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Journal articles on the topic 'Deficiency diseases in poultry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

., Sigfrido Burgos, Diego V. Bohorquez ., and Sergio A. Burgos . "Vitamin Deficiency-Induced Neurological Diseases of Poultry." International Journal of Poultry Science 5, no. 9 (August 15, 2006): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.804.807.

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2

Gromov, I. N. "Noinfectious diseases in industrial poultry farming: histological diagnostics." Agrarian science 344, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-344-1-15-17.

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Under conditions of egg and poultry farming noninfectious diseases are widespread and cause significant economic damage. These diseases can be caused by a variety of etiological factors: the deficiency of the necessary chemical elements, substances or their combination, excessive amount of certain classes of organic substances in feed. Diseases of complex etiology are also recorded, which arise from a combination of unfavorable factors and anatomical and physiological properties of individual bird crosses. Under the influence of unfavorable factors in various organ systems, pathological processes of various nature (dystrophic, necrotic, inflammatory) arise. In this case, the symptoms and pathological changes can be either similar or poorly visible macroscopically. In this regard, the results of histological examination of organs and tissues play an important role in making a presumptive diagnosis. The article introduces the original results of researches on pathomorphological diagnosis of the most widespread diseases in industrial poultry farming of noninfectious etiology: chronic feed borne toxicoses (including mycotoxicoses), hypovitaminosis A, hyposelenosis, amyloidosis, necrosis of the femoral head. The results of examination of spontaneous material stuff. The findings are formulated in the form of histological diagnoses. The attention is focused on the main (pathognomonical) signs of a great value for differential diagnostics of this group of diseases. Various variants of pathomorphological course of the diseases running both in a classical way, and in the form of a pathomorphosis (the variated pathoanatomical and histological lesions against application of vaccines and antibiotics) are considered.

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3

Ramesh, Vairapraveena, Sangeetha Ashokan, Anu Sengottaiyan, and Vijay Anto James. "Profile of Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Analysis of Contributory Factors among Inpatients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Madurai, South India." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 46 (November 16, 2020): 2674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/550.

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BACKGROUND It is well known that Vitamin B12 deficiency is common among vegetarians as Vitamin B12 is obtained predominantly from animal sources. However, recent reports show that Vitamin B12 deficiency is becoming more common among nonvegetarians too and surprisingly the major factor attributing to this is found to be due to dietary deficiency. We hypothesized that this could also be due to the type of non-vegetarian food consumed, cooking methods, type of utensil used, and other modifiable risk factors like smoking, alcohol and diseases causing Vitamin B12 deficiency. We wanted to assess the proportion of vegetarians and nonvegetarians with vit. B12 deficiency and analyse the contributing factors among inpatients with vitamin B12 deficiency in a tertiary care hospital in South India. METHODS This observational, prospective study was done between June and September 2019 & involved 200 Vitamin B12 deficiency patients in the age group of 20 - 50 years of both the genders. Patients were identified after reviewing their medical records and laboratory tests for MCV, MCH, MCHC, Hb & vitamin B12. A detailed history of their food habits, practices & other relevant factors was obtained using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS There was no statistical difference (p = 0.379) in the vitamin B12 levels among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. 54.6 % of participants consumed poultry, 32.5 % consumed fruits & vegetables less than 4 times a week, 36 % & 42 % consumed fried & boiled food, 58 % used ever-silver vessels for cooking, 70.6 % used packaged milk, 23 % consumed alcohol & 21 % were smokers. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin B12 deficiency is common both among vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Among non-vegetarians, deficiency is seen more with poultry eaters, packaged milk consumers, with fried / boiled method of cooking using ever-silver vessels. Alcoholism, caffeinated beverages, smoking, presence of other diseases like diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, drug intake also contributes to Vitamin B12 deficiency. KEYWORDS Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Non-Vegetarians, Vegetarians, Contributing Factors

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4

Danbappa, Aisha Ali Rabiu, Kamalu Abdullahi Alhassan, and M. Manjur Shah. "Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants associated with commercial poultry feeds." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 3, no. 5 (October 4, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3i5.231.

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Poultry feeds are food materials used in raising poultry birds. Poultry is the second most widely eaten meat in the world, accounting for about 38% of the world meat. The diseases of poultry is like the disease of other animals. They may be caused by pathogenic organisms, nutritional deficiency and from wound. This study was designed and carried out to determine the load and species of fungi and bacteria contaminating poultry feeds. A total of 6 samples were collected from different feed types and source of feeds inside poultry farm and markets feeds. The isolates were identified according to their cultural, microscopic and biochemical properties to the following gram negative bacteria include Escherichia coli and Proteus spp and gram positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The fungi includes Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, and Cladosporium spp. It is concluded that poultry feeds, especially those inside farms are harbouring potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi loads that are far above the acceptable levels, thus constituting a public health hazard and necessitate the application of the standard measures for production of feeds by manufacturers and health authorities. Therefore, the study recommends that hygienic production of poultry feed is a public health issue, proper treatment of feed ingredients and application of hygienic measures such as HACCP, starting from harvesting of feed ingredients to the storage, processing of feeds, packaging, transporting and eventual marketing of the bagged feeds is need of the hour.

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5

McDowell, L. R. "Vitamin nutrition of livestock animals: Overview from vitamin discovery to today." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-057.

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The term “vitamin” or “vitamine” was first used in 1912. What later became known as vitamin deficiency diseases — scurvy, beriberi, night blindness and xeropthalmia — had plagued the world from antiquity. From 1900 through the 1930s, experiments with animals helped to advance knowledge of vitamins considerably. There are 15 vitamins of significance for livestock. A number of factors influence vitamin requirements and vitamin utilization, including physiological make-up and production function; confinement rearing without pasture; stress, disease and adverse environmental conditions; vitamin antagonists; use of antimicrobial drugs; and body vitamin reserves. Under commercial livestock and poultry production conditions, vitamin allowances higher than National Research Council (USA) requirements may be needed for optimum performance. Generally, the optimum vitamin supplementation level is the quantity that achieves the best growth rate, feed utilization and health (including immune competency), while also providing adequate body reserves. Key words: Vitamins, history, deficiency, requirements, supplementation

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6

Sobolev, O. I., S. V. Sliusarenko, A. O. Sliusarenko, R. А. Petryshak, I. P. Golodyuk, O. S. Naumyuk, O. І. Petryshak, and O. V. Kuliaba. "The influence of selenium additives in compound feed on the chemical composition, energy and biological value of ducklings meat." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 94 (April 7, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9401.

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According to modern classification of trace elements, which is based on their biological significance for living organisms, selenium is classified as a group of vital or biogenic elements. As a biotic element, it has unique physico-chemical and biochemical properties and, with adequate intake into the body of farm animals and poultry has a positive effect on a number of physiological processes. The discovery of biological properties of selenium became the basis for its use first in the prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with a deficiency of this trace element, and later – as a stimulator of growth and development of young animals, as well as in order to increase egg production, poultry safety, improve the incubation characteristics of eggs and several other productive qualities. Scientists who have studied the effects of selenium on poultry have paid relatively little attention to meat quality. The effect of additives of different selenium doses in compound feed on the chemical composition, energy and biological value of Ukrainian white breed ducklings’ meat was studied in the scientific and economic experiment. Four groups of ducklings with 100 heads in each groups were formed to conduct the scientific and economic experiment. The duration of the experiment was 56 days and corresponded to the period of raising ducklings for meat. The ducklings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. Selenium was additionally introduced into compound feed for poultry of the experimental groups in the following amount, mg/kg: the second group – 0.2; the third – 0.4 and the fourth – 0.6. It was established that the introduction of selenium into compound feed in the studied dose did not significantly affect to the quality of ducklings’ meat, although it had a positive effect on some indicators that characterize its chemical composition, nutritional and biological value. Among the experimental groups, ducklings of the third and fourth groups, which were injected with selenium into compound feed at the rate of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, stood out in terms of meat quality.

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7

Sobolev, A. I. "Міграція селену у біогеохімічному ланцюзі: ґрунт– вода– рослина–продукція птахівництва–людина." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_36.

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<p>Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for normal functioning of living organisms. It is distributed in inorganic and organic forms in marine and freshwater systems, in soils, biomass, and atmosphere. Its distribution patterns in terrestrial ecosystems have great diversity. There are biogeochemical provinces with selenium deficiency and toxic concentrations of this trace element. Variability of biochemical characteristics of soil and water in different regions of the world makes significant differences in the content of selenium in plants. The total content of selenium in plants depends on several factors: soil type, pH, redox potential reserves of selenium in soils, selenium compounds form (available or unavailable), precipitation, temperature and growth stage of the plant.</p><p>There is a correlation between the content of selenium in the soil and feed on plants, on the one hand, and animals and birds – on the other. Cereal crops, animals and birds, grown in soils of different types of ecosystems are included in human food chain, therefore food is a major source of selenium for human organism. Selenium status of the population varies, from 10 g<sup>-3</sup>/day in selenium deficient regions to 1400 g-<sup>3</sup>/day in regions with selenium toxicity.</p><p>Large number of countries are characterized by moderate and low levels of selenium intake from foods of plant-grower and stock-raising. Inadequate flow of it in the body (depending on the degree of deficiency) could lead to physiological changes within the normal regulation or significant metabolic disorders or cause the specific diseases, since selenium deficiency is associated with more than 75 different diseases and pain symptoms. The only way of selenium contamination increase in human organism is the selen inclusion in the diet enriched with such micronutrient, like poultry meat.</p><p>The selenium-enriched dietary meat product can be considered as biocorrection food and iIts consumption will contribute to the prevention of hiposelenoz. Nevertheles, there is a narrow range between the recommended rates (50–120 g<sup>-3</sup>/day) and the maximum permissible level of selenium consumption (400 g<sup>-3</sup>/day) while at high concentrations it can cause toxic effects in human body. Further comprehensive environmental and toxicological studies of migration patterns and levels of selenium in the environment should be done to minimize adverse effects to human health associated with dangerous concentrations of selenium.</p>

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8

Fotina, Tatiana, Zhanna Klishchova, and Anatoliy Fotin. "Experimental justification of the efficacy of Zn and Ag citrates in bird bacterioses." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (49) (October 28, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2020.2.4.

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Introduction. The most important indicator of effective control of a rational system of measures for the prevention of bacterial diseases is the results of microbiological monitoring of the internal environment of poultry houses and their facilities. Most often, the results of microbiological studies confirm the presence of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, which includes more than 20 genera (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Yersinia, etc.), which can cause disease not only in birds, but also in humans. Most often, the bacterial infection is mixed. The leading place in the etiological structure is occupied by microorganisms of the intestinal group, which are represented by Escherichia coli and Salmonella in associations with other species of opportunistic bacteria. The consequence of this is the development of bacterial infections, which dramatically reduce the resistance of birds compared to monoinfections and adversely affect the immunobiological reactivity of the organism and remain the main cause of death of birds. Bacterial diseases of poultry occupy a significant place among the current problems of modern poultry in all countries, the most epizootic are Escherichia coli, mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis of birds [1-4]. During monitoring studies in poultry farms, cultures of Escherichia coli, staphylococci, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ornithobacteria, etc. are isolated, which significantly complicates the timely and objective diagnosis and development of control and prevention measures. The goal of the work. To substantiate the effectiveness of Zn and Ag citrates in avian bacteriosis. Materials and methods: The research was conducted in the vivarium of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Sumy NAU in compliance with ethical norms and rules of animal treatment adopted at the First National Congress of Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001) and the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals scientific purposes "(Strasbourg, 1986), 80 heads of Leghorn chickens were used for the experiment. Of the drugs used new drugs citrates - are sorbents of a new generation, which are produced by LLC "DOCTOR OSKO" Sumy. The composition of these drugs contains natural activated zeolite, silver citrate and zinc citrate. The basis is zeolite (clinoptilolite) - a natural mineral used in medicine as a selective enterosorbent. Properties of the drug: zeolite corrects mineral deficiency and performs the transport function of microelements in the body and adsorbs toxic substances from the body while maintaining the natural balance. This modification technology consists in supplementing the mineral composition of the zeolite with ions of any macro- and microelements (in the form of citrates), "placing" them in the structure of its framework. The experimental bird at the age of 24 hours was divided into 8 groups - 4 control and 4 experimental. Chickens of the first control and two experimental groups (5.6 groups) at 10 days of age were infected with E. coli 078 at a dose of LD50 2 * 109μ / cm3. Chickens of the third and two other experimental (7.8 groups) were infected with S. pullorum in the same dose. In the fifth and seventh groups, Zn citrate was given at the dose of 15 g / 250 cm3 from the first day, and in the fourth, sixth and eighth groups, Ag citrate was given at the same dose. The drugs were administered daily for 14 days, and also monitored the clinical condition of chickens up to 30 days of age. Toxicological examination of meat samples taken from slaughtered chickens was performed using a standard commercial batch of culture of colfod infusoria, made in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory documentation TU U 46.15.243-97. Results of research and discussion. Zn and Ag citrates at a dose of 15 g / 250 cm3 prevent bacteriosis, namely Escherichia coli and salmonellosis. Preservation of chickens in the experimental groups was 90-100% The toxicity of poultry meat was determined using free-living ciliates, which are most commonly used in biotesting of drugs, feeds, and feed additives. Their use is explained by the ease of penetration of the investigated dispersed solutions of a certain concentration due to the lack of selective nutritional capacity. When a single-celled organism receives a toxic substance, it becomes highly excited or less mobile, loses orientation in space, changes the shape and size of the body, resulting in impaired division functions, then it slows down and dies. Examining chicken meat for the toxicity of citrates Ag and Zn drew attention to the previously listed characteristics, which are used as the main test reactions. Studies have shown that meat from healthy poultry does not adversely affect the culture of Colpoda steinii, which indicates the absence of toxic substances in meat The meat of poultry treated with Zn and Ag citrates did not adversely affect the colpod, they remained mobile for three hours in all samples. The intensity of their growth was 90%, which indicates the absence of toxic effects of citrates. The meat of poultry infected with Escherichia coli and salmonellosis was toxic - 90% of colpods died within three hours. The meat of chickens that were infected with S. pullorum on the background of the use of Ag citrate was slightly toxic, but when using Zn was non-toxic. Conclusion. Thus, experiments have established the effectiveness of the use of Zn and Ag citrates in Escherichia coli and salmonellosis of birds, when they are used, the safety of birds is 90-100%. Poultry meat that received citrates is safe - for three hours all colpods remained mobile, and their growth rate was 90%

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9

Kepka, Alina, Agnieszka Ochocinska, Małgorzata Borzym-Kluczyk, Ewa Skorupa, Beata Stasiewicz-Jarocka, Sylwia Chojnowska, and Napoleon Waszkiewicz. "Preventive Role of L-Carnitine and Balanced Diet in Alzheimer’s Disease." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12071987.

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The prevention or alleviation of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is a challenge for contemporary health services. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the prevention or alleviation of AD by introducing an appropriate carnitine-rich diet, dietary carnitine supplements and the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet, which contains elements of the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. L-carnitine (LC) plays a crucial role in the energetic metabolism of the cell. A properly balanced diet contains a substantial amount of LC as well as essential amino acids and microelements taking part in endogenous carnitine synthesis. In healthy people, carnitine biosynthesis is sufficient to prevent the symptoms of carnitine deficiency. In persons with dysfunction of mitochondria, e.g., with AD connected with extensive degeneration of the brain structures, there are often serious disturbances in the functioning of the whole organism. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, cereals, nuts, olive oil, and seeds as the major source of fats, moderate consumption of fish and poultry, low to moderate consumption of dairy products and alcohol, and low intake of red and processed meat. The introduction of foodstuffs rich in carnitine and the MIND diet or carnitine supplementation of the AD patients may improve their functioning in everyday life.

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10

Sobolev, А., B. Gutyj, N. Grynevych, V. Bilkevych, and Y. Mashkin. "Enrichment of meat products with selenium by introducing mixed feeds for birds in their compound." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021765.

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Selenium is a biologically active microelement, contained in a number of hormones and enzymes. In a bird or animal organism selenium performs the following functions: strengthens the immune system, stimulates formation of antibodies, macrophages and interferons. Also, it is a powerful antioxidant agent. It stimulates processes of metabolism in the organism, protects the organism against toxic manifestations of cadmium, lead, thalium and silver; stimulates reproductive function, decreases acute development of inflammatory processes; stabilizes functioning of the nervous system; normalizes functioning of the endocrine system. Furthermore, it stimulates synthesis of hemoglobin, takes part in secretion of erythrocutes, neutralizes toxins, prevents and stops development of malignant tumors. It also has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system of an animal organism: prevents myocardosis and decreases the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases. Deficiency of selenium in the organism causes (depending upon the extent of deficiency) either physiological changes within the regulatory norm, significant disorders of the metabolism, or specific diseases. Around 75 different diseases and symptoms of pain are related to selenium deficiency. In most countries, the level of selenium consumption in remains low (20–40 µg/day). There are several ways of improving of the selenium consumption of a population: consumption of selenium as a medication or dietary supplement, producing selenium-enriched bread, growing greens and vegetables, rich in selenium, producing selenium-enriched beverages, products of animal origin, which would be rich in selenium. In the scientific-agricultural sphere studies have been made on the influence of adding different doses (0.2–0.6 mg/kg) of selenium in mixed feeds, and peculiarities of its depositing and distribution in the muscle tissues of young growth of different species of poultry. It has been found that feeding broiler chickens, baby geese and ducklings with mixed feeds containing selenium in studied doses contributed to a reliable increase in concentration of this microelement in the chest muscles respectively by 21.7–106.7%, 35.1–40.0% and 23.2–66.0% and the leg muscles – by 13.0–85.7%, 57.4–61.7% and 20.5–79.4%. The meat of these types of birds is safe for human consumption from the perspective of food hygiene, for its selenium content is not higher than the TLV of this microelement for meat products (1.0 mg/kg). Consuming selenium-enriched meat of chickens, baby geese and ducklings within recommended physiological norms (115 g of meat products/day) satisfies the daily need of an adult for this microelement (70 µg) y 12.0–23.5%, 29.1–30.6% and 11.3–21.5% respectively. Taking this into account, selenium-enriched bird meat can be considered a dietary foodstuff suitable for biocorrectional function in humans. The viability of enriching bird meat products with selenium by adding selenium-containing premixes in fodder was proven experimentally. It was proven that adding optimum doses of selenium in mixed feeds for young growth of birds bred for meat has a positive effect on the quality of meat, particularly on its biological value.

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Igomu, E. E. "Salmonella Kentucky: prevalence and challenges in Nigeria and the Africa continent." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.3.

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Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S. Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S. Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised individuals. Keywords: Salmonella Kentucky, ST198 strain, multidrug resistant, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Nigeria, Africa French Title: Salmonella Kentucky: prévalence et défis au Nigeria et sur le continent africain Salmonella Kentucky est omniprésente dans la plupart des pays africains et les souches multirésistantes (MDR) restent sous-déclarées à travers le continent. Au Nigéria, la pauvreté, les échanges de bétail entre pays, le système d'élevage nomade, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et les maladies immunodéprimantes prévalentes telles que le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine/le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (VIH/SIDA) et la tuberculose sont des facteurs qui ont facilité la transmission et complications des infections à S. Kentucky. Au cours de la présente décennie, S. Kentucky serait le sérotype le plus répandu associé à la volaille au Nigéria, mais très peu de rapports soulignent le risque associé à la consommation de volaille et à l'acquisition de souches MDR S. Kentucky. La volaille nigériane est l'un des sous-secteurs les plus commercialisés de l'agriculture nigériane, par conséquent, la présence de S. Kentucky, en particulier les souches présentant une résistance antimicrobienne à large spectre, pose un grand risque pour la santé publique. L'absence de suivi, de surveillance, d'isolement et de contrôle adéquats du S. Kentucky multirésistant résistera toujours au défi du potentiel d'exportation du sous-secteur de la volaille nigérian et du bétail en général. En tant que nation, les modalités et les actions contre la contrebande de produits de volaille, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et le système nomade pour la production de produits laitiers et de boeuf qui favorisent la propagation de souches virulentes de salmonelles doivent changer. L'impact de la salmonellose non typhoïde chez l'homme au Nigeria reste également sous-étudié et sous-signalé, en particulier ceux causés par S. Kentucky ST198. À ces inquiétudes s'ajoute le manque de vaccins commerciaux vétérinaires ou humains contre S. Kentucky ou là où des vaccins contre les Salmonella non typhoïde du sérogroupe C sont disponibles, ils sont rarement fournis, sans aucune preuve qu'ils pourraient être de protection croisée. Cette revue met l'accent sur l'émergence et la présence généralisée de souches MDR S. Kentucky sur le continent africain, et a discuté des facteurs de risque contribuant à sa propagation au Nigéria et du défi potentiel de santé publique en particulier pour les personnes immunodéprimées à haut risque. Mots-clés: Salmonella Kentucky, souche ST198, multirésistante, tuberculose, VIH/SIDA, Nigéria, Afrique

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Radulovic, Stamen, Radmila Markovic, Dragan Milic, Dobrila Jakic-Dimic, and Dragan Sefer. "Degree of mycotoxicological contamination of feed and complete feed mixtures for pigs and poultry during the period 2007-2012. on the territory of the republic of serbia." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 124 (2013): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1324153r.

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The most common producers of mycotoxins are fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Toxins are of extreme importance because it can be transmitted from animals to humans through milk and animal products, some of which are carcinogenic and teratogenic. Mycotoxins cause a health disturbance of all animals, but the effects are more noticeable in highly productive animals in the farm way of keeping considering the much greater consumption of concentrate feeds, although forages also can be contaminated with mycotoxins in a significant manner. Mycotoxicoses are the most com?mon seasonal illnesses, and are an important diagnostic problem in veterinary practice, because its characteristics often resemble diseases caused by pathogens or nutritional deficiency or imbalance. The degree of health disturbances depends on the amount of toxins in feed and the length of intaking as on types and categories of animals. The presence of mycotoxins in animal feed is inevitable and therefore testing of raw materials and products is necessary so that feed for humans and animals can be safe for use. Damages arising as consequences of mycotoxicosis in poultry and swine production, due to the direct loss because of animals lossor, more commonly, indirectly due to the fall productive and reproductive performances of animals, imposed the need for continuous monitoring of the hygienic quality of feed mixtures for feeding these animals. During a five year period (2007-2012) were analyzed a total of 104 samples from the territory of Republic of Serbia intended for nutrition of all categories of poultry and mixtures for the initial and final fattening broilers (50 samples) and laying hens (54). The analysis included 57 samples of feed mixtures intended for all categories of swine - feed mixture for young (20 samples) and the old categories (37 samples) and 196 of the samples, which are commonly used in formulating rations for listed species (maize, soybean and sunflower meal). For the analysis of the samples was used thin layer chromatography and Elisa test. The results were compared with current Regulations on the quality of the feed (Official Gazette of RS 41/09) in force since 1.05.2010. in the part where the maximum allowable quantities of hazardous substances (Article 99) gives the value of the maximum permitted levels of mycotoxins in animal feed. The number and types of mycotoxins vary depending on the feed, as well as on the year which can be directly related to climatic factors, and the average annual humidity. The fact that in the samples was not detected the presence of aflatoxin indicate that in our conditions toxin producing fungi do not find fertile ground for the production of toxins, as well as the absence of certain nutrients in the production of complete feed mixtures for pigs and poultry, which are the traditional sources of aflatoxin (peanut oil meals). The results are encouraging given the fact a relatively small number of defective mixtures and nutrients. However, the fact that only a limited number of feed sam?ples we received for the analysis suggests further caution and constant monitoring of the presence of mycotoxins in animal feed.

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Sobolev, O. I., B. V. Gutyj, and S. V. Soboleva. "Selenium in natural environment and food chains. A Review." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_182.

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The analytical review attempts to summarize the results of numerous scientific research conducted by scientists around the world on selenium scattering and accumulation in natural environment, with considerable attention paid to the concentration of this trace element in soils, natural waters and plants. It is shown that selenium content in agricultural products is caused by the processes of physico-chemical and biogenic migration of this element in the biogeochemical food chain. According to the modern classification of trace elements, which is based on their biological significance for living organisms, selenium belongs to the vital group or biogenic elements. As a biotic element, it has unique physicochemical and biochemical properties and with adequately absorbed into the human body has a positive effect on a number of physiological processes. Various research shows that the majority of the world population (except in some regions) today consumes less selenium with the food than necessary and its consumption decreases every year. Insufficient selenium intake in the human body (less than 15–30 μg/day) leads to the development one of the hypomicroelementosis – hyposelenosis. Selenium deficiency is considered as a possible etiological factor in some cardiovascular, cancer, osteoarticular and neurodegenerative diseases that threaten to human life. Providing the human body with selenium in optimal amounts is one of the important conditions of nutrition. A number of countries have developed recommended selenium intake standards for the adults, which range from 55 to 120 μg/day. We can calculate the physiological need for selenium in children and adolescents by extrapolation. The most safe and effective way to maintain the necessary level of selenium for the human body can be achieved only through the poultry and livestock products by mandatory introduction of premixes containing highly effective biologically available selenium forms into animal feed. This will ensure a relatively high level of trace element in meat, eggs, and milk and would eliminate the cases of toxicosis in human population due to buffer effect of animal tissues.

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14

BAGUST, TJ. "Poultry Diseases." Australian Veterinary Journal 80, no. 12 (December 2002): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb11346.x.

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15

Duncan, N. M. "Poultry Diseases, F.T.W. Jordan." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 1 (March 30, 1991): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i1.1585.

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16

Pavlović, I. N. "Atlas of poultry diseases." World's Poultry Science Journal 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933903430432.

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17

Porter, R. E. "Book Review: Poultry Diseases." Veterinary Pathology 43, no. 1 (January 2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-1-87.

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18

Scott, Graham. "Poultry diseases in depth." Veterinary Record 174, no. 11 (March 13, 2014): 280.1–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.g1758.

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19

Carpenter, James W. "Diseases of Poultry. 11th ed." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 2 (June 2003): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742(2003)017[0109:br]2.0.co;2.

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20

Spalding, Marilyn. "Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, no. 1 (January 2009): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.251.

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21

OGAWA, Takashi. "Management Epidemiology for Poultry Diseases." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 2, no. 1 (1998): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.2.11.

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22

Hoerr, F. J. "Book Review: Diseases of Poultry." Veterinary Pathology 41, no. 4 (July 2004): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-4-450.

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23

McMullin, Paul F. "Diseases of poultry 14th edition." Avian Pathology 49, no. 5 (August 4, 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2020.1794237.

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24

Fletcher, Oscar J. "Book Review: Diseases of Poultry." Veterinary Pathology 22, no. 6 (November 1985): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200627.

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25

Cullen, G. A. "Diseases of poultry, 9th edn." British Veterinary Journal 148, no. 2 (March 1992): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(92)90111-d.

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26

Pan-Hammarström, Qiang, and Lennart Hammarström. "Antibody deficiency diseases." European Journal of Immunology 38, no. 2 (February 2008): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737927.

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27

., M. Giasuddin, B. K. Sil ., J. Alam ., I. Koike ., M. R. Islam ., and M. M. Rahman . "Prevalence of Poultry Diseases in Bangladesh." Journal of Biological Sciences 2, no. 4 (March 15, 2002): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.212.213.

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28

Abdel-Glil, Mostafa Y., Prasad Thomas, Gernot Schmoock, Kamel Abou-El-Azm, Lothar H. Wieler, Heinrich Neubauer, and Christian Seyboldt. "Presence of Clostridium difficile in poultry and poultry meat in Egypt." Anaerobe 51 (June 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.03.009.

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29

Surai, P. F. "Selenium in poultry nutrition 1. Antioxidant properties, deficiency and toxicity." World's Poultry Science Journal 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps20020026.

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30

BARBOUR, E. K., S. K. HAMADEH, C. HILAN, M. KALLAS, A. EID, and W. SAKR. "National surveillance of poultry diseases in Lebanon." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 16, no. 3 (December 1, 1997): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.16.3.1070.

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31

Gompo, T. R., U. Pokhrel, B. R. Shah, and D. D. Bhatta. "Epidemiology of Important Poultry Diseases in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27746.

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Despite the rapidly growing poultry industry throughout Nepal, the periodic outbreaks of diseases and infections in poultry birds led to huge production loss. The aim of this study was to identify the top ten poultry diseases in Nepal and an analysis of their seasonal distributions. A cross-sectional study was performed to describe the distributions of major poultry diseases diagnosed from April 2018 to April 2019 at Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nepal. Out of 2358 observations recorded at the CVL registry at that period, only 2271 observations qualified for the final analysis. Among 2271, removing the missing values, only 1915 observations were used to describe bird characteristics such as median age and mean flock sizes. Descriptive analysis and graphical representation was performed in R studio (Version 1.0.143) and MS excel 2010 respectively. The top ten diseases identified with highest to lowest incidence were: colibacillosis 26% (584/2271), mycotoxicosis 13% (301/2271), ascites 10% (232/2271), complicated chronic respiratory disease (cCRD) 9% (196/2271), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 7% (155/2271), Newcastle disease (ND) 7% (148/2271), avian influenza (AI) 3% (76/2271), salmonellosis 2% (40/2271), infectious bronchitis 1% (33/2271), coccidiosis 1% (25/2271) and non-specific diseases accounts for 21% (481/2271). Cases of colibacillosis were predominant all year round. Mycotoxicosis was seen mostly during pre-monsoon and monsoon season. Ascites and IBD were common during spring and winter seasons. cCRD was most common during summer and winter months. AI kept changing the disease outbreak pattern but it was most common during spring and summer. The number of cases of Salmonella, IB and coccidiosis were not sufficient to provide the seasonal trend. Identification of common poultry disease and their seasonal distributions is useful in taking preventive measures such as vaccination and good management practices to minimize their incidence in the future.

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32

Trees, A. J. "Parasitic conditions in poultry 1: Protozoal diseases." In Practice 9, no. 3 (May 1987): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.9.3.86.

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33

Cullen, G. A. "A handbook of poultry and gamebird diseases." British Veterinary Journal 147, no. 6 (November 1991): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(91)90032-i.

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34

Chousalkar, Kapil, and Vaibhav Chandrakant Gole. "Salmonellosis acquired from poultry." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 29, no. 5 (October 2016): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000296.

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35

., Michelle M. Colby, Yvette J. Johnson ., Nathaniel L. Tablant ., and William H. Hueston . "Evaluation of Two Systems for Managing Emergency Poultry Diseases in Intensive Poultry Production Regions." International Journal of Poultry Science 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2003): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.234.241.

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36

Tyshkivska, N., V. Lyasota, A. Tyshkivska, N. Bukalova, and N. Bogatko. "Monitoring and diagnosis of poultry bacterial diseases in poultry farms of the Kyiv region." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(154) (May 21, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2020-154-1-47-53.

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Bacterial safety in the modern poultry industry plays a key role and is one of the key factors in production eﬃ ciency. In the structure of poultry infectious pathology, the leading place is occupied by such bacteria as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus cecorum, Staphylococcus aureus, Gallibacterium anatis. The results of studies of samples of pathological material obtained from a sick bird are presented that indicate that most often Escherichia coli cultures were isolated from the heart (41,5 %), liver (22,0 %) and lungs (20,7 %), less often spleen (5,2 %) and kidney (2,0 %). Most isolated cultures of Escherichia coli (78 %) caused hemolysis when plating material on blood agar. The largest number of pathogenic cultures of Escherichia coli was isolated from adult chickens, signiﬁ cantly fewer chickens under the age of 20 days. The associated course of bacterioses caused by two or more pathogens was noted in 89,8 % of cases. In 38,5 % of cases, Escherichia coli, bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus and Gallibacterium anatis were isolated from pathological material, in 27,3 % – a joint course of escherichiosis, staphylococcosis and enterobacteriosis was noted, in 15,7 % – escherichiosis, salmonellosis and enterobacteriosis, in 8,3 % – pasteurellosis and enterobacteriosis. In 13,2 % of cases with pathological material from chickens (liver, joints, in chickens – blind processes of the intestine) Clostridium perfringens was isolated. Three species of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were identiﬁ ed: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus pluranimalium (51,7 % from the liver, 21,7 from the lungs, 18,3 from the spleen, 5,0 % from the kidneys). Enterococcus cecorum was identiﬁ ed in 11,32 % of the studied samples from cloacal swabs, oviducts and bone marrow, and Gallibacterium anatis was identiﬁ ed in 11,32 % (from the upper respiratory tract and genitals). Key words: poultry farms, monitoring, bacterial infection, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus pluranimalium, Enterococcus cecorum, Clostridium perfringens, Gallibacterium anatis.

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37

Reilly, W. J., G. I. Forbes, J. C. M. Sharp, S. I. Oboegbulem, P. W. Collier, and G. M. Paterson. "Poultry-borne salmonellosis in Scotland." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 1 (August 1988): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800029277.

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SUMMARYBetween 1980–5, 224 outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with poultry-meat were reported in Scotland. In total 2245 persons were affected, 12 of whom died. Twenty-one salmonella serotypes were identified from those affected, while 33 serotypes were isolated from poultry during routine monitoring and disease investigation. Existing measures to prevent the spread of salmonellae within poultry flocks and processing plants are failing. It is suggested that irradiation of poultry-meat may be the only effective method of reducing the public health problem of poultry-borne salmonellosis.

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38

Iglesias-Osores, Sebastián, and Johnny Saavedra-Camacho. "Will SARS-CoV-2 cause diseases in poultry?" Scientia Agropecuaria 11, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.02.17.

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39

Shane, Simon. "Poultry diseases and meat hygiene—A color atlas." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 31, no. 3-4 (August 1997): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01117-8.

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40

Oyekunle Oyetunji, Moses. "An Online Poultry Diseases Monitoring System for Nigeria." American Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 6, no. 2 (2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajsea.20170602.12.

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41

Panda, Sipra, and Nitin Kurkure. "Therapeutics for viral diseases of poultry: A review." Indian Journal of Poultry Science 55, no. 2 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2020.00027.6.

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42

Aini, I. "Control of poultry diseases in Asia by vaccination." World's Poultry Science Journal 46, no. 2 (July 1, 1990): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19900016.

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43

Guèye, E. F. "Ethnoveterinary medicine against poultry diseases in African villages." World's Poultry Science Journal 55, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19990013.

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44

Fussell, L. W. "Poultry industry strategies for control of immunosuppressive diseases." Poultry Science 77, no. 8 (August 1998): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1193.

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45

Nikolaenko, V. P., M. A. Ryabinkin, A. N. Kononov, N. A. Ojeredova, A. V. Mihaylova, E. D. Dzavadov, and A. I. Klimenko. "Bactericide for preventive care of poultry infectious diseases." "Veterinary Medicine" Journal 22, no. 11 (November 2019): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2019.22.11.60-63.

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46

Bonn, Dorothy. "Wild birds, poultry, and avian influenza." Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, no. 5 (May 2006): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70449-2.

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47

Patil, Sunil, and Chhanwal I.L. "Investigation of Various Diseases Occurred in Poultry and Management Strategies for Eradication." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.1 (August 4, 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.1.17075.

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Poultry plays a significant role in the Indian economy. Around 60 billion chickens are raised per annum as a basis of food for both their eggs and meat. Poultry meat is in significant source of minerals, protein and various vitamins to balance the diet of human. Broiler farming is an important source of family income depending on size of the farm. Chicken farming in Commercial way is the most fruitful business in India and all around the world. Proper farm management practice and care of birds will result in decent profit in a short span of time. In this paper, we are discussing various diseases caused to poultry hen and their preventing or treating methods. Our results shows that some of disease cannot be cured and only it can be prevented. Spreading of disease with the help of contaminated equipment and infected poultry trade is measured as foremost means of spreading of poultry disease. In some countries migratory birds have also been foremost means of spreading of poultry disease like highly pathogenic viruses.

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48

CHAI, S. J., D. COLE, A. NISLER, and B. E. MAHON. "Poultry: the most common food in outbreaks with known pathogens, United States, 1998–2012." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 2 (October 26, 2016): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002375.

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SUMMARYAs poultry consumption continues to increase worldwide, and as the United States accounts for about one-third of all poultry exports globally, understanding factors leading to poultry-associated foodborne outbreaks in the United States has important implications for food safety. We analysed outbreaks reported to the United States’ Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 1998 to 2012 in which the implicated food or ingredient could be assigned to one food category. Of 1114 outbreaks, poultry was associated with 279 (25%), accounting for the highest number of outbreaks, illnesses, and hospitalizations, and the second highest number of deaths. Of the 149 poultry-associated outbreaks caused by a confirmed pathogen, Salmonella enterica (43%) and Clostridium perfringens (26%) were the most common pathogens. Restaurants were the most commonly reported location of food preparation (37% of poultry-associated outbreaks), followed by private homes (25%), and catering facilities (13%). The most commonly reported factors contributing to poultry-associated outbreaks were food-handling errors (64%) and inadequate cooking (53%). Effective measures to reduce poultry contamination, promote safe food-handling practices, and ensure food handlers do not work while ill could reduce poultry-associated outbreaks and illnesses.

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49

Persoons, Davy, Sebastiaan Van Hoorebeke, Katleen Hermans, Patrick Butaye, Aart de Kruif, Freddy Haesebrouck, and Jeroen Dewulf. "Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Poultry." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 2009): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080696.

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50

Harvey, Linda J., Charlotte N. Armah, Jack R. Dainty, Robert J. Foxall, D. John Lewis, Nicola J. Langford, and Susan J. Fairweather-Tait. "Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 4 (October 2005): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051493.

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Women of childbearing age are at risk of Fe deficiency if insufficient dietary Fe is available to replace menstrual and other Fe losses. Haem Fe represents 10–15 % of dietary Fe intake in meat-rich diets but may contribute 40 % of the total absorbed Fe. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative effects of type of diet and menstrual Fe loss on Fe status in women. Ninety healthy premenopausal women were recruited according to their habitual diet: red meat, poultry/fish or lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Intake of Fe was determined by analysing 7 d duplicate diets, and menstrual Fe loss was measured using the alkaline haematin method. A substantial proportion of women (60 % red meat, 40 % lacto-ovo-vegetarian, 20 % poultry/fish) had low Fe stores (serum ferritin <10 μg/l), but the median serum ferritin concentration was significantly lower in the red meat group (6·8 μg/l (interquartile range 3·3, 16·25)) than in the poultry/fish group (17·5 μg/l (interquartile range 11·3, 22·4) (P<0·01). The mean and standard deviation of dietary Fe intake were significantly different between the groups (P=0·025); the red meat group had a significantly lower intake (10·9 (sd 4·3) mg/d) than the lacto-ovo-vegetarians (14·5 (sd 5·5) mg/d), whereas that of the poultry/fish group (12·8 (sd 5·1) mg/d) was not significantly different from the other groups. There was no relationship between total Fe intake and Fe status, but menstrual Fe loss (P=0·001) and dietary group (P=0·040) were significant predictors of Fe status: poultry/fish diets were associated with higher Fe stores than lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets. Identifying individuals with high menstrual losses should be a key component of strategies to prevent Fe deficiency.

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