Books: 'Definition of terrorism'

1

Terrorismus: Definition, Struktur, Dynamik. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2010.

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2

Terrorismus, Versuch einer Definition und Analyse internationaler Übereinkommen zu seiner Bekämpfung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.

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3

Defining terrorism in international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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4

The definition of terrorism: A report by Lord Carlile of Berriew Q.C., independent reviewer of terrorism legislation. London: The Stationery Office, 2007.

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5

Code, Michael. The recent decision in R. v. Khawaja on the constitutionality of the definition of terrorism and a variety of terrorism offences. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2007.

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Mafhūm al-irhāb fī al-fiqh al-Islāmī wa-al-qānūn al-waḍʻī: Definition of the [sic] terrorism at [sic] Islamic jurisprudence and the law. al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Malik ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-ʻĀmmah, 2007.

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7

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. To clarify the definition of "vehicle" for purposes of criminal penalties relating to terrorist attacks and other acts of violence against mass transportation systems: Report (to accompany S. 2621). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. To clarify the definition of "vehicle" for purposes of criminal penalties relating to terrorist attacks and other acts of violence against mass transportation systems: Report (to accompany S. 2621). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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9

Terrorismus und Staat: Versuch einer Definition des Terrorismusphänomens und Analyse zur Existenz einer strategischen Konzeption staatlicher Gegenmassnahmen am Beispiel der Roten Armee Fraktion in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. München: M Press, 2007.

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10

Mariani, Cliff. Terrorism prevention and response: The definitive counter-terrorism guide for law enforcement to prepare for, prevent and combat terrorist activity in the U.S. homeland. 3rd ed. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law Publications, 2013.

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11

El estado terrorista argentino: Edición definitiva. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Colihue, 2013.

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12

David, Rees. Get your war on: The definitive account of the War on Terror, 2001-2008. Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press, 2008.

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13

García), Iglesias Antonio (Iglesias, ed. Titadyn: El informe científico del químico Iglesias : el estudio definitivo de los explosivos del 11-M. Madrid: Esfera de los Libros, 2009.

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14

To permanently authorize certain provisions of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT [ACT]) Act of 2001, to reauthorize a provision of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, to clarify certain definitions in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, to provide additional investigative tools necessary to protect the national security: Report together with additional and minority views (to accompany S. 1266). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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15

Enough of the Definition of Terrorism. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002.

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16

Coady, C. A. J. The Meaning of Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199603961.001.0001.

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This book aims to clarify competing and confusing definitions of terrorism, and of terrorist acts, that proliferate in specialist publications as well as in popular discourse, and then to construct a concept of a terrorist act that both reflects a central core of the usages examined and provides for a more coherent and fruitful discussion of terrorism and its moral and political significance. The book’s project thus treats the idea of meaning as involving a concern not only for semantic clarity, but also for probing various dimensions of what our understanding of terrorism can mean morally for complex social and political circumstances. The first two chapters sketch the types of definition abroad and propose what is called a tactical definition, with a focus on terrorist acts as violent attacks upon non-combatants or innocents (in a special sense). They discuss the benefits of such an approach and defend it against numerous objections that can be and have been made to it. Chapter 3 discusses critically theorists who argue that, independent of its definition, terrorist acts have a special, and profoundly disturbing, moral significance. Chapter 4 explores the scope and meaning of non-combatant status and its relation to recent controversies in the philosophy of war. Chapters 5 and 6 discuss important attempted philosophical defenses of terrorism for certain contexts. Chapter 7 discusses the moral challenges facing attempts at counter-terrorism, and Chapter 8 examines the commonly held view that religion is particularly prone to cause terrorism or some of its most extreme manifestations.

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17

Saul, Ben. Defining Terrorism in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2008.

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18

Saul, Ben. Defining Terrorism in International Law (Oxford Monographs in International Law). Oxford University Press, USA, 2006.

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19

Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 11 Terrorism and Diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses terrorism in the context of diplomacy. As far as diplomacy is concerned, attacks on diplomatic and consular missions and on diplomats are attacks on institutions which on the one hand enjoy inviolability under international law but on the other offer attractive targets simply because of their representative character. There can be no a priori definition of procedure to be applied if such attacks take place, although experience shows that capitulation leads only to an escalation in terrorist demands. The only way to work out any guidance on best practice is by taking examples and deducing from them such general advice as one can. Hence the chapter provides some case examples of destructive attacks on missions, the challenges on diplomacy with regards to terrorism, the suppression of terrorism, negotiations, and others.

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20

Romaniuk, Peter. International Organization and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.235.

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Before 9/11, the literature on terrorism and international organizations (IOs) was largely event driven. That is to say, the modest nature of the debate reflected a modest empirical record of IO engagement in responding to terrorism. Moreover, this period saw a correlation between the way states acted against terrorism through IOs and the nature of subsequent debates. Famously, states were (and remain) unable to agree on a definition of “terrorism,” precluding broad-based action through IOs. The findings presented in this literature were furthermore often quite bleak. The immediate post-9/11 period, however, was much more optimistic. This period saw an unprecedented increase in action against terrorism in IOs, primarily through the Security Council resolution 1373. Resolution 1373 elaborates a broad—and mandatory—agenda for counterterrorism cooperation. This resolution has had significant and ongoing consequences for the ways IOs are utilized in the effort to suppress terrorism. Furthermore, this and other IO engagements with terrorism brought about an increase in scholarly interest in the area, even giving rise to a sense of optimism in the literature. Thus, from the pre- to the post-9/11 period, there are elements of both continuity and change in the way scholars have discussed terrorism in the context of IOs.

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21

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. To clarify the definition of "vehicle" for purposes of criminal penalties relating to terrorist attacks and other acts of violence against mass transportation systems: Report (to accompany S. 2621). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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22

Gentry, Caron. Disordered Violence. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424806.001.0001.

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Disordered Violence argues that neither mainstream nor critical Terrorism Studies scholarship goes far enough in interrogating the structures that determine how terrorism is understood and therefore countered. As an alternative, this book demonstrates that gender, racial, and heteronormative structures that determine hierarchies between states and non-states, forms of violence, and different people are behind how the West approaches terrorism. Drawing upon an intersectional and post-structural feminist critique, Disordered Violence interrogates the persistence of the ‘definition debate’ within Terrorism Studies, arguing that it will never be resolved until a better grasp of gender, race, and heteronormativity are achieved. The empirical chapters look at how these structures work in the profiles of different known ‘terrorists;’ makes a clear connection between the discourse of radicalisation and the racialisation of violence and rationality; and introduces the concept of misogynistic terrorism.

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23

Moskalenko, Sophia, and Clark McCauley. Radicalization to Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190862596.001.0001.

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Terrorism and radicalization came to the forefront of news and politics in the US after the unforgettable attacks of September 11th, 2001. When George W. Bush famously asked "Why do they hate us?," the President echoed the confusion, anger and fear felt by millions of Americans, while also creating a politicized discourse that has come to characterize and obscure discussions of both phenomenon in the media. Since then the American public has lived through a number of domestic attacks and threats, and watched international terrorist attacks from afar on television sets and computer screens. The anxiety and misinformation surrounding terrorism and radicalization are perhaps best detected in questions that have continued to recur in the last decade: "Are terrorists crazy?"; "Is there a profile of individuals likely to become terrorists?"; "Is it possible to prevent radicalization to terrorism?" Fortunately, in the two decades since 9/11, a significant body of research has emerged that can help provide definitive answers. As experts in the psychology of radicalization, Sophia Moskalenko and Clark McCauley propose twelve mechanisms that can move individuals, groups, and mass publics from political indifference to sympathy and support for terrorist violence. Radicalization to Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to Know synthesizes original and existing research to answer the questions raised after each new attack, including those committed by radicalized Americans. It offers a rigorously informed overview of the insight that will enable readers to see beyond the relentless new cycle to understand where terrorism comes from and how best to respond to it.

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24

Bettina, Weißer. Part I General Questions, 5 Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0005.

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Traditionally, organised crime and terrorism were understood as offences that exclude one another mutually. While a core element of terrorist crimes is the use of violence, organised crime does not necessarily involve violence. The characteristic element of transnational organised crime (TOC) on the other hand is the perpetrator’s aim to generate (illicit) profits. This chapter argues that nowadays this formerly clear distinction becomes more and more outdated: the line between terrorism and TOC becomes blurred since terrorist organisations seek to finance their activities by an engagement on the field of organised crime. Starting with a brief sketch of the historical evolution of terrorism, the chapter outlines the defining elements of terrorist crimes under international law and also describes remaining definitional problems. Links between TOC and terrorism are highlighted—they generate a growing nexus between the two phenomena.

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25

Stern, Jessica. El Terrorismo Definitivo. Ediciones Granica, S.A., 2001.

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26

Hassan, Bashir, ed. Terrorism: Definitions, roots and solutions. London: BookExtra, 2003.

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27

Wildfang, Anne. Terrorismus : Definition Struktur Dynamik. Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.30709/978-3-86113-101-4.

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28

Terrorism Prevention and Response: The Definitive Law Enforcement Guide to Prepare for Terrorist Activity. 2nd ed. Looseleaf Law Publications, 2003.

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29

Cadwalader, George. Homeland Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.21.

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The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 caused a seismic shift in how the United States organizes and executes the mission of securing the homeland. The creation and growth of the Department of Homeland Security is the most visible manifestation of this change. However, the homeland security discipline contemplates shared responsibilities and a unity of effort among all levels of government, the private sector, and the general public. The wide array of stakeholders, alongside an expanding definition of what constitutes homeland security, presents complex challenges for policymakers. With the perspective of the more than fifteen years that have elapsed since 9/11, this chapter examines the evolution of homeland security from a near-exclusive focus on terrorism to a broader “all hazards” approach, the relationship between homeland security and national security, the roles of leading actors, and contemporary issues.

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30

Terrorism Prevention and Response With Pocket Reference: The Definitive Law Enforcement Guide to Prepare for Terrorist Activity. Looseleaf Law Publications, 2003.

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31

The Terrorist Hunters: The Definitive Inside Story of Britain's Fight Against Terror. Corgi, 2010.

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32

Glenn J. M. D. Kashurba. Quiet Courage: The definitive account of Flight 93 and its aftermath. SAJ Publishing, 2006.

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33

Costigan, Ruth, and Richard Stone. Civil Liberties & Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198744276.001.0001.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. Textbook on Civil Liberties and Human Rights provides an account of this area of law. This work covers all the main topics in the field of civil liberties and human rights. It provides coverage of crucial areas such as police powers, freedom of expression, terrorism, and public order. A thematic approach helps readers to appreciate the overlap and interconnected nature of the subject, and the close association between the different articles of the European Convention. Topics new to this edition include: Austin v UK on kettling and the deprivation of liberty; von Hannover v Germany (No 2) and Springer v Germany on privacy; Othman (Abu Qatada) v UK on asylum and fair trial rights; O’Donoghue and Others v UK on the right to marry; the Supreme Court’s views in R v Gul on the definition of terrorism; the Court of Appeal’s rulings in Hall v Bull and Black v Wilkinson on discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation where this conflicts with religious beliefs; Att Gen v Davey on contempt and the internet; and the Anti-Social Behaviour and Policing Act, which will replace ASBOs with Injunctions to Prevent Nuisance and Disorder.

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34

Ginbar, Yuval. Making Human Rights Sense of The Torture Definition. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0010.

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In this chapter, the author first argues that the definition of torture in the Convention Against Torture “makes human rights sense”—that it is sound morally, legally, and practically, strict enough to define a serious violation and crime but flexible enough to accommodate new interpretations. Second, the author advocates a “torture minus” approach to distinguishing, where necessary, between torture and the wider violation of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDT/P), holding that CIDT/P is ill-treatment that lacks any one (or more) of the torture definition’s key requirements. Finally, without underestimating past and possibly future US interrogational torture, the author calls for a focus on the lived realities of torture—its victims are mostly individuals from poor, marginalized communities being “beaten up,” rather than suspected terrorists subjected to sophisticated “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Approaches to “pain or suffering” discussed elsewhere in this volume are threaded into the analysis.

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35

Freedman, Eric M. Making Habeas Work. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479870974.001.0001.

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Habeas corpus, known as the Great Writ of Liberty, is a judicial order that requires government officials to produce a prisoner in court, persuade an independent judge of the correctness of their claimed factual and legal justifications for the individual’s imprisonment, or else release the captive. Frequently the officials resist being called to account. Much of the history of the rule of law, including the history being made today, has emerged from the resulting clashes. This book, heavily based on primary sources from the colonial period and the early national period and significant research in the New Hampshire State Archives, seeks to illuminate the past and draw lessons for the present. It expands the definition of habeas corpus from a formal one to a functional one; traces the role of the writ as one element in an overall system for restraining government power; and explains how understanding the writ as an instrument for the enforcement of checks and balances illuminates a range of current issues including the struggle against terrorism and detentions at Guantanamo Bay, curbing domestic violence, the requirements for Brexit, and many others.

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36

Turner, Bryan S., ed. The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology. Cambridge University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316135334.

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Providing an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the classical and the contemporary, this volume is an indispensable guide to the vibrant and expanding field of sociology. Featuring over 600 entries, from concise definitions to discursive essays, written by leading international academics, the Dictionary offers a truly global perspective, examining both American and European traditions and approaches. Entries cover schools, theories, theorists and debates, with substantial articles on all key topics in the field. While recognising the richness of historical sociological traditions, the Dictionary also looks forward to new and evolving influences such as cultural change, genetics, globalization, information technologies, new wars and terrorism. Most entries incorporate references for further reading and a cross-referencing system enables easy access to related areas. This Dictionary is an invaluable reference work for students and academics alike and will help to define the field of sociology in years to come.

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37

DiCicco, Jonathan M., and Brandon Valeriano. International Rivalry and National Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.29.

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International rivalries are discussed with an emphasis on their relevance to U.S. national security. Social-scientific research on these protracted, antagonistic, and often violent relationships serves as a wellspring of insight into national security challenges. A primary focus on rivalries between sovereign states is supplemented with discussion of rivalries involving nonstate actors, including armed groups associated with insurgency and terrorism. To anchor these discussions, the chapter briefly denotes definitional, conceptual, and operational aspects of rivalry research. Rivalries are linked to U.S. national security concerns through first-, second-, and third-order effects. The challenge of overcoming histories of hostility to achieve peaceful resolution of rivalries is examined. Future directions in rivalry research, including the imperative to incorporate contemporary policy concerns (such as cybersecurity and emerging technologies and techniques associated with international conflict), are discussed in a forward-looking manner that emphasizes the complementarity of scholarship and policy arenas.

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38

Ron, James, Shannon Golden, David Crow, and Archana Pandya. Reputation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199975044.003.0003.

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This chapter surveys global South publics’ definitions of “human rights” and perceptions of local human rights organizations. Many human rights practitioners fear negative public opinions about human rights ideas and organizations, such as seeing them as protecting criminals or terrorists, imposing foreign ideas, or offering a rhetorical “cover” for offenses of governments. Data show, however, that people generally regard “human rights” very positively and have high levels of trust in local human rights organizations. Another key finding is that pro-human rights constituents generally have anti-power worldviews, including mistrust in their national governments, the US government, and multinational corporations. Findings do not show evidence of a strong middle class human rights constituency, as some have argued, but instead suggest a constituency based more in worldview or ideology than materialist explanations.

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39

Ford, Sarah Gilbreath. Haunted Property. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496829696.001.0001.

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At the heart of America’s slave system was the legal definition of people as property. While property ownership is a cornerstone of the American dream, the status of enslaved people supplies a contrasting American nightmare. This book considers how writers in works from 19th slave narratives to 21st century poetry employ gothic tools, such as ghosts and haunted houses, to portray the horrors of this nightmare. Out of all of slavery’s perils, the definition of people as property is the central impetus for haunting because it allows the perpetration of all of the other terrors. Property becomes the engine for the white accumulation of wealth and power fueled by the destruction of black personhood. Specters often linger, however, to claim title, and haunting can be a bid for property ownership. Through examining works by Harriet Jacobs, Hannah Crafts, Mark Twain, Herman Melville, Sherley Anne Williams, William Faulkner, Eudora Welty, Toni Morrison, Octavia Butler, and Natasha Trethewey, this study reveals how writers can use the gothic to combat legal possession with spectral possession. The book thus reimagines the southern gothic, which has too often been simply equated with the macabre or grotesque and then dismissed as regional. Instead, gothic tales of slavery are the very distillation of the anxieties about race and property located in the larger American literary tradition.

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40

Daher, Aurélie. Hezbollah. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495893.001.0001.

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Almost thirty years after its foundation, Lebanese Hezbollah is an organization that remains difficult to understand. What exactly is Hezbollah? An Islamist terrorist group dedicated to destroying Israel? The first Arab national resistance to have ever defeated Tel Aviv's troops? A patriotic and respectable party or a fascist network having managed to control all levels of Lebanese political life? How did this organization acquire such an important role in the Middle-Eastern game and in Lebanese politics? This book has three purposes. Firstly, to clearly articulate a definition of Hezbollah, presenting a thorough history of the party, describing its internal structure and the large scope of its social and political action. Secondly, to explain the evolution of the party's mobilization. And finally, to illustrate another path, political but mainly identity-related: that of the Shiite community, the main constituent of Lebanese society today. Through a rigorous and richly documented study, based on primary sources including hundreds of interviews with rank and file members, executives and officials of the party, and research material never examined before, the author unveils brand new aspects of this organization, thus completing our understanding of both the "Hezbollah phenomenon" and Lebanese politics of the last two decades.

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41

d'Ambruoso, William L. American Torture from the Philippines to Iraq. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197570326.001.0001.

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What accounts for the United States’ recurring turn to torture in wars against insurgents and terrorists over the past hundred-plus years? After all, torture is an abhorrent and risky interrogation method. Drawing on archival and bibliographic research, the book argues that the antitorture norm has two features that can lead to torture. First, the antitorture norm can, paradoxically, encourage torture by attracting those who believe unscrupulous methods confer advantages on those who use them. Second, because it is difficult to separate torture from milder acts, the norm lacks specificity. This gray area allows practitioners to portray their behavior as something short of torture and redefine torture to exclude their behavior. The two explanations interact as well: torture occurs because actors believe that it is harsh enough to work, and the definition of torture is blurry enough that actors believe they can sell their methods as legitimate. The book confirms these patterns in three comparable but disparate settings from the history of U.S. foreign policy: the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), the early Cold War up to the Vietnam War, and the post-2001 war on terror. In one extension of the argument, the book shows how the pervasive belief that autocrats have an edge over rule-bound democracies has tempted certain elected officials to chip away at their own liberal-democratic institutions.

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42

Rafter, Nicole, and Michelle Brown, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190494674.001.0001.

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Over 120 scholarly articlesCrime and punishment fascinate. Overwhelming in their media dominance, they present us with our most popular television programs, films, novels, art works, video games, podcasts, social media streams and hashtags. This encyclopedia, a massive and unprecedented undertaking, offers a foundational space for understanding the cultural life and imaginative force and power of crime and punishment. Across five areas foundational to the study of crime and media, leading scholars from five continents engage cutting edge scholarship in order to provide definitive overviews of over 120 topics. In the context of an unprecedented global proliferation in the production of images, they take up the perennial and emergent problems of crime's celebrity and fascination; stereotypes and innovations in portrayals of crime and criminals; and the logics of representation that follow police, courts, capital punishment, prisons, and legal systems across the world. They also engage new, timely, and historically overlooked categories of offense and their representations, including child sexual abuse, violence against women, and human trafficking. A series of entries on mediums and methods provide a much needed set of critical approaches at a historical moment when doing media and visual research is a daunting, formidable undertaking. This is also a project that stretches our understanding of conventional categories of crime representation. One example of this is homicide, where entries include work on the ever-popular serial killer but also extend to filicide, infanticide, school shootings, aboriginal deaths in custody, lynchings, terrorism and genocide. Readers will be will be hard-pressed to find a convention, trope, or genre of crime representation that is not, in some way, both present and enlarged. From film noir to police procedurals, courtroom dramas and comedies to comic books, crime news to true crime and reality tv, gaming to sexting, it is covered in this encyclopedia.

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43

Serhan, Randa B. Muslim Immigration to America. Edited by Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.021.

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Muslim immigration to America has a protracted history dating back to the first coerced West and North Africans brought on ships as part of the slave trade. Yet, the notion of Muslims as a distinguishable or coherent group arose only in the aftermath of 9/11. The Muslims of the post-9/11 era are defined as fairly recent immigrants from Southeast Asia and the Arab world. Scholarship since 9/11 has implicitly accepted this categorization, whether to make the case that Muslims have been racialized or, conversely, to assess the level of terror threat they may pose. The present chapter views this issue through a longer-range lens and a looser definition of Muslim to allow for the inclusion of the earliest migration flows (coerced and voluntary) and those who are often viewed as contested Muslims, such as the Nation of Islam. In total, six migration flows are analyzed according to Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut’s conceptualization of immigrant modes of incorporation: namely governmental reception, public reaction toward newcomers, and the preexisting community. By casting this wider net and moving away from the confines of the post-9/11 backlash, this chapter evaluates the place of Islam in the lives of those who identify or are identified as Muslims. Analyzing six major migration flows that include Muslims, it finds that Islam has been secondary to the politics of populations identified as such, whether international or domestic. The Nation of Islam was treated as suspect more because of its black nationalist undertones than its claims to Islam.Palestinians, regardless of religion, were treated as terrorists because of the Arab-Israeli war, and Southeast Asian were viewed as model minorities until 9/11 despite their strong identification with Islam. In other words, the contextual elements, especially governmental reception, have a greater influence on minorities and immigrants than religion. Currently, this has meant that American Muslims have been asked to prove their allegiance to the United States. On a positive note, there are enough educated and civically engaged American Muslims that they are able to contest the imposition of a coherent Muslim identity as alien and dangerous.

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44

Prados, John. The US Special Forces. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199354283.001.0001.

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The assassination of Osama bin Laden by SEAL Team 6 in May 2011 will certainly figure among the greatest achievements of US Special Forces. After nearly ten years of searching, they descended into his Pakistan compound in the middle of the night, killed him, and secreted the body back into Afghanistan. Interest in these forces had always been high, but it spiked to new levels following this success. There was a larger lesson here too. For serious jobs, the president invariably turns to the US Special Forces: the SEALs, Delta Force, the Green Berets, and the USAF’s Special Tactics squad. Given that secretive grab-and-snatch operations in remote locales characterize contemporary warfare as much as traditional firefights, the Special Forces now fill a central role in American military strategy and tactics. Not surprisingly, the daring and secretive nature of these commando operations has generated a great deal of interest. The American public has an overwhelmingly favorable view of the forces, and nations around the world recognize them as the most capable fighting units: the tip of the American spear, so to speak. But how much do we know about them? What are their origins? What function do they fill in the larger military structure? Who can become a member? What do trainees have to go through? What sort of missions do Special Forces perform, and what are they expected to accomplish? Despite their importance, much of what they do remains a mystery because their operations are clandestine and the sources elusive. In The US Special Forces: What Everyone Needs to Know, eminent scholar John Prados brings his deep expertise to the subject and provides a pithy primer on the various components of America’s special forces. The US military has long employed Special Forces in some form or another, but it was in the Cold War when they assumed their present form, and in Vietnam where they achieved critical mass. Interestingly, the Special Forces suffered a rapid decline in numbers after that conflict despite the fact that the United States had already identified terrorism as a growing security threat. The revival of Special Forces began under the Reagan administration. After 9/11 they experienced explosive growth, and are now integral to all US military missions. Prados traces how this happened and examines the various roles the Special Forces now play. They have taken over many functions of the regular military, a trend that Prados does not expect will end any time soon. This will be a definitive primer on the elite units in the most powerful military the world has ever known.

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Books on the topic 'Definition of terrorism'

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