study investigates these hypotheses and utilized three experimental systems. The hyperaccumulator studied was Thlaspi caerulescens (Gange ecotype) which hyperaccumulates zinc. Plants were grown in a series of glasshouse experiments at a range of soil zinc amendments. There was a positive relationship between soil and foliar zinc; optimum growth occurred at 2000 mg Zn kg-1 soil and this equated to approximately 8000 mg Zn kg-1 shoot, although plants took up as much as 14000 mg Zn kg-1 shoot tissue at higher levels of soil amendment. The herbivore systems studied were generalist thrips (Franklinella occidentalis) and the specialist cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella). In addition, artificial damage caused by clipping served as a positive control. Four aromatic glucosinolates were extracted from T. caerulescens and two were identified as benzyl and p-OH-benzyl. Glucosinolates were synthesized 32 hours after damage occurred and reached a maximum concentration after 48 hours. Generally, lower concentrations of glucosinolates were observed in plants with higher foliar Zn concentrations and vice versa. However, when plants were subjected to a sustained and heavy herbivore attack, as was the case when thrips infested the plants, glucosinolate production occurred irrespective of foliar Zn concentration. This observation supports the ‘joint effects’ hypothesis, which states that both defences work in tandem and enhance overall defence. Nitrogen was an important component that directed herbivore response. Thrip feeding damage was negatively correlated with foliar nitrogen whilst cabbage whitefly (CWF) benefitted from higher N. Nitrogen was positively correlated with glucosinolate concentrations and glucosinolate content negatively affected the generalist thrips but not the specialist CWF. Data were analysed by accumulated general linear regression and the explanatory model for thrip feeding was C/N ratio + GS + Zn whilst the explanatory model for CWFs was C/N ratio + Zn. Use of the specialist feeder (CWF) allowed for study of the effects of zinc without glucosinolates confounding the results since the CWF was unaffected by foliar glucosinolates. Zinc acted as a defence against CWF but only at high concentrations. The data taken together show that zinc acts as a defence against herbivores that are unaffected by glucosinolates, but only at high concentrations. Zinc also defends the plant against generalist thrips, but glucosinolates are more influential in this case. This might be because of the severe and sustained damage that these plants suffered and systemic effects (i.e. higher concentrations of glucosinolates in undamaged leaves relative to attacked leaves) suggests flexibility in the Zn-glucosinolate relationship. The overall conclusion is in support of the joint effects hypothesis.
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Turner, Helen C. "A study of phloem proteins with particular reference to plant defense mechanisms." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU043455.
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A number of proteins present within cucurbit phloem exudate were studied, and their potential relevance to plant defense mechanisms considered. A group of serine protease inhibitors were partially characterised and compared to other inhibitors described within the literature. A number of these inhibitors differed from those described from cucurbit seeds in either size or enzyme specificity. Experimental data indicated that the phloem inhibitors do not regulate protease native to the plants, and no evidence was found to suggest that they are part of an antipathogenic mechanism, although this remains a theoretical possibility. The inhibitors were found to be capable of inhibiting the gut extracts from a number of herbivorous insects. Some peroxidase isozymes were found to be characteristic of species and cultivar, while others appeared to be induced by infection. Whether these latter isozymes were of host or pathogen origin is not known. No other evidence was found to indicate that the phloem peroxidases are involved in plant defense mechanisms, while some of their properties suggest a possible role in the maintenance of redox conditions within the sieve elements. The PP2 lectin of cucurbit exudate was found to agglutinate fungal spores, and some data suggests that the phloem exudate is capable of delaying spore germination by a few hours. Hydroxyproline was detected in the exudate, but appeared to be present as a free amino acid or as part of a small peptide.
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Ishihara, Atsushi. "Involvment of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in defense mechanisms in oats and maize." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/151630.
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Ribeiro, Andrea. "Activation of innate immune defense mechanisms contributes to polyomavirus BK-associated nephropathy." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-165813.
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Burkart, David. "UNDERSTANDING CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS RESISTANCE BY INVESTIGATING THE CUTANEOUS DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MARSUPIAL FROGS." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1835.
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Anurans are declining worldwide because of the spread of Batachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis. However, some frogs are resistant to this disease, and understanding why may be critical to saving those that are susceptible. In Peru, Gastrotheca excubitor is resistant to chytridiomycosis while Gastrotheca nebulanastes is susceptible. Two anuran skin defenses, symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have demonstrated the ability to inhibit Bd in vitro when isolated from certain frogs. We tested if these defenses can explain the difference in susceptibility between the two Gastrotheca species. The cutaneous bacteria and AMPs of both species were collected, tested for their abilities to inhibit the growth of Bd, and analyzed for their compositions. Results indicate that 34%of the strains of skin bacteria from G. excubitor were able to inhibit the growth of Bd whereas only 10% isolated from G. nebulanastes were effective. Gastrotheca excubitor also has stronger anti-Bd skin bacteria. Neither frog species has peptide mixtures capable of completely inhibiting Bd, and overall species did not differ in the anti-Bd abilities of their peptides. These results suggest that the chytridiomycosis resistance experienced by G. excubitor may be attributed to its skin bacteria.
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Majorczyk, Alexis M. "Chemical Defense Mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana Against Insect Herbivory: The Role of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1249513273.
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Sadler, Lyn M. "Ego Mechanisms of Defense among Child Victims of Sexual Abuse: a TAT Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278379/.
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Using the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991), Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories of 29 sexually abused female subjects and 28 non-abused female clinical control subjects were rated for the frequency of use of denial, projection, and identification.
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Biernbaum, Mark Aaron. "Attachment style, defense mechanisms, sex, and psychopathological symptom severity : a self-organizational perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9113.
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Loureiro, Diana de Paiva Silvano Calado. "Mudança dos mecanismos de defesa e das características de personalidade no processo terapêutico." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2335.
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário, na especialidade de Psicologia ClínicaOs mecanismos de defesa são um dos conceitos mais originais e uma das mais duráveis contribuições teóricas da psicanálise. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura consiste em aprofundar questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento e evolução de conceções acerca do conceito, compreender funções relevantes dos mecanismos de defesa, e sobretudo fazer uma pesquisa acerca da investigação empírica ao nível do papel dos mecanismos de defesa no processo e eficácia da psicoterapia, e em torno das variáveis relacionadas com os mecanismos de defesa, com especial enfoque na psicoterapia psicodinâmica. A partir da literatura revista, conclui-se que apesar do reconhecido impacto dos mecanismos de defesa na relação terapêutica, e do aumento da pesquisa empírica na última década, ainda não se verifica uma visão clara acerca das suas implicações e inter-relações com outras varáveis. Cada vez é mais discutido o impacto de variáveis relacionadas com o terapeuta, na evolução do funcionamento defensivo do paciente no decorrer do processo terapêutico. A informação obtida através da literatura foi alvo de uma reflexão critica relativamente às implicações dos achados da investigação empírica, apresentando-se linhas futuras de investigação. ------ ABSTRACT ------ Defense mechanisms are one of the most original concepts and one of the most durable theoretical contributions of psychoanalysis. The purpose of this literature review was to deepen issues related to the development and evolution of the concept, understand relevant functions of defense mechanisms, and particularly elaborate a research about the empirical investigation concerning the role of defense mechanisms in the process and effectiveness of psychotherapy, and also about the variables related to defense mechanisms, with special focus on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. From the literature reviewed, it appears that despite the recognized impact of defense mechanisms in the therapeutic relationship, and the rise of empirical research in the last decade, yet there is no clear vision about its implications and connections with other variables. The impact of variables related to the therapist, in the evolution of the patient’s defensive functioning during the therapeutic process is an increasingly discussed matter. The information obtained from the literature was the target of a critical reflection on the implications of the findings surrounding empirical research, and future lines of research were provided.
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Groisman, Iris Jaitovich. "Interaction of hepatitis B virus with cellular defense : mechanisms in relation to liver carcinogenesis." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36944.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, its incidence is subject to variations: high incidence in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, intermediate in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East, and low in Western European countries and North America. While different etiological factors have been implicated in the development of HCC, infection with the hepatotropic viruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and exposure to liver carcinogens are the most frequently addressed as directly implicated in HCC development. Epidemiological studies indicate that infection with HBV and exposure to the cyclic mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1 constitute the major risk factors in some regions where the incidence of HCC is elevated. Strikingly, in areas were there is coexistent exposure to both these agents, the incidence of HCC is even higher. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that may lead to a concomitant effect of both HBV and Aflatoxin B1 in HCC development, I hypothesized that HBV may decrease cellular defense mechanisms such as detoxification of active metabolites and/or DNA repair processes increasing the likelihood of mutations.Detoxification of reactive compounds by phase II enzymes is an important cellular defense process involved in cell susceptibility to carcinogens. I have demonstrated that the activity of human Glutathione Transferase A1 (hGSTAl) enzyme is down-regulated in HBV infected cells. This data correlates with a decrease in protein and mRNA levels. I linked this inhibition---at least partially---to a transcriptional down-regulation of hGSTAl gene expression by the x protein of the HBV (HBx). Strikingly, Oltipraz (4-methyl-5-pyrazinyl-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione), which has been found to have cancer chemoprotective properties, overcomes the effect of HBx on the hGSTAl promoter in in-vitro experiments. This result adds new evidence for the importance of the use of Oltipraz as an HCC chemoprotective agent.
I have demonstrated that the HBx is directly involved in the decrease of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) activity. Although HBx direct interaction with the tumor suppressor protein p53 was postulated to lead to decreased DNA repair mechanisms, I have shown that this process occurs in both p53-proficient and p53-deficient cells. The results of my work provide evidence that HBx-induced NER inhibition is associated with down-regulation of the expression of the TFIIH factors XPB and XPD. The decreased expression of both genes is regulated by HBx at the transcriptional level. These results were observed in both p53-proficient and p53-deficient cell lines. Interestingly, HBx was found to be capable of transcriptional down-regulation while maintaining its transactivation capacity. In addition, liver tissue from transgenic mice for HBx show decreased levels of XPB and XPD corroborating the results obtained in vitro.
Hence, the HBx protein seems to alter two cellular defense mechanisms that can increase susceptibility to liver carcinogenesis.
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Shah, Viral Shailesh. "Mechanisms of acid and base secretion: implications for airway host defense in cystic fibrosis." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5628.
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The airway surface contains a number of important defense mechanisms to protect against infection. Antimicrobials found in the thin layer of fluid lining the airways, the airway surface liquid (ASL), rapidly kill bacteria. Another defense mechanism, mucociliary transport, propels foreign particles and mucus out of the airways. These and potentially other host defense properties show a dependence on the pH of the ASL. An acidic ASL pH reduces bacterial killing by cationic antimicrobial peptides, and increases ASL viscosity, potentially effecting mucociliary transport. Consequently, an acidic ASL pH can impair airway host defense.
An example of a disease where an acidic ASL pH impairs airway host defense, is Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF is airway infections. Humans with CF and the CF pig model develop airway infections. But curiously CF mice are spared. Compared to non-CF, people with CF and CF pigs show an abnormally acidic ASL pH. However, the ASL pH in CF mice is not different to that of non-CF. Thus, we hypothesized that CF mice do not show defects in airway host defense because their ASL pH is not acidic compared to non-CF. As pH is a balance between acid and base secretion, we first determined which HCO3- and H+ secreting proteins contribute to ASL pH and the differences between humans, pigs, and mice.
CF is caused by defects in an anion channel, CFTR. We found that in all three species, CFTR secreted HCO3- into the ASL, which was absent when CFTR was defective. To determine how much CFTR is required to rescue ASL pH and host defense properties, we mixed CF and non-CF airway epithelia from newborn pigs in different ratios. HCO3- secretion, ASL pH, and host defense properties showed a direct relationship to CFTR, suggesting that CFTR was the rate-limiting step. As CFTR was limiting, we found that supernormal CFTR expression in a small number of cells could dramatically increase ASL pH, suggesting viral-mediated gene therapy approaches may have benefit for CF. We found that Ca2+ activated Cl- channels also played some role in ASL pH in CF pigs and CF mice. However, as CF pigs develop airway infection, while CF mice do not, this suggested that other factors might be important for differences in ASL pH and consequently the development of disease.
To further investigate the determinants of ASL pH, we examined H+ secretion. Humans and pigs showed 6 times more H+ secretion compared to mice. This acidification occurred through the non-gastric H+/K+ ATPase (ATP12A). ATP12A was also much more highly expressed in human and pig airways compared to mice. Blocking ATP12A in human and pig airways increased ASL pH and consequently improved host defense properties such as bacterial killing and ASL viscosity. Conversely, expressing ATP12A in CF mouse airways acidified ASL, impaired defenses, and increased airway bacteria.
These findings suggest that ASL pH is a balance between HCO3- and H+ secretion. In humans and pigs lacking CFTR, unchecked H+ secretion by the non-gastric H+/K+ ATPase (ATP12A) acidifies the ASL, which impairs airway host defenses. However, as mouse airways expressed little ATP12A and secrete minimal H+, loss of CFTR does not lead to ASL acidification, protecting CF mice. These findings not only
help explain why CF mice are protected from infection, but also nominate ATP12A as a therapeutic target for improving ASL pH and host defense in humans with CF.
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Abdul, Kareem Ala'a. "A Psychoanalytical Reading of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights : An Analysis of the Defense Mechanisms of Some Characters." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Litteraturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5996.
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This essay presents a portrayal of Heathcliff, Catherine and Isabella from a psychoanalytical perspective with regard to four defense mechanisms; namely, repression, denial, sublimation and projection in order to see how these defense mechanisms have affected the characters’ decisions and behaviour, and led them to their destinations in life. It will include three major sections: repression in characters, denial in characters, and sublimation and projection in characters. These terms will be more clearly defined and explained in the subsequent sections.
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Tweeten, Susan D. "Coping Strategies of Urban Pre-Adolescent Children When Faced with Teasing Insults." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396717199.
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PRUNAS, ANTONIO. "La valutazione dei meccanismi di difesa in adolescenza mediante REM-71: proprietà psicometriche e relazione con indici di disagio psichico." Doctoral thesis, Università di Milano-Bicocca, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/18300.
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The assessment of defense mechanisms in adolescents through REM-71: psychometric properties and relationship with psychological distress
Objective: The author reports the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Response Evaluation Measure (REM-71; Steiner et al., 2001) a 71-item, self-administered instrument for the assessment of defense mechanisms in adults and adolescents. Method: The Italian version of REM-71 was obtained through back translations. The instrument was then administered to 1.090 nonclinical adolescents recruited voluntarily among high school students (Males: 60%, mean age: 16.09 ± 1.36; range: 13-20 years) and 178 non clinical adults (Males: 29%; mean age: 29.21 ±12.16; range: 21-68 years). All subjects filled in a simple screening measure covering demographic variables and satisfaction with life and a subgroup of the adolescent sample (N=745) also completed the Italian version of SCL-90-R. Results: The internal consistency of the questionnaire items was satisfactory. Three factors emerged from a factor analysis of the items. Single defenses and factors showed significant relations with scores on life satisfaction in various domains. Age and gender differences in defensive array were in line with those observed in the original version of the scale (Steiner et al., 2001). Immature defenses were significantly associated with psychological distress as assessed through SCL-90-R. Conclusions: The Italian version of REM-71 proved to be a reliable and useful screening instrument for the assessment of defenses in adults and adolescents.
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McNiel, Patrick D. "Implicit and explicit measures." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28132.
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Saint, Paul Veronica von. "Stress inducible glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana and their impact on plant metabolism and defense mechanisms." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-140281.
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Rechner, Ole [Verfasser]. "Increasing plant defense mechanisms against herbivorous insects by tailored narrow-bandwidth supplementary light / Ole Rechner." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143735110/34.
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Petraglia, Jonathan. "Defense mechanisms in psychotheraphy: an examination of the therapeutic techniques employed by therapists in-session." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=122971.
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Psychodynamic psychotherapy emphasizes the unconscious aspects of experience in the therapeutic process. Within this theoretical framework lie unconscious mental processes that aim to protect an individual from unwanted thoughts, emotions, and anxiety referred to as defense mechanisms. Research has shown that defense mechanisms are both an empirically robust and clinically meaningful construct (e.g., Hentschel, Smith, Draguns, & Ehlers, 2004). This thesis presents research that aims to study the intersection of therapeutic technique and defense mechanisms in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The thesis is divided into 5 chapters and includes three manuscripts. The first manuscript reviews and synthesizes the body of work pertaining to defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic literature with an emphasis on how these sources can subsequently inform the direction of empirical research studies in psychodynamic research. Consensus meetings with other researchers were used to organize, reorder, and integrate findings; this resulted in the construction of a table of "principles" that represent the conclusions of the first study. Psychoanalytic thinkers consistently identified one of these principles, defense interpretation depth, as an important clinical axiom. In Manuscripts 2 and 3, two empirical investigations that examined this principle are presented. The first empirical study compared low-alliance and high-alliance sessions for a sample of patients seen in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (40 sessions). The results indicated that while overall defensive functioning (ODF) was similar in the two alliance groups, therapists tended to make "deeper" defense interpretations in those sessions identified as low-alliance sessions. The second empirical study also examined defense interpretation depth; however, in this case the moment-to-moment therapist-patient interactions were examined using lag sequential analysis. Results indicated that defense interpretation depth followed a predictable pattern in low-alliance sessions. These results are discussed and implications for future research and practice are explored.La psychothérapie psychodynamique met l'accent sur les aspects inconscients de l'expérience dans le processus thérapeutique. Dans ce cadre théorique, se trouvent des processus mentaux inconscients qui visent à protéger l'individu des pensées indésirables, des émotions et l'anxiété, appelés mécanismes de défense. La recherche a montré que les mécanismes de défense sont à la fois une construction empirique robuste et cliniquement significative (Hentschel, Smith, Draguns, & Ehlers, 2004). Cette thèse présente une recherche qui vise à étudier l'intersection de la technique thérapeutique et des mécanismes de défense en psychothérapie psychodynamique. La thèse est divisée en cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre examine et synthétise l'ensemble des travaux portant sur les mécanismes de défense de la littérature psychodynamique avec un accent sur la façon dont ces sources peuvent ensuite influencer la direction des études empiriques dans la recherche psychodynamique. Des réunions de consensus avec d'autres chercheurs ont été utilisées pour organiser, réorganiser et intégrer les résultats. Celà permit la construction d'un tableau de «principes» qui présente les conclusions de la première étude. Les experts psychanalytiques identifient systématiquement l'un de ces principes, la profondeur de l'interprétation de la défense, comme un axiome clinique importante. La prochaine étape, chapitres deux et trois, comprend deux études empiriques qui ont examiné ce principe. La première étude empirique a comparé des séances « d'alliance faible » et de « grande alliance » pour un échantillon de patients vus en psychothérapie psychodynamique à court terme (40 séances). Les résultats ont indiqué que, bien que le fonctionnement défensif global (ODF) fût similaire dans les deux groupes de l'alliance, les thérapeutes ont tendance à «approfondir» les interprétations de la défense de ces séances identifiées comme séances « alliance faible ». La deuxième étude empirique a également examiné la profondeur de l'interprétation de la défense, mais dans ce cas, les interactions patient-thérapeute d'un moment à l'autre ont été examinées en utilisant une analyse séquentielle. De même pour l'autre étude, les résultats ont indiqué que la profondeur d'interprétation de la défense a suivi une tendance prévisible dans les séances « alliance faible ». Ces résultats sont discutés et les implications pour la recherche et la pratique future sont explorées.
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Guo, Lulu. "Reoression, Defense Mechanisms and the Unreliability of Stevens' Narration in the Remains of the Day." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18196.
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This essay argues that repression and defense mechanisms contribute to the unreliability of Stevens’ narrationthrough three aspects: Stevens’ uncertainty of certain memories, his failure to report certain scenescorrectly and his defensive, self-contradictory discourse. There is no single best way to define what is consideredreliable and what is unreliable in narratology because the complexity of fictional characters will renderdifferent kinds of unreliability. This essay detects three kinds of unreliability of Stevens corresponding to thethree aspects mentIoned above: the first kind results from the untrustworthiness of our memory, the secondkind is the contradiction between the voice of the narrator and the other characters and the third kind lieswithin the narrative discourse. The unreliability of Stevens’ narration attributes to repression and defensemechanisms. The five kinds of defense mechanisms analyzed in the essay are selective memory, denial,projection, reaction formation and rationalization. In order to defend his self-image as a great butler, Stevenslies to or hides from himself and tries to avoid acknowledging certain undesirable thoughts or emotions. Eventhough Stevens becomes more reliable as he gains more self-realization during the road trip, his defensesare still on.
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Waller, LaChelle Monique. "Transcriptional profiling of potential regulatory factors modulating defense mechanisms in soybean during Phytophthora sojae infection." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27541.
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Quantitative resistance is controlled by multiple genes and has been shown to be a durable form of resistance to pathogens affecting cultivated crops including soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr). Root rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora sojae ranks among the most damaging soybean diseases. Quantitative resistance has proven durable in soybean against P. sojae, however the molecular mechanisms underlying this form of resistance are still unknown. The objective of this project is to gain insight into molecular basis of quantitative resistance in the soybean-P. sojae pathosystem. The approach was to use global transcriptional profiling based on microarray technology to identify genes that were differentially expressed in four cultivars of soybeans with varying levels of quantitative resistance at different time points during infection by P. sojae. Our results provide a better understanding of the potential regulatory factors that may contribute to quantitative resistance during early hours of P. sojae infection.Ph. D.
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Patrick, Rachel Lynn. "Defense Mechanisms and Social Anxiety as Risk Factors for College Alcohol Abuse and Binge Drinking." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1114092616.
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Cremer, Thomas John IV. "Mechanisms of Host-Defense Against Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Through The PI3K/Akt Host Signaling Pathway." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1289571696.
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Goins, Kimberly R. "Host Defense Mechanisms in the Crayfish: the Effect of Injection with Live or Killed Bacteria." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0328103-141532/unrestricted/Goins04162003f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0328103-141532. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Odesina, Abdulkareem O. "Characterization of SBIP68: A Putative Tobacco Glucosyltransferase Protein and Its Role in Plant Defense Mechanisms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2598.
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Plant secondary metabolites are essential for normal growth and development in plants ultimately affecting crop yield. They play roles ranging from appearance of the plants to defending against pathogen attack and herbivory. They have been used by humans for medicinal and recreational purposes amongst others. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of sugars from donor substrates to acceptors. Glucosyltransferases are a specific type of glycosyltransferases known to transfer glucose molecules from a glucose donor to a glucose acceptor (aglycone) producing the corresponding glucose secondary metabolite or glycone, in this case glucosides. It was hypothesized that SBIP68, a tobacco putative glucosyltransferase-like protein glucosylated salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is an essential plant defense secondary metabolite. SBIP68 was cloned and heterologously expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Results from activity screening suggest that SBIP68 is a UDP-glucose flavonoid glucosyltransferase with broad substrate specificity. Further studies are required to fully characterize SBIP68.
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Malheiro, Carolina Albergaria. "Mudanças em psicoterapia: Personalidade, mecanismos de defesa e sintomas." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2295.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia ClínicaA presente revisão de literatura pretende dar uma visão do que de mais relevante se tem vindo a investigar e publicar no âmbito do estudo sobre mudanças dos sintomas versus mudanças na estrutura na sequência de um processo psicoterapêutico. Neste contexto apresentam-se algumas reflexões de vários autores, cuja contribuição foi fundamental para este tema. De seguida apresentam-se alguns estudos onde se utilizaram vários instrumentos com o objetivo de se avaliar a eficácia do tratamento e perceber quando e como mudam os parâmetros avaliados. Dos vários estudos apresentados, concluiu-se que a mudança sintomática começa a acontecer, com alguma evidência, desde o início da psicoterapia, enquanto as mudanças estruturais, nomeadamente ao nível dos traços característicos da personalidade e dos mecanismos de defesa, ocorrem de uma forma muito mais lenta e subtil, sendo pouco provável a sua constatação antes do primeiro ano de tratamento. Da análise destes estudos ficou também bem patente a importância da aplicação de instrumentos de avaliação, não só com vista a uma melhor compreensão do processo de mudança, mas, principalmente para um melhor planeamento e condução da psicoterapia. ------ ABSTRACT ------ The aim of this literature review is to give an overview of the most relevant published research about changes in symptoms versus structural changes as a result of a psychotherapeutic process. In this context, some considerations and opinions of several authors are presented, whose contribution to this subject was fundamental. Then, some studies are described, where the authors used several assessment tools with the goal of evaluate treatment efficacy and to understand when and how did the evaluated parameters changed. Based on the presented studies, it’s possible to conclude that symptomatic change begins to occur, with some evidence, from the beginning of the psychotherapy, while structural changes, particularly in what concerns characteristic personality traits and defense mechanisms, occur in a much more slow and subtle way, being unlikely to see those changes before the end of the first year of treatment. Analyzing these studies, it is also evident the importance of the application of assessment tools, not only in order to a better understanding of the change process, but mainly, for a better planning and conduction of the psychotherapy.
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McMahan, Ethan A. "Values and mortality salience the moderating effects of value orientation on cultural worldview defense /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400968231&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Stickler, Shawn Michael. "Natural dermo resistance and related defense mechanisms in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, with implications for restoration." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616864.
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American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) stocks on the East Coast in general, and in Chesapeake Bay in particular, have been in decline over the past half-century in large part due to Dermo disease, caused by the protist parasite Perkinsus marinus. Efforts to restore oysters for their ecological and economic value have centered on the development and use of hatchery-based seed selectively bred for disease resistance. Selective breeding could benefit from the incorporation of oysters from wild stocks that have developed "natural Dermo resistance", but few such stocks have been identified and verified. This dissertation describes reciprocal common-garden experiments carried out at two sites in each of the Gulf of Mexico and the Chesapeake Bay between fall 1999 and winter 2001. The experiments compared growth, disease intensity, and survival of seed from putatively disease resistant and susceptible populations in both the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay. In the Gulf experiment, oysters from Gulf stocks showed increased survival and decreased disease intensity, determined by body burden analysis of parasite cell counts, compared to Chesapeake stocks. Survival and disease intensities showed statistically significant, but slight differences among stocks of Gulf origin and among stocks of Chesapeake origin. There was no significant difference in growth over the eighteen months of the experiment. The Chesapeake study also showed lower infection intensity and decreases mortality attributable to Dermo disease in Gulf stocks. There were also significant differences in disease intensity and survival among Chesapeake stocks. Additionally, the stock from Rappahannock River, VA showed increased growth compared to other stocks. In an additional study, oysters from the Chesapeake Bay study were used to determine if an association existed between disease intensity (body burden) and host defense activity, as measured by a suite of assays, including hemocyte counts, granulocyte percentage, hemocyte killing ability, serum protein concentration, and serum lysozyme activity. Development of two new assays, serum inhibition of P. marinus protease, and serum inhibition of P. marinus activity, was begun, but require additional refinement. No strong correlation or association was found, but a seasonal component was apparent in several defense assays, as well as in disease intensity. This work has identified and verified wild stocks that have been incorporated into existing breeding programs for both restoration and the development of commercial aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The existence of disease resistant wild stocks also suggests that the conservation of wild oysters is a viable alternative or addition to current hatchery-based restoration efforts.
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Long, Matthew Eugene. "Manipulation of the innate immune response and evasion of macrophage host defense mechanisms by Francisella tularensis." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1683.
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Tularemia is a potentially fatally illness caused by the facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. Virulent strains of F. tularensis can cause a fatal disease after inhalation of a few as ten organisms. Due to the highly pathogenic features of Francisella, it has been designated as a Tier 1 select agent, meaning that its possession and handling is highly restricted. Macrophages are phagocytes that play a central role in the innate immune response to infection that can be used by certain pathogens, including Francisella, as a niche for bacterial replication and dissemination during infection. After infection of macrophages Francisella escapes from the phagosome and replicates in the cytosol, however the bacterial factors required for these aspects of virulence are incompletely defined.
Here we describe the isolation and characterization of F. tularensis subspecies tularensis strain Schu S4 mutants in iglI, iglJ, and pdpC, three genes located in the Francisella Pathogenicity Island. Our data demonstrate that these mutants were unable to replicate in macrophages due to a defect in phagosome escape. However, a small percentage of pdpC mutants were able to reach the cytosol and replicate moderately. Both iglJ and pdpC mutants were highly attenuated for virulence in a mouse intranasal infection model, however pdpC but not iglJ mutants, were able to disseminate from the lung before eventual clearance. These data demonstrated that the FPI genes tested were essential for F. tularensis Schu S4 virulence, but suggest that they may have different functions due to the unique phenotype observed for pdpC mutants.
Our studies also characterized the role of F. tularensis O-antigen and capsule to facilitate interactions with components of the serum complement system; demonstrating that the O-antigen is required for binding of IgM to the bacteria in order to initiate complement opsonization. IgM dependent complement opsonization of both F. tularensis Schu S4 and LVS strains facilitated enhanced phagocytosis of the bacteria by complement receptors 3 and 4 of human macrophages. In addition, we examined the mechanisms of macrophage cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine secretion that was induced after infection with a Schu S4 LPS O-antigen and capsule mutant. The response to the mutant was dependent on phagosome escapes, suggesting a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor was involved in recognition of the bacteria. We found that the cytotoxic and proinflammatory responses had both similar and distinct requirements between human and murine macrophages. Infection with the O-antigen mutant induced robust proinflammatory cytokine secretion that was dependent on caspase-1, cathepsin B, and ASC while cytotoxicity was partially dependent on these molecules. Importantly, we demonstrated that wild-type Schu S4 predominately activated apoptotic caspases, and not inflammatory caspases, during infection and had a blunted cytotoxic response. This was in contrast to the robust cytotoxicity and activation of inflammatory caspases after infection with the non-virulent strain LVS. Together, these studies demonstrated that the Schu S4 LPS O-antigen and capsule are required for evasion of macrophage cytosolic host defense mechanisms.
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Marchioretto, Marta. "Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins and Perforin: Similar Pore-Forming Mechanisms in Pathogenic Attack and Human Immune Defense." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368756.
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MACPF/CDCs proteins are a huge family of pore-forming proteins present from the bacteria to the human genera. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a family of toxins that participate in bacterial infection pathway at the membrane level. Great interest in this family is due to their similarity, in structure and in pore-forming mechanism, with some human immune system proteins (MACPF). We focused our attention particularly on two bacterial CDCs, Perfringolysin O and Listeriolysin O, and on the human protein Perforin, which is involved in the apoptotic pathway facilitating Granzyme release. In the literature, two possible configurations of CDCs and Perforin pores are proposed: ring and arc structures that could have different implications on the biological mechanism of action of these pore-forming proteins. By electrophysiological measurements and atomic force microscopy technique on different artificial membrane, we are able to enrich the ring and the arc fraction and demonstrate that both kinds of pore are active, i.e. conduct ions.
Thus, my PhD work underlines two physiological structures which are involved in several ways, more than merely by disrupting membrane integrity, in pathogenic attack (bacterial CDCs proteins) as well as in immune response (human Perforin proteins).
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Marchioretto, Marta. "Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins and Perforin: Similar Pore-Forming Mechanisms in Pathogenic Attack and Human Immune Defense." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2013. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/958/1/PhD_thesis_Marchioretto.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
MACPF/CDCs proteins are a huge family of pore-forming proteins present from the bacteria to the human genera. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a family of toxins that participate in bacterial infection pathway at the membrane level. Great interest in this family is due to their similarity, in structure and in pore-forming mechanism, with some human immune system proteins (MACPF). We focused our attention particularly on two bacterial CDCs, Perfringolysin O and Listeriolysin O, and on the human protein Perforin, which is involved in the apoptotic pathway facilitating Granzyme release. In the literature, two possible configurations of CDCs and Perforin pores are proposed: ring and arc structures that could have different implications on the biological mechanism of action of these pore-forming proteins. By electrophysiological measurements and atomic force microscopy technique on different artificial membrane, we are able to enrich the ring and the arc fraction and demonstrate that both kinds of pore are active, i.e. conduct ions.
Thus, my PhD work underlines two physiological structures which are involved in several ways, more than merely by disrupting membrane integrity, in pathogenic attack (bacterial CDCs proteins) as well as in immune response (human Perforin proteins).
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Shackleton, Kyle. "Novel aspects of nest defence in stingless bees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76550/.
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Defence against predators is fundamental to increasing an organism's fitness. My thesis explores this central theme in behavioural ecology using stingless bees as study organisms. The thesis contains a general introduction (Chapter 1), three data chapters (2-4) and a final discussion (5). Chapter 2 is a comparative study of aggression in nest defence among stingless bee species, and describes a new form of nest defence, suicidal biting, which is most prevalent in the genus Trigona. Chapter 3 describes a remarkable behaviour in Partamona helleri, which crashes head-first when entering its nest. An experiment suggests that this behaviour helps to avoid predation at the nest entrance. Chapter 4 studies nest defence in the hovering guards of Tetragonisca angustula, and demonstrates that through coordinated vigilance, a group level behaviour rarely observed in animals, the ability of the group to detect predators is enhanced.