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1
Sornarajah, M. "Portfolio Investments and the Definition of Investment." ICSID Review 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/24.2.516.
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Andia Valencia, Walter, Octavio César Marín Chávez, and Mireya Gabriela Lara Carhuancho. "Investment projects: definition from the process perspective." Cuadernos de Administración 36, no. 66 (April 6, 2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v36i66.7221.
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Due to the level of importance in industrial development, investment projects are the basic tools for decision-making based on a commercial, technical, environmental, economic, financial and social analysis. Since their inception, investment projects were framed in the analysis of the generation of new productive units, which over the years has had to change in the search for efficiency and improvements in its existing processes within a framework of commercial dynamism and international competitiveness. This paper develops an analysis of the definition of investment projects from the perspectives of the subject, method and object of intervention in order to identify its relationship with processes improvement. The analysis consisted in identifying a set of investment project definitions commonly used in university literature and then determining the perspective that characterizes it in order to classify them. Subsequently, the information was systematized in order to specify its methodological coherence with the current need to improve organizations processes. As a result, it has been found that most of the definitions are framed within the method or form of intervention, a position that conceptually limits interventions in ongoing organizations that require investments; thus, a new definition of investment projects is described and supported under the process approach as the main contribution of the research work.
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de Swart, Fai. "The Use of Mailbox Companies in International Investment Protection." European Company Law 12, Issue 1 (February 1, 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2015004.
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To obtain a favourable protection for their investments, investors have resorted to treaty shopping in which an investor locates a newly set up legal entity (usually a mailbox company) in another jurisdiction. First, an overview is provided of the system of international investment protection, mainly elaborating on the definitions and criteria as for instance, the investment and investor definition. Then, on the use of mailbox companies in international investment protection is discussed.
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Ngobeni, Lawrence. "Do the SALINI Criteria apply to the Definition of an Investment provided in Annex 1 of the 2006 and 2016 SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment? An Assessment." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 23 (July 1, 2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a5132.
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An investment is the subject matter of an investor-state dispute. Therefore there can be no such dispute if there is no investment to which the dispute relates. The challenge in this regard lies in that there is no uniform definition of an investment in international economic law, and with regard to investor-state disputes in particular. Bilateral Treaty Agreements (BITs), Treaties with Investment Provisions (TIPs), investment contracts and legislation provide different definitions of an investment. However, these definitions are not always final or sufficient, since there are different methods of assessing the existence of an investment, depending on the applicable arbitration rules. Arbitration tribunals formed in terms of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States of 1965 (ICSID Convention) follow a two-step process, which starts with a consideration of the definition of an investment in terms of the underlying regulatory instrument, followed by a consideration of the provisions of Article 25(1) of the ICSID Convention. Salini Construttori S.P.A and Italstrade S.P.A v Kingdom of Morocco is a landmark ICSID case that proposed the criteria that an investment must meet. On the other hand, investor-state arbitrations based on the UNCITRAL Rules Arbitration or other non-ICSID rules consider the definition of an investment provided in a regulatory instrument only. However, the tribunal in Romak S.A (Switzerland) v Republic of Uzbekistan held that the Salini criteria are applicable to UNCITRAL arbitration, and by implication, other non-CSID arbitrations. The 2006 Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investments (SADC FIP) defines an investment as any asset group, while the 2016 Annex 1 defines an investment as an incorporated enterprise. Furthermore, the 2006 Annex 1 refers disputes to ICSID or UNCITRAL arbitration, while the 2016 Annex 1 refers disputes to the courts of host states. This article explores the responses of selected tribunals to the Salini criteria. It seeks to determine whether the Salini criteria can be applied to the 2006 and/or 2016 Annex 1, and if so, what the implications thereof are to the scope of investments that can be covered by these instruments.
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Viktorova, N. N. "EVOLUTION OF THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF "FOREIGN INVESTMENT" IN A NETWORK SOCIETY." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.088-095.
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The paper deals with the problems of definition of the concept "investment" in multilateral and bilateral investment treaties. The author shows how the approach to the definition of "investment" in international investment agreements has changed over time, how this concept differs in modern agreements from those enshrined in agreements concluded more than ten years ago. It is noted that today we can talk about the trend of a broad definition of the concept of investment in international treaties, that is, investments are understood as any kind of property values; further the author specifies what applies to them.International treaties on the protection and promotion of investment also include the right to engage in business activities. It turns out that investment disputes can arise from ordinary commercial activities, for example from a contract of sale. However, there are documents that do not include monetary claims arising from commercial contracts, such as the 2012 model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African development Community.Generally, investment protection agreements do not distinguish between direct and portfolio investments. Therefore, portfolio investments also enjoy the protection of these investment treaties. However, some of the international investment agreements that are currently being concluded specify that portfolio investments are excluded from their scope, such as the Model bilateral investment Treaty of the South African Development Community.In the literature there are three approaches to the qualification of foreign arbitral awards as a foreign investment. According to one of them, the award is an investment, because it is part of the entire activity of the investor. Some modern international investment agreements contain provisions according to which arbitration, judicial decisions are not investments.
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Getmanets, O. "Legal support of budget investment: directions of improvement." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 70 (June 18, 2022): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.47.
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The need to introduce modern financial instruments in the development of Ukraine’s economy requires the organization and legal support of various forms of investment activity. State support for investment activities is based on budget investments and is carried out on the basis of budget legislation, but the practice of budget investment shows inconsistencies and inconsistencies in terminology, forms and tools of legal regulation of investment activities. The Government of Ukraine has determined that strong investment activity in Ukraine requires consideration and implementation of modern regulations.
It is emphasized that there is no concept of “investment budget” in the current legislation, inconsistencies in the legal mechanism of their implementation, as well as analysis of the economic situation in some countries with different levels of gross product. low-income countries, the efficient use of public investment is problematic. It is established that budget investments have a special financial and legal nature, are regulated by financial and legal norms and a definition is provided. The features of budget investments as a powerful tool of state regulation of investment activities are identified and it is determined that the efficiency of investment depends on the economic justification of budget investment and legal support.
It is proved that the improvement of public investment activity is possible through the use of modern financial instruments, including budget investment, which is implemented by allocating funds accumulated in budgets for specific purposes. It is noted that the effectiveness of budget investment depends on a clear targeting of budget funds, their sufficient volume, the procedure established by law and the powers of investment entities. It is determined that the introduction of budget investment requires amendments to the Budget Code of Ukraine, in particular Art. 2 “Definition of basic terms”. It is proposed to involve local governments and the public in investment activities. The author’s definition of «budget Investment» is offered.
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Borodkin, Stanislav. "Legislation on Foreign Investments and Practice of Investment Dispute Resolution." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18702.
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Russian companies doing business outside of the Russian Federation require special protection of their rights and lawful interests. Several methods of protecting foreign investor rights are available under the international law, including national courts and tribunals and commercial arbitrations (both institutionary and ad-hoc). International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes is a special institution established to resolve the controversies related to foreign investments. It was created under an international treaty and its decisions are not subject to sovereign immunity. The article considers ICSID practice regarding the definition of an investment, since disputes are related to an investment activity, which is a topical question when dealing with the determination of the Center competence. While the analyzed cases do not have the power of binding precedents, when the arbiters elaborate on the definition of a foreign investment they use specific criteria that could be relevant for the national law. Since international practice has a more specific definition of foreign investments than the Russian law, the author suggests that the former be taken into consideration when a foreign investment is defined in Russian legal texts. It could ensure better protection of the rights of Russian legal entities abroad.
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Sembieva, Lyazzat, and Asel Ismailova. "Relevance of budget investment and definition of its concept." Herald of Economics, no. 4 (March 16, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.04.057.
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Introduction. Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has come a long way of establishing and improving the system of budgetary regulation. Currently, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is working on the Concept of Public Finance Management of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030. One of the main approaches to the formation and implementation of budgetary policy in the new conditions is to increase the efficiency and economic return of budget expenditures. As you know, budget investments for the growth of the country’s economy have a multiplier effect. In the realities of today, budget investments are relevant both from the side of the implementation of such investment projects and the management of budget investments. Revision of conceptual policies requires a revision of the definition of budget investment.Target. The article analyzes the concept of “budgetary investments”. The study takes into account the opinion of prominent economists on the basis of a theoretical review and the available scientific and methodological literature on the research topic.Research methods. The methodological apparatus of this study on the issue of defining the concept of “budget investments” in Kazakhstan in the context of the need to improve the efficiency of these investments is based on the methods of empirical and comparative analysis, vertical and horizontal analysis and the method of expert assessments. The question of the need for a clear definition and expansion of the existing conceptual apparatus in terms of the regulation of budgetary investments of the Republic of Kazakhstan is formulated on the basis of scientific research and the use of various approaches and methodological foundations.Results. The study made it possible to propose the author’s definition of this concept, and to determine the need for a clear classification of budget investments in order to further approve the mechanisms for determining priorities and criteria for choosing a particular investment project, the structure of the budget process as a whole.Perspectives. The expediency of further study and development of proposals on the methodology for auditing the effectiveness of budget investments in the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to achieve socio-economic results from each invested tenge has been determined.
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Varis, Ozge. "International Energy Investments: Tracking the Legal Concept." Groningen Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a7ec7323e.
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International investment flows are rising firmly and rapidly on a daily basis throughout the world. In international investment flow energy plays a valuable role. The common point of international investment law regime and international energy law regime is, they remain many issues still to define and clarify in international investment law and energy law. In these undeveloped legal areas, the clarification of these basic issues has an essential role, as legal systems are established on the basis of clear terminology. While the significance of energy and energy-related issues in international investment law is mentioned above, there are still many blurred lines as to when “energy investments” in particular become relevant. In these situations, the limits of what may be considered an “energy investment” must be clarified. In order to explicitly explain references to “energy investments”, this article will firstly discuss the definition of international investments; secondly, the definition of energy will be analysed and then what is described as “an energy investment” will be thoroughly scrutinised. During these discussions, examples from other sectors’ investment disputes and other legal areas will also be examined and compared to provide more explicit answers as to the limits of the term.
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Findlay, Suzanne, and Michael Moran. "Purpose-washing of impact investing funds: motivations, occurrence and prevention." Social Responsibility Journal 15, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 853–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-11-2017-0260.
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Purpose As an emerging field of financing, impact investing is under-institutionalised and is in a legitimacy building phase. In an attempt to unpack how impact investing is deployed in global markets, the key elements of its definition (intentionality, returns and measurement) are examined through a review of academic and practitioner literature. A refined definition is developed which emphasises the key elements of intentionality and measurement as separating impact investment from the established field of socially responsible investment (SRI). Design/methodology/approach Funds and products from a publicly available database are systematically analysed against the refined definition to determine the rigour with which intentionality and measurement are applied by self-identified market participants. These elements are used as a proxy to determine “purpose-washing” – a process where funds are presented as impact investments but do not satisfy a tightly applied definition. Purpose-washing enables the possibility of “retrofitting”, where funds originally defined as other products (e.g. SRI) retrospectively claim to be impact investments. Findings Having found evidence of purpose-washing but not retrofitting, actions are identified to enhance impact investment’s integrity, focussing on intentionality, measurement and transparency. Clarity of definition and purpose are important for a field in the market-building phase, as a lack of clarity could have negative implications for integrity and growth. The authors postulate that purpose-washing may be attributed to twin but distinctive motivations by market participants: interest in fee-generation among fund managers and attempts to bolster field legitimacy by demonstrating sector growth among impact investing proponents. Originality value This paper represents a unique analysis of impact investments against a robust and refined definition. By doing so, it offers a systematic appraisal of impact investments and an overall assessment of market integrity in its field-building phase.
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Kogabayev, Timur, and Antanas Maziliauskas. "The definition and classification of innovation." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjbpa-2017-0005.
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AbstractThe paper presents the different definitions of innovation; the objective of the research being that of creating a theoretical model building on the previous work of several authors. The aim of the research is to define the different models, classifications and definitions of innovation. In this article we made use of a wide range of bibliographical sources on innovation, efficiency and also used comparative analysis of innovation definitions. Theoretical concepts were studied as well. The approach was constructed based on theoretical models of innovation definitions and used the technology and market perspectives. The main methods employed were comparative analysis of definitions of innovation and the creation of a model of innovation. It has been emphasized in the literature that the role of innovation is very important for making decisions regarding investment projects or investments for production. Innovation can bring benefits such as saving time, costs, and products and use them more effectively. Nowadays in the world, innovation is one of the most important factors of economic development, production, creation of a variety of products and in making management decisions. Innovation activity stimulates and has a positive effect also in investment activity.Innovation is the core action for the development and productivity of any economic activity. Investment activity and its results are directly dependent on the type of innovation that has been used. An important range of literature sources refer to innovation efficiency measurement criteria, which are in most cases related to product, technology (process) and market. The use of a number of different measurement indicators is leading to the need for further examination of the innovation-business performance relationship. Our findings have let us distinguish five major groups of criteria where various factors could be allocated. To the three groups (product, market and process) we allocate two additional groups: finance and management. Innovation plays an important role in the efficiency of investments in an organization, forms of business activity and state policy in the field of business and design.
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Upreti, Pratyush Nath. "The Role of National and International Intellectual Property Law and Policy in Reconceptualising the Definition of Investment." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 52, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-020-01009-7.
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AbstractThis article analyses the role of national and international intellectual property (IP) law in assessing IP as a protected investment. It offers two approaches for controlling investment arbitration related to intellectual property rights (IPRs), followed by an examination of the implications and challenges of those approaches. Its main argument is that even if a dispute arises from an investment (IP as an investment), it does not necessarily fall under the jurisdictional requirements of investment arbitration. Rather, assessing IP as an investment must be done by referring to national laws. This is more relevant in the case of IPRs as they are territorial. This means that rights and obligations are derived from national IP legislation. Essentially, only those IPRs that are “protected” by national regimes should be treated as investments. This article also examines the language used in investment agreements and arbitral awards to analyse the role of national law, particularly in determining the validity and scope of IP investments. Then it examines three IP-related arbitral cases to discuss how arbitral tribunals have used national law. Finally, it suggests approaches for controlling investment arbitration by integrating the territoriality principle and the social objectives and bargains achieved through international IP treaties.
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SATTOROVA, Mavluda. "Defining Investment Under the ICSID Convention and BITs: Of Ordinary Meaning, Telos, and Beyond." Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (April 5, 2012): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251312000112.
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A number of commentators, including Michael Hwang and Jennifer Fong who were featured in a recent issue of this journal,1 have contributed to an ongoing debate about the definition of investment by expressing their support for an objectivist theory or the “outer limits” approach as advocated inSalini v. Morocco.However, this article argues that neither theSalinitest nor the rival subjectivist theory can offer an internally consistent and viable legal framework for determining the existence of an investment. After critically examining existing approaches to defining investments in arbitral practice, international investment treaties, European Union (EU) law, and international trade law, the article considers the role of ordinary and effective interpretation and a telos behind investment treaty instruments in coining a meaningful definition.
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Argerich, Jaume, and Claudio Cruz-Cázares. "Definition, sampling and results in business angels’ research: toward a consensus." Management Decision 55, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 310–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2016-0487.
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Purpose The lack of a standard definition and data sources makes it hard to compare findings and advance our knowledge in the business angel’s domain. The purpose of this paper is to tackle this problem by presenting a proposal of a potential definition of business angels that it based on ten issues identified in 30 years of business angels’ research. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews 24 studies on business angels and classifies definition inconsistencies found in ten different issues. Those differences are compared with methodological choices on sampling and with subsequent results. Findings The authors observe a connection between definitional and sampling choices, and the results obtained. Inconsistent definitions can lead to results that are more than 400 times higher in terms of investment per project, for example. Research limitations/implications The authors believe that the main implication of proposing a standard definition of business angles could help the academia in decreasing the great observed diversity which is actually leading to inconsistent and incomparable results that limit our understanding of this phenomenon. Originality/value This paper differs from previous studies as it tackles the problem by identifying the definitional issues and presents a framework in order to build a consensus definition, rather than just comparing definitions.
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Dzhioev, D. A. "Investment and investment process: genesis and modern approach." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (December 11, 2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-10-101-106.
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The article considers various domestic and foreign approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «investment» as an economic category in retrospect (historical analysis of the origin and development of investment theory) and at the present stage of development. Based on the critical analysis of various interpretations, the paper formulates the author’s definition of the concept of «investment». In turn, investment, as one of the most important elements of the economy, is the basis for the development of territories characterized by the level of development of investment processes in them. The article analyses various interpretations of the concept of «investment process», carries out their systematization, and proposes the author’s definition of the concept. The research uses methods of bibliographic and logical analysis as well as a systematic approach.
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Ranjan, Prabhash. "Definition of Investment in Bilateral Investment Treaties of South Asian Countries and Regulatory Discretion." Journal of International Arbitration 26, Issue 2 (April 1, 2009): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2009011.
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Due to the growing number of investor–state arbitrations and increasing number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) being signed, it has become important to understand the implications of BITs for host countries. In this light, this article analyses the broad asset based definition of investment in the BITs signed by four South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. This analysis also assumes importance because these four countries, together, had signed 155 BITs at the end of 2007. Since the definition of investment is an important component of the investment treaties, this article attempts to understand the implications of a broad asset based definition of investment on the regulatory discretion of these four countries. In this context,this article also discusses the jurisprudence on the definition of investment that has emerged in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) cases and other international arbitration forums and its relationship with the broad asset based definition of investment which is found in most BITs.
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V.Bormotova, M., S. D.Bronza, T. V.Mashoshyna, and O. M.Troinikova. "Qualimetric Approach in Determining the Investment Attractiveness of a Ukrainian Railway Entity." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19966.
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Investment is one of the critical tools to enable an economic recovery from the economic crisis and encourage the progressive development of any country. The main issue that prevents any industry from growing is shortage of funding. And that’s exactly why assessment of investment attractiveness of any project (country, industry, region, or company) is highly important. Based on the study of the existing views on the definition of the concept of investment attractiveness in literary sources, these views have been grouped by the main essential feature used for the definitions.The article presents an analysis of the investment attractiveness of Ukraine; articulates and systematizes the concept of investment attractiveness; suggests a definition of the concept in terms of qualimetry; examines the special aspects of investments in the transport industry (in particular, the railroad industry); and suggests a qualimetric model that enables the most adequate and essential assessment of the investment attractiveness of a railroad entity, based on the external and internal factors, and both qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
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Snetkova, A. "GENESIS INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DEFINITION OF ‘INVESTMENT’." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Economics, no. 186 (2016): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2016/186-9/6.
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Shpinev, Yury. "On the Issue of the Legal Nature of Investments." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.2.14.
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Introduction: despite the need to create a favorable investment climate, the legal regulation of investment in this country has a number of significant drawbacks. The quality of the legislative regulation of investment relations depends on an objective and deep understanding of the legal nature of investments. In this connection, the author aims to study various approaches to determining the legal nature of investments. Methods: the methodological framework for the research was formed by the methods of formal logic, as well as the specific scientific methods: technical-legal and historical-genetic. Results: the author’s position is based on the current legislation and opinions of the legal scholars on the legal nature of investments. Based on the analysis of the existing laws, the problem of defining investments in these acts and legal science is pointed out. Various approaches to the concept of the “legal nature” category are considered, as well as the opinions on the legal nature of investments and investment contracts. The author’s definition of the category “legal nature” is proposed. Conclusions: as a result, it is concluded that in order to establish a single legal and scientific definition of investments, it is necessary to establish their legal nature, which, in turn, requires studying and describing the primary properties of investments at the time of the origin of this category in the framework of the economic science.
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Churuta, Ivan. "Investment rankings and their impact on the country’s investment image." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(89) (October 10, 2018): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.03.070.
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The paper claims that direct foreign investments play an essential role in every country’s economy, since they ensure its efficient functioning and further growth. Since investment rankings are used as a primary indicator, because they help investors quantify the investment image, possible risks and investment reliability, it is concluded that the amount of direct investments depends on the country’s investment image. The scope of research includes the country’s investment image and major investment rankings that shape the image. The aim of the study is to establish a list of international investment rankings, which prospective investors may analyze when making investment decisions. To obtain this objective, the following methods are used: theoretical generalization, comparison, abstraction, analysis and synthesis. The article presents an analysis of various views of national and foreign scholars on interpretation of investment image. Based on summarizing the existing opinions, a consolidated definition for investment image is proposed. A list of major investment rankings that shape the country’s investment image is established, and ways of calculating their particular characteristics are presented. It is concluded that in order to attract foreign investments to the required extent, each country should take measures to improve its investment image and its position in major international investment rankings.
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GERGAEVA, A. K., B. R. KALLAGOV, and A. Kh KALLAGOVA. "INVESTMENTS AND INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS AS FACTORS OF SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 7 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.07.02.005.
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The investment component is one of the key factors of sustainable socio-economic development of the regions. As an economic category, investments play an exceptional role in the system of commodity-money relations at both the macro, micro, and meso levels. Investment attractiveness and investment risk are the formative elements of an appropriate regional investment policy. Investment activity on the territory of practically any subject of the federation, by definition, is associated with financial, environmental, economic, social, criminal, political, and administrative – legal and other risks. This article is devoted to the analysis of some aspects of this problem.
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SHPINEV, YURY. "CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENTS: REAL AND FINANCIALIURII." Economic Problems and Legal Practice 17, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-6-69-74.
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In the scientific environment, there are many options for classifying investments, but almost all authors divide investments into real and financial ones. At the same time, there is no single approach to classification by the object of investment in the scientific community, as, however, there is no consensus on the composition of signs that distinguish real and financial investments from the entire spectrum of possible investments. At the same time, the problem of determining the main features of real and financial investments is quite relevant today, since there is no regulatory definition, and the presence of such a definition may be in demand in the near future, which is primarily due to the demand for investments in the real sector of the country's economy, and as a consequence, the establishment of legislative benefits and preferences for enterprises that make real investments in state-defined industries, which is quite problematic to implement in the absence of a regulatory definition. By analyzing the existing points of view on the nature of real and financial investments and their place in the classification, two main directions of opinions on the essence of direct investment can be distinguished. According to some authors, all investments in the object of investment can be divided into real and financial. Another group of scientists suggests a broader classification, adding intangible and intellectual investments, investments in human capital, etc. to real and financial investments. According to the author of the article, investments in intangible assets and tangible assets are components of real investments, and intellectual investments and investments in human capital, in turn, are included in intangible investments. The article also proves that portfolio investments cannot be identified with financial investments, and real investments cannot be identified with direct investments.
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Ihnatchenko, A. S., B. L. Kovalov, S. M. Fedyna, and A. G. Popova. "Analysis of the Definitive Basis of the Term “Environmental (Green) Investments” and their Classification." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 2 (2020): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.88.12.
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The paper analyzes the meaning and essence of the term «environmental (green) investment». Summarizing the existing interpretations of the term «environmental (green) investment», the authors propose their own definition of environmental investment. The author’s interpretation of the term «environmental (green) investment» takes into account the social, economic and environmental spheres of sustainable development. The dominant author's interpretation of the term «environmental (green) investment» is investing in the greening of financial structures. The article summarizes and systematizes the classification of environmental (green) investments, which can be divided according to the scope of investment objects, the regional characteristics of the subjects of environmental investment, the term and method of investment. The authors have made recommendations for improving the environmental efficiency of the green economy in Ukraine.
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SHPINEV, YURY. "CONCEPT, ESSENCE AND LEGAL NATURE OF INVESTMENTS." Economic problems and legal practice 16, no. 4 (August 30, 2020): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2020-16-4-137-141.
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Creating a favorable investment climate is one of the most important tasks of the economy, however, the legal regulation of investment activity in Russia has a number of serious shortcomings. The quality of legislation on investment relations depends on an objective and deep understanding of the legal nature of investments. In this regard, the author seeks to study various approaches to determining the legal nature of investments. The methodological base of the research was based on the methods of formal logic and concrete scientific methods, technical-legal and historical-genetic methods. The author's position is based on the current legislation and the opinions of legal scholars on the legal nature and essence of investments. Based on the analysis of current legislation, the author points out the problem of determining investments in normative acts and in legal science. Various approaches to the concept of «legal nature» and «legal essence» and opinions on the legal nature and essence of investments and investment contracts are outlined. The author's definition of the category «legal nature» is proposed. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to establish a unified legal and scientific definition of investments, it is necessary to determine their legal essence and legal nature, which in turn requires studying and describing the primary characteristics of investments in the context of economic science at the time of the emergence of this category.
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Fedorov, H. O. "Administrative and Legal Principles of Foreign Investment in Ukraine." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 85, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.2.07.
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The peculiarities of administrative and legal principles of foreign investment from the point of view of complex analysis have been considered, considering the current stage of historical development of the state system. Taking into account doctrinal research and own scientific achievements, it has been determined that nowadays it is extremely urgent to implement the whole set of practical measures aimed at achieving qualitative changes in the issues of attracting foreign investment and strengthening the control over the quality level of investments in the economy of Ukraine from the standpoint of administrative and legal principles.
It has been determined and proved that it is expedient to apply the phased approach of administrative and legal regulation of foreign investment – two-step assessment of the quality of foreign investments. In particular, the investor should be evaluated at the first step. This means that the purpose and goals of his investment activity, as well as his investment, business and economic reputation must be assessed. The second stage begins with the evaluation of the investment project, the priority for the economic development of the territorial community, the level of innovation, environmental compatibility, payback period, value of investments, etc. The basis for this approach should be the system for evaluating the quality of the subjects and objects of the investment process. The result of applying this approach should be the definition of the quality of the investment project and definition of the priority for its implementation in accordance with territorial interests. In this regard, it would be appropriate to make a clear distinction between the functions and responsibilities of the institutions that are going to assess the quality of the investments. According to the author, it would be rational to expand the main directions of activity of the Ukrainian Center for Foreign Investment Promotion and to create a special department that would deal with the quality control over the relevant foreign investments coming to the Ukrainian economy. The same structures should be formed at the local level.
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Yatsenko, Оlexandr. "State Regulation Regional Investment Activities." Modern Economic 34, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v34(2022)-19.
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Abstract. Introduction. Without setting the task of systematizing the set of points of view presented in the literature that reveal the content of investment activity, we consider it possible to propose an author's methodological approach to its identification as an object of the state's managerial influence. It is formed by the following theoretical provisions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of the state in the development of investment activity at the regional level. Results. Identifying the role of the state in the development of investment activities in the region is connected with a clear definition of the object of regulation, management influence on which can ensure the growth of its scale and increase in efficiency. Solving this task is possible, first of all, by means of a study of existing interpretations of investment activity, which reveal its meaning. Regarding the interpretation of the concept of "investment activity" in the works of domestic and foreign scientists, there is no unambiguous definition. Without setting the task of systematizing the set of points of view presented in the literature that reveal the content of investment activity, we consider it possible to propose an author's methodological approach to its identification as an object of the state's managerial influence. The implementation of the proposed methodological approach will, in our opinion, allow to develop, clarify and supplement the theoretical ideas about the peculiarities of investment activity as an object of state management (regulation). The article offers the author's methodological approach to the identification of investment activity as an object of the state's managerial influence. The composition of the basic goals, conditions and factors of investment activity and the task of state management of investment activity in the region in modern conditions are determined. The composition of factors (potentials) that determine the possibilities of investment activity in the region is proposed. Conclusions. In accordance with the current legislation, investment activity is defined as a set of practical actions of citizens, legal entities and the state regarding the implementation of investments for the purpose of obtaining income or profit. In the works of domestic and foreign scientists, there is no unequivocal definition regarding the interpretation of the concept of "investment activity". In our opinion, investment activity cannot be assessed unambiguously. On the one hand, the position that reveals investment activity in the unity of various processes (attraction of investments, formation of their structure, development and implementation of investment projects) deserves support. On the other hand, various authors absolutize the importance of commercial success, which is achieved by appropriate measures. Investments in human capital, for example, in the state vocational education system, are not initially oriented towards profit. Without setting the task of systematizing the set of points of view presented in the literature that reveal the meaning of investment activity, the author proposed an author's methodological approach to its identification as an object of the state's managerial influence.
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Rovetta, Davide, and Davide Rovetta. "The Ad Hoc Committee Annulment Decision in Malaysian Historical Salvors: The Meaning of ‘Investment’ Re-established?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 2 (February 1, 2011): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011014.
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Member States to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention, as well as their companies and economic operators, are interested in guaranteeing meaningful protection for their investments. This is done by granting jurisdiction to ICSID arbitral tribunals to hear disputes between private persons and states party to the ICSID Convention in cases where a valid Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) is present. Because such tribunals’ jurisdiction is limited to investment disputes, the definition of ‘investment’ as embodied in Article 25 of the ICSID Convention and the relevant BIT is of paramount importance. In fact, the definition of investment will have a bearing on whether or not a given economic activity by a company or a private person can be protected via a so-called Investment Treaty Arbitration. In turn, this rather technical issue will have direct practical economic consequences for companies and investors. Unfortunately, both the meaning of investment and the manner in which the ICSID Convention and BITs have been interpreted have been addressed in contradictory manners by various ICSID tribunals, creating unpredictability and damaging the level playing field of investors’ protection. However, the ad hoc Committee’s Decision on the Application for Annulment in Malaysian Historical Salvors v. The Government of Malaysia (hereinafter ‘MHS Annulment Award’) appears to have re-established a proper meaning and method of interpreting the term investment, which, it is argued, should be followed by future tribunals. If this were to happen, companies and economic operators will be able to enjoy both predictability and full protection of their investments.
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Shpinyov, Yuriy S. "ON THE DEFINITION OF INVESTMENT IN LEGISLATION AND SCIENCE." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-2-217-223.
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The article deals with General theoretical and practical problems of defi ning the concept of investment in legislation and legal science. It is noted that despite the rapid development of investment relations, there are still regulations that require either cancellation or serious revision. One of the problems is the use of the concept of investment in different meanings in the three main laws regulating investment relations. In this regard, it is emphasised that the use of a single term that allows for different interpretations contradicts the legislative technique and negatively affects law enforcement practice. The authors identify the reasons why there is no single legal defi nition of investment to date, the main ones being the lack of demand for the laws in question in law enforcement practice, as well as the lack of a single doctoral approach to the concept of investment. As a result, it is concluded that the scientifi c understanding and development of this concept with subsequent amendments to legislative acts is one of the most important tasks of the science of business law at this stage.
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Goloborodko, M. H. "JOINT VENTURE INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS: DEFINITION AND SPECIFIC FEATURES." Comparative-analytical law 4 (2019): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0390/2019.4.42.
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Casey, John F. "A New Definition of Success in Investment Management." AIMR Conference Proceedings 2002, no. 6 (May 2002): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cp.v2002.n6.3241.
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MCNULTY, YVONNE M., and PHYLLIS THARENOU. "Expatriate Return on Investment : A Definition and Antecedents." International Studies of Management & Organization 34, no. 3 (October 2004): 68–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2004.11043710.
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Gutiérrez, Óscar. "On the definition of the investment-uncertainty relationship." Journal of Economics and Business 112 (November 2020): 105934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2020.105934.
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CHANG, Sok Young. "The Definition of Investment under International Investment Law and the Status of Cryptocurrencies." Korea International Law Review 59 (June 30, 2021): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2021.59.77.
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Morgan, Nicolas, Art Zwickel, Thomas A. Zaccaro, and Jenifer Q. Doan. "SEC requires hedge funds to prevent insider trading despite unsettled legal definition." Journal of Investment Compliance 18, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-02-2017-0014.
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Purpose To explain the import of a recent enforcement action by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) against an investment adviser for failing to prevent insider trading against the context of an unsettled legal definition of “insider trading” as evidenced by the issue presented in a recent case before the US Supreme Court. Design/methodology/approach Reviews the principal issues raised by the SEC in its enforcement action, legal requirements imposed on investment advisers, and the insider trading issues presented by the US Supreme Court case. Findings Because the legal concept of insider trading has developed through case law and is not defined by statute, it remains uncertain, and therefore the practice of insider trading will be difficult to prevent without restricting activities that could ultimately be determined to be legal. Practical implications In light of the SEC’s high threshold for investment advisers to prevent insider trading and the uncertain legal definition of that concept, investment advisers should review their insider trading policies and err on the side of caution. Originality/value Practical guidance from an experienced former SEC counsel and SEC practitioners offers new insights into the steps investment advisers should take in response to SEC enforcement activities and nebulous legal definitions.
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Мелай, Е., E. Melay, Анна Сергеева, and Anna Sergeeva. "Investment Planning: Identification of Conditions." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a8d508ecea1e8.82554183.
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Financial planning is the process of developing a set of strategic and tactical planning documents that define the goals, objectives and means of their implementation in the field of investment, financial and operational policies. The initial planning stage should be an assessment of the situation in the selected planning area. When planning investments, this is an analysis of the financial condition of the organization, reflecting the conditions for investment. Planning your own investments in your business, as well as investing in other business is carried out in conditions of financial well-being. The organization will be investment attractive in the face of unfavorable financial condition, if the financial condition of the organization is not a significant factor for the investor when choosing the object of investment. To conclude on the financial well-being of the organization can be based on the definition of the financial state scoring of the organization according to the proposed methodology.
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Acconci, Pia. "THE “UNEXPECTED” DEVELOPMENT-FRIENDLY DEFINITION OF INVESTMENT IN THE 2013 RESOLUTION OF THE INSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230038.
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The importance of the widespread reliance upon direct arbitration, particularly arbitration under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), and of the practice of “arbitration without privity” is at the root of the search for a definition of investment, as underlined by the 2013 Resolution of the Institut de droit international (IDI). The Resolution refers to a development-friendly definition of investment. This article aims to explain to what extent a definition based upon references to sustainable development would constitute an acceptable specification, albeit a partial one, of the term “development” used in the IDI Resolution, in light of the need of a reconciliation between private and public interests within current international investment law. The article also deals with the issue of whether the ICSID Convention provides for an autonomous definition of investment that cannot be overridden by the terms of a given international investment treaty, and if so, which criteria should be taken into consideration for the purposes of determining whether an investment exists within the meaning of Article 25(1) of the ICSID Convention.
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Polkinghorne, Michael, and Michael Polkinghorne. "The Legality Requirement in Investment Arbitration." Journal of International Arbitration 34, Issue 2 (April 1, 2017): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2017010.
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Many investment treaties require foreign investments to be made or owned ‘in accordance with’ or ‘in conformity with’ the laws of the host State. Some treaties incorporate this ‘legality requirement’ in the definition of investment, whereas in other treaties it can be found in substantive provisions on investor protection. This article explores three specific issues with respect to the legality requirement in investment arbitration: what is the source of the legality requirement, what is its scope, and is legality a jurisdictional or a merits issue? The article provides an overview of the answers that arbitral tribunals have given based on a selection of awards.
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Matsybora, Tetiana. "Investment potential of the agrarian sector of economy of Ukraine: formation and development." Ekonomika APK 308, no. 6 (June 28, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202006049.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the investment potential of the national agricultural sector of the economy and the potential of its development (potential volumes of gross value added, taking into account the real level of investment efficiency) in the conditions of revitalization of investment activity of agricultural enterprises through expansion of their credit and investment potential. Research methods. Methods: dialectical method of scientific cognition, analysis and synthesis, systemic generalization (generalization of definition approaches to the definition of the investment potential of agricultural enterprises and the formation of conclusions), methods of abstraction, comparison and imaginary experiment (in assessing the investment potential of capital investments and potential gross value added in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, taking into account the actual level of investment efficiency). Research results. The approaches to determining the essence of the category «investment potential» are substantiated and the investment potential of the national agricultural sector of the economy is assessed. The potential volumes of gross value added of products in agriculture, forestry and fisheries into account the actual level of investment efficiency in the conditions of credit and investment potential expansion are calculated. Scientific novelty. Based on the generalization of approaches to determining the investment potential of agricultural enterprises, the principles of formation and development of investment potential of the agricultural sector of the economy by expanding the credit component are substantiated. Practical significance. Conclusions, suggestions and practical recommendations can be used in the formation of investment programs and projects in agriculture and the development of state programs for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy of Ukraine. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 14.
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HUMENNYI, Mykhailo. "SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL CONTENT AND ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-1-28.
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Introduction. Effective investment activity provides stable development of the enterprise in the conditions of unstable market environment. Attracting financial resources in the activities of economic entities should strengthen their economic security and help overcome financial prob-lems. The investment activity of the enterprise strengthens its competitive position in the market. The purpose of scientific research is to determine the theoretical foundations of investment activities of the enterprise. Results. The macroeconomic role of investments is determined. Factors influencing the investment activity of the enterprise are considered. The importance of scientific and technical activities in the field of investment activities of the business entity is emphasized. The sources of formation of investment resources of the enterprise are characterized. The essence of investment activity of the enterprise is determined. The types of investment activity of the business entity are given. The position on determining the type of investment activity is substantiated. The integration of types of investments is considered. The definition of the investment process and investment cycle is given. The classification of sources for attracting investment resources is given. The objects of investment activity are described. The role of strategic assets of the enterprise as sources of economic security in the crisis is noted. The participants of the investment process are characterized and the essence of interaction of subjects within the framework of investment activity is revealed. Conclusions. The role of investment activity in the process of enterprise functioning is substantiated. Investment activity is defined as a prerequisite for the development and economic security of the enterprise. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of reforming the existing investment management system. Keywords: enterprise, investments, investment activity, investment process, economic security, development.
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Kalinina, Olga, Vasilii Buniak, Galina Golubnichaya, and Irina Kapustina. "Economic features of investment nature of energy-saving projects in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002089.
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This article studies conceptual approaches to the definition of investments in energy saving sector, considers economic features of such investments, and highlights financial aspects making the investments attractive to modern enterprises. The features of energy saving projects’ investment analysis are considered, a model for calculating the payback of such projects at the expense of price or tariff is provided. To improve investments in energy saving sector, division of the process participants into economic entities and state bodies was proposed with separate recommendations provided for each of these groups.
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Grishina, Valeria, Daria Amelicheva, and Nikita Tikhanov. "Corporate social responsibility and social investment in the urban environment." SHS Web of Conferences 128 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112801021.
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The article examines the phenomenon of social investment, reveals the advantages, and overviews the potential of impact investments. Implementation of corporate social responsibility as a trend followed by international corporations is reviewed, and its role as the most widespread direction of ESG approach is discussed. The definition of social urban space that most fully meets modern trends is proposed; the trends relevant to the organization of urban spaces are considered in the article. A comparison is made between the Western experience of using social investments and Russian practice. The most promising directions of using social investment for the development of the social urban environment are proposed.
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Ritonga, Irwan Taufiq. "A Critical Review of Statement of Government Accounting Standard (SGAS) Regarding Accounting for Investment." Journal of Accounting and Investment 22, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): Layouting. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jai.v22i3.12696.
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Research aims: This article aims to provide a critical review of the Statement of Government Accounting Standard (SGAS) of Indonesia regarding Accounting for Investment (2016 Revision)Design/Methodology/Approach: This article is a critical review, which criticism seen from a philosophical and theoretical point of view.Research findings: There are five issues that need improvement so that SGAS Accounting for Investment becomes better. The five issues are the definition of government investment that is not in line with the vision of government organizations, inconsistency between investment definition and accounting treatment of investment proceeds, lack of comprehensive accounting treatment for negative investment value, inconsistency between investment definition and disclosure terms, inaccuracy of diction or grammar choice, and incomplete glossary.Theoretical contribution/Originality: the arguments presented in this article can be used by scholars who focus on government accounting to develop a theory of government accounting.Practitioner/Policy implication: Findings of this study can be inputs for the Government Accounting Standard Committee (GASC) to improve government accounting standards in Indonesia, especially SGAS of Accounting for Investment.
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Andrusiv, U. Y., and H. V. Sydor. "ECONOMIC NATURE OF THE INVESTMENT PROCESS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(19) (May 20, 2019): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-68-74.
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Purpose. Investigation of the essence of the investment process from the standpoint of existing approaches to economic science in order to formulate its own interpretation of the outlined definition.
Methodology of research. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on the research of the essence of the investment process, Internet resources. In the process of research used general and special methods, in particular: monographic – in the implementation of the literary review of the problem under study; systematic and structural analysis – in substantiating different approaches and different points of view before interpreting the essence of the investment process as a complex economic category.
Findings. Generalized theoretical developments of domestic and foreign scientists-economists on the interpretation of the «investment process». On the basis of systematization of scientific approaches, the actual definition of the term «investment process» is proposed. The research of those scientists who consider the definition of «investment process» at micro and macro levels is considered. The signs that characterize the investment process are presented.
Originality. The author's definition of the term, according to which the investment process should be considered as a never-ending in space and a continuous process of realization of investment decisions connected with attraction of funds, is proposed in order to achieve the goals and maximize the positive result for the participants and the investor.
Practical value. The obtained research results are the basis for solving practical problems of the correct scientific approach to understanding this concept at the present stage.
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Hrytsenko, L., О. Zakharkin, N. Dekhtyar, and K. Shamkalo. "ASSESMENT OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVNESS OF UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 3, no. 38 (June 30, 2021): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v3i38.237470.
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Abstract. In the current conditions investment is an important basis for the development of many levels of the economic system and can be considered as a driver of country`s economic development. They are necessary to increase the production rate, modernize the economic complex, diversify the economy. Assessment of investment attractiveness is considered as an important means of optimal achievement of investment goals, which ensures the performance of the function of investment management mechanism. The investment attractiveness of an individual country, region, industry or enterprise is an important guideline for the investor in the issue of deciding on capital investment. In the current conditions of globalization of the economy in assessing the investment attractiveness of the country is becoming increasingly important image of the country in the international arena, its position in the leading rankings, the experience of other investors in the country.
The article considers the essence of the concept of “investment attractiveness” and offers its own author's definition of this concept. Describe the methodological approaches to assessing investment attractiveness at different levels of the economic hierarchy. The relationship between the definitions of investment attractiveness, climate, potential, risk and activity has been studied. A macroeconomic analysis of the dynamics of Ukraine's position in the light of international ratings and indices is held. Organizations and ratings that assess the investment attractiveness of the state are presented. Methods of ratings of investment attractiveness of countries are substantiated. A comprehensive assessment of Ukraine's investment attractiveness in recent years has been made. The factors that lead to changes in the transformation processes in the country, the aggravation of the general economic situation, the shortage of domestic financial resources and the problem of attracting foreign investment, which in turn hinder the increase of investment attractiveness of Ukraine are considered. Recommendations for improving the investment attractiveness of Ukraine in modern conditions are given.
Key words: investments, investment attractiveness, international ratings and indices, investment activity, investment climate, investment potential, investment risk.
JEL Classification E22, F21, O11
Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 2; bibl.:31.
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PODOLIANCHUK, Olena, and Nataliya GUDZENKO. "CAPITAL INVESTMENTS: NORMATIVE LEGAL AND ACCOUNTING." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 2 (56) (June 29, 2021): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-2-12.
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The article evaluates the legal regulation and accounting of capital investments and determines that a single and precise term that would determine their essence has not yet been developed. The difference in the definitions of capital investments is outlined, which leads to confusion in their evaluation and reflection in the system of accounting accounts. There are two approaches to determining the nature of capital investment in the legal framework: economic and accounting. The dynamics and structure of capital investments by types of assets in terms of 2015-2019 are presented. Based on the results of elaboration of the regulatory framework and scientific opinions of scientists, their own opinion on the definition of capital investment has been expressed. It is noted that in the organization of accounting for capital investments it is important to assess, classify, justify objects, as well as the allocation of costs to current (to maintain the object in working order) and attribute investments to capital (improving the functional properties of the object ). A generalized classification of capital investments is proposed, which will help to timely and fully systematize the accounts and reflect in the reporting of objective and reliable information. It was found that one of the problems of accounting for capital investments is the distribution of costs and investments incurred between current costs and capital investments. Entities are invited to develop their own criteria for identifying capital investment objects and assigning the cost of repairs (capital repairs) to capital investments and approve them in the accounting policy and order. In order to ensure the objectivity of the information on capital investments, alternative changes to the Chart of Accounts have been proposed in the part of the Capital Investments account. The submitted proposals will provide an opportunity to consider capital investments as a separate object of accounting and to assess the rationality of investments.
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Couet, Marc-Antoine. "Round-Tripping in International Investment Law: A Teleological Assessment." Journal of World Investment & Trade 22, no. 3 (June 21, 2021): 459–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340215.
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Abstract This article addresses the issue of round-tripping investment in international investment law (IIL), which is domestic capital fleeing the home country and then flowing back in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). It provides a functional definition of this concept and identifies why it may be considered a peculiar type of FDI. It also sets out a comprehensive framework for the treatment of round-tripping investment in IIL by analyzing whether international investment agreements do protect round-tripping investors and their investments and by reviewing how investor-State dispute settlement case-law has dealt with objections put forward by respondent States to round-tripping investors bringing their investment claims to international arbitration. Lastly, this article attempts to answer the question ‘should round-tripping investment be protected under IIL?’ by verifying whether the economic and legal reasons that justify according a differentiated treatment to foreign investors also apply in the case of round-tripping investors.
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Stoilov, Todor, Krasimira Stoilova, and Miroslav Vladimirov. "Decision Making in Real Estate: Portfolio Approach." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2021-0041.
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Abstract An investment policy is suggested about assets on real estate markets. Such analysis recommends investments in non-financial assets and optimization of the results from such decisions. The formalization of the investment policy is based on the portfolio theory for asset allocation. Two main criteria are applied for the decision making: return and risk. The decision support is based on Mean-Variance portfolio model. A dynamical and adaptive investment policy is derived for active portfolio management. Sliding procedure in time with definition and solution of a set of portfolio problems is applied. The decision defines the relative value of the investment to which real estates are to be allocated. The regional real estate markets of six Bulgarian towns, which identify the regions with potential for investments, are compared. The added value of the paper results in development of algorithm for a quantitative analysis of real estate markets, based on portfolio theory.
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SHPINEV, YURY. "DAVID RICARDO ON INVESTMENT." Economic problems and legal practice 17, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-1-146-151.
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The article examines the views of one of the founders of classical economics, David Ricardo, on the issues of investment, capital and profit. The need for this study is caused by the lack of a single definition of investment in the regulatory acts of investment legislation, as well as in the scientific community. Thus, there is a problem of regulatory regulation of one of the most important concepts of the economy. Given that the concepts of investment, capital, and capital investment are primarily economic categories, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is that despite a large number of works on the work of David Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation», no special work was carried out on the contribution of the great economist to the theory of investment. Conclusions. The main achievements of Ricardo in the field of capital and investment include the author's definitions of capital, free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment.
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Dziurakh, Yurii. "ESSENCE AND CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENTS AS A FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CATEGORY." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 25(53) (June 23, 2022): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2022-25(53)-87-94.
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Investments are a complex category that requires proper interpretation and clear classification, taking into account the characteristics and requirements of the time. The importance of applying a scientific approach to the identification of classification features of the studied concept allows to increase the validity of the choice and ensure high efficiency of investment, which directly affects the development of not only the economy but also other spheres of life. In the article the author studies the views of leading economists and features of the legislative interpretation of the studied concept. Considering the main approaches to the definition of investment, we conclude that this concept is quite multifaceted, specific to different countries based on the level of development, socio-cultural characteristics and manifests itself as a financial and economic category. It was found that the contradictions are due to the interpretation of the concept of «investment» from different positions, according to each area of their study. Therefore, it is proposed to consider this category in different aspects (financial, economic, macroeconomic, technical, industrial, etc.), which will emphasize the importance of certain aspects in certain areas in the formation of the concept of «investment», without narrowing its essence. Based on the considered definitions of the essential characteristics of investment, the author's vision of the interpretation of the «investment» concept is proposed. The multifaceted interpretation of the concept of "investment" gives rise to various approaches to the classification of of this financial and economic category types, which prompted the author to systematize scientific approaches and form a generalized classification of investment types by basic classification criteria. A new type of investment has been proposed – land leasing investments, which are relevant for strengthening the country's defense capabilities and restoring military strength, assistance and protection of the population, can be used as a result of force majeure, including war. The use of a systematic classification will allow a more detailed approach to the study of the nature of investment processes that occur at all levels of economic entities' economic activity. The practical aspect of the generalized and proposed classification of investment types can be further used in statistical research and analysis of the investment market.
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Holovachov, Vitalii. "DEFINITION OF REAL ESTATE: THEORETICAL ASPECTS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 81 (August 31, 2022): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.81.108-123.
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It has been proven that modern emergency conditions require a rethinking of approaches to the use of real estate as an important factor affecting regional development. Unfortunately, problematic issues related to socio-economic disparities, a decrease in the efficiency of land relations, and the possibilities of using modern information technologies are deepening. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the modern European experience of land administration and information provision of the formation and use of real estate based on the use of a multi-purpose cadastre. The issue of defining real estate as a complex concept that takes into account spatial, urban planning, investment and environmental support is ignored.
The purpose of the study is a comprehensive definition of real estate, taking into account the influence of spatial, urban planning, investment, environmental factors at the regional level. To achieve the set goal, the following tasks were completed:
- formation of a theoretical basis for the definition of real estate;
- characteristics of regulatory legal support regarding the definition of real estate.
For the formation and implementation of a multi-purpose cadastre, real estate is defined as a set of real estate objects, land, and other structures that are affected by various signs and characteristics (spatial, urban planning, investment, environmental), the use of which creates conditions and ensures the territorial development of regions.
Based on the proposed definition of real estate, scientifically based recommendations for the development and implementation of the multi-purpose cadastre were characterized based on the results of their level assessment and modeling, which made it possible to single out directions for increasing the level of information provision and application of the multi-purpose cadastre for increasing the efficiency of real estate use at the regional level.