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1

Mayer, Gerald L. The definite article in contemporary standard Bulgarian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.

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2

Szczepaniak, Renata, and Johanna Flick, eds. Walking on the Grammaticalization Path of the Definite Article. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.23.

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3

Demonstratives in interaction: The emergence of a definite article in Finnish. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1997.

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4

Badger, Richard George. The use of the definite article in newspaper law reports. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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5

Shorrocks, Graham. The definite article in the dialect of Farnworth and district (Greater Manchester county, formerly Lancashire). Louvain: Centre International de Dialectologie Générale, 1991.

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6

System collapse, system rebirth: The demonstrative pronouns of English, 900-1350 and the birth of the definite article. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2000.

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7

Reassessing the role of the syllable in Italian phonology: An experimental study of consonant cluster syllabification, definite article allomorphy and segment duration. New York: Routledge, 2007.

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8

Demonstratives and definite articles as nominal auxiliaries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2008.

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9

Mayer, Gerald L. The Definitive Article in Comtemporary Standard Bulgarian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.

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10

Situații de întrebuințare a substantivului articulat cu articol definit: Secolele al XVI-lea--al XIX-lea. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut, 2006.

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11

Sharp, Granville. Remarks on the uses of the definitive article in the Greek text of the New Testament: Containing many new proofs of the divinity of Christ, from passages which are wrongly translated in the common English version. Edited by Whitby Daniel 1638-1726 and Burgess Thomas 1756-1837. Atlanta: Original Word, 1995.

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12

Jafrancesco, Elisabetta, and Matteo La Grassa, eds. Competenza lessicale e apprendimento dell’Italiano L2. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-403-8.

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This volume addresses the teaching and learning of vocabulary in Italian L2 from different points of view, defining an updated and heterogeneous framework. The articles focus on wide-ranging topics: advances in acquisitional linguistics research, studies on interlanguage, results of psycholinguistic research, the role of teaching technologies, the use of multimedia lexicographic tools, new attention to languages for specific purposes, analysis of interactions on social networks. Each of these topics is treated specifically referring to the lexical dimension and to the possible applicative effects on the teaching of Italian L2.
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13

Izzard, Eddie. Unrepeatable and Definite Article. Laughing Stock Production, 1998.

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14

Szczepaniak, Renata, and Johanna Flick. Walking on the Grammaticalization Path of the Definite Article: Functional Main and Side Roads. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2020.

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15

Szczepaniak, Renata, and Johanna Flick. Walking on the Grammaticalization Path of the Definite Article: Functional Main and Side Roads. Benjamins Publishing Company, John, 2020.

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16

Gillon, Carrie, and Nicole Rosen. Articles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the Michif articles do not behave like their French counterparts. Michif definite articles occupy a lower position within the DP than French definite articles do, and Michif lacks definiteness, despite having borrowed both the definite and indefinite articles. Even more problematically, the singular definite articles are used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian vocabulary—both within the DP and the VP. Thus, a piece of French morphosyntax has been appropriated to create structures that can be interpreted within Algonquian syntax, providing more evidence that ultimately the Michif DP is Algonquian, rather than French.
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17

Kambourakis, Kristie McCrary. Reassessing the Role of the Syllable in Italian Phonology: An Experimental Study of Consonant Cluster Syllabification, Definite Article Allomorphy, and Segment Duration. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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18

Kambourakis, Kristie McCrary. Reassessing the Role of the Syllable in Italian Phonology: An Experimental Study of Consonant Cluster Syllabification, Definite Article Allomorphy and ... (Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics). Routledge, 2006.

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19

De Mulder, Walter, and Anne Carlier. The grammaticalization of definite articles. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586783.013.0042.

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20

Nicolae, Alexandru. Word Order and Parameter Change in Romanian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807360.001.0001.

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The book provides a comprehensive description and in-depth analysis of the major word order changes affecting the clausal and the nominal domains in the transition from old to modern Romanian. The Romanian data are set in a comparative Romance perspective, and the impact of the Balkan Sprachbund and the influence of Old Church Slavonic on the word order changes taking place in the transition from old to modern Romanian are also analysed. The book examines a large number of phenomena: some of them are found across Romance (e.g. scrambling, interpolation, discontinuous constituents, variation in the position and linearization of DP-internal adjectival modifiers), others are rare in Romance (e.g. a low pronominal cliticization site), and still others are specific to old or modern Romanian (e.g. the double, proclitic and enclitic, realization of the same pronominal clitic, the low definite article, the adjectival article construction).
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21

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0017.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.1, which stipulates that a contract may be concluded either by acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement. This provision reflects the neoclassical approach of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) to contract law, maximizing the parties' freedom to negotiate until they agree to contract on certain terms, by expressly mentioning that one means of concluding a contract is by conduct of the parties that is ‘sufficient’ (that is, definite enough) to ‘show agreement’. Art 2.1.1 broke new ground among transnational contract instruments in providing expressly for contract formation to be evidenced simply through conduct sufficient to show agreement. It also stresses the burden of proof necessary in contract formation.
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22

Yesim, Atamer. Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0110.

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This commentary focuses on Article 6.1.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning early performance of a contractual obligation. Art 6.1.5(1) stipulates that the obligor is not entitled to early performance. Early performance is equated with non-performance and may be rejected by the obligee without any further justification. The problem of premature performance only arises if the parties have fixed a date or a period of performance with a definite starting date. This commentary discusses the rule disallowing early performance of contractual obligations, an exception to the rule, and consequences of acceptance of early performance with particular emphasis on additional expenses, remedies for non-performance, right of obligor to discount, and time of counter-performance.
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23

Luke, Nottage. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation I: Arts 2.1.1–2.1.5—Offer, Art.2.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0018.

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Identifying an ‘offer’ is usually the first step in the traditional scheme for establishing that a contract has been concluded. This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which requires a proposal that is ‘sufficiently definite’ and ‘indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound upon acceptance’. These two requirements parallel those set out in Art 2.1.1 with respect to conduct of the parties ‘sufficient to show agreement’ in situations outside the usual offer-and-acceptance framework of negotiations. Arguably, however, ‘Art 2.1.14 shows that sufficient definiteness is merely accessory to the parties' intention to be bound’; the latter will be given effect unless indefiniteness reaches ‘the point where construction becomes impossible’. Art 2.1.2 addresses the intention to be bound in public proposals, tenders, quotes, letters of intent or comfort.
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24

Weir, Alan. Naturalism Reconsidered. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0014.

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This article focuses on naturalism. It makes one terminological distinction: between methodological naturalism and ontological naturalism. The methodological naturalist assumes there is a fairly definite set of rules, maxims, or prescriptions at work in the “natural” sciences, such as physics, chemistry, and molecular biology, this constituting “scientific method.” There is no algorithm which tells one in all cases how to apply this method; nonetheless, there is a body of workers—the scientific community—who generally agree on whether the method is applied correctly or not. Whatever the method is, exactly—such virtues as simplicity, elegance, familiarity, scope, and fecundity appear in many accounts—it centrally involves an appeal to observation and experiment. Correct applications of the method have enormously increased our knowledge, understanding, and control of the world around us to an extent which would scarcely be imaginable to generations living prior to the age of modern science.
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25

Egedi, Barbara. Word order change at the left periphery of the Hungarian noun phrase. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0005.

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This chapter studies the determination and the distribution of possessive constructions from Old to Modern Hungarian. The grammaticalization of the definite article in well-defined contexts had structural consequences, the most salient of which is the emergence of a new strategy for demonstrative modification, which is called determiner doubling throughout the paper. Word order variation arises due to the determiners’ interference with the possessor expressions at the left periphery of the noun phrase. The newly added demonstratives first adjoined to the noun phrase in a somewhat looser fashion: their combination with the dative-marked possessors resulted in a word order specific only to the Middle Hungarian period (Demonstrative-Possessor). At a later stage, demonstratives got incorporated into the specifier of the DP, giving rise to the fixed word order Possessor-Demonstrative, with the Possessor undergoing noun phrase internal topicalization, thus landing in a phrase-initial specifier position.
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26

Bianchi, Giovanna. Public Powers, Private Powers, and the Exploitation of Metals for Coinage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0029.

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In 1994, an article appeared in the Italian journal Archeologia Medievale, written by Chris Wickham and Riccardo Francovich, entitled ‘Uno scavo archeologico ed il problema dello sviluppo della signoria territoriale: Rocca San Silvestro e i rapporti di produzione minerari’. It marked a breakthrough in the study of the exploitation of mineral resources (especially silver) in relation to forms of power, and the associated economic structure, and control of production between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. On the basis of the data available to archeological research at the time, the article ended with a series of open questions, especially relating to the early medieval period. The new campaign of field research, focused on the mining landscape of the Colline Metallifere in southern Tuscany, has made it possible to gather more information. While the data that has now been gathered are not yet sufficient to give definite and complete answers to those questions, they nevertheless allow us to now formulate some hypotheses which may serve as the foundations for broader considerations as regards the relationship between the exploitation of a fundamental resource for the economy of the time, and the main players and agents in that system of exploitation, within a landscape that was undergoing transformation in the period between the early medieval period and the middle centuries of the Middle Ages.
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27

William A, Schabas. Part 3 General Principles of Criminal Law: Principes Généraux Du Droit Pénal, Art.31 Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility/Motifs d’exonération de la responsabilité pénale. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0036.

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This chapter comments on Article 31 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 31 describes what is known in most criminal justice systems by the terms ‘defences’, ‘excuses’, and ‘justifications’ for excluding criminal responsibility. It addresses several defences: insanity, intoxication, self-defence, duress, and necessity. It is followed by two other provisions, articles 32 and 33, defining specific defences. It is not apparent why articles 32 and 33 were not consolidated into the general provision, article 31. To the extent that they refute a charge, age (article 26), immunity (article 27), statutory limitation (article 29), and lack of mens rea (article 30) also operate as defences.
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28

Zimerman, Moshe. Jewish and Israeli Film Studies. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0036.

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Despite the problems inherent in defining the scope of creations associated with Israeli cinema, it is relatively easy to define the cinema's boundaries and to delineate the writers of essays, books, and anthologies who deal with it. This is not the case when attempting to define Jewish cinema or deciding what constitutes writing about Jewish cinema. This article discusses this issue extensively, along with some of the side issues that derive from it. Before that, however, this article reviews the history of writing on Israeli cinema, since this sheds much light on the difficulties involved in reviewing writing on Jewish cinema.
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29

Glennan, Stuart. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779711.003.0009.

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As I have worked on this book, I have often been struck by the audacity of its title. The phrase “the New Mechanical Philosophy” was not my own, but still, to appropriate the venerable tradition of mechanical philosophy, to call it new, and to add a definite article to boot—maybe that’s just too much. Nonetheless I have stuck with the title, and the project, because I think it reflects both the continuity with the history of science and its philosophy, and a sea change in philosophical thinking in the new century. Mechanical philosophy is as old as Democritus; it was a central theme in the scientific revolution; it has helped drive research and debates on the nature of life and the nature of mind. But the New Mechanical Philosophy is new in large part because it tracks changes in the way science is done. Over recent decades, the sciences have developed increasing, if still rudimentary, capacities to analyze complex and heterogeneous systems—cells, brains, ecosystems, economies, and so on. Whereas in earlier epochs many of the greatest scientific achievements have been to understand the basic building blocks—the laws of electricity and magnetism or the structure of the hydrogen atom—scientists are now able to greater and greater extents understand how these things are put together to make the universe we know. Mechanical philosophy is always about understanding how things are put together, so it is a philosophy for this time....
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30

Kefallineou, Efrossiny. A contrastive analysis of definite and indefinite articles in English and Greek: Some problems of translation. 1995.

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31

Martin, Nancy M., and Joseph Runzo. Love. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0018.

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Love lies at the heart of the religious life, as a principle mode of relationship between the human and the transcendent, as a guiding motivation for the moral life, and, for many, as a defining attribute of the transcendent. Among all the emotions, love is the most transformative. Yet the transformative power of love can be highly disruptive, contravening the careful conceptual apparatus of religion, undermining institutional religious authority, and upsetting social expectations and hierarchies. And if the power of the emotion of love is not harnessed for self-transformation, then rather than enhancing the other-regarding perspective prescribed by religion, this emotion can increase attachment, partiality, and self-centeredness. In theistic traditions such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baha'i, bhakti Hinduism, and Sikhism, love is considered an essential defining attribute of God and a definitive mode—if not the single definitive mode—of relationship between humans and the divine. This article discusses the nature of love and emotion, love as an attribute of the transcendent, and love as the response to the transcendent.
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32

Hertzenberg, Mari Johanne Bordal. Third Person Reference in the Itinerarium Egeriae: Demonstratives, Definite Articles and Personal Pronouns in Fourth Century Latin. De Gruyter, Inc., 2015.

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33

Pomey, Patrice. Defining a Ship: Architecture, Function, and Human Space. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0001.

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This article is an introduction to the concept of maritime archaeology. In the field of archaeology, the study of a shipwreck endeavors to reconstitute the original ship. Thus, nautical archaeology belongs to the larger domain of maritime archaeology. The study of shipboard artifacts and cargo comes before a structural analysis is possible. Therefore, one must know how to anticipate the expected results in order to take into consideration the ensemble of data. A ship is an assembly of elements closely linked together, which express their true role in their relation to the whole. This article explains the conception phase. Several operations are necessary to achieve construction of a ship. The conception phase must then lead to a realization phase. The realization phase must materialize, with the help of diverse processes or methods, the construction principles chosen for the structural and shape concept of the ship.
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34

Clark, Mary Marshall. Case Study: Field Notes on Catastrophe: Reflections on the September 11, 2001, Oral History Memory and Narrative Project. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0018.

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This article focuses on the catastrophe of September 11, 2001; its memory sustained through oral history and captured in narratives. The purpose of this article is twofold: to explore the natural capacity of oral history, an ethical practice, for supporting the active process of historical remembrance even in its most nascent stages; and to use the September 11, 2001, Oral History Narrative and Memory Project as a means of defining a possible approach to documenting historical trauma through oral history. Psychologists who study the impact of massive catastrophic events, from genocide and war to natural catastrophes, define this range of work as “trauma mental health.” Oral history has demonstrated its value in recording traumatic and catastrophic events, whether natural or human-made. This article further traces the case studies conducted weeks after the attacks. One records trauma in the immediate context and the other records the aftermath of trauma followed by a reflection on the same.
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35

William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.9 Elements of Crimes/Éléments des crimes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0012.

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This chapter comments on Article 9 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 9(1) explains that the role of the Elements of Crimes is to ‘assist’ the Court in the interpretation and application of articles 6, 7 and 8, which define the crimes over which the Court has subject-matter jurisdiction. Sometimes the Elements merely repeat elements that are obvious enough from a summary reading of the text in the Statute, but in other cases they provide further detail with respect to a provision, occasionally amplifying its apparent scope while on other occasions reducing it. Given the considerable effort devoted to their drafting and the very extensive academic commentary, the Elements of Crimes have made a paltry contribution to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court.
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36

Movers & shakers in American ceramics: Defining twentieth century ceramics : a collection of articles from Ceramics monthly. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society, 2003.

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37

Elaine, Levin, ed. Movers & shakers in American ceramics: Defining twentieth century ceramics : a collection of articles from Ceramics monthly. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society, 2003.

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38

Weiner, Marli F., and Mazie Hough. The Body Politic. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036996.003.0009.

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This conclusion discusses the political significance of different definitions of the body for slaves, slaveholders, and physicians in the antebellum South. It begins by telling the story of T. S. Hopkins, a physician from Waynesville, Georgia, who published an article titled “A Remarkable Case of Feigned Disease” in the March 1853 Charleston Medical Journal and Review. In his article, Hopkins presented “the history of the case” of a slave man named Nat, who was suffering from “liver affection.” The doctor initially interpreted Nat's condition in terms of hysteria, but later claimed it was “the result of a severe attack of climate fever.” This conclusion argues that Hopkins's presentation of Nat's story is illustrative of the ways in which the body politic of the South was rooted in race and sex. In particular, it considers Hopkins's recognition of the power of the body in defining slavery. It also describes how science and medicine reinforced each other; medicine served to define bodies and minds and their characteristics with the growing authority of science.
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39

Spiermann, Ole. The History of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0008.

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This chapter takes a look at Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute. This article intends to define so-called sources or origins of international law to be used by the World Court. The text dates back to 1920, before the predecessor of the ICJ, i.e. the PCIJ, took up its activities. The chapter notes that since 1920, Article 38 has featured prominently in the theory on so-called sources of international law, while the provision has been of little relevance in the case law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and its predecessor. Based mainly on historical records, the chapter seeks an explanation, which in turn may shed new light on sources theory.
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40

Pincus, Steven. Rethinking Revolutions: a Neo‐Tocquevillian Perspective. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0017.

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This article presents a neo-Tocquevillian perspective of revolutions. It begins by defining revolution and views modernization as a characteristic of revolution. Demography and state modernization are discussed in the following two sections. It then determines when state modernization gives rise to revolution and some of its open and closed outcomes. This article shows that revolutions occur only when the old regime commits itself to state modernization.
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41

Reimann, Mathias, and Reinhard Zimmermann, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law provides a wide-ranging and highly diverse survey as well as a critical assessment of comparative law at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It summarizes and evaluates a discipline that is time-honoured but not easily understood in all its dimensions. The book contains forty-three articles. The aim of each article is to provide an accessible, original, and critical account of comparative law in its respective area. Each article also includes a short bibliography referencing the definitive works in the field. The book is divided into three main sections. Section I surveys how comparative law has developed and where it stands today in various parts of the world. This includes not only traditional model jurisdictions, such as France, Germany, and the United States, but also other regions like Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Latin America. Section II discusses the major approaches to comparative law — its methods, goals, and its relationship with other fields, such as legal history, economics, and linguistics. Finally, Section III deals with the status of comparative studies in over a dozen subject matter areas, including the major categories of private, economic, public, and criminal law.
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42

Lamont, Alexandra, and Alinka Greasley. Musical preferences. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0015.

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This article explores our current understanding of why we like and choose to listen to the music that we do. It begins by defining terms and considering methods, moving on to discuss the biological influences of arousal and other personality traits on music preference, questions of style discrimination, and finally the cultural influences of experience upon preference. The article evaluates existing models of music preference and considers further directions and challenges in the field.
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43

Ramsay, James. Curve registration. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.9.

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This article deals with curve registration, which refers to methods for aligning prominent features in a set of curves by transforming their abscissa variables. It first illustrates the concepts of amplitude and phase variation schematically and with real data before defining the time-warping functions and their functional inverse. It then describes the decomposition of total mean squared variation into separate amplitude and phase components, along with an R2 measure of the proportion of functional variation due to phase in a sample of curves. It also considers landmark registration, novel ways of defining curve features, continuous registration, and methods based on structured models for amplitude and phase variation combined with more statistically oriented fitting methods such as maximum likelihood or Bayesian estimation. The article concludes with a brief survey of software resources for registration.
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44

Gessner, Gabriela Castro. A Brief Overview of the Halaf Tradition. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0035.

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This article presents an overview of the Neolithic–Chalcolithic Halaf tradition in southeastern Anatolia. It reviews the evolution of scholarship on the nature of Halaf social organization, and lays out the difficulties in accurately defining the Halaf “cultural region” and its associated chronology.
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45

Husak, Douglas N. Legal Paternalism. Edited by Hugh LaFollette. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0016.

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This article's central interest is to examine the special philosophical difficulties that arise in attempts to think about paternalism in legal contexts. Most moral philosophers have focused on personal relationships in their efforts to understand both the nature and the justification of paternalism. That is, they have endeavoured to identify the conditions under which what they define as paternalism might be justified in situations in which one person (for example, a parent, a doctor, or a friend) interacts with another person (for example, a child, a patient, or a friend). The article is largely concerned with the problems that inhere in efforts to apply to the domain of law any theories about paternalism that might be derived from these personal contexts. It proposes tentative solutions to several of these problems.
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46

Leese, Daniel. The Cult of Personality and Symbolic Politics. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.019.

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The article discusses characteristics and relevance of leader cults and symbolic politics within state socialism. After defining distinctive features of modern personality cults, the article traces trajectories of major cults over time and highlights interconnections, similarities, and differences between them. Cults served to centre emotions and loyalties in a personalized symbol and were part of a wider cosmos of symbolic politics, which played an important role in communicating party policies and social hierarchies. However, a purely instrumentalist understanding fails to account for the manifold popular expressions of the cults, especially within local contexts. The article argues that both official and non-officially ascribed meanings should be taken seriously, and further explores state–society interactions in fostering and sustaining leader cults.
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47

Lamont, Alexandra. Music in the school years. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0022.

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Music is ubiquitous in young children's experiences, but as they get older their experiences become more diverse. Defining the trajectories of musical development is thus complex; explaining them is still more challenging. This article begins by considering definitions of musical development. It reviews research on how children understand separate elements of music, individually (pitch/harmony, rhythm/metre, timbre) and in combination (structure, form, style), drawing on research that isolates and explores these experimentally and evidence from more ecologically valid tasks such as singing and composing. The article then evaluates our understanding of musical development in culture and context.
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48

Patel, Kiran Klaus. Germany and European Integration Since 1945. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0034.

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Germany and the integration of Europe since 1945 is the main focus of this article. Finding its place in Europe and defining what its Europe should be is a leitmotif of Germany's history. Long before the twentieth century, its central position and size raised the question of how both Germany and Europe could be organized in a constructive, stable, and peaceful way that would work for Germans, as well as for their neighbors. In a basically chronological manner, this article analyzes the sea-shift in Germany's relationship to Europe since 1945, understanding ‘Europe’ not as a vague cultural or geographical entity, but rather as institutionalized forms of political and economic integration with a European focus. An analysis of West Germany as a post-national democracy untill the two Germanies reunites in 1990 concludes this article.
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49

Hutching, Megan. After Action: Oral History and War. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0016.

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This article focuses on the importance of oral history in recording wars. The article draws on personal experiences of interviewing veterans of the Second World War. Oral history interviews illuminate the often-ignored experiences of ordinary people caught up in war and the range of reactions that different aspects of war evoked from them, while reminding us that combat—”the quintessential war experience”—is not the sole defining experience of war. Interviews that concentrate on combat experiences reflect a very narrow concept of war. Most of the time in uniform is actually spent out of action. Most servicemen and women are not in front-line units. This article also reminds us that one of the joys of oral history is that you always get so much more than you ask for. This article emphasizes that commemorating war is often a collective experience. By contextualizing the individual experience in the narrative of war, oral history adds texture to those collective narratives.
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50

Lange, Bettina. An Eco-Socio-Legal Perspective on Property Rights in Natural Resources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.36.

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This article sets out two key dimensions of an eco-socio-legal perspective for understanding property rights in natural resources: first, an analysis of how relationships between geographical place, law, and society shape the content and application of property rights in natural resources; second, an eco-socio-legal perspective foregrounds an analysis of how those who hold property rights to natural resources and third parties actually understand these rights, and thus how their meaning-making practices contribute to defining these rights. The first dimension of this eco-socio-legal perspective is fleshed out through a critical review of existing academic literature in the main Section 2 of this article. The second dimension is illustrated through a qualitative empirical case study of English farmers’ understanding of their economic rights to water in Section 3 of this article.
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