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Journal articles on the topic 'Defense mechanisms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bogutyn, Tomasz, Janusz Pałczyński, Andrzej Kokoszka, and Paweł Holas. "Defense Mechanisms in Alexithymia." Psychological Reports 84, no. 1 (February 1999): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.1.183.

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The Polish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 and Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire were completed by 387 university students. Scores on alexithymia correlate significantly with scores on the whole group of 12 immature defenses (Pearson r = .39, p<.001) and with scores on such individual immature defense mechanisms as Autistic Fantasy ( r = .39), Somatization ( r = .37), Projection ( r = .32), and Displacement ( r = .32). These results support other findings indicating that alexithymia is significantly associated with immature ego defenses.

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2

Fatima Akram and Mahwesh Arooj Naz. "Ego defense mechanisms, medication adherence and self-management of the patients with type 2 diabetes." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.706.

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Objective: To explore relationship involving Ego Defence Mechanism, Medication Adherence and Self-Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The cross-sectional co-relational study was conducted at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2017 to November 2018, and comprised diabetics aged 25-55 years. Other than demographic information, data was collected using the Urdu versions of the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Medication Adherence Scale, and the Diabetic Self-management Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) each were females and males. Mature defence mechanisms, like sublimation, suppression and humour, were significant predictors of self-management (p<0.001), and mature defence mechanism, like sublimation, was a significant predictor of medication adherence (p<0.05). Females were high on neurotic defence mechanism, like pseudo-altruism, compared to the males (p=0.001). Conclusion: Medication adherence and self-management were found to be dependent on mature defence mechanisms. Key Words: Ego defence mechanisms, Medication adherence, Self-management, Immature defences, Mature defences, Neurotic defences. Continuous...

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3

Cramer, Phebe. "IQ and Defense Mechanisms Assessed with the TAT." Rorschachiana 36, no. 1 (April 2015): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000058.

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Abstract. The concept of defense mechanism has a long history in psychoanalysis and clinical psychopathology. The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem. To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual ( Cramer, 1991a ) – has been developed and validated. Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method. The article presents examples of TAT stories that have been coded for defense use. These show how defense use changes after a period of psychotherapy, and how defenses change with age. Evidence for reliability and validity is provided, both from correlational and experimental studies. The remainder of the paper focuses on the relation between the use of defense mechanisms and intelligence. Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ. Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as psychiatric symptom change, level of Ego Development, and Big Five personality traits.

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4

Thobaben, Marshelle. "Defense Mechanisms and Defense Levels." Home Health Care Management & Practice 17, no. 4 (June 2005): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822304274097.

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5

Berzonsky, Michael, and Andrew Kinney. "Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms." Polish Psychological Bulletin 39, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-008-0022-7.

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Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms To investigate relationships between identity processing styles and patterns of defense mechanisms, 213 participants (Mean age = 23.01 years) completed measures of defense-mechanism clusters and styles of negotiating (or managing to avoid) identity conflicts and threats (64% of the participants were female). A self-exploratory, informational identity style was associated with defense mechanisms that control anxiety and threats via internal cognitive maneuvers. In contrast, a diffuse-avoidant identity style was found to be related to maladaptive defensive maneuvers including turning against others and turning aggression inward against oneself, which is related to depressive reactions. A foreclosing, normative identity style was associated with defenses that limit awareness of threatening ideas and information by denial, distortion, and negation. None of these relationships was qualified by age or gender. The findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development that emphasizes social-cognitive differences in how individuals construct, maintain, and reconstruct their self-identity.

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6

Cramer, Phebe. "Understanding Defense Mechanisms." Psychodynamic Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (December 2015): 523–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523.

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7

Said, Hyder, and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 32, no. 6 (November 2016): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0000000000000316.

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8

Palileo, Coleen, and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 27, no. 6 (November 2011): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e32834b3fcb.

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9

Sessler, Daniel I. "Thermoregulatory defense mechanisms." Critical Care Medicine 37, Supplement (July 2009): S203—S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181aa5568.

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10

Waterer, Grant W. "Airway Defense Mechanisms." Clinics in Chest Medicine 33, no. 2 (June 2012): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.03.003.

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11

Tomlinson, Stephen. "Complement defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Immunology 5, no. 1 (February 1993): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-7915(93)90085-7.

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12

Farhoudi, Fateme, and Dennis Tay. "The image schemas of container and source-path-goal in the theory of psychodynamic defense mechanisms." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2023): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.22004.far.

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Abstract In this article, we evaluated the theory of defense mechanisms from the cognitive linguistics perspective. We chose two basic image schemas of container and path-goal and reviewed three psychodynamic psychotherapy textbooks and two psychology dictionaries to extract passages defining defense mechanisms by one of the selected image schemas. Seventeen defense mechanisms were extracted, categorized, and discussed according to their underlying image schemas. In conclusion, we suggest that the development of the defense mechanisms could be traced back to the early interactions of an infant with the physical environment. Moreover, there might be a relationship between the adaptive levels of the defense mechanisms and the chronological development of image schemas in an infant’s mind, e.g., defenses defined using the image schema of container are usually less adaptive than defenses defined using the image schema of path-goal.

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Parekh, M., H. Majeed, T. Khan, A. Khan, S. Khalid, N. Khwaja, R. Khalid, M. Khan, I. Rizqui, and I. Jehan. "Fc24-01 - Ego defense mechanisms in pakistani medical students: a cross sectional analysis." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73649-5.

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BackgroundEgo defense mechanisms, defined by Freud as unconscious resources used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego, are a reflection of how an individual deals with conflict and stress. Vaillants’ proposed Hierarchy of Defenses states that mature defenses are associated with better adaptive functioning and health, as opposed to immature defense which are correlated negatively with measures of adaptive adult functioning.ObjectivesThis study assesses the prevalence of various ego defense mechanisms employed by medical students of Karachi, which is a group with higher stress levels than the general population.MethodsA questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted on 682 students from five major medical colleges of Karachi in November 2006. Ego defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire(DSQ-40) individually and as grouped under Mature, Immature, and Neurotic factors.ResultsNeurotic defenses had a higher mean score(5.62) than Mature(5.60) and Immature(4.78) mechanisms. Immature mechanisms were more commonly employed by males whereas females employed more Neurotic mechanisms than males. Neurotic and Immature defenses were significantly more prevalent in first and second year students. Mature mechanisms were significantly higher in students enrolled in Government colleges than Private institutions (p< 0.05).ConclusionsNeurotic mechanisms are more commonly encountered than Mature or Immature mechanisms among medical students of Karachi, and this could reflect greater stress levels than the general population. Employment of these mechanisms was associated with female gender, enrollment in a private medical college, and students enrolled in the first 2 years of medical school.

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Weber, Sandra, William H. Gottdiener, and Cordelia Chou. "Relationship between defense mechanisms and psychopathic traits in an Internet sample." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 85, no. 3 (September 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2021.85.3.271.

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The authors compared the defense mechanisms used by a community sample of people with and without self-reported psychopathic traits. Defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire-60 and psychopathy was assessed using the Levinson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in a sample of 225 adults recruited on the Internet. Results found that people with self-reported psychopathy traits used significantly more immature and neurotic defense mechanisms than people without a psychopathic personality profile. All participants reported equal use of mature defenses.

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15

Kline, Paul. "Defense mechanisms: their classification, correlates and measurement with the defense mechanism inventory." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31, no. 3 (January 1987): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(87)90068-7.

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Ivzāns, Igors, and Sandra Mihailova. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY TRAITS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN HEALTHY SAMPLE: A PILOT STUDY RESULTS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 7 (May 25, 2018): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3283.

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This article aims to define what kind of relationship exists between pathological traits and defense mechanisms. Primary data, collected from 14th until 30th of March in 2017, was used in this research. Thirty participants (57 % males) in the age of early adultness (from 25 to 39 years, M = 29.9, SD = 3.33) filled in two questionnaires: The Multidimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (Perepjolkina, Koļesņikova, Mārtinsone, & Stepens, 2017) and Defense mechanisms questionnaire (Subbotina, 2017). Six of eight analyzed defense mechanisms (repression, regression, rationalization, displacement, denial and psychological projection) showed statistically significant correlation with at least one pathological personality trait both on facet and on domain level. Some weak (p > .05) correlations were found between some personality traits and two left defense mechanisms: reaction formation and sublimation. Most of correlations were with neurotic defenses according to Vaillant (1992) classification, in particular with repression and displacement. All together 26 traits correlated with neurotic defenses. With other defenses, just a few traits correlated – three traits with mature defenses, two traits with immature defenses and two with psychotic defenses. Received results need to be validated in the future studies and may be useful for clinical psychologists for better understanding of their clients.

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Joy, Siena. "Activation of Defense Mechanisms in the Nudibranchs Peltodoris nobilis and Hermissenda crassicornis." Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal 20, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/20.2.4.

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Nudibranchs are marine invertebrates that use various defenses to deter predators. Peltodoris nobilis is a member of the superfamily Doridoidea and uses de novo chemical synthesis for defense. Hermissenda crassicornis is a member of the superfamily Aeolidioidea and uses nematocyst sequestration for defense. Past research explains the function and evolution of defenses in nudibranchs; however, it is unknown whether these defenses are active or passive. The goal of this research was to determine if the defense mechanisms in P. nobilis and H. crassicornis are active or passive and if one method is more effective at preventing predation than the other. It was hypothesized that the activation of defense mechanisms in both nudibranch species was active and that the defenses were equally effective at preventing predation. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the contact times of a juvenile Glebocarcinus oregonensis crab— a predator of nudibranchs—with an anesthetized and non-anesthetized nudibranch. There was no statistical difference in crab contact times between the anesthetized and control P. nobilis nudibranchs; however, the anesthetized H. crassicornis contact times with the crabs were statistically higher than the control. This suggests that the release of chemicals produced de novo in P. nobilis is passive, while the firing of sequestered nematocyst by H. crassicornis is active. The results also indicated that the control H. crassicornis contact times with the crabs were statistically lower than those of P. nobilis; however, the crabs demonstrated little predatory behavior across all trials. Therefore, this study cannot conclusively determine which defense mechanism is more effective at preventing predation.

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18

Nicolas, Michel, and Ahmed Jebrane. "Relationships between Coping Strategies and Defense Mechanisms in Sport Performance." Psychological Reports 103, no. 3 (December 2008): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.735-744.

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In an exploratory study, the relationships between two major concepts in psychological adjustment, coping strategies, and defense mechanisms were investigated. Sport competition is an example of a real-world context in which people's responses to stressful situations can be investigated. The extent to which participants reported different uses of coping strategies and defense mechanisms was assessed in terms of performance. 26 elite kayakers were classified into one of two groups, depending on the discrepancy between their standard performance and their performance in competition. Correlations were found among the coping strategies of seeking social support, positive reappraisal/planful problem solving, and mature defenses and between the coping strategy of distancing/avoidance and immature defenses. The results of multivariate and univariate analyses confirmed a significantly different use of coping strategies and defense mechanisms between the two performance groups. In light of these findings, certain recommendations in terms of methodology and application are warranted. Coping strategies and defense mechanisms should be studied to improve adjustment to sport performance.

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19

Norem, Julie K. "Why Should We Lower Our Defenses About Defense Mechanisms?" Journal of Personality 66, no. 6 (December 1998): 895–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00036.

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20

Besser, Avi. "SELF- AND BEST-FRIEND ASSESSMENTS OF PERSONALITY VULNERABILITY AND DEFENSES IN THE PREDICTION OF DEPRESSION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 6 (January 1, 2004): 559–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.6.559.

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The associations are explored between personality vulnerability and the use of defense mechanisms in the prediction of depression. A nonclinical community sample of 187 respondents and their same-sex best friends reported on participants' personality vulnerability factors (Self-criticism, Dependency and Efficacy), defense mechanisms (Mature, Immature and Emotion-avoiding), and depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: CES-D; Radloff, 1977). It was found that Mature defenses were associated only with Efficacy. Extensive use of Immature and Emotion-avoiding defenses was associated with vulnerability to depression. Furthermore, Immature defenses interacted with personality vulnerabilities. Specifically, highly self-critical participants who reported low levels of Immature defense were less depressed than were participants high on both Self-criticism and Immature defense. High Immature defense scores mediated the effect of Dependency on depression. Finally, more severe vulnerability was found when targets both rated themselves and were rated by their best friends as higher on Dependency and/or on Emotion-avoiding defenses. The implications of these findings for the study of the role of defense mechanisms in personality configurations and their susceptibility to depression, as well as for the use of multisource assessment strategies in the study of personality, are discussed. Finally, the practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Kuznetsova, O. V., and I. V. Petrushova. "Interrelation of Psychological Defense Mechanisms and Time Perspective during Middle Adulthood." Psychological-Educational Studies 10, no. 1 (2018): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2018100103.

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The article discloses the problem of connection of psychological defense mechanisms and time perspective during middle adulthood. The research was conducted considering the modern ideas of psychological defense mechanisms and time perspective of the personality. As a result of the stating experiment the data confirming existence of correlation between defense mechanisms, temporal orientation, extent of future perspective and event saturation of the different temporal periods have been obtained. High tension psychological defenses and some primitive psychological defenses are associated with a focus on the negative past and fatalistic present; this combination characterizes the personality as insufficiently mature. More primitive defenses are connected with adverse temporal orientation (the negative past and the fatalistic present), more mature - with favorable orientation (future). Results of the study can be used in psychological counseling in order to enhance personal development and social adaptation.

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Loscalzo, Yura, and Marco Giannini. "Heavy Study Investment: An Analysis of the Defense Mechanisms Characterizing Studyholism and Study Engagement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159413.

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Defense mechanisms are unconscious processes that protect a person from excessive anxiety. They are part of everyday functioning, and mature defenses are associated with positive outcomes. However, the excessive use of defenses or the use of immature defenses is associated with psychopathology. The present study aims to analyze the defense mechanisms that characterize two types of heavy study investment: Studyholism and Study Engagement. We performed a path analysis, MANOVAs, and binary logistic regressions on 422 Italian college students (Mage = 22.56 ± 2.87; 63.5% females). Among the main findings, the strongest (and positive) predictor of Studyholism is regression (maladaptive defense), while for Study Engagement, it is task-orientation (adaptive defense). Hence, Studyholism might be defined as a new potential clinical condition. Additionally, a critical analysis of all the defense mechanisms predicting Studyholism supports the appropriateness of the OCD-related framework for conceptualizing Studyholism. Regarding Study Engagement, even if generally associated with a positive defense style, the finding that it is positively predicted by projection confirms previous studies suggesting that, for some students, it might constitute a coping strategy with paranoid symptoms (and social anxiety and anxiety). Hence, we recommend screening engaged students for social impairment and clinically relevant symptoms that might be hidden by hard studying.

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23

Chai, Rong. "Study on the Correlation between Psychological Defense Mechanism and Clinical Features in First-Episode Schizophrenia." Journal of Medicine and Health Science 1, no. 1 (March 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.62517/jmhs.202305101.

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Objective: To analyze the correlation between psychological defense mechanism and clinical features in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Methods: During the period from June 2022 to 2023, a total of 120 patients with first-episode schizophrenia admitted to our hospital were selected as the observation group, and 120 healthy patients were selected as the control group. The correlation between psychological defense mechanism and clinical characteristics of first-episode schizophrenia patients was compared.Result:Compared with the healthy group, the use of immature defense mechanisms and intermediate defense mechanisms is significantly different in the first schizophrenia patients. The scores of various defense mechanisms in female patients are higher than those in male patients. The differences between fantasy, somatization and withdrawal in immature defense mechanisms and sublimation in mature defense mechanisms are obvious.After treatment, the negative scale score of male patients was higher than that of female patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The immature psychological defense mechanism of first-episode schizophrenia is significant, and has a certain correlation with clinical characteristics, and there is a mutual influence relationship.

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Lindblom, Jallu, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Marjo Flykt, Mervi Vänskä, Tapio Nummi, Jari Sinkkonen, Aila Tiitinen, and Maija Tulppala. "Early Family Relationships Predict Children’s Emotion Regulation and Defense Mechanisms." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401668139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016681393.

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Early family relationships have been suggested to influence the development of children’s affect regulation, involving both emotion regulation and defense mechanisms. However, we lack research on the specific family predictors for these two forms of affect regulation, which have been conceptualized to differ in their functions and accessibility to consciousness. Accordingly, we examine how the (a) quality and (b) timing of family relationships during infancy predict child’s later emotion regulation and defense mechanisms. Parents ( N = 703) reported autonomy and intimacy in marital and parenting relationships at the child’s ages of 2 and 12 months, and the child’s use of emotion regulation and immature and neurotic defenses at 7 to 8 years. As hypothesized, the results showed that functional early family relationships predicted children’s efficient emotion regulation, whereas dysfunctional relationships predicted reliance on defense mechanisms in middle childhood. Further, results showed a timing effect for neurotic defenses, partially confirming our hypothesis of early infancy being an especially important period for the development of defense mechanisms. The findings are discussed from the viewpoints of attachment and family dynamics, emotional self-awareness, and sense of security.

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SVYNARENKO, Yulia. "Features of psychological protection of women with different types of attachment." EUROPEAN HUMANITIES STUDIES: State and Society, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.38014/ehs-ss.2015.4.03.

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This article investigates the characteristics of psychological defense mechanisms among young women with a different type of attachment. We considered the problem of studying the origins of psychological defense mechanisms and their classification. Sample group included young women aged emergent adulthood and adolescence, which had four types of attachment: “Autonomy”, “Pseudoautonomy”, “Disorientation” and “Hyper-attachment”. The results indicate that the violation in types of attachments can be associated with the primitive, immature psychological defense mechanisms. Women with pseudo-autonomy type attachment have the defense mechanism of projection. Girls with disorientation get a typical defense mechanism which is reaction formation. The defense mechanisms for “Hyper- attachment” are characterized by regression and denial.

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Verma, Eshan, and Apurv Jhawar. "Defense Mechanisms of Gingiva." Journal of Orofacial Research 4 (2014): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10026-1138.

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27

White, Carl W., and John E. Repine. "Pulmonary Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms." Experimental Lung Research 8, no. 2-3 (January 1985): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01902148509057515.

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Cramer, Phebe. "Defensiveness and Defense Mechanisms." Journal of Personality 66, no. 6 (December 1998): 879–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00035.

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Harada, Ruth N., and John E. Repine. "Pulmonary Host Defense Mechanisms." Chest 87, no. 2 (February 1985): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.87.2.247.

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Keren, David F. "Intestinal Mucosal Defense Mechanisms." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 11, no. 2 (February 1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-198702000-00018.

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Said, Hyder, Izumi Kaji, and Jonathan D. Kaunitz. "Gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 31, no. 6 (November 2015): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0000000000000211.

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Lewinsohn, Efraim, Mark Gijzen, Thomas J. Savage, and Rodney Croteau. "Defense Mechanisms of Conifers." Plant Physiology 96, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.1.38.

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Lewinsohn, Efraim, Mark Gijzen, and Rodney Croteau. "Defense Mechanisms of Conifers." Plant Physiology 96, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.1.44.

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Holmes, Clifford J. "Peritoneal Host Defense Mechanisms." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 16, no. 1_suppl (January 1996): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089601601s22.

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Reynolds, Herbert Y. "Defense mechanisms against infections." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 5, no. 3 (May 1999): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-199905000-00003.

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Chow, Ching K. "Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90104-4.

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Chow, Ching K. "Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90105-6.

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Chow, Ching K. "Cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90106-8.

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Fomina, Maryna. "Defense mechanisms of students." Lviv University Herald. Series: Psychological sciences, no. 6 (2020): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/2522-1876-2020-6-19.

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40

Wojcik, D. P. "Social Insect Defense Mechanisms." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/32.3.177.

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Shimura, Sanae, Hiroki Saitoh, Tohru Masuda, Tsukasa Sasaki, and Kunio Shirato. "Respiratory Defense Mechanisms. The Roles of Bronchial Glands in Airway Defense Mechanisms." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 49, no. 2 (1998): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.49.97.

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Giulio, Perrotta. "“Perrotta Human Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q-v2)”: Development, regulation and validation of a psychometric instrument for the identification of the functioning of individual Ego defense mechanisms." Archives of Depression and Anxiety 9, no. 2 (October 14, 2023): 072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5460.000084.

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Introduction: To date, theorizations on the workings of psychological ego defense mechanisms are affected by the psychodynamic influence and theoretical scaffolding of the last century. There is a need to update theories and models to make them more consistent and modern with recent innovations in psychotherapy. Materials and methods: A model related to the functioning of defense mechanisms was generated and the Perrotta Human Defence Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q-v2) was created to be administered to a selected population to compare it with the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales-Self-Report-30 (DMRSSR- 30) and finally validate it. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the psychometric test has a well-defined and stable construct (r = 0.999; p ≤ 0.001), with the variables well represented (r = 0.818; p ≤ 0.001) and positively correlated with another construct already validated (r = 0.766; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The Perrotta Human Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (PDM-Q-v2) is a valid, efficient, and effective psychometric tool to identify the functioning or dysfunction of psychological ego defense mechanisms.

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Kubo, Nobuo. "Respiratory Defense Mechanisms. The Contribution of Nitric Oxide to the Airway Defense Mechanism." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 49, no. 2 (1998): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.49.103.

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Raketic, D., M. Kovacevic, and T. Djuric. "Women Addiction (Alcohol and Opiates) and Defense Mechanism Style." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70684-4.

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Very few researches concerning women addictions are done up to day. This paper tries to define basic similarities and differences in defense mechanisms used by women alcohol and opiate addicts.Method:Sample of alcohol and opiate female addicts (30 patients in each group) plus control group (30 women) with no psychiatric diagnosis were questioned with Defense Style Questionnaire - DSQ 40 (Andrews, Singh, Bond, 1993).Results:There were found no statistically relevant differences between two experimental and one control group concerning mature defense mechanism use. Significant differences were found in neurotic and immature defense mechanism use: alcohol addicts use prevalently neurotic mechanisms and immature mechanisms prevail among opiate addicts.Conclusions:In our research mostly used neurotic defense mechanisms by alcohol addicts were: pseudoaltruism, idealization, and undoing. The mostly used immature defense mechanisms among opiate addicts were: phantasy, isolation, devaluation, denial and splitting.

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Hasra, Hasnini, and Ritsnaini Zulfaisya. "DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN LAURIE HALSE ANDERSON’S SPEAK NOVEL." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 19, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.192.08.

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ABSTRACT This study is a defense mechanism analysis of the main character in Laurie Halse Anderson’s Speak novel. It aims at revealing how defense mechanisms is experienced by Melinda Sordino as the main character of Speak novel by applying Sigmund Freud’s defense mechanism theory. The data is the narration and dialogue in the narrative implying defense mechanism strategies used by the main character in coping up with verbal, physical and phsychological bullying she experienced. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The finding shows that the main character had repression, rationalization, regression, reaction-formation, projection, replacement, isolation, identification, sublimation and turning to self as defense mechanisms strategies to oversome the conflicts. Keywords: main character; defense mechanisms; phsychoanalysis.

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Güler, Kahraman, and Haydeh Faraji̇. "Examınatıon of the Relatıonshıp between Alexıthymıa, Anger and Defense Mechanısm." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162802.

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Introduction and Aim: It is thought that immature and neurotic defense mechanisms, especially splitting and introjection, play an important role in alexithymia. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between alexithymia, anger and defense mechanisms in a non-clinical sample Materials and Methods: This study was prepared in accordance with the correlational survey model. The sample selection of the study was made using simple random sampling.The sample group of the study consists of 430 (50.1%) women and 427 (49.9%) men living in Istanbul.The research data collection process took place between 2019-2020. Results: There is a weak positive relationship between Anger Symptoms and Immature Defenses, and a weak and negative relationship with Mature Defenses. There is a weak and positive relationship between Situations Leading to Anger and Immature Defenses. There is a weak, positive relationship between Anger-Related Thoughts and Immature Defenses, and a moderate and negative relationship between Anger-Related Thoughts and Mature Defenses. There is a weak positive relationship between Anger-Related Behaviors and Imature Defenses, and a weak and positive relationship between Anger-Related Behaviors and Neurotic Defenses. Conclusion: It was determined that there is a significant relationship between the the sub-dimensions of the multidimensional anger scale and the sub-dimensions of the defense mechanisms and between the sub-dimensions of the multidimensional anger scale and the sub-dimensions of the Toronto alexithymia scale. Keywords: Anger, Alexithymia, Defense Mechanisms, Introjection

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Alatawi, Fahad. "Defense mechanisms against Distributed Denial of Service attacks: Comparative Review." Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/lqez4186.

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) remains a big concern in Cybersecurity. DDoS attacks are implemented to prevent legitimate users from getting access to services. The attackers make use of multiple hosts that have been compromised (i.e., Botnets) to organize a large-scale attack on targets. Developing an effective defensive mechanism against existing and potential DDoS attacks remains a strong desire in the cybersecurity research community. However, development of effective mechanisms or solutions require adequate evaluation of existing defense mechanism and a critical analysis of how these methods have been implemented in preventing, detecting, and responding to DDoS attacks. This paper adopted a systematic review method to critically analyze the existing mechanisms. The review of existing literature helped classify the defense mechanism into four categories: source-based, core-router, victim-based, and distributed systems. A qualitative analysis was used to exhaustively evaluate these defense mechanisms and determine their respective effectiveness. The effectiveness of the defense mechanisms was evaluated on six key parameters: coverage, implementation, deployment, detection accuracy, response mechanism, and robustness. The comparative analysis reviewed the shortcomings and benefits of each mechanism. The evaluation determined that victim-based defense mechanisms have a high detection accuracy but is associated with massive collateral as the detection happens when it is too late to protect the system. On the other hand, whereas stopping an attack from the source-end is ideal, detection accuracy at this point is too low as it is hard to differentiate legitimate and malicious traffic. The effectiveness of the core-based defense systems is not ideal because the routers do not have enough CPU cycles and memory to profile the traffic. Distributed defense mechanisms are effective as components can be spread out across the three locations in a way that takes advantage of each location. The paper also established that the rate-limiting response mechanism is more effective than packet filtering method because it does not restrict legitimate traffic. The analysis revealed that there is no single defense mechanism that offers complete protection against DDoS attacks but concludes that the best defense mechanism is the use of distributed defense because it ensures that defense components are placed on all locations.

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Sanusi, E. O. "Jack’s Anxieties and Defense Mechanisms in Fight Club." K@ta Kita 9, no. 3 (January 6, 2022): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.9.3.452-457.

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In this article, I want to analyze a movie entitled Fight Club by David Fincher. It is one of Film Noir movies that is adapted from Chuck Palahniuk’s novel. Film Noir usually employs mentally unstable characters. In this movie, Jack, the main character, has psychological problems which causes his anxieties. Thus, I want to find out the types of Jack’s anxiety and the defense mechanism he uses to cope with it. I will identify the types of Jack’s anxieties and the defense mechanisms he uses. His anxieties have led him to have insomnia, depression, and the formation of his alter ego Tyler Durden. They also cause his problematic behavior that results in the destruction of his life. In order to cope with his psychological problem, Jack uses several defense mechanisms. In my analysis, I use theory of anxieties and defense mechanisms by Sigmund Freud. Based on the analysis, I find that Jack has reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. To cope with anxieties, he uses defense mechanisms such as repression, fixation, and regression. His anxieties and unhealthy defense mechanisms are what have driven him to have problematic behavior. Keywords: anxiety, defense mechanism, neurotic anxiety, reality anxiety, moral anxiety

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Sokolova, Yulia A., and Natalya A. Samoylik. "Features of Manifestation of Psychological Defense Mechanisms of Penal Employees." Juridical Psychology 1 (March 30, 2023): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1204-2023-1-33-37.

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The article analyzes issues related to the consideration of psychological defense mechanisms used by employees of the penitentiary system in their professional activities. The subject of the article was the results of a psychodiagnostic study. The purpose of the study is to study the features of the manifestation of psychological defense mechanisms among employees of the penitentiary system depending on length of service. The objectives of the work are: characterization of the concept of psychological defense, mechanisms of psychological defense, study of the features of the manifestation of psychological defense mechanisms employees of the penitentiary system. Hypothesis of the article: psychological defense mechanisms help employees of the penitentiary system to cope with negative, traumatic experiences, regulate their current emotional state, but at the same time they contribute to a distortion of the perception of real events and oneself, inadequacy of thinking and behavior, the emergence of illusions, the inability to resolve emerging problems, limiting personal development and growth. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of analysis, synthesis, statistical and system-structural methods. As a result of a psychodiagnostic study using the methods for assessing the psychological defenses of Kellerman G. — Plutchik R. — Comte H.R. “Index of Life Style”, diagnostics of the dominant strategies of psychological defense in communication Boyko V.V. identified the main psychological defense mechanisms used by correctional officers of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Vladimir Region with various lengths of service, in professional activities.

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Alluza, Izzul Jinan Isna, Fattah Hanurawan, and Nur Eva. "Mekanisme Pertahanan Ego Anggota Punk dalam Menghadapi Prasangka Sosial." Flourishing Journal 1, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um070v1i22021p106-113.

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Abstract: The method used in this study is qualitative research with phenomenological research types. Data collection tools in this study were interviews and open questionnaires. Type checking the validity of the data in this study using interpretative validation. Results of the research are the ego defense mechanisms used by research subjects in the face of social prejudice. There are 3 categories and 5 types of ego defense mechanisms. The third category is the primitive ego defense mechanism, less primitive ego defense mechanisms, and the mature ego defense mechanisms. In the category of primitive ego defense mechanisms, there is one kind of ego defense mechanism of the type of regression. While less primitive, there are two types of ego defense mechanisms, namely repression and displacement. And in the adult category there are two types of ego defense mechanisms, namely sublimation and assertiveness. Keywords: ego defense mechanisms; social prejudice Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme pertahanan ego apa yang diterapkan anggota kelompok punk di ITN dalam menghadapi prasangka sosial. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara dan kuesioner terbuka. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan validasi interpretatif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah mekanisme pertahanan ego yang digunakan oleh subjek penelitian dalam menghadapi prasangka sosial yakni: a. Mekanisme pertahanan ego primitif yaitu mekanisme pertahanan ego jenis regresi, b. Mekanisme pertahanan ego kurang primitif yang meliputi represi dan displacement, c. Mekanisme pertahanan ego dewasa meliputi mekanisme pertahanan ego sublimasi dan assertiveness. Kata kunci: mekanisme pertahanan ego; prasangka sosial

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