Relevant bibliographies by topics / Defense Threat Reduction Agency

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Defense Threat Reduction Agency'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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McDonald, Kenneth, Marshall Malone, Alex Fumerelle, Madison Oliver, and Mack Ohlinger. "Consequence Management Assessment Method Synthesis for Combatant Commands." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2015): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2015v3i2.pp131-142.

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One of the most important roles that the US fulfills in the global war on terror and their integration with Partner Nations (PNs) is minimizing the threats and effects of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as well as Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive (CBRNE) attacks by enemy nations, rogue elements, or terrorist groups around the world. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) currently implements an assessment framework for determining a PN’s state of CBRNE readiness, but it is unable to conceptualize that assessment at a regional or Combatant Command (CCMD) level. This research uses the Systems Decision Process (SDP) to create an assessment metric that is capable of synchronizing PN CBRNE readiness across a CCMD into a single assessment. This research is focused on developing an effective and flexible Microsoft Access database, which evaluates all global PNs across a wide array of metrics and then synthesizes them through multi-purpose objectives in order to develop an encompassing assessment framework at the CCMD level.
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McDonald, Kenneth, Derek Sanchez, Kenneth Voet, Ryan Powis, Joshua Norris, and Rob Prins. "Developing Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Techniques for Consequence Analysis of Second and Third Order Effects." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2015v3i2.pp71-81.

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The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is the Department of Defense’s (DOD) official Combat Support Agency for countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD). DTRA focuses on WMD and mitigating the consequences of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high yield explosive threat (CBRNE). The initial direct effects of a CBRNE incident are well defined and documented; however, the second and third order effect’s are complex and not thoroughly understood or documented. Consequence analysis is the practice of analyzing the effects of major events such as a CBRNE event and can assist in predicting the second and third order effects. Currently there is no method to predict or analyze the second and third order effects of CBRNE events. This research focused on identifying the entities associated with a CBRNE event initially. The use of experts and surveys developed an exhaustive list of entities and associated realtionships. The follow-on research focused on the type and strength of the entity relationships. Next, Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) techniques identify and evaluate the complex relationships of the second and third order effects. Using a mind mapping computer program, FCM techniques produced second and third order effect relationships. The final product provided a solid first attempt at analyzing a CBRNE event and the associated second and third order effects. Subsequent research will require greater effort to employ system dynamics techniques to enhance the product and develop a more thorough model.
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Broadway, Katherine M., Kierstyn T. Schwartz-Watjen, Anna L. Swiatecka, Steven J. Hadeed, Akeisha N. Owens, Sweta R. Batni, and Aiguo Wu. "Operational Considerations in Global Health Modeling." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101348.

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Epidemiological modeling and simulation can contribute cooperatively across multifaceted areas of biosurveillance systems. These efforts can be used to support real-time decision-making during public health emergencies and response operations. Robust epidemiological modeling and simulation tools are crucial to informing risk assessment, risk management, and other biosurveillance processes. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has sponsored the development of numerous modeling and decision support tools to address questions of operational relevance in response to emerging epidemics and pandemics. These tools were used during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This perspective discusses examples of the considerations DTRA has made when employing epidemiological modeling to inform on public health crises and highlights some of the key lessons learned. Future considerations for researchers developing epidemiological modeling tools to support biosurveillance and public health operations are recommended.
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Bishop, Jordan W., Philip S. Blom, and David Fee. "Infrasound propagation with realistic terrain and atmospheres using a finite-difference time-domain method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016176.

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Numerous infrasound observations and complementary numerical simulations have shown that infrasound propagation is strongly influenced by terrain within approximately 10 km from the source. Recent computational efforts using ray theory have shown that terrain influence extends over hundreds of km and is especially strong for waves ducted in the troposphere. Wind and temperature gradients also have a strong influence on propagation at these distances, which suggests that both terrain and atmospheric structure need to be accounted for in waveform modeling at a wide range of distances. Here we show preliminary results from numerical simulations of linear acoustic propagationthrough a moving, inhomogeneous atmosphere using a finite-difference time domain propagation code. We compare our synthetic waveforms in two and three dimensions with existing community infrasound propagation codes and discuss future developments, including open source licensing. Finally, we present preliminary comparisons between modeling and observations from a large-scale explosion at the Utah Testing and Training Range. This scenario highlights the importance of using full-wave modeling compared to ray methods to explain the observed waveforms. [Work funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Cleared for release.]
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Joshi, Sunil K., Gillian Lang, T. Scott Devera, Lindsay M. Aye, Hemangi B. Shah, Jimmy Ballard, and Mark Lang. "Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin abrogates TCR-induced cytokine production by CD1d-restricted Natural killer like - T cells (134.15)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 134.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.134.15.

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Abstract Exogenous CD1d-binding glycolipid (α-Galactosylceramide, α-GC) stimulates TCR signaling and activation and proliferation of type-1 natural killer like - T (NKT) cells. These activated NKT cells play a central role in regulation of adaptive and protective immune responses against pathogens and tumors. In the present study, we tested the direct in vivo and in vitro effect of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT) on NKT cells. LT is a complex protein formed by pore-forming protective antigen (PA) upon binary combination with lethal factor (LF) subunit. A sub-lethal dose of LT administered in vivo in C57BL/6 mice altered expression of the activation receptor NKG2D by NKT cells but not by NK cells. We observed that NKT cells expressed anthrax toxin receptors (CMG-2 and TEM-8) and bound PA more than other immune cell types. The in vivo administration of LT led to decreased TCR-induced cytokine secretion but did not affect TCR expression. We propose that Bacillus anthracis-derived LT contributes to immune evasion by altering NKT function. This work was supported by Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) grant CBDIF-07-PRET-01 to M.L.L and by a pilot award to M.L.L. as part of NIH grant 5 U19 AI062629-05.
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Bugayko, Dmytro, Yuliya Ierkovska, Fariz Aliyev, and Mariia Bahrii. "The concept of national integrated risk management of aviation transport of Ukraine." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 10 (December 2021): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2021-10-1.

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In the context of modern conditions of air transport development, the concept of the national air transport integrated risk management system is substantiated. The concept is based on the definition of risk as the probability of occurrence of events in a complex of hazards of different nature, manifestations of safety vulnerabilities, consequences of past negative phenomena and explains the danger of the threat due to determination "maximum potential energy". Its remaining part is subsequently converted into kinetic energy, which affects the safety management system of air transport and has a negative impact on the sustainable development of the national economy as a whole. At the same time, priority attention is paid to the list of hazards by the criterion of deviation from the point of sustainable development, the importance of the impact of threats on the coefficient of elasticity, which allows more adequate assessment of hazards and respond to them. The classification of the main risks in the functioning of Ukrainian air transport has been developed, which includes the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, reduction of export-import operations in the economic downturn, number of flights and air passenger traffic, low congestion of airports and air infrastructure. Risks are identified in the following areas of operation and development of air transport in Ukraine: export-import operations, aviation infrastructure, air cargo, airports, air navigation service providers and general aviation, which allows early detection of risks and response to them. The concept was implemented by the State Aviation Regulation Department of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the State Civil Aviation Agency of Azerbaijan, Almaty International Airport (Kazakhstan), Ukraine-Air Alliance, ICAO NAU Institute, Georgian Aviation Training Center (Georgia).
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Watson, David E., Rosemarie Hunziker, and John P. Wikswo. "Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 16 (October 2017): 1559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217732765.

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Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children’s health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic – a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
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Warner, Steve, Nathan Platt, James F. Heagy, Jason E. Jordan, and George Bieberbach. "Comparisons of Transport and Dispersion Model Predictions of the Mock Urban Setting Test Field Experiment." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2410.1.

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Abstract The potential effects of a terrorist attack involving the atmospheric release of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or other hazardous materials continue to be of concern to the United States. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency has developed a Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (HPAC) that includes initial features to address hazardous releases within an urban environment. Improved characterization and understanding of urban transport and dispersion are required to allow for more robust modeling. In 2001, a scaled urban setting was created in the desert of Utah using shipping containers, and tracer gases were released. This atmospheric tracer and meteorological study is known as the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST). This paper describes the creation of sets of HPAC predictions and comparisons with the MUST field experiment. Strong consistency between the conclusions of this study and a previously reported HPAC evaluation that relied on urban tracer observations within the downtown area of Salt Lake City was found. For example, in both cases, improved predictions were associated with the inclusion of a simple empirically based urban dispersion model within HPAC, whereas improvements associated with the inclusion of a more computationally intensive wind field module were not found. The use of meteorological observations closest to the array and well above the obstacle array—the sonic anemometer measurements 16 m above ground level—resulted in predictions with the best fit to the observed tracer concentrations. The authors speculate that including meteorological observations or vertical wind profiles above or upwind of an urban region might be a sufficient input to create reasonable HPAC hazard-area predictions.
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Zeng, Xianlin, and Qing Hui. "Partial Cluster Stabilization and Partial Cascade Stabilization of Physical Networks**This work was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Basic Research Award #HDTRA1-10-1-0090 and Fundamental Research Award #HDTRA1-13-1-0048." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 27 (2015): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.11.180.

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Warner, Steve, Nathan Platt, Jeffry T. Urban, and James F. Heagy. "Comparisons of Transport and Dispersion Model Predictions of the Joint Urban 2003 Field Experiment." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1910–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1802.1.

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Abstract For a hazardous material release in a city or densely populated area, effective mitigation requires an understanding of the transport and dispersion of these hazards in the complex urban environment. Improved characterization and understanding of urban transport and dispersion will allow for more robust modeling. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency has developed a Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (HPAC) that includes features to address hazardous releases within an urban environment. During the summer of 2003, a series of tracer gas releases were carried out in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and extensive meteorological and tracer concentration measurements were collected in a field experiment known as Joint Urban 2003 (JU03). This analysis uses the observations of JU03 to evaluate “Urban HPAC.” Twenty sets of simulations, or “predictions,” using four Urban HPAC modes and five meteorological input options, were created and compared using a variety of metrics. Strong consistency was found between the conclusions of this study and those of two previously reported Urban HPAC evaluations. For example, improved predictions were associated with the inclusion of a simple empirically based urban dispersion model within HPAC, whereas improvements associated with the inclusion of a more computationally intensive urban wind module were not found. In this study, two new results are reported. First, there was a substantial difference in the performance of Urban HPAC as a function of release time—day or night—that was not discovered earlier because the previously examined urban field experiments focused on nighttime releases only. Daytime releases tended to be underpredicted and nighttime releases tended to be overpredicted. Second, and with respect to the under- and overpredictions described above, the inclusion of the new “Micro” Stationary Wind Fit and Turbulence (SWIFT) “SPRAY” (MSS) Urban HPAC mode typically led to less underprediction during the day and less overprediction at night than the other Urban HPAC modes. In addition, predictions that included MSS typically resulted in the least scatter between observations and predictions. These improvements warrant further investigation to determine whether this conclusion can be extended to other urban environments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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Bartak, John R. "Mitigating the MANPADS threat : International Agency, U.S., and Russian efforts /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FBartak.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Mikhail Tsypkin, Edward J. Laurance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-79). Also available online.
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Doyle, Meredith C. "Gender Inequality in the Law: Deficiencies of Battered Woman Syndrome and a New Solution to Closing the Gender Gap in Self-Defense Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/149.

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Dr. Lenore Walker developed battered woman syndrome to address the issue of domestic violence and to give battered women a defense in situations in which they kill their abusive partners when they are not overtly threatening them. Self-defense law is based on male on male combat. Women are less able to protect themselves in an attack by a man, and so they may preemptively attack their sleeping partners to avoid a situation in which they cannot adequately protect themselves. Battered woman syndrome explains why these battered women act in a way that is irrational to a non-battered person. Walker's theory of learned helplessness explains why the woman does not leave the abusive relationship, and the cycle of violence theory explains why she perceives an imminent threat. Battered woman syndrome is problematic in its legal application because of problems with its scientific validity and reliability. It also furthers gender stereotypes and blurs the line between a justification and an excuse defense. While, Dr. Walker's intentions were good, battered woman syndrome is inadequate. Women's difference from men still have to be acknowledged in cases in which battered women kill their husband's, but social agency framework is a more effective way to acknowledge gender differences. This framework takes into account social circumstances that would explain a woman's actions rather than including pathology. This would explain why the woman did not leave an abusive relationship. To avoid the pathology of BWS while explaining why the woman felt an imminent threat, the defense can turn to a pattern of abuse that helps her reasonably recognize when violence is likely.
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Books on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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Harahan, Joseph P. Creating the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Fort Belvoir, Va: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, 2002.

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Harahan, Joseph P. Creating the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. [Washington, D.C.]: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Dept. of Defense, 2002.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Public Affairs. DTRA connection, serving the people of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Washington, DC: Office of Public Affairs, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 1999.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, ed. Reduce the threat: Strategic plan, 2003. [Washington, D.C.?: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Dept. of Defense], 2003.

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A review of the dose reconstruction program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency., ed. Defense's nuclear agency, 1947-1997. Washington, D.C: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Dept. of Defense, 2002.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities. and United States. General Accounting Office., eds. Weapons of mass destruction: Defense Threat Reduction Agency addresses broad range of threats, but performance reporting can be improved : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Public Affairs. The shield. Ft. Belvoir, VA: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Public Affairs, 2010.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, ed. Strategic planning, 2000. Dulles, VA: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2000.

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United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Strategic plan, 2000. Dulles, VA: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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Krepon, Michael. "From MAD to Cooperative Threat Reduction." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 187–215. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_8.

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Krepon, Michael. "Vulnerability, Risk, and Missile Defense." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 103–30. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_5.

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Krepon, Michael. "Missile Defense and the Asian Cascade." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 131–64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_6.

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Krepon, Michael. "Missile Defense from the Cold War to Asymmetric Warfare." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 85–101. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_4.

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Krepon, Michael. "Introduction." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 1–15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_1.

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Krepon, Michael. "The Paradigm Shifts." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 17–44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_2.

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Krepon, Michael. "Prioritizing Threats and Responses." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 45–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_3.

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Krepon, Michael. "Reassessing Strategic Arms Control." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 165–86. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_7.

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Krepon, Michael. "Fateful Choices." In Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future, 217–54. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973580_9.

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Hill, Martin P., and Julie A. Coetzee. "How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?" In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 363–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0363.

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Abstract Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on Lantana camara. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent Falconia intermedia that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub L. camara. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.
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Conference papers on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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Walsh, Michael A. R., Daniel L. Velazquez, Kenan Ünlü, Susan Heller-Zeisler, and Rolf Zeisler. "Defense Threat Reduction Agency Radiochemical Needs." In 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF RADIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: MARC-VIII. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3224699.

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Dainty, Anton M., and Karl Veith. "Geophysics and Arms Control at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2000. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2922739.

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M. Dainty, Anton, and Karl Veith. "Geophysics And Arms Control At The Defense Threat Reduction Agency." In 13th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.200.2000_021.

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Suo-Anttila, Ahti, K. C. Wagner, and Miles Greiner. "Analysis of Enclosure Fires Using the Isis-3D™ CFD Engineering Analysis Code." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49008.

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The Isis-3D™ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is currently under development for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) as a tool for risk assessment and engineering level analysis. It is designed to provide reasonably accurate estimates of the total heat transfer to objects from large fires under a variety of circumstances, predict the medium characteristics such as temperature and species concentration distributions, and use fairly short computer turnaround times. Isis-3D™ models liquid fuel evaporation, transport of fuel vapor, oxygen and other relevant species, reaction and heat release, and soot and other gaseous species formation, destruction, and transport. It models diffuse radiation within the fire and view factor radiation from the fire edge to nearby objects and the surroundings. One-dimensional transient sub-grid modules are also embedded into Isis-3D™. Either or both “ends” of each module are coupled to the flowing medium region, or objects within the three-dimensional medium. These modules allow the code to calculate the one-dimensional response of simple solid objects to the fire environment without affecting the computational fluid dynamics time step. The sub-grid modules can include thermal conduction, convection, momentum, mass, and species exchange. For example, they can be used to simulate the decomposition of organic materials (e.g. burning wood), the evaporation of liquid fuels, and the injection of gases, such as fire suppressants. Fast-running radiation heat transfer and chemical reaction models embedded in the code are designed to enable it to give engineering-level accurate results for large-fire heat transfer even when relatively coarse computational grids are employed. Low to medium level resolution Isis-3D™ simulations (less than 60,000 nodes) are relatively fast running and hence well suited for risk assessments, parametric scenario variations, and engineering level analyses. This paper includes comparisons of Isis-3D™ predictions to two enclosure fire experiments, the classical Steckler room fire experiments and the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Igloo enclosure fires. The Steckler fire experiments were steady state fires with a fixed heat input. The SNL Igloo tests were larger scale, unsteady fuel pan fires. Comparisons of the predicted temperature distributions within the enclosures for several tests are shown. A typical application of Isis-3D™ is also illustrated wherein the CO2 fire suppressant distribution within the cable room of a nuclear power plant is predicted as a function of time.
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Chen, Junan, Zhiwen Tan, Daqi Guo, and Lei Chen. "A Classification Method Based on Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction for Biosafety Threat Defense Capability Evaluation." In 2021 17th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cis54983.2021.00047.

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Abeyta, Cristy, Jim Matzke, John Zarling, and J. Andrew Tompkins. "Problems With Packaged Sources in Foreign Countries." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40266.

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The Global Threat Reduction Initiative’s (GTRI) Off-Site Source Recovery Project (OSRP), which is administered by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), removes excess, unwanted, abandoned, or orphan radioactive sealed sources that pose a potential threat to national security, public health, and safety. In total, GTRI/OSRP has been able to recover more than 25,000 excess and unwanted sealed sources from over 825 sites. In addition to transuranic sources, the GTRI/OSRP mission now includes recovery of beta/gamma emitting sources, which are of concern to both the U.S. government and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This paper provides a synopsis of cooperative efforts in foreign countries to remove excess and unwanted sealed sources by discussing three topical areas: 1) The Regional Partnership with the International Atomic Energy Agency; 2) Challenges in repatriating sealed sources; and 3) Options for repatriating sealed sources.
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Pope, Ronald B., and Richard R. Rawl. "Security in the Transport of Radioactive Materials." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77089.

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The United States Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration’s (DOE/NNSA) Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and active IAEA Donor States are working together to strengthen the security of nuclear and radioactive materials during transport to mitigate the risks of theft, diversion, or sabotage. International activities have included preparing and publishing the new IAEA guidance document Security in the Transport of Radioactive Material while ensuring that security recommendations do not conflict with requirements for safety during transport, and developing and providing training programs to assist other countries in implementing radioactive material transport security programs. This paper provides a brief update on the status of these transportation security efforts.
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Svitak, Frantisek, Karel Svoboda, and Josef Podlaha. "Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Shipment From the Czech Republic to the Russian Federation." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16195.

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In May 2004, the Global Threat Reduction Initiative agreement was signed by the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation. The goal of this initiative is to minimize, in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, the existing threat of misuse of nuclear and radioactive materials for terrorist purposes, particularly highly enriched uranium (HEU), fresh and spent nuclear fuel (SNF), and plutonium, which have been stored in a number of countries. Within the framework of the initiative, HEU materials and SNF from research reactors of Russian origin will be transported back to the Russian Federation for reprocessing/liquidation. The program is designated as the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return (RRRFR) Program and is similar to the U.S. Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance Program, which is underway for nuclear materials of United States origin. These RRRFR activities are carried out under the responsibilities of the respective ministries (i.e., U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Russian Federation Rosatom). The Czech Republic and the Nuclear Research Institute Rez, plc (NRI) joined Global Threat Reduction Initiative in 2004. During NRI’s more than 50 years of existence, radioactive and nuclear materials had accumulated and had been safely stored on its grounds. In 1995, the Czech regulatory body, State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS), instructed NRI that all ecological burdens from its past activities must be addressed and that the SNF from the research reactor LVR-15 had to be transported for reprocessing. At the end of November 2007, all these activities culminated with the unique shipment to the Russian Federation of 527 fuel assemblies of SNF type EK-10 (enrichment 10% U235) and IRT-M (enrichment 36% and 80% U235) and 657 irradiated fuel rods of EK-10 fuel, which were used in LVR-15 reactor.
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Lanouette, Cédric, and Jean-François Hirsch. "Lift Off of H160 with Blue Edge(TM) Blade." In Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16730.

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Integrating the vertical flight in our modern environment is an engine of progress for any technological product. H160 helicopter is a good illustration of the most recent market evolution. Recently certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in July 2020, the last Airbus Helicopters' multi-role twin-engine rotorcraft introduced the latest technological innovations for the benefit of all: passengers, pilots, operators, population. Comfort improvement and sound reduction are some examples of added values of this helicopter where the Blue Edge(TM) main rotor blade is exploited as a new technological mean as presented in Ref. 1 and Ref. 2. Nevertheless, such progress is only achievable if the expectations of continuous improvements on the safety and the airworthiness are satisfied. The paper presents the optimization studies of the serial design, the means of compliance and substantiations according to the latest standard of certification regulations applied on the Blue Edge(TM) main rotor blades with a special focus on the fatigue tolerance and threat assessment.
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Stensrud, Rune, Sigmund Valaker, and Bjorn Mikkelsen. "Orchestrating Humans and Teammates to counter security threats: Human-autonomy teaming in high and low environmental complexity and dynamism." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002830.

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The changes in the security environment run parallel to changes in Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems to meet these challenges. In military setting novel technologies in terms of high-speed missiles and the threat of anti-access areal denial capabilities, run parallel to more sophisticated fighter jets and air defense systems to counter such threats. Adverse conditions could involve loss of communication among some of the entities taking part in the mission and the sudden increased threat. Such changes require increased information processing (e.g. to understand the threat and properly sequence actions of each team) and sometimes a change of who coordinate the mission (e.g. because a formal leader is no longer available due to communication loss). While novel Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems may be important to handle such situations, it is important to enable the use of the technologies so that they will actually have the effect of reducing threats. In this paper, we discuss some theoretical models for how Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems can be orchestrated to enable the reduction of threats. We focus on the way the use of technologies are integrated. In this way, we keep the focus on the organizing dimension of Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems use. Drawing on theoretical perspectives of organizational environment, we discuss some models of integration the use of Humans and Artificial Cognitive Systems. The organizational environment may vary along the following characteristics: uncertainty and ambiguity (Scott & Davis, 2007), where uncertainty can be divided into complexity (number of elements and number of relations among elements in an environment) or dynamics (the rate of change in elements in the environment; for a summary see Valaker et al., 2020; Grote, Kolbe & Waller, 2018; Luciano, Nahrgang & Shropshire, 2020). We discuss both human-to-human and human-machine-teaming as ways of handling such environmental contingencies. The following hypothesis are suggested: Clearly defining what situation is to be tackled could ensure using the available structures. E.g. not using a decentralized structure in high stakes situations. This criteria need however to be weighed against the practicality of using a centralized structure (Hollenbeck et al., 2018; Johansson et al., 2018).Utilizing Human-Machine teammates and developing organizational structures that incorporates their use in adverse environments (e.g. allocating Drones to Dull, Dirty and/or Dangerous tasks). This could also include increasing numbers and diverse Tech use i.e. from tool to team mate. This will impact: the conduct of operations; and the supervisors, coordinators and operators, who collaborate with these smart unmanned systems at individual level (e.g. adaptable working agreements), team level (peer to peer collaboration) and organization level (hierarchical collaboration).
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Reports on the topic "Defense Threat Reduction Agency"

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McKinney, Terry L., Timothy E. Moore, Robert E. Bender, Steven I. Case, Cheryl L. Snyder, Karen A. Ulatowski, David P. Goodykoontz, Kevin G. Burrowes, Breon E. Dehoux, and Theresa L. Tameris. Cooperative Threat Reduction: Contracts Awarded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency in Support of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433189.

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Hunt, Brian, and Terrence Kraus. Integrated Air Activity Derived Response Levels for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency?s Air Monitoring Stations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762956.

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Schultz, C. A., J. Bhattacharyya, M. Flanaga, P. Goldstein, S. Myers, and J. Swenson. Technical Integration of Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Location Related Funded Projects into the DOE Knowledge Base. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792773.

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Morris, Christopher, J. Matthew Durham, Elena Guardincerri, Jeffrey Darnell Bacon, Zhehui Wang, Shelby Fellows, Daniel Cris Poulson, Kenie Omar Plaud-Ramos, Tess Marie Daughton, and Olivia Ruth Johnson. A new method of passive counting of nuclear missile warheads -a white paper for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1207736.

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON DC. Defense Threat Reduction and Treaty Compliance Agency FY 1999, Amended Budget Estimates. Program Document, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Defense-Wide (Supports Congressional Amended Budget Estimates) (White Book). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada337275.

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McKee, W. J., Jason Koralewski, Janice Fries, Pamela Safford, Alysia Baumann, Kevin B. McBroom, Hilary Brich, Catherine Brandenburg, and Becky Garrison. Environmental Assessment for the Relocation of the National Command Region Conventional Armament Research Group of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) to Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada634540.

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Cleanup Summary Report for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fiscal Year 2007, Task 6.7, U12u-Tunnel (Legacy Site), Nevada Test Site, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939674.

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