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1
Stepanenko, V., and V. Pogrebnyi. "Age features of indicators of efficiency of defensive tactical actions of young football players of 11-15 years." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(151) (June 29, 2022): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.6(151).32.
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This article presents the results of studies of age characteristics of indicators of effectiveness of protective tactical actions of young football players at the stage of preliminary basic training. An objective reflection of the effectiveness of defensive tactical actions in competitions of young football players aged 11-15 is the integrated coefficient of effectiveness (EC) of defensive actions, which consists of EC selections, interceptions, headers in defense and counterattacks.
Studies have shown that these characteristics do not improve significantly with age. The exception is 14 years of age, where the integrated KE defensive actions, KE interceptions and head games in defense have a probable increase (p <0.05). The probable increase in these indicators coincides with a significant increase at this age in such morphological characteristics as body length in the standing position and the length of the lower extremities.
Indicators of the effectiveness of protective actions in the process of competitive activity are positively correlated with each other. Particularly high statistically significant correlations in all age groups of subjects were observed between EC selections and counteractions (p <0.001), as well as between EC interceptions and header defenses.
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Murfree, Jessica R., and Anita M. Moorman. "An Examination and Analysis of Division I Football Game Contracts: Legal Implications of Game Cancellations Due to Hurricanes." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24922.
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In recent years, extreme weather events, namely hurricanes, have compromised the college football schedule in the United States. Incidents of extreme weather have caused the cancellation, postponement, relocation, or otherwise alteration of dozens of Division I college football games in recent years. Focusing primarily on hurricanes, this study will present several concerns related to these storms and extreme weather in the US, and contractual law principles of common law defenses and force majeure clauses as they relate to college football game contracts. The purpose of the present study is to begin to better understand the football game contract inconsistencies that can lead to legal disputes faced by college football programs that deal with these storms, and gain a better insight of the contractual considerations made in light of these storms that are becoming increasinglyfrequent and severe. To do so, college football game contracts were obtained through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to select NCAA Division I colleges, internet-based searches, and media exchanges. Analysis of force majeure contract language revealed inconsistent definitions of force majeure events, a limited number of contracts containing specific weather-related force majeure language, and a range of force majeure events leading to the absence of a clear and consistent understanding of how extreme weather-related cancellations would impact the contractual relationships. Recommendations, asa result of the document analysis, are then made for provisionary revision and reconstruction to meet current realistic needs for individual schools. Societal consciousness regarding climate change is adjusting, therefore sport and legal practitioners can reflect this modernization by scrutinizing potential prudent risks.
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Maldonado, M. D., M. Manfredi, J. Ribas-Serna, H. Garcia-Moreno, and J. R. Calvo. "Melatonin administrated immediately before an intense exercise reverses oxidative stress, improves immunological defenses and lipid metabolism in football players." Physiology & Behavior 105, no. 5 (March 2012): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.015.
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Iyai, Simeon Sergius. "Decision Support System for Determining the Position of Players in a Football Team Using the Simple Multi At Tribute Rating Technique." Jurnal Mandiri IT 10, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/mandiri.v10i1.101.
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One of the keys to a team's victory in a soccer match is about the composition of players or the placement of a player's position in accordance with the abilities he has in the team. In general, the determination process is carried out manually based on the trainer's estimates. In this way, it is impossible to know the value of a formation/team with a certain composition of players. In this study, the authors create a decision support system that can assist the coach in determining the most appropriate players to occupy a position in the team formation. Various assessment factors that become decision variables in this system will be taken into consideration in choosing their position. The assessment factors used are weight (kg), height (m), assessment of tactical assessment techniques, psychological assessment, physical assessment, knowledge of a player who is judged when a player makes attacks, defenses, transitions, scoring per position: goalkeeper, back, center, front. The author uses the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method because it is considered the most suitable in this case. By considering various attributes, the value of each player, the value of the player in a formation, and the value of a team formation can be obtained with good results.
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Armstrong, Gary, and James Rosbrook-Thompson. "Terrorizing defences: Sport in the Liberian civil conflict." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47, no. 3 (February 3, 2012): 358–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690211433480.
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The democratically elected President of Liberia was between 1997 and 2004 also the country’s ‘Chief Patron of Sport’. Enjoying tennis more than team games, the one-time President, Charles Taylor, realized that the electorate’s enthusiasm for the game of football meant that the game could be a useful vehicle with which to associate. As well as funding the salaries of the national ‘Lone Star’ football team, Taylor also sponsored a football team in the national league drawn from his personal militia known as the ‘Anti-Terrorist Unit’ (ATU). Prone to random murder by night, the same players, out of their recognizable uniform and in match kit, respected the rules of the game and the position of the referee. Others seeking the same sporting enjoyment were, when on the field of play in 2003, captured and forced to join the Presidential militia when rebel forces sought to overthrow Taylor. Players of another team – mainly children – were killed mid-match when a rocket-propelled grenade – origins contested – landed in their midst. The Liberian nation’s most famous citizen and one-time FIFA World Footballer of the Year, George Weah, twice fled the country in terror, once when threatened by the forces of the President, and again years later when an angry mob of irate football supporters blamed him for their national football team’s failure to qualify for the World Cup Finals. There was no shortage of incidents in Liberia in the aforementioned years that could be classed as ‘terrorist’ and indeed terrifying; sporting practice at times exemplified the alternatives available to conflict, yet at other times it accentuated the fault lines in what BBC political journalist Fergal Keane famously called Africa’s ‘basket case’.
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Dulibskyy, Andriy, Ihor Оgirko, and Andriі Dulibskyy. "Tactical and strategic orientation sports selection of attacking flange defenders-laterals in football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(139) (August 20, 2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.8(139).08.
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An important role in the modern strategies of the game of highly qualified football teams belongs to the players who are "responsible" for the control of the playing space in the flank and semi-flank (adjacent to the flank) areas of the football field. Together with players of other roles, they express the creative game potential of the team's flank attack and defence. We are talking about flanking attacking defenders-laterals.
The study of the analysis and implementation of sports selection of flank players through the prism of unity with tactical and strategic aspects is an important issue in the theory and practice of football. This also applies to the learning, education, training, improvement and development of the fastest and most correct game thinking and instant tactical and strategic response in the process of game actions of the attacking flank defender-lateral.
The aim. Study of tactical and strategic orientation of sports selection of flank lateral defender in modern football strategies.
The basic principle of our approach is that in football, as in other team games, the end result is much greater than the simple sum of the game's local actions and components.
A methodical set of tools for training, coaching and improving attacking flank defenders-laterals, who are the bearers of the creative potential of team flank attack in modern football strategies, based on the principle of tactical and strategic control of the playing space in the flank areas of the football field. In the zone of defence of "their" goal, and in the zones of creation and completion of dangerous goal moments at the gate of the opposing team.
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Liu, Di. "Research on Analysis of the Defense Strategy of Defense Phase in Football Games." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3886.
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Literature review is employed in this paper to research the principle of the model of football defense strategy. Based on practical experience in football training and competition, this paper summarizes the principle of football defense to offer reference for football couches and players to flexibly the football defense strategy to improve their performance. In this paper, the use of literature, observation, mathematical statistics, comparative analysis of law, the author closely around the “football game from defense to attack at all times to observe the principle of the proposition”, the development of thinking from the following: First of all, from how to improve defense players the ability to observe and analyze the ability to proceed. Followed by observing and analyzing essential game three times, from the information and data in the game to find out the reason why the results and the proposed to do a good job at all times by the attack to observe the importance of defense. Finally passed by the attack on the defensive at all times to observe the principles of analysis, put forward some proposals reference.
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Dias, João, and António Vicente. "O Pontapé de Canto no Futebol: Análise da Organização Defensiva no Mundial de 2018." Journal of Sport Pedagogy & Research 5, no. 3 (2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47863/xxkn5329.
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The aim of this study was to analyze, aiming to understand, the defensive organization in football corner kicks situations. After a literature review, variables were defined for the analysis of this situation, and an instrument with 18 variables was constructed. Verified that the instrument was satisfactorily consistent (intra and inter-observer reliability was tested) ensure the quality of the data, 139 corners of the last 16 games of the 2018 World Cup were analyzed. The data collected indicate that the most frequently used type of defensive organization was Mixed Defense with Individual dominance (79.9%) followed by Zonal dominance (15.1%), and with less relevance to Individual Defense (3.6%) and Zonal Defense (1.4%). The results showed a preferred occupancy by the defenders in the central area between goal and the nearest corner post (72.8% of players in this zone before the corner was kicked and 69% at the first touch of the ball after corner be marked). It has also been found that defenders tend to react to the action of opponents starting their move often 0.36s after them. We can conclude that the developed instrument appears to be appropriate and consistent for analysis and understanding of corner kicks in football, allowing improving the defensive organization, either by researchers or coaches.
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Hernández-Mosqueira, Claudio, Humberto Castillo-Quezada, Sebastian Peña-Troncoso, Felipe Hermosilla-Palma, Gustavo Pavez-Adasme, Sandro Fernandes Da Silva, Alexis Caniuqueo-Vargas, Mauricio Cresp-Barria, Hugo Velasquez-Gonzalez, and Jose Fernandes Filho. "Perfil Antropométrico de Futbolistas profesionales de acuerdo a la posición ocupada en el Campo de Juego (Anthropometric profile of professional football players according to the position occupied in the playing field)." Retos 44 (December 26, 2021): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.90770.
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Objetivo: Analizar las características antropométricas de futbolistas profesionales del club deportivo Ñublense divididos de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el campo de juego. Método: Participaron ciento cincuenta y ocho (n=158) jugadores profesionales de Futbol divididos en Arqueros (AR) Defensas (DEF) Volantes (VOL) y Delanteros (DEL), todos pertenecientes al Club Deportivo Ñublense de la ciudad de Chillan, Chile. Se realizó una valoración de la composición corporal utilizando el fraccionamiento en 5 componentes, somatotipo, índice de masa corporal, suma de seis pliegues cutáneos y la relación músculo-óseo, siguiendo el protocolo de la International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Resultados: En cuanto a la composición corporal se obtuvieron valores porcentuales de Masa Adiposa=21.7%, Masa Muscular=48.9%, Masa Residual=12.4%, Masa Osea=11.4% y Masa Piel=5.2%. En relación al somatotipo se obtuvo una clasificación mesomorfico balanceado con valores medios 2.5-5.4-2.1. Conclusión: Los jugadores profesionales del club de futbol Ñublense de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el terreno de juego, presentan un somatotipo similar al de otros futbolistas nacionales e internacionales, donde predomina el componente mesomórfico balanceado. Sin embargo, se observa una elevación de los porcentajes de masa adiposa (MA) y una menor talla, en comparación a futbolistas internacionales, lo que pueden determinar claras diferencias en el rendimiento respecto a las posiciones de juego en situaciones competitivas.
Abstract. Objective: Analyze the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean professional soccer players divided according to the position they occupy in the field of play. Method: One hundred and fifty-eight (n = 158) professional soccer players divided into Archers (AR) Defenses (DEF) Volantes (VOL) and Forwards (FOR), with average Age values (24.2 ±4.76 years, body mass 75.0±7.28 kg and height 175.7±6.32 cm.), All belonging to the Ñublense Sports Club of the city of Chillan, Chile. An assessment of the body composition was made using the 5 component fractionation, somatotype, body mass index, sum of six skinfolds and the muscle-bone relationship, following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry. Results: Regarding body composition, mean values of Adipose Mass = 21.7%, Muscular Mass = 48.9%, Residual Mass = 12.4%, Bone Mass = 11.4% and Skin Mass = 5.2% were obtained. In relation to the somatotype, a balanced mesomorphic classification was obtained with mean values 2.5 - 5.4 - 2.1. Conclusion: According to the position they occupy on the pitch, the professional players of the Ñublense soccer club present a somatotype similar to that of other national and international soccer players, where the balanced mesomorphic component predominates. However, there is an increase in the percentages of adipose mass (AM) and a smaller stature, compared to international soccer players, which can determine clear differences in performance with respect to playing positions in competitive situations.
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Prieto-Lage, Iván, Juan Carlos Argibay-González, Adrián Paramés-González, Alexandra Pichel-Represas, Diego Bermúdez-Fernández, and Alfonso Gutiérrez-Santiago. "Patterns of Injury in the Spanish Football League Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010252.
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Background: The study of football injuries is a subject that concerns the scientific community. The problem of most of the available research is that it is mainly descriptive. The objective of this study is to discover and analyse the patterns of injury in the Spanish Football League (2016–2017 season). Methods: The sample data consisted of 136 given injuries identified by the official physicians of the football clubs. The analysis was performed by using traditional statistic tests, T-pattern detection and polar coordinate analysis. Results: The analysis revealed several patterns of injury: (a) The defender suffered a rupture of the hamstring muscles after a sprint, (b) knee sprains happened due to a received tackle, (c) fibrillar adductor rupture appeared mostly among defenders and (d) fibrillar ruptures took place mostly throughout the first part. Conclusions: There is a marked shift in the tendency regarding the player who gets more injured, from the midfielder to the defender. The most common injury was fibrillar rupture. The most common scenario in which this injury occurred was that in which the player injured himself after a sprint (24%). A week without competing seems to be insufficient as a prevention mechanism for injuries.
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Ihsan, Nurul, Ardo Okilanda, Donie Donie, Dede Dwiansyah Putra, Sugar Wanto, and Arisman Arisman. "Practical Group Defense Exercise Design in Football Game for 13-Year-Old Students." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 22, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.2.07.
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Research purpose. Football is popular in the society across the world. Everyone always watches football matches. Nowadays, there are many football schools for kids or young athletes. Thus, there is a need for a model of exercise that is appropriate for young athletes. This study aimed to create a model of group defense exercise in a football game. It referred to 13-year-old football school students. It was designed using psychological and physiological characteristics of the 13-year-old.
Materials and methods. The study participants were 120 football players aged 12 to 13. The study used a research and development method (R&D) through Borg and Gall model. Data was obtained from observation, interview and questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used expert judgments and three steps from Miles and Huberman, namely reduction of data, display of data, and making conclusions.
Results. The findings show that the model of defense exercise in football for a 13-year-old football school player has 13 variations of the exercise. It was created based upon the psychological and physiological characteristics of a young player.
Conclusions. The result of the study is a recommendation for teachers or coaches to improve the defense exercise in football as player needs.
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Karpa, I., I. Ripak, O. Kolobych, R. Gandzin, and I. Shanta. "Model characteristics of technical and tactical actions of skilled defenders in football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3(123) (July 28, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.3(123).15.
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The basis of competitive activity in team play sports, in particular in football are technical and tactical actions. Therefore, football specialists pay considerable attention to defining their model characteristics. It is worth noting that the total number of technical and tactical actions per match for qualified football players, first of all, depends on the class of opponents and the class of players performing these actions. The results of the research allowed us to develop quantitative model characteristics of the competitive activity of the players of the defense of three levels - minimum, average and maximum model, which allows to plan the overall strategy of team preparation, which includes the selection of rational means and methods of preparation, planning of training and competitive loads, as well as the choice of means techniques of game in defense.
The developed model characteristics can serve as criteria for the control of defensive technical and tactical actions in order to improve the system of training the players of the line of defense and operational correction of the competitive activity of the team defenders. The formation of the model characteristics was taken into account the stance of the player and the minimum and maximum indicators of his playing activities both in the matches of the domestic championship and in the Euro-cup matches.
Identifying the correlation between current indicators of volume and the effectiveness of the game action of players of the line of defense with the intensity, responsibility of the game activity, and the characteristics of the opponents' respective actions is a prospect for further research in this direction. In practice, methods of operational correction of game actions during competitions, based on operational control over various parameters of technical and tactical actions and effectiveness of the game of the whole team, are subject to further study and improvement.
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Xin, Ling, and Yan-wei Xu. "Application of the Multiple Regression Method in Football Tactical Analysis." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3787086.
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Aiming at the unreasonable problem of current football tactical analysis, this paper studies the application method of the multiple regression method in football tactical analysis. Build a football tactical rehearsal model, optimize player information and tactical analysis management functions, and analyze football player status. Using the multiple regression method to choose the appropriate position of the players, make the football attack and defense plan. At the same time, the application of the multiple regression method to the analysis of football tactics can better select the optimal tactical plan, to ensure the rationality of football tactical selection.
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Smith, Ronald A., and Keith Lyons. "A strategic analysis of goals scored in open play in four FIFA World Cup football championships between 2002 and 2014." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710516.
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This study analyzed game events leading up to the goals in four FIFA World Cups. Three categories of goals are presented: (a) from passing the ball behind the opposing defense or to a player level with the last defender who could either shoot or take the ball forwards or pass to a team mate to score, (b) from in front of the opposing defense or from dribbling past the last line of defense, referred to as ‘Other Methods’, and (c) from Crosses. The field of play was divided into seven zones to determine the origin of passes for goals in category (a) and (c) and three equal areas lengthwise to determine where possession was regained. The study concludes that the most dominant method of scoring goals in Open Play was from category (a), followed by category (b) and (c). Most goals in category (a) were from passes in the area referred to as Zone 14+ and the majority of goals in all categories came from regained possessions in the middle third.
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Darmawan, Adriana Galih, and Suharjana Suharjana. "The Physical Fitness Gap between Strikers and Defenders in Football Extracurricular Programs." Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 4, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v4i2.18678.
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This research can be categorized as a comparative descriptive study conducted through a survey to measure physical fitness. The subjects of this study were the students who joined the football extracurricular program in the State Junior High School 3 Sleman that consisted of 14 strikers and 23 defenders. The research instrument used the physical fitness test. The data analysis technique employed t-test analysis that required normality test and homogeneity test with 5% significance level. The results showed t count 3.956 with t table 2.027 (3.956 2.027). It means that there is a significant physical fitness difference between strikers and defenders in the football extracurricular program. The average physical fitness for strikers was 14.57, while the average physical fitness of defenders was 12.04. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a significant physical fitness difference between the strikers and the defenders in the football extracurricular program in the State Junior High School 3 Sleman
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Eckard, E. Woodrow. "Does the NCAA’s Collegiate Model Promote Competitive Balance? Power-5 Conference Football Versus the NFL." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 5 (September 4, 2018): 654–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518798687.
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The disparity between athlete compensation and major sports revenues has produced criticisms of The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)’s Collegiate Model of athletic competition. In defense, the NCAA argues that it promotes competitive balance. One implication is that moving toward a professional model would reduce balance. The present article tests this hypothesis by comparing competitive balance in Power-5 conference football to that for the professional National Football League (NFL) using a variety of balance metrics. The results provide no support for the NCAA’s implicit hypothesis of less balance in the NFL, undermining competitive balance as a legitimate defense of the NCAA’s Collegiate Model.
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Chen, Hongtao. "Application of Offensive and Defensive Linkage in a Virtual Football Game in the Internet of Things Decision-Making System." Scientific Programming 2022 (May 16, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7727915.
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Football is a popular sport in the world. Playing football can not only exercise the body and improve physical fitness but also learn some offensive and defensive skills. Football games are popular events all over the world. With the development of science and technology, virtual football games have also become popular. The virtual football game is an entertainment project that combines computer technology and virtual reality technology to analyze the attack and defense relationship in the virtual football game. It can understand the decision-making mechanism and apply the decision-making mechanism to the Internet of Things decision-making system, which will be able to make accurate and fast decisions like virtual players. This is also the content of this paper. This paper proposes a decision system based on virtual football, applies the system to the Internet of Things, and shows that the data of the system fluctuate within 1.5%, that is, the calculation accuracy of the system model is as high as 98.5%, with high calculation stability, high accuracy, and certain reliability.
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Lalvani, Suren. "Carrying the Ideological Ball: Text, Discourse, and Pleasure." Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1994): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.2.155.
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This study of American football illustrates the view that even though popular texts are imbricated with dominant values, they are open to multiple readings. The analysis proceeds in a dialectical manner identifying the preferred reading, and counterposing to that the opportunity for alternative readings that result from locating the football text within an extradiscursive context and in light of the contradictions in the text itself. In addressing the ambiguity in the text, the paper points to the contradictory meanings of offense and defense in football and the contrasting forms of class based masculinity conveyed by the contradiction.
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Bağış, Yunus Emre. "Comparison of Strength Values of Professional Footballers According to Their Positions before Football Season." Journal of Educational Issues 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i1.17133.
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The purpose of the present study was to compare the strength values of professional footballers according to their positions before the football season. The study group consisted of 27 professional footballers of Şanlıurfaspor Football Club in the 2nd League of Turkey. The mean height of the Study Group was 180.92±6.18 (cm), mean body weight was 80.18±1.5 (kg), and the mean age was 26.40±4.4 (years). The inclusion criteria for the study was being volunteers, and the necessary permissions were obtained from the players, club managers and coaches. The Precor-brand device was used to measure the differences of strengths according to the positions of the footballers. “1 RM” measurements were made from shoulder press, latt pully, leg curl, leg extension, and leg press machines in the footballers. The SPSS 24.00 Program was used in the statistical analysis of the study data. The descriptive statistics were given as mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values. The normality test of the data was analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk Test. One-Way Anova Test was used to identify the differences between the players and the positions. The significance level was determined as 0.05. According to the results obtained in the study, no significant differences were detected in strength values between goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and striker positions (p > 0.05). As a result, among the biomotoric properties, strength is important, and quite necessary for a footballer to perform at a high level. These values obtained from 2nd League football players are important for being taken as reference values, and it can be argued that these values obtained in the pre-season prepared the basis for the lack of qualitative differences. In future studies, data that will be obtained from different league levels and training stages will lead to research being considered differently.
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Newman, Jacob, Jian-Wei Lin, Dah-Jye Lee, and Jen-Jui Liu. "Automatic Annotation of American Football Video Footage for Game Strategy Analysis." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 303–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.6.iriacv-303.
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Annotation and analysis of sports videos is a challenging task that, once accomplished, could provide various benefits to coaches, players, and spectators. In particular, American Football could benefit from such a system to provide assistance in statistics and game strategy analysis. Manual analysis of recorded American football game videos is a tedious and inefficient process. In this paper, as a first step to further our research for this unique application, we focus on locating and labeling individual football players from a single overhead image of a football play immediately before the play begins. A pre-trained deep learning network is used to detect and locate the players in the image. A ResNet is used to label the individual players based on their corresponding player position or formation. Our player detection and labeling algorithms obtain greater than 90% accuracy, especially for those skill positions on offense (Quarterback, Running Back, and Wide Receiver) and defense (Cornerback and Safety). Results from our preliminary studies on player detection, localization, and labeling prove the feasibility of building a complete American football strategy analysis system using artificial intelligence.
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Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. "Is Defense or Offense More Important for Professional Football Teams? A Replication Study Using Data from the 1998–1999 Regular Football Season." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.640.
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The purpose of the present investigation was to replicate Onwuegbuzie's 1999 study by identifying which variables best predict a team's winning percentage in the 1998–1999 regular professional football season. Findings gave a model containing five variables: (1) turnover differential (which explained 54.4% of the variance), (2) total number of rushing yards conceded by the defense (which explained 21.3% of the variance), (3) total number of passing first downs attained by the offense (which explained 9.4% of the variance), (4) percentage of third-down plays that produce a first down (which explained 4.1% of the variance), and (5) total number of penalties conceded by the opponents' defense resulting in a first down (which explained 4.1% of the variance). These variables combined to explain 93.3% of the total variance in winning percentage for the 1998–1999 season. That the first two variables, which explained more than 75% of the variance, were characteristics of the defense supports Onwuegbuzie's conclusion that defensive gains are better predictors of success than are offensive gains.
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Clemente, Filipe Manuel, Micael Santos Couceiro, Fernando Manuel Lourenço Martins, Gonçalo Dias, and Rui Mendes. "Interpersonal Dynamics: 1v1 Sub-Phase at Sub-18 Football Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0018.
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The performance of football players within game context can be analyzed based on their ability to break or (re)balance the attacker-defender dyad. In this context, the analysis of each sub-phase (e.g., 1v1, 2v2) presents a feature that needs to be taken into account in sports analysis. This study aims to investigate the interpersonal dynamics dyad formed by the attacker and the defender in 1v1 situations with a goalkeeper. A sample of 11 football male players (age: 17.91 ± 1.04 years) with 8.6 ± 1.52 years of practice experience participated in the study. Analyzing the 1v1 sub-phase, results show that the distance, speed and angular amplitude between the attacker and the defender increases, especially when the attacker attempts to overtake the defender (i.e., score a goal). We conclude that decision-making emerges from the perception that players draw from the action, actively and consistently interacting to find solutions to emerging problems within the game context
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Sullivan, Courtney, Thomas Kempton, Patrick Ward, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Career Performance Trajectories of Professional Australian Football Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0799.
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Purpose: To develop position-specific career performance trajectories and determine the age of peak performance of professional Australian Football players. Methods: Match performance data (Australian Football League [AFL] Player Rank) were collected for Australian Football players drafted via the AFL National Draft between 1999 and 2015 (N = 207). Players were subdivided into playing positions: forwards (n = 60; age 23 [3] y), defenders (n = 71; age 24 [4] y), midfielders (n = 58; age 24 [4] y), and ruckmen (n = 18; age 24 [3] y). Linear mixed models were fitted to the data to estimate individual career trajectories. Results: Forwards, midfielders, and defenders experienced peak match performance earlier than ruckmen (24–25 vs 27 y). Midfielders demonstrated the greatest between-subjects variability (intercept 0.580, age 0.0286) in comparison with ruckmen, who demonstrated the least variability (intercept 0.112, age 0.005) in AFL Player Rank throughout their careers. Age had the greatest influence on the career trajectory of midfielders (β [SE] = 0.226 [0.025], T = 9.10, P < .01) and the least effect on ruckmen (β [SE] = 0.114 [0.049], T = 2.30, P = .02). Conclusions: Professional Australian Football players peak in match performance between 24 and 27 years of age with age, having the greatest influence on the match performance of midfielders and the least on ruckmen.
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Polyshchuk, D., and R. Sushko. "The influence of selection work in football on the effectiveness of competitive activities of teams." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3(123) (July 28, 2020): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.3(123).22.
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The study analyzes the relationship between competitive activities and selection work in the transfer market of Ukrainian football clubs "Shakhtar" Donetsk and "Dynamo" Kyiv for the period 2000-2020. The tasks are solved by analyzing and summarizing data from scientific and methodological literature sources and the Internet , retrospective analysis of documentary materials, methods of mathematical statistics. As a result of the study, the dynamics of the quantitative representation of foreign legionnaires who defended the colors of the leading clubs of Ukraine "Shakhtar" Donetsk and "Dynamo" Kyiv in the national football championship in the seasons 2000-2020 was determined, the statistical indicators of transfer transitions of two leading clubs football.
The authors note that the flagships of Ukrainian football FC Shakhtar Donetsk and FC Dynamo Kyiv are fighting fiercely on the football field, while analyzing the effectiveness of selection work of clubs in the transfer market, which clarifies the priority success of the Pitmen for the period 2000-2020 Bright personalities, known in the football world, adorn with loud names the powerful financial activities of teams, which has a significant impact on the competitive result.
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Sánchez-López, Rubén, Ibon Echeazarra, and Julen Castellano. "Validation of a Football Competence Observation System (FOCOS), Linked to Procedural Tactical Knowledge." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126780.
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The use of instruments for the evaluation of a player’s procedural tactical knowledge (PTK) in sociomotor sports, such as football, is a line of research of growing interest since it allows a pertinent description of the player’s football competence. The aim of this study is to configure and validate an ad-hoc observational tool that allows evaluating the player’s PTK, understood as football competence, from the observation, coding and recording of the roles, the actions of the acquired subroles and the operational and specific principles of football in the attack and defense phases. Based on the Delphi method, a field format coding instrument was designed and validated where each criterion is a system of categories, exhaustive and mutually exclusive. The results showed excellent content validity (9.02 out of 10), and high values of intra-observer stability (k = 0.747) and inter-observer agreement (k = 0.665). Generalizability analysis showed an excellent reliability (G = 0.99). Additionally, the construct validity of the tool was calculated through a small-sided game Gk + 4v4 + Gk, using two independent samples: semi-professional and amateur players. The results reflected significant differences (α < 0.05) between both samples in the variables total score, offensive score and defensive score. Therefore, this study provides a valid and reliable instrument that allows data collection in a rigorous and pertinent way, as well as their analysis and evaluation in attack and defense according to the roles of the players and based on the motor behaviors that they perform using the subroles that they acquired, associated with the technical dimension, along with the principles that they develop in parallel, in support of the tactical dimension.
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Dai, Zhao. "Complexity Computer Simulation in the Study of the Overall Playing Method of Campus Football." Complexity 2021 (April 23, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9920443.
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With the mutual exchange and integration of world football, modern football is in an increasingly comprehensive direction. This research mainly discusses complexity computer simulation in the study of the overall play of campus football. Complexity computer simulation is used to design the background of the simulated football field, and the area is divided according to the size ratio of the actual football field. Then, it uses drawing software to draw the football and player controls. The construction of the knowledge base of this paper is mainly combined with the functional modules of rapid formation and response tactics. In the fast formation function, the required formation can be quickly given through football experience and knowledge rules. In the applied tactics function, for the responsibilities of forwards, midfielders, defenders, and other roles, the tactics implemented are given, including partially coordinated offensive and defensive tactics, personal offensive and defensive tactics, and set-ball tactics. The “holistic play” football tactics studied in this paper use XML files as recording and playback data, which not only greatly reduce the amount of file data but also make the operation of XML files intuitive and simple. XML can not only realize the recording and playback of player and football track but also be used in the function of rapid formation. The coach uses the “holistic play” football tactics simulation to demonstrate the movement route through the image, guide the players in each position to perceive the game scene by observing the movement route, and analyze and judge the tactical coordination of their respective positions. The computer simulation tactical analysis of the precision of the passing and running and the path coefficient of the passing factor is 0.606 and 0.59, respectively. This research helps to provide guidance on the overall playing tactics of football.
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Agustan, Boby, Didi Muhtarom, Oman Hadiana, Dani Nurdiansyah, and Elang Fauzan. "Coaching Clinic Basic Movements and Dominant Physical Conditions for Athletes at Gemilang Raya FC." ABDIMAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35568/abdimas.v4i2.1301.
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Basic movements and dominant physical conditions are often still a problem for soccer players in supporting the strategies and tactics of a coach in building attacks or in defense, especially at Football Club Gemilang Raya Kuningan. Some players still have shortcomings in carrying out correct and accurate basic movements and do not yet know the physical procedural requirements that a professional soccer player must possess. Based on the problems faced, the STKIP Muhammadiyah Kuningan Service Team carried out activities to overcome the problems faced by partners. Community service activities aim to improve the abilities and skills of Football Club Gemilang Raya Kuningan athletes in performing basic movements and knowing the dominant physical condition. The activity was carried out at the Gemilang Raya Kuningan Football Club and was attended by 20 players. The method used is a coaching clinic which consists of 2 sessions. The material provided consists of understanding basic movements and dominant physical conditions, practice on basic movements and dominant physical conditions. The results of the activity to the community showed an increase in the abilities and skills of Football Club Gemilang Raya Kuningan players regarding basic movements and dominant physical conditions.
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خالد, فراس عبدالحميد. "The impact of competition effort on the vital capacity of football players according to the playing positions." Modren Sport Journal 20, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 0027. http://dx.doi.org/10.54702/msj.2021.20.1.0027.
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The study focused on identifying the effect of competition effort on the level of vital capacity of young football players according to their playing centers. The researchers selected their sample from the (82) Fallujah clubs, the Golan club and the youth football stamina club, which numbered (82). The research problem focused on the lack of clarity of vision in identifying The level of respiratory competence represented by the vital capacity of young football players according to their playing centers. The study aimed to know the immediate effect of competition effort on the level of vital capacity of young football players and to identify the level of that variable according to the centers of playing football. For young football players and the existence of differences in the results of the post-test in the level of vital capacity of young players according to the centers of playing football. The researchers used the descriptive approach (case study) and conducted their pre and post tests according to the scientific foundations. The researchers concluded that the match effort has an effect on the level of vital capacity for all Players are in different playing lines and that effect on the level of vital capacity was varied according to The lines of play and the lines most affected was the midfield, followed by the defense line, then the offensive line and finally the goalkeepers. The researchers recommended that additional studies be conducted to know the effect of the match effort on other variables of the respiratory system and other functional devices and to conduct other studies to find out the effect of competition effort on other groups such as juniors and advanced.
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Bial, André, and Erik Eggers. "Die „Affäre Eidinger“. Zur Premiere des Profifußballs auf dem europäischen Kontinent 1920Die „Affäre Eidinger“. Zur Premiere des Profifußballs auf dem europäischen Kontinent 1920." STADION 44, no. 2 (2020): 255–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-255.
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The first attempt at installing professional football on the European continent has so far been handled in a surprisingly cursory manner by German sports historiography - even though it has been hotly debated for years why the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund, DFB) only officially introduced professional football in 1972. Who were Otto and Ernst Eidinger, who, together with their brother-in-law Josef Rosenblüth, acted as “directors” in organising the first professional football game in Germany on August 21st, 1920, in (Berlin-)Lichtenberg between the “1st German Professional Football Club” (1. Deutscher Berufs-Fußball-Club) and a selection of Hungarian professional players? Just as unknown as the economic background of this pioneering project is the fact that the three managers were Jewish. The strong hostility towards them was therefore influenced by anti-Semitic resentment - along with their youthful recklessness. Below, it is argued that leading representatives of the DFB - such as second DFB chairman Felix Linnemann - were under such pressure during the events of summer 1920 that they initially supported the organisation of professional football under the umbrella of the DFB. This utilitarianism sheds new light on the debate amongst German football historians about why the DFB defended its amateur status for so long after the supposed Rosenblüth’schen Fußball G.m.b.H. failed. At the heart of this article, however, is the historical reconstruction of the eventful days of the “Eidinger Affair” and the fate of its protagonists.
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Lindquist, Danille Christensen. ""Locating" the Nation: Football Game Day and American Dreams in Central Ohio." Journal of American Folklore 119, no. 474 (October 1, 2006): 444–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4137650.
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Abstract This article suggests how abstract ideas like "nation" are lived and situated by examining recurring features ofAmerican football as it is experienced by spectators in central Ohio. Football-an institutionalized drama formed by its inventors to address questions of national identity and social relations-is embedded within the generically complex event known as "game day" and is framed by ongoing social practices that stem from the sport’s competitive structure. As a multifaceted event grounded in both historical contexts and live performances, this spectator sport provides an ideal case for highlighting connections among form, ideology, and identity. This article argues that as a celebratory complex, Ohio State University football enacts aspects of national identity (including tropes of competitive opportunity, mechanized teamwork, and homeland defense) in terms of shared experiences and expressions grounded in local affiliations. In particular, the much-anticipated and ritually structured performances of the OSUMarching Band guide fans in endorsing "America" and its attendant ideologies while simultaneously emphasizing local difference.
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Yi, Qing, Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano, Hongyou Liu, Shaoliang Zhang, Binghong Gao, Fabian Wunderlich, and Daniel Memmert. "Evaluation of the Technical Performance of Football Players in the UEFA Champions League." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020604.
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This study aimed to assess the technical match performance of top-class football players in a long-term perspective. Technical performance profiles of players according to five playing positions (central defender, full back, wide midfielder, central midfielder, forward) and five situational variables (competition stage, match location, quality of team, quality of opponent, match outcome) were established. Technical match data of players in the UEFA Champions League from season 2009–2010 to 2016–2017 were analyzed. The true effects of positional and situational variables on players’ technical performance were evaluated by the non-clinical magnitude-based inference. Results showed that the effect of competition stage on player’s performance was negligible. Quality of team, quality of opponent and match outcome revealed the strongest effects on player’s performance (ES: −0.42 ± 0.10–0.59 ± 0.10) while the effect of match location was relatively lower (ES: −0.32 ± 0.10–0.23 ± 0.07). The number of variables that showed statistical differences under five competing contexts for wide midfielders and forwards were higher than those of central defenders, full backs, and central midfielders. Differences of players’ match performance could mainly be identified in variables related to goal scoring, passing, and organizing, these findings may provide important insights for coaches and analysts during the match preparation and training session.
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Januar, Deri, and Mutia Nur Estri. "FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK DENGAN NEURON FUZZYKWAN DAN CAI SERTA APLIKASINYA UNTUK EVALUASI KINERJA PERTAHANAN KLUB SEPAK BOLA." Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2013.5.1.2913.
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In this paper, we discuss fuzzy neural network with neuron fuzzy Kwan dan Cai. The algorithm used in this fuzzy neural network is the feed forward algorithm. Futhermore, fuzzy neural network with neuron fuzzy Kwan and Cai can be applied to evaluate a defense performance of football clubs. In this application, we do calculation manually and using a program.
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Ceylan, Ramazan. "Comparison of oxygen consumption of football players in different positions of the game." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 2193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211572193.
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Background: Football players have different structural and physiological characteristics due to the variety of tasks that lie in this field. The main purpose of this research was to compare oxygen consumption of football players in different positions of the game. Materials and methods: The research method was causal or post-occurrence. So nine halfbacks, seven attackers, three goalkeepers and six defenders were chosen to participate in this research. The Chinese bicycle was used to measure Vo2max. The heart rate was determined by the electronic heart rate. Nolan Margaria-Kalamen test machine was used to measure the anaerobic power of players. Analysis of variance and F test were used to compare the mean of differences. All steps were performed using SPSS 21 at the level of 0.05. Results: There is a significant difference between Vo2max of goalkeepers and halfbacks; between goalkeepers and attacking players; between defenders and attackers. There was a significant difference between the anaerobic capacity of halfbacks and goalkeepers; between attackers and goalkeepers. Conclusion: The position and the duration of activity has a great effect on Vo2max and anaerobic of players. So to increase both characteristics of the players depends on the position of the game. Key words: oxygen consumption, anaerobic consumption, football, positions of the game
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Gorelski, Yusuf, and Larisa Kasabova. "DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL PREPARATION AMONG 13-14-YEAR-OLD FOOTBALL PLAYERS ACCORDING TO THEIR POSITION." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3002481g.
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Football is a total sport and its requirements are enormous in terms of the parallel development of physical qualities, technical tactics and psychological abilities. Depending on the age, the training process is structured according to the individual and general tasks of the preparation, the main directions are defined, which includes the general pre-training, special-preparatory, pre-competitive and competitive stages of the annual training cycle. The dynamics of 17 indicators for physical, technical and physiological training of 13 – 14-year-olds practicing football have been analyzed. The groups of 12 children each are formed according to their position – Attackers and Defenders. Changes were observed as a result of a training method used by the authors during a 14-week cycle of time and 42 training sessions. The authors believe that the players should do exercises which are closer to the nature of the physical activity they perform during a match depending on their game post. Attackers - should emphasize on speed and force-strength trainings, and defenders should give priority to trainings for general and tempo-endurance. Due to the still insufficient determination of 13-14-year-old players to a certain game post, the authors refrain from making recommendations for strictly specialized trainings which are specific for older football players.
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Hoegele, Daniel, Sascha L. Schmidt, and Benno Torgler. "Superstars and disloyal football fans: factors influencing attraction to competition." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-12-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of superstars (and other factors) on football fans’ attraction to competition (i.e. disloyal behavior). Design/methodology/approach – A proprietary data set including archival data on professional German football players and clubs as well as survey data of more than 900 football fans is used. The hypotheses are tested with two-sample mean-comparison t-tests and multivariate probit models. Findings – This study provides evidence that superstars both attract new fans and contribute to the retention of existing fans. While the presence of superstars, team loyalty and team identification prevent football fans from being attracted to competition, the team's recent performance seems to have no effect. Fans who select their favorite player from a competing team rather choose superstars, young players, players who are known for exemplary behavior and defenders. Originality/value – This paper contributes to existing research by expanding the list of antecedents of disloyalty and by being the first to employ independent, quantitative data for the assessment of superstar characteristics in the context of team loyalty.
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Brîndescu, Sorin. "Study on the psycho-motor profile of the central defender in Romanian football compared to European football." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 6, no. 11 (December 1, 2013): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2013-0014.
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Abstract The stage reached nowadays in the development of the game of football throughout the world, as a result of the effort and concern of specialists and players for continuous improvement of the game, inevitably led to the development of new well-established ideas and solutions about the manner of playing, the game and training system, the selection and promotion of players. All this made the performance level be very high at present, both nationally and especially internationally, and this can only be achieved by players whose performance capacity is particularly large and growing. A special contribution in solving these problems has been brought and will be brought further by scientific research, both the fundamental one which studies essentially the mass basis of performance football in all its conceptual complexity, and the applicative one which addresses more limiting issues but still definite, specific to the practice and methodology of football at this level. Moreover, until now there have been numerous studies with an applicative nature joined by many specialists worldwide through research studies conducted over the years. Thus, it can be appreciated that most of the issues regarding the effective contact time with the ball are identified by the manner in which the possession of the ball is gained and lost. Therefore, we compared the two competitions, the players involved, depending on their position in a team. We want the results to be mostly a support for the advanced training of football players at all divisionary levels, with the possibility of achieving specific training plans and stages.
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Csáki, István, Zsolt Szakály, Barbara Fózer-Selmec, Selmeci Zoltán Kiss, and József Bognár. "Psychological and Anthropometric Characteristics of a Hungarian Elite Football Academy’s Players." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0002.
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Abstract Due to the fact that neither physical nor physiological and anthropometric differences in adolescents can serve as definitive differentiating factors in terms of choosing successful and non-successful players, coaches are encouraged to focus more on thepsychological characteristics ofyoung players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine football players’ psychological skills in an elite football academy as related to age and position. Every young player at one of the most successful football academies in the country participated in this study (N=119, M=16.44±1.17). The sample was divided into four age groups according to the championship system (U16, U17, U18, U21), and into specific football positions (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and striker). Basedonthe results, the young academy football players had a low level ofamotivation (1.45±0.68), a high level of extrinsic motivation (5.96±0.64), and can be characterized with a higher level task (4.02±0.62) than ego orientation (3.01±0.62). All of the results for coping skills were in the mid-range (M=3.00-3.41). There were no differences in motivation, perceived motivational climate, and coping among the football players regarding their positions. However, there were significant differences among the age groups in perceived motivation and coping skills. Older players were more egooriented and had a higher level of peaking under pressure, while younger players demonstrated higher level task, ego, and coach ability levels. Football coaches need to focus less on positions and more on age differences when dealing with motivation, perceived motivation, and coping.
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Wei, Shenghui, and Huibing Qin. "Application of RoboCup 3D and Intelligent Technology in Football Simulation League." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9676952.
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Intelligent technology has been recently more developed which is due to the advancement in the technology sector. Moreover, every industry is now moving toward adoption of the intelligent technology to provide better services along with informed decisions which are possible only if devices have built-in intelligence. Likewise, in football simulation league, assigning suitable roles to each robot according to the real-time characteristics of complex and changeable field conditions is the key to win the game. In order to solve the problems of low research efficiency and poor simulation effect, this paper aims to deeply explore the application of RoboCup 3D and intelligent technology in football simulation league. Firstly, the movement speed, shooting speed, and direction of the players are measured. Secondly, a highly intelligent goal keeping and defense method and triangle attack strategy are proposed. The defense strategy is mainly that when the other team is in the state of attack, we send players to intercept the other player with the ball, and the triangle attack strategy is to use the three players in the appropriate position to cooperate with each other. The triangular attack team is composed of core attacking players and two auxiliary attacking players. This method is applied to football simulation league. RoboCup 3D simulation experiments show that the proposed method has good simulation effects in terms of ball loss rate and winning streak, which shows that the proposed method can effectively improve the research efficiency and simulation effect and has certain practicability.
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Kraynik, Ya B., V. V. Mulyk, and D. A. Okun. "Relationship between quantitative indicators of motor actions and technical and tactical indicators in young football players 13-14 years of different playing roles." Health, sport, rehabilitation 5, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/hsr.2019.05.04.05.
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<p><strong>Purpose.</strong> To determine the relationship between individual motor exercises and the quality of the technical and tactical actions of young football players of 13-14 years of different playing roles.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>the study was conducted during a football competition. The study involved 11 football players 13-14 years old. Physical actions were analyzed during 10 games of the Kharkov football championship. The individual characteristics of young athletes in terms of diagnostics are analyzed, a statistical analysis of the degree of influence of various parameters of movements was carried out and relationship of indicators was carried out.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Our correlation analysis results allow us to take into account the influence of the use of individual exercises on the performance of technical and tactical actions of young football players of 13-14 years of different playing roles when building the training process.</p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The conducted correlation analysis of the indicators of special motor actions and the technical and tactical indicators of young football players of 13-14 years of different playing roles determined that in the wing back defenders there is a more relationship between jerks at 15-20 m and dribbling; central defenders have established average correlation between the amount of jerking at 15-20m and the quality of performing short, medium and long ball passes; in wing back midfielders, the implementation of the number of jerks by 15-20 m affects all we study motor actions; in central midfielders the performance of the number of jerks affects the performance of short, medium and long passes; for forwards, a more correlation between technical and tactical actions is established between the number of types of running movements and tackles, including head games.</p><p>Further research will be aimed at developing complexes of exercises of special physical preparation, taking into account the influence on the performance of technical and tactical actions of young players 13-14 years of different playing roles.</p>
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Austin, Ashley V., Phillip Sasser, Kawai Tanabe, John M. MacKnight, and Jeremy B. Kent. "Video Analysis of Concussion Exposures in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Team." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 232596712090329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120903294.
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Background: Research into improving player safety of sport-related concussion (SRC) in American football has been an ongoing endeavor. In an attempt to better understand the incidence of SRCs in American football, research has focused on the characteristics of SRC during gameplay. Determining SRC specifics and assessing them quantitatively can help identify high-risk scenarios and predict exposure risk. Purpose: To identify and assess the incidence of SRCs in a National Collegiate Athletic Association football team by comparing field location, player positions, collision partners, and player cues. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We used physician sideline reports of diagnosed concussions from a Division I football team from September 2010 to December 2018. Game videos were analyzed to identify the field location where the SRC occurred, collision partner, and player behavior postconcussion. The incidence of in-game SRCs by position was also assessed. We used the “words of estimative probability” model to categorize each concussion as certain, almost certain, probable, or even on the basis of our confidence in identifying them using game film. Results: This study examined 44 SRCs that occurred over 9 seasons. The SRC incidence was significantly higher in the middle defense (5-20 yards from the line of scrimmage) compared with all other field locations (relative risk, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.14-5.29; P < .05). In-game collision partners were most commonly defensive backs. The most common player cue was a hand to helmet/face mask. The positions with the highest SRC incidence by athlete-exposure, game position, and position play belonged to the defensive backs, wide receivers, and running backs. Conclusion: The middle defense had a significantly higher incidence of SRCs than all other field locations. We pose a new method to categorize concussions during video analysis by using words of estimative probability. Knowledge of SRC gameplay characteristics can potentially guide the medical staff and medical observer to better identify them.
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Early, Kate S., Nathan P. Lemoine, Annie Simoneaux, Shelly Mullenix, Jack Marucci, Michael J. MacLellan, and Neil M. Johannsen. "Positional Differences in Pre-Season Scrimmage Performance of Division I Collegiate Football Players." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030769.
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This study aimed to describe the physical demands of American football players using novel performance analysis techniques. Heart rate (HR) and accelerometer-based activity levels were observed across two pre-season scrimmages in 23 Division I collegiate football players (age: 19 ± 1 y, height: 1.90 ± 0.06 m, weight: 116.2 ± 19.4 kg). Data were analyzed using a MATLAB program and inter-rater reproducibility assessed using inter-class correlations (ICC). Players were analyzed by side (offense/defense) and position (skill/non-skill). Performance variables assessed in bursts of activity included burst duration, HRmean and HRmax (bpm), and mean activity (vector magnitude units [vmu]). Exercise intensity was categorized as time spent in % HRmax in 5% increments. The burst duration (8.1±3.9 min, ICC = 0.72), HRmean (157 ± 12 bpm, ICC = 0.96) and mean activity (0.30 ± 0.05 vmu, ICC = 0.86) were reproducible. HRmean (p = 0.05) and HRmax (p = 0.001) were greater on defense. Offense spent more time at 65–70% HRmax (p = 0.01), 70–75% HRmax (p = 0.02) while defense spent more time 90–95% HRmax and ≥95% HRmax (p = 0.03). HRmean (p = 0.70) and HRpeak (p = 0.80) were not different between positions across both sides. Skilled players demonstrated greater mean activity (p = 0.02). The sport-specific analysis described HR and activity level in a reproducible manner. Automated methods of assessing HR may be useful in training and game time performance but ultimately provides support to coaching decision making.
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Cięszczyk, Paweł, Carla Maria Calò, Myosotis Massidda, Alberto Mendez-Villanueva, Valentina Ginevičienė, Patrizia Proia, Svitlana Drozdovska, et al. "Association of Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 (MCT1) A1470T Polymorphism (rs1049434) with Forward Football Player Status." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 13 (October 5, 2018): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0634-6387.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between the MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1) A1470T polymorphism and positional roles in a large cohort of professional football players from five different countries. We compared genotype distributions of the MCT1 A1470T polymorphism between football players (n=694) and non-athlete controls (n=781) from Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Malta, and we analyzed the MCT1 genotype distributions with respect to the players’ positions in the field (e. g. forwards, midfielders, defenders and goalkeepers). Genomic DNA was extracted from either buccal epithelium or peripheral blood using a standard protocol. In the pooled cohort of Italian, Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian football players, forwards (n=148) were more likely than controls (n=781) to possess the A allele (χ2=7.067, p=0.029, FDR q value 0.116), with a greater likelihood of having the AA genotype compared with the TT genotype (OR=1.97; C.I.=1.07-3.64; p=0.021, FDR q value 0.086). The MCT1 AA genotype was significantly more frequent in forwards then in controls. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other professional football player cohorts.
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Letícia da Silva, Silvia, Marcos Antônio Mattos dos Reis, Antônio Sabino Silva Filho, Rodolfo Novellino Benda, Alexandre Moreira, and Umberto Cesar Corrêa. "SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DRIBBLING IN FUTSAL AND FOOTBALL BASED ON REACTION TIME AND ANTICIPATION." Kinesiologia Slovenica 28, no. 3 (November 20, 2022): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.28.3.16-29.
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This study investigated if the dribbling performance in sports of futsal and football depends on the defender’s reaction time (RT) or anticipation. Participants were futsal (n = 59) and football (n = 45) male players competing in Brazilian National and State amateur championships in 2020. One hundred and thirty dribbles (futsal, n = 77; football, n = 53) registered during official matches were selected for analysis. The beginning times of the defender's response above and below 200ms from the attacker's dribbling stimulus were used to define reaction time and anticipation, respectively. Successful dribbles are those in which the defender is not able to prevent the attacker in possession of the ball overtake him/her. On the other hand, unsuccessful dribbles are those in which the defensive player manages to prevent the attacker from overtaking him/her with possession of the ball. Results showed that reaction time and anticipation were not determining factors for successful and unsuccessful dribbling in the sport of futsal, respectively. However, reaction time results provided supporting evidence for explaining the successful dribbling in the sport of football. This finding suggests that to succeed in dribbling the attacker should try to delay the start of the defender's response.
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Kim, Do Hyun, Do Hyun Kim, Do Hyun Kim, Do Hyun Kim, Do Hyun Kim, Do Hyun Kim, and Do Hyun Kim. "Discovering primary indicators for evaluating defender's technical performance using multivariate statistics in football games." IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) 32, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2020.32.1.27.
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The purpose of this study is to examine primary indicators for evaluating the defenders’ technical performance in football games. We collected a total 472 players’ match statistics of season 2017/2018 in tier 1 league of England, Spain and Germany and categorized them into central and wide. Principal component analyses are used to sort the indicators and using eigenvalues for an appropriate number of components. The results showed that “Tackles Lost”, “Defensive Errors” and “Errors Leading to Goal” were the primary indicators for central defenders and “Successful Take-on”, “Total Shots” and “Errors Leading to Goal” were crucial for wide defenders.
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Göksu, Ömercan, and Selami Yüksek. "Determination and Comparison of Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Football Players in the U10-17 Categories." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 4 (March 18, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.3009.
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This study was conducted to determine some motoric characteristics of children football players in the 10-17 age group and to compare them according to their playing positions.The study was carried out with voluntary participation of a total of 190 licensed athletes in Turkey Football Federation "U" category playing in Çeliktepe, Aslantepe and Seyrantepe sports club (U10-U17).The athletes participated in the study were divided into the 10-13 and 14-17 age categories, and further divided into three groups, namely defensive, midfield and forward player groups according to their playing positions. Demographic information about the age, football sports age and playing positions of the athletes were recorded. The research measurements were made during the first week of the preparatory period at the start of the season. All participants were subjected to motoric tests that measure speed, agility, horizontal jump, endurance and balance parameters, which are considered important for football branch. In the analysis of the data, the SPSS 23.0 statistical program was used. The Kolmogorov Smirmov test was used to determine whether the data showed normal distribution, and "One-Way ANOVA", followed by "Tukey HSD" were used for the parameters with normal distribution, whereas "Kruskal-Wallis" and "Mann-Whitney U" test were used for the data with non-normal distribution; and p<0.05 was accepted as the level of significance.As a result of the analysis of the data, there were statistically significant differences between motoric test results in term of the playing positions of football players (p<0.05).As a result, it was determined that some of the motoric performance differences, prominent in early periods among football players playing in different positions, decrease in the following years due to age, training and experience factors and that all football players in all positions have similar motoric performances in today's football. Thus, it can be said that it is important for players to have similar motoric parameters in the sense that they can compete with each other, considering that the players playing in different positions (forward-defense, etc.) come across during competitions.
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Modric, Toni, Sime Versic, and Damir Sekulic. "Position Specific Running Performances in Professional Football (Soccer): Influence of Different Tactical Formations." Sports 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120161.
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Running performances (RPs) are known to be important parameters of success in football (soccer), but there is a lack of studies where RPs are contextualized regarding applied tactical solutions. This study aims to quantify and analyze the differences in position-specific RPs in professional football, when games are played with three defensive players (3DP) and four defensive players (4DP). The participants here include professional football players (M ± SD, age 23.57 ± 2.84 years, body height 181.9 ± 5.17 cm, body mass 78.36 ± 4.18 kg) playing at the highest competitive level in Croatia. RPs were measured by global positioning system and classified into four groups based on playing positions: central defenders (CD; n = 47), wide defenders (WD; n = 24), midfielders (MF; n = 48), or forwards (FW; n = 19). Analysis of variance and discriminant canonical analysis are used to identify differences between 3DP and 4DP tactical solutions in terms of the RPs for each playing position. The number of accelerations and decelerations most significantly contributed to the differentiation of 3DP and 4DP among MFs (Wilks λ = 0.31, p < 0.001), with higher occurrences with 3DP. For CDs, total distance, and high-intensity running were higher in 3DP (Wilks λ = 0.66, p < 0.001). No multivariate differences were found for FW and WD players in terms of the RPs between 3DP and 4DP tactical formations. The characteristics and differences shown in this study may provide useful information for coaching staff regarding changing in-season tactical formations. Additionally, the results are useful for optimizing training programs for football players with different playing positions. When changing from 4DP to 3DP tactical formations, WDs training programs should include more of high-intensity running, while MFs training programs should be more based on short intensity activities (accelerations and decelerations).
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Balan, Вogdan. "Features of construction of training microcycles in the competitive period at preparation of student's teams in football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(136) (May 22, 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.5(135).06.
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As the results of this study show, the activity of football players is mostly dynamic, where periods of significant work alternate with periods of relative relaxation. Functional training of football players of student teams should be considered as an important element of a comprehensive approach to improving the sports and technical skills of players. In this regard, the control system for special physical training can be considered as one of the components of management technology for training football teams of student teams, and its further improvement should be associated with in-depth study of biological patterns of human age and features of adaptive changes in specific conditions training and competitive loads.
At the present stage of football development, a significant amount of research has been performed to study the motor activity of football players in the conditions of competitions, as a result of which data on the nature and scope of players' actions with and without the ball were obtained. The article considers the characteristic features of the construction of training microcycles in the competitive period in the preparation of student teams in football. The dynamics of special working capacity and functional state of NUFVSU football players in the competitive period of training is investigated. It is determined that in the construction of rational variants of competitive microcycles of different duration it is necessary to proceed from a differentiated approach, which provides a different structure of microcycles for the training of attackers, midfielders and defenders. The need to take into account the duration of recovery of the most significant indicators of special performance and functional status of players of different roles has been proved.
Based on the study and identified patterns of changes in individual indicators of special performance of football players of the NUFVSU team after competitive loads, depending on their game role, models of competitive microcycles of different duration were developed: short (3 days); medium (5 days); optimal (7 days).
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Pajović, Lazar, Lazar Toskić, Veroljub Stanković, Ljubiša Lilić, and Borislav Cicović. "Muscle Contractile Properties Measured by the Tensiomyography (TMG) Method in Top-Level Football Players of Different Playing Positions: The Case of Serbian Super League." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020924.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in muscle contractile properties measured by the TMG method between top-level football players of different playing positions. The sample consisted of 57 football players from the Serbian Super League, divided into three groups: defenders—DF, midfielders—MF, and forwards—FW. Muscles included in the study were the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Semitendinosus (ST) of the right (R) and left (L) leg. The TMG parameters used in this study were contraction time (Tc), delay time (Td), relaxation time (Tr), maximal displacement (Dm), and sustain time (Ts). The ANOVA results showed that differences in TMG parameters between top-level football players of different playing positions are small and exist only in the Tr of RF (F = 4.658, p = 0.014), BF (F = 4.433, p = 0.016), and ST muscle (F = 3.808, p = 0.028), and the Tc (F = 3.214, p = 0.048) and Td (F = 3.705, p = 0.031) of the VM muscle. All differences were detected between DF and FW players, and all differences were in the left (non-dominant) leg. The results obtained in this study indicate that the training and selection process in football, from the aspect of functional and mechanical muscle properties, should be similar for all players, regardless of playing position. It has been shown that TMG has relatively low sensitive strength for detecting differences between football players of different playing positions.
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Caccese, Jaclyn B., Zac Houck, Thomas W. Kaminski, James R. Clugston, Grant L. Iverson, Kelsey N. Bryk, Jessie R. Oldham, et al. "Estimated age of first exposure to American football and outcome from concussion." Neurology 95, no. 21 (September 9, 2020): e2935-e2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010672.
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ObjectiveTo examine the association between estimated age at first exposure (eAFE) to American football and clinical measures throughout recovery following concussion.MethodsParticipants were recruited across 30 colleges and universities as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)–Department of Defense Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium. There were 294 NCAA American football players (age 19 ± 1 years) evaluated 24–48 hours following concussion with valid baseline data and 327 (age 19 ± 1 years) evaluated at the time they were asymptomatic with valid baseline data. Participants sustained a medically diagnosed concussion between baseline testing and postconcussion assessments. Outcome measures included the number of days until asymptomatic, Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) composite scores, Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) total score, and Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18) subscores. The eAFE was defined as participant's age at the time of assessment minus self-reported number of years playing football.ResultsIn unadjusted regression models, younger eAFE was associated with lower (worse) ImPACT Visual Motor Speed (R2 = 0.031, p = 0.012) at 24–48 hours following injury and lower (better) BSI-18 Somatization subscores (R2 = 0.014, p = 0.038) when the athletes were asymptomatic. The effect sizes were very small. The eAFE was not associated with the number of days until asymptomatic, other ImPACT composite scores, BESS total score, or other BSI-18 subscores.ConclusionEarlier eAFE to American football was not associated with longer symptom recovery, worse balance, worse cognitive performance, or greater psychological distress following concussion. In these NCAA football players, longer duration of exposure to football during childhood and adolescence appears to be unrelated to clinical recovery following concussion.
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Clemente, Filipe Manuel, Micael Santos Couceiro, Fernando Manuel Lourenço Martins, and Rui Sousa Mendes. "Using network metrics to investigate football team players' connections: A pilot study." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20, no. 3 (September 2014): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742014000300004.
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The aim of this pilot study was propose a set of network methods to measure the specific properties of football teams. These metrics were organized on "meso" and "micro" analysis levels. Five official matches of the same team on the First Portuguese Football League were analyzed. An overall of 577 offensive plays were analyzed from the five matches. From the adjacency matrices developed per each offensive play it were computed the scaled connectivity, the clustering coefficient and the centroid significance and centroid conformity. Results showed that the highest values of scaled connectivity were found in lateral defenders and central and midfielder players and the lowest values were found in the striker and goalkeeper. The highest values of clustering coefficient were generally found in midfielders and forwards. In addition, the centroid results showed that lateral and central defenders tend to be the centroid players in the attacking process. In sum, this study showed that network metrics can be a powerful tool to help coaches to understanding the specific team's properties, thus supporting decision-making and improving sports training based on match analysis.