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Millet, Antoine, Audrey Abi Akle, Dimitri Masson, and Jérémy Legardeur. "Definition of a “Sport-Health” Semantic Space." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.391.
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AbstractProduct success depends on its capacity to meet users’ expectations. Human Centred Design approach helps to reach this success by focussing on users’ needs in the design process. These needs are as well functional as hedonic. Designing products requires then to design hedonic properties affecting users’ perception. For sport products, people wants to improve their performances while maintaining their health. Sport products are then considered not only “sporty” but also “healthy”. Thus, integrating both health and sport expectations into the design process are necessary.Last decades, Affective Engineering was developed to integrate perception into the design process. Applying this approach for sport products may allow defining and mixing sport and health perceptual characteristics all along the design process. However, defining these characterisitics into requirements implies to translate them into semantic terms. If we observe semantic descriptors for sport products and for health products, they seem opposite. In this paper, we aim defining a semantic space representative and respectful of both domains, sport and health, while they oppose.
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Blais, Christine. "What is a Valid Context: Sport is Sport?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.97.
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The term context has been used in a large number of research articles, but context does not, as yet, have a universally accepted definition. Sport is also a term subject to multiple definitions. Therefore, there is a need for caution when trying to identify unfamiliar and familiar research contexts in sport.
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Skubida, Dominika. "Can Some Computer Games Be a Sport?" International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations 8, no. 4 (October 2016): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2016100103.
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This paper focuses on the problem of social legitimization of eSport in the context of traditional sports. Its objective is to investigate knowledge and attitudes towards eSports, as well as their recognition as legitimate sports. The first part of the paper consists of the definition and differentiation between eSport and eSports. The second part provides an analysis of various definitions of sport and comparison of main qualities of eSport and sport. The third part includes identification of the most problematic features of eSports in public opinion and their analysis.
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Alfejeva, Jeļena. "Sporta jēdziens un tā attiecināšana uz prāta spēlēm." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 11 (2018): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.11.2018.2.81-89.
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Tiesību doktore Jeļena Alfejeva skata jaunu tēmu – sporta jēdziena izpratni un tā attiecināšanu uz prāta spēlēm. Autore secina, ka sports ir visu veidu individuālas vai organizētas aktivitātes fiziskās un garīgās veselības saglabāšanai un uzlabošanai un saistīts ar panākumu gūšanu sporta sacensībās. J. Alfejeva uzsver, ka minētā jēdziena izpratne nav viennozīmīga. Doctor of law Jeļena Alfejeva addresses a new topic – understanding the definition of “sport” and its extension to mind games. The author concludes that sport can be understood as diverse individual and group activities with the aim to maintain and improve one’s physical and mental health, and it also aims to gain success in sport competitions. J. Alfejeva stresses that the term is rather ambiguous.
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Barbu, Mihai Constantin Răzvan, Ioan Turcu, Isabela Elena Sandu, Dragoș Laurențiu Diaconescu, Leonardo Daniel Păsărin, and Marius Cătălin Popescu. "The impact of technology on the definition of sport." GYMNASIUM XXI, no. 2 (Supplement) (December 31, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.2s.01.
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With the evolution of technology, its applicability in a large number of fields has always been a benefit. It is not surprising that the world of sports has gained a lot from technological discoveries. Applying certain improvements of this kind in sports has not only been a great advantage, but in some cases, it can be said that it has revolutionized this world of competition. In the paper "The impact of technology on the definition of sport" we try to present the development of technology in all fields, including sports, a number of advantages and disadvantages of this development and digitization, as well as a presentation of the most important technological discoveries in the world of sports.
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Claeys, Urbain. "Evolution of the Concept of Sport and the Participation/Nonparticipation Phenomenon." Sociology of Sport Journal 2, no. 3 (September 1985): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.3.233.
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This paper deals with the evolution of the concept of sport and the changing sport participation patterns in Europe. The concept of sport has evolved under the influence of the “Sports for All” philosophy. The entire Sports for All campaign has helped open up the definition of sport. Its borders have been shifted, both for participants and scientists. There are now more sports than ever, and more physical activities are considered sports. Sport participation is a result of a complex set of factors: facilities and organizations, patterns of sport socialization, personal motivations, and also the current changes taking place in society. In this discussion, special attention is paid to the relationship between sport socialization and sport participation patterns.
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Shimizu, Norihiro. "Towards a definition of "sport administration"." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 39, no. 3 (1994): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.kj00003392029.
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Năstase, Viorel Dan. "Theoretical Design Definition of Dance Sport." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51 (2012): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.258.
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Doege, Joshua, Jack M. Ayres, Matthew J. Mackay, Armin Tarakemeh, Symone M. Brown, Bryan G. Vopat, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Defining Return to Sport: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 232596712110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211009589.
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Background: Return to sport (RTS) commonly serves as a measure for assessment of clinical outcomes in orthopaedic sports medicine surgery. Unfortunately, while RTS is commonly utilized in research for this purpose, currently there is no widely accepted or standardized definition for when an athlete has officially returned to his or her sport. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review to evaluate and report the differences in specific definitions of RTS utilized in the orthopaedic surgery literature. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Trials databases per PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Search terms consisted of variations of “RTS” combined with variations of “orthopedic surgery” and “define” to capture as many relevant articles as possible. The definition of RTS was recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 718 articles were identified in the initial search, 29 of which met eligibility criteria, providing a clear definition of RTS. Of the 29 studies included, 20 (69.0%) defined RTS as an athlete competing in a game or other competitive play. Three (10.3%) defined this as the athlete competing in a game or other competitive play but with an explicitly stated competition-level modifier of the athlete returning to his or her preinjury level of competition. Two articles (6.9%) included returning to training or practice, and the remaining 4 articles (13.8%) used terminology other than the standard RTS. Conclusion: There is variability in the definition of RTS used in orthopaedic sports medicine literature. Most studies refer to the athlete competing in a game or other competitive play. Other variants include returning to practice/training and explicitly defined competition levels and objectives. Future studies should aim to standardize the definition of RTS to facilitate more precise assessment of outcome after sports medicine surgery. Using terminology that describes components of the recovery and rehabilitation process, such as “return to participation” and “return to performance,” in addition to RTS will allow us to more clearly understand the athlete’s recovery and associated level of competition or performance.
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Naraine, Michael L. "Actually, Esports Is Sport." Sports Innovation Journal 2 (June 22, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24812.
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In 2019, Jim Parry, a sport philosophy and Olympic scholar, wrote an article entitled “E-sports are not sports”. While their position is admirable, their commentary is rife with inaccuracies. In short, Parry panders two key myths that sour a balanced discussion of esports as a sport: (1) esports is seeking to become an Olympic sport, and (2) esports does not fit the definition, however arbitrary, of sport. In this response piece, both myths are dispelled and, ultimately, esports is positioned as a form of modern sport that should be accepted (but perhaps not actively supported) by traditionalists. The argument is made that sport can fall into either traditional or modern forms, and that given more technological innovations are on the way, it is critical that sport is not restrictive and remains inclusive to new forms.
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Zaksaitė, Salomėja. "Sukčiavimo sporto srityje samprata ir kriminalizavimo ypatybės." Teisė 79 (January 1, 2011): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2011.0.177.
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Straipsnyje analizuojama sukčiavimo sporto srityje samprata ir jo raiška baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose. Priimto konsensuso dėl sukčiavimo sporto srityje apibrėžimo nėra, tačiau įmanoma nustatyti pagrindines sukčiavimo sporto srityje savybes ir pateikti šio reiškinio apibrėžimą kelių teisinių paradigmų kontekste. Taip pat pristatoma sukčiavimo baudžiamojoje teisėje samprata ir tiriami vienos iš pavojingiausių sukčiavimo sporto srityje formų – manipuliacijų sporto rezultatais – kriminalizavimo aspektai. Nustatoma, kad baudžiamosios teisės kategorijos – apgaulė, žala, veikos baigtinumo momentas – turėtų būti interpretuojamos atsižvelgiant į sukčiavimo sporto srityje kontekstą ir modus operandi. Atitinkamo tyrimo rėmuose tampa aiškesnis sporto ir baudžiamosios teisės santykis. The article describes the concept of cheating in sports and its criminalization peculiarities. There is no a coherent single definition of said concept, therefore several legal paradigs are presented in order to indicate the basic features of cheating in sport and set the determination. Also, the concept of criminal fraud is covered and problematic aspects of criminalization of one of the most dangerous form of cheating in sport – match fixing – are explored. It is ascertained that criminal law categories – deception, damage and crime consumnation moment, shall be interpreted considering the context and modus operandi of cheating in sports. In the context of such analysis the relation between sports law and criminal law becomes clearer.
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Degtyarev, M. V. "Court Practice Analysis in Cases of Doping in Sport." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 10 (November 9, 2019): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.107.10.093-101.
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The paper is devoted to the study of the possibilities of developing conceptual approaches to create a legal definition of the concept of “sports-doping drug”. Foreign court practice is examined in order to identify legal positions that suggest ways to improve the definition of the concept of «sports doping». The author explains that in the field of preventing and eliminating the illegal use of doping in sport, the administrative potential of the current state regulation is exhaustive in the framework of the modern paradigm, it has limitations to improve the efficiency of administrative and restrictive measures. The paper describes a set of regulatory and empirical materials developed by the author to develop a theoretical framework for a homologated (for new challenges and requirements) legal definition of the term “sports doping agents”. The author gives a legal definition of this concept. The legislation of 33 foreign countries became the regulatory basis of the study. The court practice of 16 foreign countries became the empirical basis of the study. Based on the aforementioned regulatory and empirical foundations, using the methods indicated at the beginning of the paper, the author has developed an author’s conceptual and in-depth legal definition of the term “sports doping agents”, which can significantly improve state regulation in this field.
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Pigeassou, Charles. "Contribution to the definition of sport tourism." Journal of Sport & Tourism 9, no. 3 (August 2004): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1477508042000320205.
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Mukharji, Manjita. "Metaphors of Sport in Baul Songs: Towards an Alternate Definition of Sports." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 12 (September 2009): 1874–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360903172465.
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Unierzyski, Piotr, and Mieczysław Bogusławski. "Endurance development for 10-12 & under tennis players." ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 24, no. 69 (August 31, 2016): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v24i69.191.
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Within classical definition endurance is understood as the ability to perform hard or long-lasting physical activities involving large muscle groups, without the fast increase in fatigue and changes in inner environment of the organism. This definition also includes the strain tolerance and the ability of recovery (Astrand 1987, Kozłowski & Nazar 1999). This definition suits well into such sports like long-distance running, swimming, Nordic skiing, and so mostly “cyclic” sports. For these sports endurance is a factor limiting performance and there is almost a linear correlation between level of endurance and sport performance.
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Matras, Tomasz. "Polityka sportowa – interpretacja pojęcia i problemy definicyjne." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2017.55.03.
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Alypov, Alexander G. "DEFINITION OF READINESS OF TEENAGERS TO THE SPORT." Культура физическая и здоровье, no. 3 (2020): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47438/1999-3455_2020_3_80.
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White, N. A., and S. E. Palmer. "Therapeutics in sport horse competition: Searching for definition." Equine Veterinary Education 26, no. 7 (June 22, 2014): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eve.12199.
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Crow, R. Brian, and Eric W. Macintosh. "Conceptualizing a Meaningful Definition of Hazing in Sport." European Sport Management Quarterly 9, no. 4 (December 2009): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740903331937.
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Dobrescu, Tatiana. "The students’ perception of practicing bodybuilding considering the definition of fitness for the future sports trainers." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 8, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i1.3382.
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Starting from the importance of bodybuilding principles and means that aim at the somatic-functional and psychological development of practitioners, this sociological study was conducted on the first and second year students of the Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences of Bacau, from the Sport and Top Motor Performance programme. The research consisted in a sociological study, consisting in an inquiry, based on a questionnaire comprising 20 items using closed, precoded or open questions. The practice of fitness improving sports, and in this case of bodybuilding (even as a professional sport) have ample beneficial effects for their general physical and mental development such as: improvement of one’s health, beneficial influence of one’s conduct, improvement of one’s motor skills, it ensures a good level of fitness, mental- emotional balance, it develops one’s communication skills (especially nonverbal communication) and also, it develops the aesthetic sense.
Keywords: Bodybuilding, students, perception, fitness, sports trainers.
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Davis, Gavin A., Michael Makdissi, Paul Bloomfield, Patrick Clifton, Ruben J. Echemendia, Éanna Cian Falvey, Gordon Ward Fuller, et al. "International consensus definitions of video signs of concussion in professional sports." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 20 (April 6, 2019): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100628.
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BackgroundThe use of video to assist professional sporting bodies with the diagnosis of sport-related concussion (SRC) has been well established; however, there has been little consistency across sporting codes with regards to which video signs should be used, and the definitions of each of these signs.AimThe aims of this study were to develop a consensus for the video signs considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible SRC and to develop a consensus definition for each of these video signs across the sporting codes.MethodsA brief questionnaire was used to assess which video signs were considered to be most useful in the identification of a possible concussion. Consensus was defined as >90% agreement by respondents. Existing definitions of these video signs from individual sports were collated, and individual components of the definitions were assessed and ranked. A modified Delphi approach was then used to create a consensus definition for each of the video signs.ResultsRespondents representing seven sporting bodies (Australian Football League, Cricket Australia, Major League Baseball, NFL, NHL, National Rugby League, World Rugby) reached consensus on eight video signs of concussion. Thirteen representatives from the seven professional sports ranked the definition components. Consolidation and refinement of the video signs and their definitions resulted in consensus definitions for six video signs of possible concussion: lying motionless, motor incoordination, impact seizure, tonic posturing, no protective action—floppy and blank/vacant look.ConclusionsThese video signs and definitions have reached international consensus, are indicated for use by professional sporting bodies and will form the basis for further collaborative research.
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Michaluk, Tomasz. "Truth in Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0003-3.
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Truth in SportThe classical definition of truth, as the correspondence of something we can call facts and our image of them, applies to discussing those sports where a result is established by simple and unequivocal evaluation, based on sensory perceptions. In the most popular athletic contests, we do not perceive who wins, but we know the result of a measurement, which is later interpreted as the victory or taking a further place. The reading of a measuring device only represents the result, which does not mean that it really is the result. We do not know the real result; by reading the digits on the screen, we already read a sign. Subsequently, it can be interpreted as the sign of victory. We assume that by improving our measuring methods we approach the true representation of the results. It would be, however, naive, to claim that this process will lead to the measurement ceasing to represent and starting to be the represented object, unmediated through any signs. Therefore, apart from the classical conception of truth, we can define truth in sport semiotically as representation, and subsequently interpretation, of a sporting event, performed by the referees and spectators. In this definition truth is sanctioned by the referee's decision, not necessarily based on facts.Some professional sports can be compared to science. A scientific experiment must observe strictly defined conditions and take into account factors valid for its course and results. The conditions of a "sporting experiment" are strictly defined and their correctness is guarded by men and machines. In science, the discovery of a falsehood disqualifies a given "scientific event"; in sport a mistake or breaking the rules can become a controversial decision or a refereeing mistake, and usually are not changed or reviewed, turning into the "truth of sport".
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Ishøi, Lasse, Kristian Thorborg, Otto Kraemer, and Per Hölmich. "Return to Sport and Performance After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement in 18- to 30-Year-Old Athletes: A Cross-sectional Cohort Study of 189 Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 11 (August 1, 2018): 2578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518789070.
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Background: A recent systematic review found that 87% of athletes return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. However, the proportion of athletes returning to preinjury sport at their preinjury level of sport is less clear. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to determine the rate of athletes returning to preinjury sport at preinjury level including their associated sports performance after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Furthermore, self-reported hip and groin function was investigated. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Eligible subjects were identified in the Danish Hip Arthroscopy Registry. A self-reported return to sport questionnaire was used to collect data after hip arthroscopy. If athletes reported they were engaged in preinjury sport at their preinjury level, the associated sports performance and participation were assessed as either (1) optimal sports performance including full sports participation; (2) impaired sports performance, but full sports participation; or (3) impaired sports performance including restricted sports participation. Self-reported hip and groin function was assessed for all athletes by use of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score. Results: The study included 189 athletes (mean ± SD age at follow-up, 26.9 ± 3.4 years) at a mean ± SD follow-up of 33.1 ± 16.3 months after surgery. At follow-up, 108 athletes (57.1%) were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level, whereas the remaining 81 athletes (42.9%) failed to return to preinjury sport at preinjury level. Of the 108 athletes engaged in their preinjury sport at preinjury level at follow-up, 32 athletes (29.6%) reported optimal sports performance including full sports participation, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were engaged in preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not. Conclusion: Fifty-seven percent of athletes returned to preinjury sport at their preinjury level. This is considerably lower than a previously reported return to sport rate of 87% and may reflect that the present study used a clear and strict definition of return to sport. Of note, only one-third of athletes who returned to preinjury sport at preinjury level reported their sports performance to be optimal, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not.
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Kimiecik, Jay C., and Amy T. Harris. "What Is Enjoyment? A Conceptual/Definitional Analysis with Implications for Sport and Exercise Psychology." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.20.3.247.
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It has been suggested that enjoyment is a key construct for understanding and explaining the motivation and experiences of sport and exercise participants (Scanlan & Simons, 1992; Wankel, 1993). In this paper, definitions of enjoyment used by sport and exercise psychology researchers are reviewed, and the conceptual and measurement implications for the study of sport and exercise experiences are discussed. In many studies investigating enjoyment, researchers have not adequately defined the construct. Also, there are possible limitations with proposed definitions of enjoyment (e.g., Scanlan & Simons, 1992; Wankel, 1993). One possible way of addressing these limitations is to conceptualize and define enjoyment as flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993). To support this enjoyment-equals-flow contention, enjoyment/flow is compared with other related constructs: affect, attitude, pleasure, and intrinsic motivation. Implications of the suggested definition of enjoyment as flow for past and present enjoyment research in sport and exercise psychology are discussed.
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Kimiecik, Jay C., and Amy T. Harris. "What Is Enjoyment? A Conceptual/Definitional Analysis with Implications for Sport and Exercise Psychology." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 1996): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.3.247.
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It has been suggested that enjoyment is a key construct for understanding and explaining the motivation and experiences of sport and exercise participants (Scanlan & Simons, 1992; Wankel, 1993). In this paper, definitions of enjoyment used by sport and exercise psychology researchers are reviewed, and the conceptual and measurement implications for the study of sport and exercise experiences are discussed. In many studies investigating enjoyment, researchers have not adequately defined the construct. Also, there are possible limitations with proposed definitions of enjoyment (e.g., Scanlan & Simons, 1992; Wankel, 1993). One possible way of addressing these limitations is to conceptualize and define enjoyment as flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993). To support this enjoyment-equals-flow contention, enjoyment/flow is compared with other related constructs: affect, attitude, pleasure, and intrinsic motivation. Implications of the suggested definition of enjoyment as flow for past and present enjoyment research in sport and exercise psychology are discussed.
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Clément, Jean-Paul. "Contributions of the Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu to the Sociology of Sport." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1995): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.2.147.
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This article deals with works in sport sociology based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and field. The work of Defrance introduced this theory in social history. Subsequently, Pociello and his team demonstrated the relations existing between the space of sports and that of social positions as well as the role of symbolic struggles involving various groups of sports participants in the dynamics of the sports system. The power of symbolism associated with sporting practices is closely bound to the social relevance of the physical dimension in sports. Also discussed is the equivalency between struggles for the definition of the legitimate body and social political struggles. The theoretical and methodological coherence of the works discussed here is sufficient to label them a “school” within sociology of sport.
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Kuchumov, Arthur, Elena Pecheritsa, Irina Gladskaya, and Aleksandra Chaikovskaya. "Sports tourism in Russia: essential aspects and development problems." BIO Web of Conferences 29 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20212901003.
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The article examines the concept of such an activity as “sports tourism.” This category is considered both as a type of tourism and as a type of sport. The authors formulate their definition of the concept of “sports tourism” and consider the difference in approaches to the definition of sports tourism by Russian and foreign scientists, proposing to understand sports tourism as a temporary departure of a traveler from their home destination for the purpose of active or passive participation in activities, in one way or another related to sports. Problems in the development of sports tourism in the Russian Federation are formulated, to which the authors attribute its poor infrastructure, lack of state support, inaccessibility of some destinations and lack of dedicated specialists.
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Martínez-Sanz, José Miguel, Susana Menal-Puey, Isabel Sospedra, Giuseppe Russolillo, Aurora Norte, and Iva Marques-Lopes. "Development of a Sport Food Exchange List for Dietetic Practice in Sport Nutrition." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082403.
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Food exchange lists have been widely used in dietary practice in health and disease situations, but there are still no exchange lists for sports foods. The aim of this study was to apply a previous published methodology to design food exchange lists to the development of a sports food exchange list, with sport products available in Spain. A cross-sectional study of the nutritional composition of sports foods, regarding macronutrients and energy, was carried out. A total of 322 sports foods from 18 companies were selected, taking into account their interest in sports practice and with nutritional data provided by companies. Sports foods were divided into seven groups: sports drinks; sports gels; sports bars; sports confectionery; protein powders; protein bars; and liquid meals. A sports food composition database based on portion size usually consumed by athletes and/or recommended in commercial packaging was created. Within each sports foods group, different subgroups were defined due to differences in the main and/or secondary macronutrient. The definition of each exchange list with the amounts—in grams—of each sports food within each group and subgroup, was done using statistical criteria such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Z value. Final exchange values for energy and macronutrient have been established for each group and subgroup using a methodology to design food exchange lists previously published by the authors. In addition, those products with high Z values that can provide greater variability in dietary planning were included. The usefulness of sport foods lists as well as the use of an exchange system in the dietary practice of sports nutrition is discussed, and examples of how to use them with athletes are presented. This first sport foods exchange list showed in this study, with commercial sports products available in Spain, can be a novel tool for dietetic practice and also can allow sport nutrition professionals to develop another sport food list using the methodology described in this paper. Its management would allow dietitians to adapt dietary plans more precisely to the training and/or competition of the athlete.
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Rees, Tim, and Lew Hardy. "An Investigation of the Social Support Experiences of High-Level Sports Performers." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 4 (December 2000): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.4.327.
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Lack of consensus regarding the nature and conceptual definition of the social support construct has led to a plethora of different forms of measurement of this psychosocial variable, many with psychometric limitations. Beyond the psychometric limitations of some measures, in sport there is also a need for measures to be relevant to the specific experiences of sports performers. In order to gain a greater understanding of the social support experiences of sports people, 10 high-level sports performers were interviewed regarding their experiences of social support. Principles of the grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) approach were adopted for analysis of their responses and insights. Four dimensions of support were generated, within each of which were comments relating to sport-specific support and comments relating to support not directly concerning the sport itself. The dimensions were labeled emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible. Example quotes are given to highlight each dimension of support, and implications for intervention are derived.
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Harmon, Kimberly G., James R. Clugston, Katherine Dec, Brian Hainline, Stanley Herring, Shawn F. Kane, Anthony P. Kontos, et al. "American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100338.
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Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a common injury in recreational and organised sport. Over the past 30 years, there has been significant progress in our scientific understanding of SRC, which in turn has driven the development of clinical guidelines for diagnosis, assessment and management of SRC. In addition to a growing need for knowledgeable healthcare professionals to provide evidence-based care for athletes with SRC, media attention and legislation have created awareness and, in some cases, fear about many issues and unknowns surrounding SRC. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) formed a writing group to review the existing literature on SRC, update its previous position statement, and to address current evidence and knowledge gaps regarding SRC. The absence of definitive outcomes-based data is challenging and requires relying on the best available evidence integrated with clinical experience and patient values. This statement reviews the definition, pathophysiology and epidemiology of SRC, the diagnosis and management of both acute and persistent concussion symptoms, the short-term and long-term risks of SRC and repetitive head impact exposure, SRC prevention strategies, and potential future directions for SRC research. The AMSSM is committed to best clinical practices, evidence-based research and educational initiatives that positively impact the health and safety of athletes.
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McNamee, Michael J., Bradley Partridge, and Lynley Anderson. "Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues." Kinesiology Review 4, no. 2 (May 2015): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2015-0011.
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The issue of concussion in sport is a matter of global public interest that is currently under dispute by educational, legal, and medical professionals and scientists. In this article we discuss the problem from philosophical, bioethical, and sports ethical perspectives. We articulate conceptual differences in approaches to definition and therefore diagnosis of concussion. We critically review similarities and differences in the leading consensus statements that guide the treatment of concussion diagnosis and treatment in sports. We then present a series of ethical problems including issues that relate to paternalistic intervention in the lives of athletes in order to prevent harm to athletes, conflicting and competing interests, and confidentiality.
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Tweedy, Sean M. "Taxonomic Theory and the ICF: Foundations for a Unified Disability Athletics Classification." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 19, no. 2 (April 2002): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.19.2.220.
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Development of a unified classification system to replace four of the systems currently used in disability athletics (i.e., track and field) has been widely advocated. The definition and purpose of classification, underpinned by taxonomic principles and collectively endorsed by relevant disability sport organizations, have not been developed but are required for successful implementation of a unified system. It is posited that the International classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF), published by the World Health Organization (2001), and current disability athletics systems are, fundamentally, classifications of the functioning and disability associated with health conditions and are highly interrelated. A rationale for basing a unified disability athletics system on ICF is established. Following taxonomic analysis of the current systems, the definition and purpose of a unified disability athletics classification are proposed and discussed. The proposed taxonomic framework and definitions have implications for other disability sport classification systems.
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Vičar, Michal. "Sportovní talent versus nadání." Studia sportiva 11, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2017-1-39.
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Czech kinanthropology views sports talent and giftedness as static attributes. They are considered to be a sum of predispositions within a specific sport discipline. Talent, in contrast to giftedness, denotes predispositions of a higher quality, with physical abilities playing only a minor role in both of them. This paper compares this conventional interpretation with dynamic approaches utilised in psychology and sport psychology, primarily with Gagné’s Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent and Simonton’s Emergenetic and Epigenetic Model of Talent. A new definition of terms is proposed where talent and giftedness are regarded as synonyms with appropriate physical abilities as their significant constituents. A base for a multidisciplinary holistic approach to sports talent identification and its development is thus being formed.
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Крапива, Татьяна, Tatyana Krapiva, Анна Уржумова, Anna Urzhumova, Оксана Алисова, Oksana Alisova, Ирина Килина, and Irina Kilina. "Oat Protein Concentrate As Part of Curd Product for Sport Nutrition." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 49, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-3-406-412.
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In the modern society, terminology is considered as a significant factor that affects the communication process of scientists and specialists in the production and circulation of goods and services. The meanings of terms express scientific concepts that require an accurate definition in accordance with the level of development of a particular branch of knowledge. In the conditions of rapid industrial development, there is an interpenetration of terms and definitions. The development of catering industry resulted in its closer relationship with economy, market, and other food producing industries. The article provides definitions for the term ‘physical distribution of goods’ coined by various authors used to describe processes in the economy and trade. The existing terms mostly express the economic relations arising from the participants in the process when goods move from the producer to the consumer. These definitions consider only the economic component without taking into account the factors that affect the quality and safety of products and services, which is important for the food industry. The authors introduce a definition for the term ‘physical distribution of goods at a atering enterprise’. It takes into account the specifics and features of this process at catering establishments. The paper contains a simplified scheme of product distribution in the enterprise. The process includes five stages of the successive passage of raw materials and goods: delivery of raw materials and goods from the supplier to the enterprise – storage – relocation – production – sales. The authors identified and described features of physical distribution of goods in the conditions of food industry enterprises at all stages and recommended local regulatory documents that can help ensure the quality and safety of catering products.
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Hughes, Robert, and Jay Coakley. "Positive Deviance among Athletes: The Implications of Overconformity to the Sport Ethic." Sociology of Sport Journal 8, no. 4 (December 1991): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.8.4.307.
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The purpose of this paper is to develop a working definition of positive deviance and use the definition in an analysis of behavior among athletes. It is argued that much deviance among athletes involves excessive overconformity to the norms and values embodied in sport itself. When athletes use the “sport ethic”—which emphasizes sacrifice for The Game, seeking distinction, taking risks, and challenging limits—as an exclusive guide for their behavior, sport and sport participation become especially vulnerable to corruption. Although the sport ethic emphasizes positive norms, the ethic itself becomes the vehicle for transforming behaviors that conform to these positive norms into deviant behaviors that are prohibited and negatively sanctioned within society and within sport organizations themselves. Living in conformity to the sport ethic is likely to set one apart as a “real athlete,” but it creates a clear-cut vulnerability to several kinds of deviant behavior. This presents unique problems of social control within sport. The use of performance enhancing drugs in sport is identified as a case in point, and an approach to controlling this form of positive deviance is discussed.
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McCullough, Brian P., Madeleine Orr, and Timothy Kellison. "Sport Ecology: Conceptualizing an Emerging Subdiscipline Within Sport Management." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0294.
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The relationship between sport and the natural environment is bidirectional and critical to the production of sport products, events, and experiences. Researchers have studied sport and the natural environment within the various subdisciplines of sport management. However, given the changing climate and mounting public concern for the environment, there is pressure to reconsider the relevance and significance of the natural environment, which is taken for granted in managerial contexts. Reflecting the importance of the natural environment, the robustness of the current literature, and the potential for the future, we propose a new subdiscipline of sport management called sport ecology. Thus, we proposed, in this paper, a definition for sport ecology, (re)introduced key concepts related to this subdiscipline (e.g., sustainability, green), and highlighted the leading research that serves as the foundation for sport ecology. We concluded with a discussion on the ways sport ecology can inform—and be informed by—other subdisciplines of sport management.
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Davids, Keith. "Ecological Validity in Understanding Sport Performance: Some Problems of Definition." Quest 40, no. 2 (August 1988): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1988.10483894.
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McKay, Carly D., and Evert Verhagen. "‘Compliance’ versus ‘adherence’ in sport injury prevention: why definition matters." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 7 (December 18, 2015): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095192.
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Jayanthi, Neeru, Stephanie A. Kliethermes, and Jean Côté. "Youth sport specialisation: the need for an evidence-based definition." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101256.
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Biernat, Elżbieta, Małgorzata Tyburcy, and Antoni Gajewski. "Participation in Competitive Sport and Sport Leisure Among Working Inhabitants of Warsaw Based on Selected Groups." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-011-0002-x.
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Participation in Competitive Sport and Sport Leisure Among Working Inhabitants of Warsaw Based on Selected GroupsIntroduction. The aim of this work was to explore sports activities among various socio-professional groups based on the example of the inhabitants of Warsaw. Material and methods. The sample comprised of 6547 inhabitants of Warsaw - representatives of 16 professional groups. The study was conducted with the use of an especially designed questionnaire, featuring two sections - the first one devoted to organised sport, and the second and on the participation in sport leisure (regular, periodical, sporadic) within the previous year. In keeping with the European definition, sport is understood as both competitive sport, and regular sport leisure or recreation. The survey was carried out by trained interviewers exclusively in March and November 2006-2008. Results. Participation in sport activities among Poles increased not only compared to other European countries, but also to previous Polish studies, as it pertained to 43% of Warsaw inhabitants. The proportion of Warsaw residents involved in organised sport amounted to 6%, and those involved in regular recreation to 41%. Pupils and students are the most active both in sport and in leisure. Nearly 19% of pupils and nearly 8% of students are involved in organised sport activities, while for sport leisure this proportion amounts to 55% and 50% respectively. In the case of both competitive sport activities and leisure the number of men exceeds the number of women involved in them. Conclusions. Sport activities that Poles involve in are still not close to the recommended WHO and ATMS norms.
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Stiller, Jeannine, and Dorothee Alfermann. "Selbstkonzept im Sport." Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 12, no. 4 (October 2005): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010.12.4.119.
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Zusammenfassung. Selbstkonzept-Theorien sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten in verschiedenen psychologischen Disziplinen in den Mittelpunkt gerückt, so auch in der Sportpsychologie. Bedeutsame Fragestellungen beziehen sich auf die Struktur und Entwicklung des Selbstkonzepts über die Lebensspanne ( Bracken & Lamprecht, 2003 ; Harter, 1996 , 1999 ; Marsh & Hattie, 1996 ), auf seine Beeinflussbarkeit durch Sport und Bewegung ( Fox, 2001 ), oder auf seinen moderierenden Einfluss, z. B. auf die Athletenidentität ( Brewer, Van Raalte & Linder, 1993 ). Ziel dieses Beitrags soll sein, ausgehend von einer Begriffsklärung zum Selbstkonzept den aktuellen Stand der Forschung wiederzugeben sowie Stärken und Grenzen des Selbstkonzept-Modells von Shavelson, Hubner und Stanton (1976 ) für die Sportpsychologie aufzuzeigen. Zudem wird auf die Struktur- und Entwicklungsaspekte des physischen Selbstkonzepts eingegangen; es werden diagnostische Zugänge vorgestellt sowie der Einfluss von Sport und Bewegung auf das physische Selbstkonzept dargelegt. Für die weitere Forschung wird empfohlen, eine präzisere Definition von Selbstkonzept und theoretisch stringent hergeleitete Messinstrumente zu verwenden sowie vermehrt experimentelle Interventionsstudien durchzuführen. Auch sollte verstärkt das höhere Lebensalter als Untersuchungsgruppe einbezogen werden.
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Cropley, Brendan, Sheldon Hanton, Andy Miles, and Ailsa Niven. "Exploring the Relationship Between Effective and Reflective Practice in Applied Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.4.521.
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This study offers an investigation into the concept of effective practice in applied sport psychology (ASP) with emphasis being placed upon the role that reflective practice may have in helping practitioners to develop the effectiveness of their service delivery. Focus groups (n = 2), consisting of accredited and trainee sport psychologists, were conducted to generate a working definition of effective practice, and discuss the concept of effectiveness development through engagement in reflective practices. The resulting definition encapsulated a multidimensional process involving reflection-on-practice. Initial support for the definition was gained through consensus validation involving accredited sport psychologists (n = 34) who agreed with the notion that although effectiveness is context specific it is related to activities designed to meet client needs. Reflective practice emerged as a vital component in the development of effectiveness, with participants highlighting that reflection is intrinsically linked to service delivery, and a key tool for experiential learning.
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Feuchter, Micòl, and Alexandra Janetzko. "‚Refugees Welcome in Sports“– Bewegungsangebote für Geflüchtete im Spannungsfeld zwischen Integrationsforderung und Partizipationszwang." Sport und Gesellschaft 15, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sug-2018-0003.
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ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund einer angestiegenen Anzahl an Geflüchteten in Deutschland wurden durch den organisierten Sport Programme installiert, die explizit die ‚Zielgruppe’ Geflüchtete adressieren und deren Integration in und durch den Sport fördern sollen. Unter Zuhilfenahme von verschiedenen, dem Integrationsparadigma gegenüber kritisch positionierten Ansätzen, die aus einer machttheoretischen Perspektive Differenzkategorisierungen analysieren, beleuchten wir am Beispiel des Sports den dominierenden Integrationsdiskurs. Wir zeigen, dass Integration – abweichend von der wissenschaftlichen Definition, die diese als wechselseitigen Prozess bezeichnet – in (politischen) Programmen in erster Linie Menschen mit sogenanntem Migrationshintergrund als eine Art Bringschuld auferlegt wird. Sich davon abgrenzend stellen wir das Konzept der Teilhabe vor, welches eine gleichberechtigte und interessengeleitete Partizipation fordert. Mit dem Projekt Refugees Welcome in Sport (ReWIS) nehmen wir ein Projekt für Geflüchtete in den Blick, welches sich die Ermöglichung von Teilhabe zum Ziel setzt. In einer praxeologisch ausgerichteten Begleitforschung reflektieren wir, welche Herausforderungen sich bei der praktischen Umsetzung des konzeptionellen Anspruchs ergeben.
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Feuchter, Micòl, and Alexandra Janetzko. "„Refugees Welcome in Sports“– Bewegungsangebote für Geflüchtete im Spannungsfeld zwischen Integrationsforderung und Partizipationszwang." Sport und Gesellschaft 15, no. 2-3 (December 19, 2018): 125–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sug-2018-0008.
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ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund einer angestiegenen Anzahl an Geflüchteten in Deutschland wurden durch den organisierten Sport Programme installiert, die explizit die ‚Zielgruppe’ Geflüchtete adressieren und deren Integration in und durch den Sport fördern sollen. Unter Zuhilfenahme von verschiedenen dem Integrationsparadigma gegenüber kritisch positionierten Ansätzen, die aus einer machttheoretischen Perspektive Differenzkategorisierungen analysieren, beleuchten wir am Beispiel des Sports den dominierenden Integrationsdiskurs. Wir zeigen, dass Integration – abweichend von der wissenschaftlichen Definition, die diese als wechselseitigen Prozess bezeichnet – in (politischen) Programmen in erster Linie Menschen mit sogenanntem Migrationshintergrund als eine Art Bringschuld auferlegt wird. Wir stellen das sich davon abgrenzende Konzept der Teilhabe vor, welches eine gleichberechtigte und interessengeleitete Partizipation fordert. Mit dem Projekt Refugees Welcome in Sport (ReWIS) nehmen wir ein Projekt für Geflüchtete in den Blick, welches sich die Ermöglichung von Teilhabe zum Ziel setzt. In einer praxeologisch ausgerichteten Begleitforschung reflektieren wir, welche Herausforderungen sich bei der praktischen Umsetzung des konzeptionellen Anspruchs ergeben.
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Bartlett, Philip. "Is Mountaineering a Sport?" Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 73 (August 21, 2013): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246113000295.
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Amusement, diversion, fun. This was the definition of sport offered by the first dictionary I consulted in preparation for this lecture, and if we accept it then there is at least a sporting chance that we will all be able to agree: mountaineering is a sport. But it is not a definition that sits easily with much of what sport is currently thought to be. This talk is part of a series on Philosophy and Sport timed to mark the London Olympics, and amusement and fun are probably not the first words to spring to mind there, certainly not for the competitors. They may be a part of it, but I don't think it unreasonable to think more immediately of commerce, competition, achievement. So this evening I need to consider mountaineering within that context. I also want to make clear at the outset that I shall take mountaineering to mean not just the climbing of high snow-covered peaks, but mountain travel and exploration, and simply recreational mountain walking. There doesn't need to be anything technical involved. At the same time, I must include rock-climbing within my brief, and for at least two reasons. One is that rock-climbing and mountaineering are closely connected historically. In it's early years, alpine climbing often led to rock climbing, the latter being seen as geographically convenient training for ‘the real thing’ – namely, the annual alpine holiday. When I was a teenager in the 1970s the influence went the other way: I began with rock-climbing in the Lake District, and proceeded to alpine climbing. And secondly, rock-climbing and mountaineering are administratively and politically connected. I suspect that the former, which in Britain as often as not doesn't take place in mountains at all, now absorbs the major part of the public funds devoted to these matters. And it is predominantly on the British experience that I want to draw.
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Jagodic, Tone, and Zlatko Mateša. "Basic Elements of Sponsorship Contract in Sport." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 55, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2018.55.128.275.
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Sponsorship represents very important source of finances for many sports organizations. The aim of the article is to analyze structural elements of sponsorship contract and to propose a proper definition of a sponsorship contract, while leaning on the many sources of comparative law. The review of foreign legislation shows that not one country has yet legally enacted the sponsorship contract. Some legislation regulate sponsorship in an indirect way using common rules of contractual law or some elements of other contracts, which are already well known and regulated by legal systems. In determining the validity of the arguments cited by the individual authors in the literature our aim is to come to some conclusions which have been summarized in following parts of this article. It seems that the Code of sponsorship of the International Chambers of Commerce (ICC) gives the real foundation which can be useful for different sport organizations. Following the ICC International Code on Sponsorship, the definition of a sponsorship agreement “is any commercial agreement by which a sponsor, for the mutual benefit of the sponsor and a sponsored party, contractually provides financing or other support in order to establish an association between the sponsor’s image, brands or products and a sponsorship property in return for the rights to promote this association and/or for the granting of certain agreed direct or indirect benefits.” Brand of the sponsor, identification with the property of the sponsored subject, commercial agreement, right to promote and mutual benefit are the vital components of a sponsorship contract which are contained in the ICC definition. We also believe that in the future, this definition could lead to the right definition for a possible codification of a sponsorship contract on the national level. At the same time it is important to mention the special characteristic of the specific value of the sponsored subject contained in a sponsorship contract. From the angle of the sponsor this value can be compared with a special and characteristic element of the sponsored subject which brings to the sponsor a very precious value /”pretium affectionis”/ and is consequently extremely important in a rational economic decision of a sponsor to sign a sponsorship contract. Taking into account that all these elements represent the “causa” of a sponsorship contract the position of the sponsor could be defined as the tendency to identify with the value of the sponsored party, with the aim to further manifest itself by promoting these links, both of which lead to the goal of a sponsor to raise or improve its image in public or in a society. The essential challenge of the sponsor is to manage to change the opportunity into the advantage given in the contract relationship. Opportunities should be taken from the challenges which are given to the sponsor and this represents the original motive of the sponsor to sign a sponsorship contract.
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Silva Dias, Teresa, Katerina Novotná, Helder Zimmermann Oliveira, Carlos Azevedo, Nuno Corte-Real, Pavel Slepička, and António Manuel Fonseca. "Why talented athletes drop out from sport? The Portuguese and Czech case." Education + Training 60, no. 5 (June 11, 2018): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-12-2017-0207.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to perceive the perspective of Portuguese and Czech’ talented athletes regarding: the main reasons pointed to drop out of sport, putting into analysis motivational factors; the conciliation of School and Sport, and how the organization of schools and sports contexts are articulated in relation to the training and promotion of students, athletes and citizens; and the contributions (positive/negative) of sports to daily life and society. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to interview eight talented athletes from different sports that had to drop out the practice of sport and explores their narratives regarding experiences and the relational dynamics between sports contexts and schools. Findings Athletes identify factors that led to drop out: the coach profile or the methodology and dynamics of practicing/training; time consuming; and the impossibility of reconciling sports with school/job. Athletes can identify the sport’s culture, self-development and health being as positive contributions of sports, whereas injuries were referred as the main negative factor of sport. As proposal of changes, athletes referred to the need of a more professional organization of the sport contexts and to more proximity between school policies and sport policies allowing conciliating both. Research limitations/implications One limitation that could be pointed to this research is the difference between the Czech and Portuguese socio-cultural and political situation, not only in the concept and organization of sports activities (since scholar years) but also in the general society. This difference could have more visibility when interpreting the data that led to this fact referred above. Practical implications It is recommended a more proximity relationship between researchers and the contexts of practice (sport contexts) being that it is important that these contexts should have feedback from the investigations carried out. Only in this way coaches, federations and confederations can be aware of the motivational factors that lead to talented athletes drop out, and make a greater investment in initial formation of the coaches and propose policies that try to establish partnerships with schools or professional contexts which could help the management of athletes’ times outside of sport. Originality/value Departing from the athletes’ feelings, concerns and motivations related to sport and the reasons that led to their drop out, we argue for the definition of public policies, in both countries, that promote non-discrimination of young people who wish to maintain a path linked to sports in articulation with other areas of their lives.
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Mountjoy, Margo, Tine Vertommen, Kirsty Burrows, and Susan Greinig. "#SafeSport: safeguarding initiatives at the Youth Olympic Games 2018." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101461.
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BackgroundLittle is known about athletes’ understanding of safe sport and occurrence of harassment and abuse in elite youth sport.ObjectiveTo evaluate the IOC Safe Sport educational experience at the Youth Olympic Games 2018 in Buenos Aires and to ascertain the athletes’ (1) understanding of what constitutes harassment and abuse, (2) perception of the occurrence in their sport, and (3) knowledge of where to report.MethodsAthletes visiting the IOC Safe Sport Booth answered a survey related to athletes’ (1) understanding of harassment and abuse in sport, (2) perception of the occurrence of harassment and abuse in their sport, and (3) knowledge of where to report. Experts and volunteers answered an email survey on their experience.ResultsThe response rate was 71.8%. When asked to define ‘safe sport’, the athletes mainly relate the concept to general physical and environmental safety, fair play and clean sport, rather than sport free from harassment and abuse. Almost half (46%) of the athletes expressed surprise by the definition of behaviours of harassment and abuse within sport. When asked if harassment and/or abuse occur in their sport, 47.5% reported ‘no’ or ‘not likely’, while 34% stated ‘likely’ or ‘very likely’; 19% were ‘unsure’. The majority (63%) of athletes knew where to seek help. Three quarters (71%) of the athletes rated the educational materials as ‘good’ to ‘excellent’. The experts and volunteers believed the intervention would result in change in athletes’ awareness, knowledge and behaviour.ConclusionsThis multinational cohort of elite youth athletes is not knowledgeable of the concept of harassment and abuse in sport, despite there being a significant perception of occurrence of harassment and abuse in their sports.
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Abeza, Gashaw, Norm O’Reilly, and Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove. "Relationship Marketing: Revisiting the Scholarship in Sport Management and Sport Communication." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0052.
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Relational perspectives have influenced marketing theory and practice over the past 40 years, with a volume of relationship marketing (RM) research accumulating over this time. In sport management specifically, a number of RM research articles have been published since the late 1990s. Although an influx has been seen, a review of said literature informs us that RM is a diverse field with no single best explanation, no clear domain and scope, and no universally accepted definition and that, most particularly, the literature is a melting pot of various concepts. This circumstance creates frustration and confusion among new researchers. Additionally, as strategic communication strategies rely on clear and consistent messaging, it is pivotal to holistically address the issue. Therefore, adopting an integrative literature review approach, this commentary revisits the RM scholarship to present, brings attention to the complex nature of the RM literature, and identifies a point of departure for researchers attempting to find a fitting “home” for their research.
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Alter, Joseph S. "Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 3 (July 1994): 557–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011860.
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In the West it is commonplace to regard sport as either an extracurricular form of leisure, or else as a business enterprise. Games and contests of all kinds are a form of distraction; and for some a very lucrative form at that (Smith 1978). Almost by definition sports direct our attention away from ‘real life’ to some form of fantasy world where there is high drama but little by way of the material or ideological substance of productive, pragmatic and ‘rational’ labor (cf. Rojek 1985; Simon 1985). Hand in hand with such a notion of marginal utility goes a folk attitude that sport is meaningless by virtue of its being purely and simply fun, as though pleasure and purpose are somehow antithetical.