Academic literature on the topic 'Definition of Investment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Sornarajah, M. "Portfolio Investments and the Definition of Investment." ICSID Review 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/24.2.516.
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Andia Valencia, Walter, Octavio César Marín Chávez, and Mireya Gabriela Lara Carhuancho. "Investment projects: definition from the process perspective." Cuadernos de Administración 36, no. 66 (April 6, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v36i66.7221.
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Due to the level of importance in industrial development, investment projects are the basic tools for decision-making based on a commercial, technical, environmental, economic, financial and social analysis. Since their inception, investment projects were framed in the analysis of the generation of new productive units, which over the years has had to change in the search for efficiency and improvements in its existing processes within a framework of commercial dynamism and international competitiveness. This paper develops an analysis of the definition of investment projects from the perspectives of the subject, method and object of intervention in order to identify its relationship with processes improvement. The analysis consisted in identifying a set of investment project definitions commonly used in university literature and then determining the perspective that characterizes it in order to classify them. Subsequently, the information was systematized in order to specify its methodological coherence with the current need to improve organizations processes. As a result, it has been found that most of the definitions are framed within the method or form of intervention, a position that conceptually limits interventions in ongoing organizations that require investments; thus, a new definition of investment projects is described and supported under the process approach as the main contribution of the research work.
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de Swart, Fai. "The Use of Mailbox Companies in International Investment Protection." European Company Law 12, Issue 1 (February 1, 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2015004.
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To obtain a favourable protection for their investments, investors have resorted to treaty shopping in which an investor locates a newly set up legal entity (usually a mailbox company) in another jurisdiction. First, an overview is provided of the system of international investment protection, mainly elaborating on the definitions and criteria as for instance, the investment and investor definition. Then, on the use of mailbox companies in international investment protection is discussed.
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Ngobeni, Lawrence. "Do the SALINI Criteria apply to the Definition of an Investment provided in Annex 1 of the 2006 and 2016 SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment? An Assessment." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 23 (July 1, 2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a5132.
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An investment is the subject matter of an investor-state dispute. Therefore there can be no such dispute if there is no investment to which the dispute relates. The challenge in this regard lies in that there is no uniform definition of an investment in international economic law, and with regard to investor-state disputes in particular. Bilateral Treaty Agreements (BITs), Treaties with Investment Provisions (TIPs), investment contracts and legislation provide different definitions of an investment. However, these definitions are not always final or sufficient, since there are different methods of assessing the existence of an investment, depending on the applicable arbitration rules. Arbitration tribunals formed in terms of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States of 1965 (ICSID Convention) follow a two-step process, which starts with a consideration of the definition of an investment in terms of the underlying regulatory instrument, followed by a consideration of the provisions of Article 25(1) of the ICSID Convention. Salini Construttori S.P.A and Italstrade S.P.A v Kingdom of Morocco is a landmark ICSID case that proposed the criteria that an investment must meet. On the other hand, investor-state arbitrations based on the UNCITRAL Rules Arbitration or other non-ICSID rules consider the definition of an investment provided in a regulatory instrument only. However, the tribunal in Romak S.A (Switzerland) v Republic of Uzbekistan held that the Salini criteria are applicable to UNCITRAL arbitration, and by implication, other non-CSID arbitrations. The 2006 Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investments (SADC FIP) defines an investment as any asset group, while the 2016 Annex 1 defines an investment as an incorporated enterprise. Furthermore, the 2006 Annex 1 refers disputes to ICSID or UNCITRAL arbitration, while the 2016 Annex 1 refers disputes to the courts of host states. This article explores the responses of selected tribunals to the Salini criteria. It seeks to determine whether the Salini criteria can be applied to the 2006 and/or 2016 Annex 1, and if so, what the implications thereof are to the scope of investments that can be covered by these instruments.
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Viktorova, N. N. "EVOLUTION OF THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF "FOREIGN INVESTMENT" IN A NETWORK SOCIETY." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.088-095.
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The paper deals with the problems of definition of the concept "investment" in multilateral and bilateral investment treaties. The author shows how the approach to the definition of "investment" in international investment agreements has changed over time, how this concept differs in modern agreements from those enshrined in agreements concluded more than ten years ago. It is noted that today we can talk about the trend of a broad definition of the concept of investment in international treaties, that is, investments are understood as any kind of property values; further the author specifies what applies to them.International treaties on the protection and promotion of investment also include the right to engage in business activities. It turns out that investment disputes can arise from ordinary commercial activities, for example from a contract of sale. However, there are documents that do not include monetary claims arising from commercial contracts, such as the 2012 model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African development Community.Generally, investment protection agreements do not distinguish between direct and portfolio investments. Therefore, portfolio investments also enjoy the protection of these investment treaties. However, some of the international investment agreements that are currently being concluded specify that portfolio investments are excluded from their scope, such as the Model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African Development Community.In the literature there are three approaches to the qualification of foreign arbitral awards as a foreign investment. According to one of them, the award is an investment, because it is part of the entire activity of the investor. Some modern international investment agreements contain provisions according to which arbitration, judicial decisions are not investments.
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Getmanets, O. "Legal support of budget investment: directions of improvement." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 70 (June 18, 2022): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.47.
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The need to introduce modern financial instruments in the development of Ukraine’s economy requires the organization and legal support of various forms of investment activity. State support for investment activities is based on budget investments and is carried out on the basis of budget legislation, but the practice of budget investment shows inconsistencies and inconsistencies in terminology, forms and tools of legal regulation of investment activities. The Government of Ukraine has determined that strong investment activity in Ukraine requires consideration and implementation of modern regulations.
It is emphasized that there is no concept of “investment budget” in the current legislation, inconsistencies in the legal mechanism of their implementation, as well as analysis of the economic situation in some countries with different levels of gross product. low-income countries, the efficient use of public investment is problematic. It is established that budget investments have a special financial and legal nature, are regulated by financial and legal norms and a definition is provided. The features of budget investments as a powerful tool of state regulation of investment activities are identified and it is determined that the efficiency of investment depends on the economic justification of budget investment and legal support.
It is proved that the improvement of public investment activity is possible through the use of modern financial instruments, including budget investment, which is implemented by allocating funds accumulated in budgets for specific purposes. It is noted that the effectiveness of budget investment depends on a clear targeting of budget funds, their sufficient volume, the procedure established by law and the powers of investment entities. It is determined that the introduction of budget investment requires amendments to the Budget Code of Ukraine, in particular Art. 2 “Definition of basic terms”. It is proposed to involve local governments and the public in investment activities. The author’s definition of «budget Investment» is offered.
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Borodkin, Stanislav. "Legislation on Foreign Investments and Practice of Investment Dispute Resolution." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18702.
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Russian companies doing business outside of the Russian Federation require special protection of their rights and lawful interests. Several methods of protecting foreign investor rights are available under the international law, including national courts and tribunals and commercial arbitrations (both institutionary and ad-hoc). International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes is a special institution established to resolve the controversies related to foreign investments. It was created under an international treaty and its decisions are not subject to sovereign immunity. The article considers ICSID practice regarding the definition of an investment, since disputes are related to an investment activity, which is a topical question when dealing with the determination of the Center competence. While the analyzed cases do not have the power of binding precedents, when the arbiters elaborate on the definition of a foreign investment they use specific criteria that could be relevant for the national law. Since international practice has a more specific definition of foreign investments than the Russian law, the author suggests that the former be taken into consideration when a foreign investment is defined in Russian legal texts. It could ensure better protection of the rights of Russian legal entities abroad.
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Sembieva, Lyazzat, and Asel Ismailova. "Relevance of budget investment and definition of its concept." Herald of Economics, no. 4 (March 16, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.04.057.
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Introduction. Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has come a long way of establishing and improving the system of budgetary regulation. Currently, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is working on the Concept of Public Finance Management of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030. One of the main approaches to the formation and implementation of budgetary policy in the new conditions is to increase the efficiency and economic return of budget expenditures. As you know, budget investments for the growth of the country’s economy have a multiplier effect. In the realities of today, budget investments are relevant both from the side of the implementation of such investment projects and the management of budget investments. Revision of conceptual policies requires a revision of the definition of budget investment.Target. The article analyzes the concept of “budgetary investments”. The study takes into account the opinion of prominent economists on the basis of a theoretical review and the available scientific and methodological literature on the research topic.Research methods. The methodological apparatus of this study on the issue of defining the concept of “budget investments” in Kazakhstan in the context of the need to improve the efficiency of these investments is based on the methods of empirical and comparative analysis, vertical and horizontal analysis and the method of expert assessments. The question of the need for a clear definition and expansion of the existing conceptual apparatus in terms of the regulation of budgetary investments of the Republic of Kazakhstan is formulated on the basis of scientific research and the use of various approaches and methodological foundations.Results. The study made it possible to propose the author’s definition of this concept, and to determine the need for a clear classification of budget investments in order to further approve the mechanisms for determining priorities and criteria for choosing a particular investment project, the structure of the budget process as a whole.Perspectives. The expediency of further study and development of proposals on the methodology for auditing the effectiveness of budget investments in the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to achieve socio-economic results from each invested tenge has been determined.
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Varis, Ozge. "International Energy Investments: Tracking the Legal Concept." Groningen Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a7ec7323e.
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International investment flows are rising firmly and rapidly on a daily basis throughout the world. In international investment flow energy plays a valuable role. The common point of international investment law regime and international energy law regime is, they remain many issues still to define and clarify in international investment law and energy law. In these undeveloped legal areas, the clarification of these basic issues has an essential role, as legal systems are established on the basis of clear terminology. While the significance of energy and energy-related issues in international investment law is mentioned above, there are still many blurred lines as to when “energy investments” in particular become relevant. In these situations, the limits of what may be considered an “energy investment” must be clarified. In order to explicitly explain references to “energy investments”, this article will firstly discuss the definition of international investments; secondly, the definition of energy will be analysed and then what is described as “an energy investment” will be thoroughly scrutinised. During these discussions, examples from other sectors’ investment disputes and other legal areas will also be examined and compared to provide more explicit answers as to the limits of the term.
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Findlay, Suzanne, and Michael Moran. "Purpose-washing of impact investing funds: motivations, occurrence and prevention." Social Responsibility Journal 15, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 853–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-11-2017-0260.
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Purpose As an emerging field of financing, impact investing is under-institutionalised and is in a legitimacy building phase. In an attempt to unpack how impact investing is deployed in global markets, the key elements of its definition (intentionality, returns and measurement) are examined through a review of academic and practitioner literature. A refined definition is developed which emphasises the key elements of intentionality and measurement as separating impact investment from the established field of socially responsible investment (SRI). Design/methodology/approach Funds and products from a publicly available database are systematically analysed against the refined definition to determine the rigour with which intentionality and measurement are applied by self-identified market participants. These elements are used as a proxy to determine “purpose-washing” – a process where funds are presented as impact investments but do not satisfy a tightly applied definition. Purpose-washing enables the possibility of “retrofitting”, where funds originally defined as other products (e.g. SRI) retrospectively claim to be impact investments. Findings Having found evidence of purpose-washing but not retrofitting, actions are identified to enhance impact investment’s integrity, focussing on intentionality, measurement and transparency. Clarity of definition and purpose are important for a field in the market-building phase, as a lack of clarity could have negative implications for integrity and growth. The authors postulate that purpose-washing may be attributed to twin but distinctive motivations by market participants: interest in fee-generation among fund managers and attempts to bolster field legitimacy by demonstrating sector growth among impact investing proponents. Originality value This paper represents a unique analysis of impact investments against a robust and refined definition. By doing so, it offers a systematic appraisal of impact investments and an overall assessment of market integrity in its field-building phase.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Law, Victoria. "The definition and measurement of rental depreciation in investment property." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405540.
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Metsalo, Jakob, and Arvid Boberg. "Hur definierar och redovisar fastighetsbolag underhålls – och investeringskostnader? : En undersökning av noterade fastighetsbolag." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297932.
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Bakgrund: Gränsdragningen kring vad som ska klassas som en underhåll- en investeringsåtgärdavseende fastigheter har ändrats under åren. Införandet av IFRS ändrade regelverket från att baseraspå regler till att baseras på principer. Principbaserade regelverk har ett naturligt tolkningsutrymme.Ideella organisationer rekommenderar ytterligare information för att komplettera den regelverketkravställer. En branschförening har tagit fram Best Practise Recommendations som ettkompletterande tillvägagångssätt för fastighetsbolagen att öka sin transparens mot investeraren.Specifikt rörande investeringar i det befintliga beståndet. Syfte: Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka hur ett antal noterade fastighetsbolag definieraroch presenterar sina underhålls- och investeringskostnader i sina årsredovisningar. Undersökningengörs för att kunna jämföras med definitioner av begreppen underhåll och investeringar, IFRSbestämmelser och rekommendationer givna av branschorganisationer. Metod: Empirin inhämtades genom att undersöka urvalets årsredovisningar. Årsredovisningarnagranskades i sin helhet men undersökningen omfattade främst den finansiella informationen som finnsatt tillgå i resultaträkningen, balansräkningen och de tillhörande noterna. I övrigt har relevantbakgrundsfakta och teorier samlats in från adekvata studier och artiklar och sammanställts somreferensram. Slutsatser: Trots att företagen bedriver liknande verksamheter i samma bransch och följer sammaregelverk skiljer sig definitionen av underhållskostnader och hur de redovisas. Alla fastighetsbolagenhar följt IFRS regelverk men ej tillämpat de presenterade rekommendationer vad gällertilläggsupplysningar om investeringar.Background: What is to be classified as a maintenance or investment measure regarding real estatehas changed over the years. Due to the implementation of IFRS the regulations shifted to be basedupon principles and therefore it has a natural scope for interpretation. One association has developedBest Practice Recommendations as a complementary approach for real estate companies to increasetheir transparency towards the investor. Specifically concerning investments in the existing stock. Objective: This paper aims to investigate how a few listed real estate companies define and presenttheir maintenance and investment costs in their annual reports. The study is conducted to be able tocompare with the definitions, the IFRS provision and recommendations. Method: The information was obtained by examining the samples annual reports. The annual reportswere examined in their entirety, but the examination mainly included the financial informationavailable in the income statement, balance sheet and the accompanying notes. In other respects,relevant background facts and theories have been collected from adequate studies and articles andcompiled as a frame of reference. As the purpose of this study was to examine and review theinformation that is available to all investors, we exclusively used the real estate companies' annualreports. The information in these financial reports is the same as that provided by an investor based onthe demarcation of the study. Conclusions: This essay shows that of the studied real estate companies, the additional informationabout maintenance costs was variable or non-existent. Even though companies conduct similaractivities in the same industry and follow the same regulations, the definition of maintenance costsand how they are reported differs. All real estate companies have complied with IFRS regulations buthave not applied the presented recommendations regarding additional information on investments.
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Randis, Justas. "Definition of investment in International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes: criterion of the contribution to the economic development of the host state." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140603_135341-71455.
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The Master Thesis are dedicated to the analysis of the interrelationship of the term „investment“ of Article 25(1) of the ICSID convention and criterion of the contribution to the development of the host state, which is argued to be part of the definition of investment. The aim of this paper is to draw a map for a legal practitioner, of ways of application and non-application of the criterion of the contribution to the development of the host state. Analysis provided in the Master Thesis explaines how and why the criterion of the contribution to the development of the host state may be applied or not applied within the three divergent approachres to the term „investment“ Article 25(1) of the ICSID convention: the subjective approach, the autonomous objective approach and the autonomous intuitive approach.Paradoksalu, tačiau net po beveik penkiasdešimties metų sėkmingo veikimo Pasaulio banko įsteigtame tarptautiniame užsienio investicijų apsaugos režime vis dar nesutariama dėl pačios termino „investicija“ sąvokos. 1965 m. Konvencijos dėl valstybių ir kitų valstybių piliečių ginčų investicijų srityje sprendimo (toliau – ICISD konvencija) 25(1) straipsnis įtvirtina investicijos terminą kaip jurisdikcinį kriterijų, tačiau jo neapibrėžia. Tai sąlygoja skirtingą termino „investicija“ interpretavimą tarp jį taikančių arbitražinių tribūnolų. Nagrinėjant investicijos terminą įdomu tai, jog tarp įvairių šiam terminui apibrėžti taikytų kriterijų yra vienas kriterijus išsiskiriantis savo kontraversiškumu. Tai prisidėjimo prie ekonominio valstybės vystymosi kriterijus. Atsižvelgus į šį kontroversiškumą, šio baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslu tapo noras sukurti aktualų žemėlapį, kuriame atsispindėtų būdai įtraukti arba pašalinti minėtą potencialų investicijos kriterijų iš investicijos termino sąvokos.
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Majumdar, Gaurav. "Social Media User Data: A ‘protected’ investment under international investment law? : An analysis of the definition of an investment in light of the functioning of a social media company." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443410.
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NORI, GIOVANNI MARIA. "L’Arbitrato ICSID e la tutela internazionale degli investimenti esteri. Il concetto di investimento estero.." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/273434.
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Finalità e struttura dell’opera.
Mai come in questi ultimi anni si è discusso così spesso di investimenti esteri e dei connessi regimi normativi di incentivazione e disincentivazione. A partire dalla guerra commerciale dei Dazi ingaggiata tra Stati Uniti e Cina, fino agli accordi tra Italia e Cina sulla famigerata nuova via della seta, i temi del commercio internazionale e, più in particolare degli investimenti esteri sono tornati al centro dell’attenzione politica, mediatica ed economica. Perché non tornare dunque a parlarne anche sotto il profilo giuridico?
Sulla scia di questo rinvigorito global interest per gli investimenti esteri, il presente lavoro si pone il duplice obiettivo, da un lato di ricercare una definizione economicamente e giuridicamente attuale del concetto di investimento estero, dall’altro di indagare in merito alla necessità o meno di cristallizzare un concetto (quello di investimento estero) così ampio in una granitica definizione normativa.
Tali interessi di studio e approfondimento, che si collocano in un rapporto di specie a genere, oltre ad essere giustificati dal rinnovato interesse per il diritto internazionale degli investimenti, ritrovano fondamento nel fatto che la ricerca costante di una definizione è una attività che coinvolge ed impegna gli studiosi del diritto, di ogni settore, sin dalle più antiche elaborazioni del pensiero giuridico stesso.
Prendendo le mosse da tale “primordiale” interesse degli studiosi del diritto, occorre, però, dare atto che relativamente a tale questione dell’utilità o meno – per il diritto – di fissare un fatto/atto/situazione in una definizione, la letteratura giuridica si è sempre mostrata divisa, originandosi così diversi e contrapposti orientamenti dottrinali. Nel dettaglio, tale contrasto intestino che affligge la scienza giuridica, trova una (fra le tante) esemplare dimostrazione nella vaga, o in alcuni casi del tutto assente, definizione del concetto investimento estero.
Poste le basi che faranno da fondamenta del presente lavoro, si precisa che gran parte della questione sottesa alla ricerca, si lega inscindibilmente allo studio del testo della Convenzione di Washington del 18 marzo 1965 (Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States). In particolare, con detta Convenzione è stato introdotto, sotto l'egida della Banca Mondiale, il Centro ICSID (l'International Centre far the Settlement of Investment Disputes) ed è stata concessa cittadinanza giuridica ad un meccanismo sia conciliativo che arbitrale internazionale e amministrato dal Centro, per la soluzione delle liti sorte tra gli investitori stranieri e gli Stati ospitanti l’investimento estero.
In punto di disciplina, proprio per la predetta Convenzione, l’investimento estero rappresenta uno dei requisiti (rationae materiae) richiesti (oltre ad altri) al fine di poter adire la giurisdizione ICSID, poiché, ai sensi dell’art. 25 della Convenzione, i Tribunali arbitrali potranno pronunciarsi solamente in merito alle controversie giuridiche collegate direttamente ad un investimento estero. Ciò nonostante, nel testo della stessa Convenzione, per tutta una serie di ragioni (che si analizzeranno nel corso della presente ricerca), non si è voluto (anche se con opinioni contrastanti) introdurre una definizione del concetto di investimento estero.
Costituita l’intelaiatura dalla quale tale studio muoverà, prima di procedere alla trattazione del tema prescelto, si darà spazio, nel primo capitolo del lavoro, ad una necessaria premessa relativa al contesto storico-economico e ovviamente politico che ha fatto da cornice alle trattative e alla stipula della Convenzione.
A tal fine, il punto di partenza del presente scritto sarà quello di individuare le ragioni che hanno condotto la comunità internazionale a dotarsi di questo strumento di risoluzione delle controversie in materia di investimenti esteri e al contempo si tenterà di verificare le cause che invece hanno determinato il lento declino degli altri strumenti di tutela, come la protezione diplomatica e il ricorso alla giurisdizione nazionale dello Stato ospitante l’investimento.
Fatta tale doverosa introduzione si proverà, nel secondo capitolo del lavoro, a tracciare le principali caratteristiche del Centro e dell’arbitrato in esame, e relativamente a questo ultimo si cercherà di evidenziare la natura dello stesso e i tratti salienti che lo distinguono da qualsiasi altro mezzo di risoluzione alternativo delle controversie in tema di investimenti esteri.
Conseguentemente, si passerà alla trattazione principale del presente scritto, la quale, si svilupperà nel terzo e quarto capitolo e si incentrerà sulla messa a fuoco di una (possibile) definizione economicamente e giuridicamente attuale del concetto di investimento estero.
A tal fine, in prima battuta, si tenterà di individuare le acquisizioni delle diverse dottrine, nel diritto internazionale dell’economia, inerenti al concetto di investimento. In particolare, prendendo le mosse da tali osservazioni, e preso atto della polivalenza della nozione di investimento, si analizzerà il significato di tale concetto secondo la teoria economica, tentando, al contempo, di delineare il ruolo che l’investimento estero ricopre nel processo di sviluppo economico dei Paesi in via di sviluppo e non, andando ad individuare quali possano essere gli interessi delle Parti, investitore privato e Stato ospitante l’investimento, sottesi a tale tipo di operazioni economiche.
In seconda battuta, si cercherà di individuare la definizione “giuridica” del termine investimento, applicando la teoria del cd. double keyhole approach. In tal guisa, si prenderanno in analisi anzitutto le definizioni di investimento contenute nelle varie national investment laws, BITs (bilateral investment treaties) e MITs (multilateral investment treaties). Dopodiché si proverà ad individuare quello che, ai sensi del sistema giuridico ICSID, può essere considerato un investimento, alla luce di quanto disposto in primo luogo dalla Convenzione e dal suo Preambolo, e in secondo luogo dalla ricca ed eterogenea “giurisprudenza” arbitrale formatasi su tale materia.
Dal punto di vista metodologico, tale indagine verrà condotta confrontando in modo dialettico, da una parte, i principi espressi nelle pronunce arbitrali e dall’altra parte i contributi dottrinali, tutto ciò al fine di ricostruire una nozione di investimento estero che sia coerente con l’attuale sistema economico-giuridico. Tale approccio di studio risulta essere essenziale in quanto, come noto, il concetto di investimento è per sua stessa natura fortemente legato, contemporaneamente, sia al sistema economico in cui questo realizza i suoi effetti sia al sistema giuridico quale elemento regolatore del mercato e del sistema economico stesso. Di conseguenza, al mutare di questi due fattori chiave, muta anche il concetto di investimento, il quale si sottolinea, essere per l’appunto un concetto non astorico e pertanto sensibile a tutti gli eventi di natura economica e giuridica che coinvolgono il mercato e gli operatori che in questo ultimo operano.Purpose and structure of the work. Never before have foreign investments and related regulatory incentive and disincentive regimes been discussed so often as in recent years. Starting from the trade war of the Tariffs engaged between the United States and China, up to the agreements between Italy and China on the infamous new Silk Road, the issues of international trade and, more specifically, foreign investment have returned to the center of political, media and economic attention
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Gazzi, Lívia Maria Pinheiro. "Decisão de investimento em ambiente de incertezas integrada à análise de viabilidade de projetos de subtransmissão e distribução." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10012011-115834/.
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As distribuidoras de energia elétrica anualmente elaboram o Plano de Investimentos, que se constitui parte extremamente relevante do Plano de Negócios da Companhia, composto pelos investimentos a serem feitos nos próximos anos. Em função da conjuntura do sistema e dos estudos de planejamento, há sempre diversas propostas de investimento a serem cotejadas e, para selecionar os projetos a serem desenvolvidos, é necessária uma meticulosa análise econômica e financeira. Nesse tipo de análise, torna-se crucial ponderar as exigências do Órgão Regulador para o reconhecimento tarifário de um investimento, bem como as incertezas quanto à evolução da conjuntura sistêmica, aplicando técnicas da Engenharia Econômica para avaliar o retorno sobre o capital investido. A diferença principal deste trabalho, em relação à análise convencional de viabilidade de Projetos de Distribuição, decorre do fato de que se desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliação de viabilidade e comparação entre si de alternativas de planos de expansão, ao invés da análise individualizada de projetos tradicional. Nesse contexto, a melhor decisão de investimento fica condicionada por variáveis exógenas ao tradicional processo de planejamento em si e, para viabilizar a inclusão das principais variáveis de comportamento aleatório, optou-se pela utilização de metodologia baseada em Opções Reais, que é uma técnica utilizada no mercado financeiro. Para melhor incorporar todas as nuances que condicionam o desempenho econômico-financeiro das alternativas em cotejo e aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisão, utiliza-se, também, técnicas de análise multi-objetivo para imputar os benefícios sociais na avaliação final, feita na etapa de tomada de decisão.The electrical distribution companies annually prepare their Investment Plan, which is an important part of the company Business Plan, presenting the investments to be made for the coming years. There are several investment proposals, and to select the projects to be invested is necessary a precise economic and financial analysis considering the requirements of the tariff regulator for the recognition of an investment. The project feasibility analysis should to apply techniques of Economic Engineering to assess the rate of return of the invested capital. The main feature of this work, when compared to the feasibility conventional analysis of Distribution Projects, is that a new methodology was developed for feasibility assessment and comparison between alternative expansion plans, featuring important component of the investments contemplated in a Investment Plan. In this context, the best investment decisions is conditioned by additional variables besides that of the traditional planning process itself. In order to make an easier inclusion of the main variables presenting random behavior, it was used a methodology based on \"Real Options\", which is a technique used in the financial market. To better incorporate all the nuances that affect the financial performance of the alternatives under comparison, as well as to improve the decision making process, multi-objective analytical techniques was also used, aiming at to allocate welfare benefits in the decision-making final evaluation.
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Erlandsson, Gustaf, and Anton Wahlstedt. "Promoting Green Investments Within the Retail Sector." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246075.
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The environmental problem has become more prominent in the last decade, and in the recent years there has been a number of alarming reports published on this topic. In order to fight the climate change, the financial industry can play a key role by directing their investments towards green projects and sustainable companies, pushing companies to participate in the transformation to a sustainable world. The development of issued green bonds is evidence on that the financial market has started to allocate more money in the green market, and this development is expected to continue going forward. The development is mainly driven by institutional capital, with only very little support from the Retail segment. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to provide the market with possible solutions on how to enhance the volume of capital invested in green products from this segment. Semi-structured interviews with 8 stakeholders on the market, together with seminar discussions on a TBLI Sustainability conference and thoughts obtained through a Sustainable Advisory Board at Nasdaq constitutes the foundation of this report in order to deduce patterns to why investors choose to invest or not invest in green instruments, as well as deducing the existing problems with the current market. The opinions are compiled and discussed in aspects concerning framework issues, definition issues, future outlook and policies. Our commissioner Nasdaq has helped guided the focus of this thesis. Our interviews combined with current literature works as the foundation to the findings on the specific area which could be of interest to all stakeholders on the financial market, but more specifically to investors, financial institutions and the government. Key findings of this thesis shows that the market in general is in need of clear guidance from the government in order to be able to adapt to the changing world. Further, the lack of a standardised framework and assessment of green investments leads to low transparency and problems with measuring impact. This describes why private investors say they do value sustainability, but fail to invest in it. Better transparency and reporting would make it easier showing the impact of the investment, which ultimately would affect private investors in a positive way as investors valuing sustainability would obtain a tangible sustainability measure on their investment, resulting in that their utility from the investment is maximised. In order to enhance the market in the current state, the authors of this report states that government support towards fintech companies contributing to the development of transparency, reporting and impact would be of interest. The authors see that such a subsidy would yield a lot of value to all stakeholders on the market, including the Retail sector.Miljöproblemen har blivit allt mer framträdande under det senaste decenniet, framförallt under de senaste åren då flertalet alarmerande rapporter har publicerats inom detta område. För att motverka klimatförändringarna kan finansbranschen spela en nyckelroll genom att styra investeringarna mot gröna projekt och hållbara företag, och därmed driva företag till att vara med i omvandlingen till en hållbar värld. Utvecklingen av emitterade gröna obligationer är ett bevis på att finansmarknaden börjar investera mer pengar på den gröna marknaden, vilket förväntas fortsätta i framtiden. Utvecklingen drivs huvudsakligen av institutionellt kapital, med endast liten uppbackning av Retail-segmentet. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att presentera möjliga lösningar på hur man kan öka volymen av investerat kapital i gröna produkter från detta kundsegment. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 8 intressenter på marknaden tillsammans med seminariediskussioner på en TBLI hållbarhetskonferens och tankar från Sustainable Advisory Board på Nasdaq utgör grunden för denna rapport. Baserat på detta härleds mönster till varför investerare väljer, eller inte väljer, att investera i gröna instrument, samt befintliga problem med den nuvarande marknaden. Åsikterna sammanställs och diskuteras rörande frågor om ramverk, definitioner, framtidsutsikter och marknadsfrämjande åtgärder. Vår uppdragsgivare Nasdaq har bidragit till att utforma inriktningen på detta arbete. Våra intervjuer i kombination med aktuell litteratur fungerar som grunden för resultaten i denna studie, vilka kan vara av intresse för alla intressenter på finansmarknaden, men specifikt för investerare, finansinstitut men också regeringen. De viktigaste resultaten visar på att marknaden i allmänhet behöver tydlig vägledning från regeringen för att kunna anpassa sig till den föränderliga världen. Vidare leder bristen på ett standardiserat ramverk och frånvaron av hur man bedömer gröna investeringar till låg transparens och problem med mätning av effekter. Detta beskriver varför privata investerare säger att de värderar hållbarhet, men misslyckas med att investera i det. Högre transparens och bättre rapportering skulle göra det enklare att visa effekten av investeringen, vilket i slutändan skulle påverka privata investerare på ett positivt sätt, eftersom investerare som värderar hållbarhet skulle få ett konkret mått på sin investerings bidrag, vilket leder till att den personliga nyttan av investeringen kan maximeras. För att förbättra marknadens nuvarande tillstånd påstår författarna till denna rapport att statligt stöd till fintech-bolag som bidrar till utveckling av transparens, rapportering och inverkan skulle vara intressant. Författarna ser att en sådan subvention skulle bidra med ett stort värde för alla intressenter på marknaden, inklusive den privata sektorn.
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Zing, Chao Yu, and 趙育菁. "A Comparison of Investment Regulations in NAFTA, 2004 US BIT Model：the Definition of Investment, Expropriation, Compensation and Arbitration Procedures." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14270877349503767282.
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碩士南台科技大學
財經法律研究所
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The North American Free Trade Area, comprising Canada, Mexico and the United States, was established in 1992 by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). More than a decade after its passage, one of the most controversial elements of NAFTA is its chapter on investment: Chapter 11. The original aim of Chapter 11 was to promote investment, particularly in Mexico, by providing increased security and transparency to foreign investors. The “investor-to-state” provision of the chapter entitles investors to take expropriation claims against the host country directly to international courts. Twelve years after the inception of NAFTA, the US policy on the protection of foreign investment is evolving. This thesis compares the provisions on investment in NAFTA and the 2004 model bilateral investment treaty (2004 model BIT),for example expropriation, compensation and arbitration procedures. Besides the introductory Chapter, the thesis consists of another eight parts. Chapter 2 compared the definitions of Investment and investors. Chapter 3 explains the elements of direct expropriation. Chapter 4 focuses on the standards for determining of indirect expropriation. Chapter 5 introduces the compensation provisions of NAFTA and 2004 US Model BIT and compared with their calculation of compensation. Chapter 6 focuses on the comparison of Investor-State dispute settlement procedures. Chapter 7 compared the arbitration rules of procedure of ICSID (The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute, ICSID)and UNCITRAL(Member states of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL). Chapter 8 discusses the expropriation of BIT and FTA which signed by China. Finally, based on the experiences of NAFTA and China, the last Chapter makes some conclusions and recommendations to TIFA (Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, TIFA). The conclusions are as follows: I.Unlike the NAFTA’s approach, the 2004 model BIT opt for a non-exhaustive list of investment activities, as found in the 1994 US model BIT. II.NAFTA’s Chapter 11 defines expropriation broadly: it includes not only direct measures such as nationalizing industries, but also ‘creeping’ expropriation, or ‘regulatory takings’. The indirect expropriation of 2004 model BIT is clear than NAFTA. III.While most of the provisions are similar, some differences can be identified, both in substantive and procedural forms. The regulation of 2004 model BIT is clear in Transparency. IV.China-India BIT regulated the relevant provisions of indirect expropriation.
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Swart, Rene Louise. "Fiduciary responsibility and responsible investment : definition, interpretation and implications for the key role players in the pension fund investment chain." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6220.
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Since their creation in Europe in the seventeenth century, pension funds have grown to become one of the main sources of capital in the world. A number of role players ultimately manage the pension money of members on their behalf. Accordingly, the focus of this study is on the role players involved in the actual investment of pension fund money. For the purposes of the study, the key role players in the pension fund investment chain are identified as pension fund trustees, asset managers and asset consultants. These role players have a specific responsibility in terms of the service that they ought to provide. One of the key aspects of this dissertation is therefore determining whether their responsibility is a fiduciary responsibility.
The main purpose of the study is, however, to answer one overarching research question:
Does fiduciary responsibility create barriers to the implementation of responsible investment in the South African pension fund investment chain?
Clearly, there are two key terms in this research question, fiduciary responsibility and responsible investment. It is suggested that responsible investment takes at least two forms: a “business case” form1 in which environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are considered only in so far as they are financially material; and a social form in which ESG issues are considered over maximising risk adjusted financial returns.
Three key questions were asked in order to find qualitative descriptions and interpretations of fiduciary responsibility:
Question 1: Are the key role players in the pension fund investment chain fiduciaries?
Question 2: If so, to whom do the key role players owe their fiduciary duty?
Question 3: What are the fiduciary duties of the key role players in the pension fund investment chain?
It is also suggested that the duty to act in the best interests of beneficiaries could be described as the all-encompassing fiduciary duty. Two main interpretations of thePrivate Law
(LL.M.(Private Law))
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Seidl, David. "Pojem investice v mezinárodních dohodách na ochranu investic." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344435.
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The concept of investment in international agreements on the protection of investments Resumé This thesis analyses the notion of investment in the context of international investment law. The thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter provides an overview of the international investment law, including its sources, specific features and goals. The second chapter provides an economic definition of the notion of investment. The author distinguishes between foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment and analyses their commonalities and differences. The third chapter deals with the basic types of definition of investment contained in international agreements on promotion and protection of foreign investments. These are the asset-based definition and enterprise-based definition. The fourth chapter examines the interaction between the economical and legal definition of investment. The fifth chapter explores the concept of investment in the context of the ICSID Convention. The authors analysed the negotiating history of the treaty as well as the case law of ICSID tribunals. The author indentified two basic approaches to the interpretation of the notion of investment. Whereas the subjective approach leaves the definition of the term investment to the sources of consent (notably...
Books on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Fund, International Monetary, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Secretary-General, OECD Group of Financial Statisticians, and SourceOECD (Online service), eds. OECD benchmark definition of foreign direct investment. 4th ed. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008.
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Scope and definition: UNCTAD series on issues in international investment agreements II. New York: United Nations, 2011.
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Puustinen, Pekka. Towards a consumer-centric definition of value in the non-institutional investment context: Conceptualization and measuremement of perceived investment value. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2012.
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Kikō, Nihon Bōeki Shinkō. Standardization of digital screening in small-scale mobile cinema of China and a demonstration of secured distribution and exhibition management system of digital contents: Pilot demonstration project program to improve trade and investment environments (FY2005). [Tokyo]: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2006.
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Owen, James P. The prudent investor: The definitive guide to professional investment management. Chicago, Ill: Probus Pub. Co., 1990.
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development., ed. Scope and definition. New York: United Nations, 1999.
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Swimmer, David. Foreign investment in Canada: Measurement and definitions. [Ottawa]: Investment Canada, 1992.
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Institute, Canadian Securities. Investment terms & definitions: A glossary of selected Canadian investment & financial terms. Toronto: Canadian Securities Institute, 1998.
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The prudent investor: The definitive guide to professional investment management. London: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
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Kaeppel, Jay. Seasonal stock market trends: The definitive guide to calendar based stock market trading. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Keynes, John Maynard. "The Definition of Income, Saving and Investment." In The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, 47–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70344-2_6.
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Schmid, Klaus. "Integrating Reference Architecture Definition and Reuse Investment Planning." In Software Reuse: Methods, Techniques, and Tools, 137–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46020-9_10.
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Di Pietro, Domenico, and Kevin Cheung. "The Definition of Investor in Investment Treaty Arbitration." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_124-1.
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Di Pietro, Domenico, and Kevin Cheung. "The Definition of Investor in Investment Treaty Arbitration." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 45–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_124.
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La Torre, Mario, and Helen Chiappini. "Microfinance Investment Vehicles: How Far Are They from OECD Social Impact Investment Definition?" In Bank Funding, Financial Instruments and Decision-Making in the Banking Industry, 145–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30701-5_7.
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Vaccaro-Incisa, G. Matteo. "Objective criteria and ratione legis condition in the definition of investment." In Asian Perspectives on International Investment Law, 166–90. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in international economic law: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429447822-8.
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Tajani, Francesco, Lucy Hayes-Stevenson, Rossana Ranieri, Felicia Di Liddo, and Marco Locurcio. "An Automatic Tool for the Definition of a Sustainable Construction Investment Index." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 664–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_63.
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Chaisse, Julien, and Jamieson Kirkwood. "Foreign Investors vs. National Tax Measures: Assessing the Role of International Investment Agreements." In Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 149–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_8.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the impact of the international law of foreign investment on tax issues with a view to assessing the interactions between the two regimes and identifying potential signs of convergence. In particular, this chapter focuses on the operation of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and assesses the role of IIAs from the perspective of foreign investors vis-à-vis National Tax Measures (NTMs). Part I of this chapter provides an understanding of the convergence between investment law and tax issues. This aids in an understanding of the key characteristics of IIAs (such as the definition of investment and the use of specific tax exceptions) and the relationship between currently existing IIAs and tax disputes. Part II analyzes, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the recent trends of tax disputes in investment arbitration. Part III assesses how tax can be seen as the last barrier to cross border investment. Part IV concludes.
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Michoud, Bruno, and Manfred Hafner. "Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategy Identification." In Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa, 27–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75829-5_3.
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AbstractBefore exploring risk mitigation solutions available to public and private actors, this chapter first focuses on the identification and definition of investment risks associated with clean energy access solutions in sub-Saharan Africa. It provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the hurdles linked to clean energy access financing across the region.
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Michoud, Bruno, and Manfred Hafner. "Annex." In Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa, 153–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75829-5_12.
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AbstractThis annex includes the following tables discussed in previous chapters of the book: (i) definition of the Tiers of the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) initiative; (ii) population with access to electricity and clean cooking in African countries; (iii) risks associated with investment opportunities and stakeholders; (iv) the de-risking matrix; (v) carbon tax and emission trading systems; (vi) MSCI market classification framework and requirements.
Conference papers on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Luta (Manolescu), Daniela Alice, Adrian Ioana, Daniela Tufeanu, Daniela Ionela Juganaru, and Bianca Cezarina Ene. "FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ELEMENTS SPECIFIC TO INVESTMENTS APPLICABLE IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.337.
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Our starting point is the definition and classification of investments, both financial and accounting. Thus, in a financial sense, an investment represents the change of an existing and available amount of money, with the hope of obtaining a higher but probable income in the future. In the accounting sense, an investment is the allocation of an amount available for the purchase of an asset, which will determine the future financial flows of income and expenses. Investments can be classified into two categories: domestic investments - consist of the allocation of capital for the purchase of machines, equipment, constructions, licenses, patents, etc. Their purpose can be to reduce costs, increase production, improve quality, increase market share, etc.; foreign investments - consist of capital investments in shares in other companies. They are also called financial investments and aim to increase the value of the company and diversify sources of income. We also analyze in this article the investment decision. The investment decision is the most important financial decision which a manager has to make. An investment usually involves allocating large sums of money in the long run, with a relatively high degree of risk. We also present and analyze both the stages of establishing an investment decision and the methods of evaluating an investment project. The article also presents management elements regarding the investment recovery term; discounted net value method, investment risk assessment.
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Glotova, I. I., E. P. Tomilina, B. A. Doronin, Yu E. Klishina, and O. N. Uglitskikh. "Investment Attractiveness of the Company: Definition Approaches and Assessment Methods." In Proceedings of the Internation Conference on "Humanities and Social Sciences: Novations, Problems, Prospects" (HSSNPP 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/hssnpp-19.2019.162.
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Belova, Gabriela, Gergana Georgieva, and Anna Hristova. "THE FOREIGN INVESTORS AND NATIONALITY CONCEPT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.193.
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Although in the last years the international community has adopted a broad approach, the definition of foreign investors and foreign investments is still very important for the development of international investment law. The nationality of the foreign investor, whether a natural person or legal entity, sometimes is decisive, especially in front of the international jurisdictions. The paper tries to follow the examples from bilateral investment agreements as well as from multilateral instrument such as the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention. An important case concerning Bulgaria in past decades is also briefly discussed. The authors pay attention to some new moments re-developing the area of investment dispute settlement within the context of EU Mixed Agreements, especially after the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement.
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Dos Santos Fontes Pereira, Lílian, Joaquim José Guilherme de Aragão, Yaeko Yamashita, and Rayssa Brandão. "Fiscal Feasibility Assessment Applied to Transport Infrastructure Projects." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4116.
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The demand for transport infrastructure investment is a latent issue for several countries, mainly for developing countries. However, investments in major logistics projects should be carefully evaluated, in order that their deployment induces development without endangering fiscal sustainability by excessive public indebtedness. Fiscal accounting practices used currently in the feasibility studies of transport infrastructures in Brazil are very limited, as they do not consider indirect and induced effects of the infrastructure investment in the fiscal evaluation. In addition, the corresponding influence area has not an established delimitation method. The aim of the present paper is to develop a model for calculating economic and fiscal impacts of transport infrastructure investment projects that includes the direct, indirect and induced effects within a reference area do be determined. First, different project assessment guides in Brazil and abroad are examined with a special focus on the assessment of economic and fiscal impacts of the projects. Based on the assessment experience and on the definition of the fiscal balance of an infrastructure project, the next step sets up a framework for the calculation of the impacts, using more simplified data.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4116
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Bektenova, Damira. "Rating of Social and Economic Status of Regions as the Basis of Their Investment Attractiveness." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02021.
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As a result of comprehensive analysis of socio-economic situation in Kyrgyzstan regions it is worked out a method of ranking regions based on aggregation of various indicators determining important factors of region economic position. The rating of regions can be used for purposes of definition of investment attractiveness and providing transparency and reliability based on data of statistical institutes. The final result of the correlation analysis of the relationship between the growth rates of investment volume and the growth rates of the gross regional product showed that the relationship between them is very weak, which characterizes the inefficient use of investment resources.
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Cook, Dave, Peter Eggleton, and Ian Stewart. "Concept Definition of a Zero Emissions Boost Locomotive for Regional Passenger Rail." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5743.
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The advantages of rail electrification have been demonstrated worldwide, yielding reductions in energy costs, locomotive maintenance, polluting emissions and noise; but these benefits are compromised by the high capital costs of the overhead catenary infrastructure. Both the significant initial investment and loss of the operational flexibility, relative to conventional diesel-electric locomotive solutions, impede consideration of rail electrification in many applications. Described in this paper is a way to retain the best features of both dedicated electric and conventional diesel-electric for powering regional and commuter rail services characterized by frequent and energy-intensive stop and go operations. The innovation is a ‘Zero Emissions Boost Locomotive’ (ZEBL), a new type of locomotive “B” unit that is coupled in a ‘plug and play’ manner behind a conventional diesel-electric locomotive. The ZEBL is an all-electric motorized unit containing a power pack of batteries and ultracapacitors providing energy-capture, storage and regeneration to boost train acceleration. The ZEBL provides an open platform that allows future expansion to incorporate new energy storage technology and grid connectivity through wireless power transfer (WPT) during station stops. Simulations indicate that adding a ZEBL to an existing commuter train boosts acceleration reducing trip time and allowing much longer trains, while its energy regeneration features significantly reduce fuel consumption, diesel emissions and wear and tear on the consumable braking components.
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Machado, Mariana, Luiz Augusto Marcelino, and Pollyana Mustaro. "Measurement of Resources and Investments to Develop Digital Learning Objects." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3286.
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The present research aims to evaluate digital learning objects architecture and build metrics -based on analyze of the financial, administrative and software engineering aspects - to define a prevision of the necessary investment to develop digital learning object. To develop some metrics it was necessary an online survey research with professionals that works with digital learning objects development. The study of the answers and some theoretical approaches of instructional design, software engineering, and learning objects characteristics turned possible create a Web application in Java that provides a prevision of the initial investment for the development of digital learning object. This program is based on the definition of a methodology that considers activities and professionals involved in the process and the execution time of each stage of digital learning object development in a dynamic way.
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Fynchina, Khicheza. "Household Savings as a Source of Investment in the Reproductive Process of Kyrgyz Republic." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00565.
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The issue of ineffective usage of household is investigated, considering the lack of financial resources for the development of internal production in Kyrgyz Republic. The dynamic of households in the country is shown. Also the substantiation of author’s definition of investigated category is provided. In order to understand the essence of issue, there is a grouping of households in a form of scheme is shown. The research of grouping signs allowed basing the allotment of investment funds. Savings play a dual role in the reproduction process of the country. On the one hand, as the withdrawal of funds from the stream of income, savings cause lack in consumption; constraining supply growth, that is an expansion of production. On the other hand, if the savings are mobilized by the financial and credit system, and sent into the real economic sector, for an increase of the accumulation fund and expanding of production, they are favorable to economic growth and increase in GDP. Clearly shows the correlation between GDP growth and the dynamics of household savings to Kyrgyz Republic. Materials for this research were literary sources and statistical data. Solving an issue of under-investment is possible due to household savings, which occupy a special place in a number of economic phenomena, because they are at the crossroads of the interests of citizens, organizations, specializing in financial services, and the state. Their involvement depends primarily on the activity of the institutions, accumulating these savings.
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Liu, Wei, Sheng Dong, and Xinjie Chu. "Study on Joint Return Period of Wind Speed and Wave Height Considering Lifetime of Platform Structure." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20247.
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Summarize the definition of design return period in existent codes and industry criteria. Joint return periods of different ocean environmental conditions are determined from the view of project life and risk probability. Based on equivalent bivariate maximum entropy distribution, joint design parameters of wave height and wind speed are estimated occurred in some place of Bohai Sea. The calculating results show that even if the return value of each environmental factor, such as wave height or wind speed, is small, their combinations usually lead to larger joint return periods. This will make the investment of ocean platform lower.
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"Definition of Real Estate Investment Management (REIM) Services: A Guideline Report from the REIM Working Group of Gif E.V. (German Society of Property Researchers)." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_130.
Full textReports on the topic "Definition of Investment"
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Шпинев, Ю. С. Давид Рикардо об инвестициях. DOI CODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00024.
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The article examines the views of one of the founders of classical economics, David Ricardo, on the issues of investment, capital and profit. The need for this study is caused by the lack of a single definition of investment in the regulatory acts of investment legislation, as well as in the scientific community. Thus, there is a problem of regulatory regulation of one of the most important concepts of the economy. Given that the concepts of investment, capital, and capital investment are primarily economic categories, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is that despite a large number of works on the work of David Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation», no special work was carried out on the contribution of the great economist to the theory of investment. Conclusions. The main achievements of Ricardo in the field of capital and investment include the author's definitions of capital, free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment.
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Ett, William H., Jim Terrel, and Wayne Sherer. Leveraging Your Process Definition Investment to Support the Planning, Acquisition and Performance of Software Projects (Software Technology for Adaptable, Reliable Systems (STARS) Program). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada292766.
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Hassan, Tarek A., Jesse Schreger, Markus Schwedeler, and Ahmed Tahoun. Country Risk. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp157.
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We construct new measures of country risk and sentiment as perceived by global investors and executives using textual analysis of the quarterly earnings calls of publicly listed firms around the world. Our quarterly measures cover 45 countries from 2002-2020. We use our measures to provide a novel characterization of country risk and to provide a harmonized definition of crises. We demonstrate that elevated perceptions of a country's riskiness are associated with significant falls in local asset prices and capital outflows, even after global financial conditions are controlled for. Increases in country risk are associated with reductions in firm-level investment and employment. We also show direct evidence of a novel type of contagion, where foreign risk is transmitted across borders through firm-level exposures. Exposed firms suffer falling market valuations and significantly retrench their hiring and investment in response to crises abroad. Finally, we provide direct evidence that heterogeneous currency loadings on global risk help explain the cross-country pattern of interest rates and currency risk premia.
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Shpinev, Iurii Sergeevich. Questions of capital in the work of D. Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and taxation». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00025.
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D. Ricardo is one of the founders of classical economy. The most significant discoveries of the outstanding scientist in the field of capital can be called the definition of capital and free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment. Given that capital is primarily an economic category, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Creating Green Jobs in Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.054.
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This rapid literature review examines evidence on interventions have been used to create green jobs in developing countries. The ‘green jobs’ concept does not have a singular and universally accepted definition. Many development organisations have come up with their own definitions, however all definitions share both an “environmental” and “decent jobs” component. Green job growth has been mostly documented in developed countries and some rapidly growing middle-income countries. However, it is becoming clearer that a green economy can create more and better jobs in all parts of the world (including the poorer developing countries) – and that these jobs can be ‘decent’. There are, however, some difficulties. Some new (green) jobs created in the food, agriculture, and recycling sectors (particularly in developing countries) can hardly be considered ‘decent’ – i.e., due to their poor labour standards. In some cases, climate change is also having a negative impact on jobs. Donors have a crucial role to play in supporting and financing green jobs initiatives and ‘green employment’ across developing countries – given the inadequate investment in the sector, growing unemployment issues and their unique vulnerability to climate change. Nevertheless, the ‘green jobs’ sector – thus far – has only been able to receive limited financial assistance from donors. Lack of focus and funding by donors and development agencies not only stymies the creation of green jobs in developing countries, but it can also result in the loss of many existing jobs and livelihoods, particularly in agriculture, because of climate change. Furthermore, the funding for most green jobs programmes by donors usually tends to be project-based, which fails to be part of a larger strategy to promote sustainable development – thus, limiting its impact. However, it is worth noting that there is relatively limited donor programming on ‘green jobs’ – i.e., most donor funded jobs creation programmes are not explicitly ‘green’. Another poignant observation is the general lack of proper programme evaluation, especially independent evaluation, on donor interventions around ‘green jobs’ (which are usually small projects). As such, there is a lack of good evidence base.
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Fieldsend, Astrid. Evidence and Lessons Learned Regarding the Effect of Equitable Quality Education on ‘Open Society’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.094.
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The purpose of this review is to assist FCDO in understanding the evidence of impact and any valuable lessons regarding the effect equitable quality education can have on ‘open society’. The search revealed that there is a considerable volume of evidence which focuses on education’s ability to reduce poverty, increase economic growth, boost employability and achieve better health outcomes. There is less which focuses on the aspects of ‘open society’ as defined in this paper. The scope of this review was narrowed to focus upon areas of the ‘open society’ definition where the most evidence does exist, given the timeframe for the review. The scope was narrowed to focus on: democracy, civic engagement, and social cohesion. The review of the literature found strong evidence that equitable quality education can have a range of positive impacts on democracy (specifically, its institutions and processes), civic engagement and social cohesion. There is a considerable body of evidence which indicates that there is a correlation between equitable quality education and benefits to societies (more peaceful, higher levels of trust, greater participation in politics, etc). However, there was no clear evidence that investment in equitable quality education directly leads to positive societal outcomes. This is because there are so many other factors to account for in attempting to prove causation. The lack of rigorous studies which attempt to attribute causation demonstrates a clear evidence gap. It is important to note that education systems themselves are politicised and cannot be divorced from the political process. The extent to which education can impact positively on open society depends a great deal on the value education has within the political system in which it is operating.
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Gerritsen, Erik, Lisa Korteweg, Foivos Petsinaris, Rachel Lamothe, Jeroen van der Laan, Daniela Chiriac, Costanza Strinati, Sean Stout, and Bella Tonkonogy. Options for Considering Nature-positive Finance Tracking and Taxonomy. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004572.
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Healthy and resilient ecosystems underpin our societies and economies. Collapse of just a few ecosystem services such pollination, timber from forests and food from marine fisheries, could result in a global GDP decline of USD 2.7 trillion annually by 2030. We are not investing sufficiently in nature, resulting in an estimated nature funding gap as high as US$800 billion per year. Redirecting financial flows towards nature-positive investments and activities is critical. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) play an instrumental role to support a nature-positive future, aligned with the forthcoming post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, the G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers Communiqué of May 27th, 2022, and with the Joint Statement on Nature, People, and Planet endorsed by the 10 MDBs at COP27. This Statement included an intention to work towards a joint understanding of the term 'nature positive' in the context of operations and investments and a goal to develop tools and methodologies for tracking 'nature positive' investments across MDB portfolios. This technical note is a first step towards meeting this commitment. This work presents options for defining nature-positive finance, based on definitions and principles identified in a bibliographical review drawing on global expertise and developing frameworks and taxonomies. Acknowledging the variety of institutional and ecological contexts in which MDBs operate, the report offers a menu of options to screen nature-positive activities as well as a variety of approaches to determine the nature-positive contribution to investments. Finally, the report proposes principles for tracking and reporting on these investments.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.
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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.