To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Definition of terrorism.
Journal articles on the topic 'Definition of terrorism'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Definition of terrorism.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Coteño Muñoz, Alejandro. "Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4356.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.
2
Danilović, Neđo S., and Samra Dečković. "EPISTEMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC TERMINOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TERM TERRORISM." MB University International Review 2, no. 1 (2024): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.61837/mbuir020124068d.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this paper is an epistemological analysis of the basic terminological definitions of the term terrorism. The paper, from a theoretical and methodological point of view, confirms earlier knowledge that there is no uniformity in the definition of terrorism in world literature and international legal legislation. Descriptions and scientific explanations of the meaning of the term terrorism by numerous authors are very diverse, starting with the fact that organized crime is a part of terrorism, and ending with the fact that piracy is a terrorist act. From an epistemological point of view, the paper confirms that, ranging from the phenomenology of the terrorist act to what leaves consequences for the victim, there are great differences in the understanding of the phenomenon of terrorism. The results of the comparative analysis of the available theoretical and legal definitions of terrorism confirmed that there is no necessary level of agreement regarding the definition of terrorism in domestic, European and world literature. The collision between the theoretical definitions of this term and the definitions of terrorism in legal acts on the prevention of terrorist financing is particularly noticeable. Precisely because of the lack of a generally acceptable definition of the term terrorism in legislative legal acts at the international level, it often happened that one person or socio-political group was treated as terrorists in some cases, while another person or socio-political group in the same or similar situations, freedom fighters. Starting from such a point of view, in the conclusion of the work, a synthetic, working and characteristic definition of terrorism is offered, which can represent a modest contribution to the construction of an internationally acceptable scientific definition of terrorism as a complex and complex socio-political phenomenon. The proposed definition has an epistemological cognitive value, because it contains the basic meaning of the term terrorism. In addition, the proposed definition fulfils all eight methodological criteria for defining theoretical terms, first of all, the criteria of objectivity and content, diversity and inclusiveness, complexity and development, equivalence and proportionality, as well as the criterion of dialectics.
3
Tofangsaz, Hamed. "Terrorism or not terrorism? Whose money are we looking for?" Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 3 (2015): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2014-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the counter-terrorism financing regime provides a solid platform for a better understanding of who should be considered terrorists or what forms terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which is the subject matter. In the absence of an internationally agreed definition of terrorism, the question which needs to be posed is whether there is a clear and common understanding of what constitutes terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which needs to be stopped. That is, from a criminal law perspective, whether the Terrorist Financing Convention, as the backbone of the counter-terrorist financing regime, clarifies what types of conduct, by who, in what circumstances and when, against whom (targets or victims) and with what intention or motivation should be considered terrorism? Design/methodology/approach – It will be explained how and why it has been difficult to reach an agreement on the definition of terrorism. The endeavour of the drafters of the Terrorist Financing Convention and others involved in countering terrorist financing to establish a general definition of terrorism will be examined. Findings – The record of attempts to define the elements of terrorism proves that it is hardly possible to reach an agreement on a generic definition of terrorism because the concept of terrorism is elusive and subject to various understandings. Even the definition provided by the Terrorist Financing Convention, is not convincing. Originality/value – With regard to the findings, this paper calls for further research on the legal consequences of the implementation of the terrorist financing-counter measures, while the scope of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations have been left vague.
4
Möttö, Jessica. "International Terrorism: What are the Current Legal Challenges in Bringing Terrorists to Justice?" Groningen Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/59db68e6ad2da.
Full textAbstract:
International terrorism has faced a definitional deadlock. While various international conventions have emerged condemning acts of terrorism and states have enacted counterterrorism legislation, a single universal definition on the crime of terrorism has yet to be agreed upon. The cause of a definitional deadlock can be boiled down to the famous idea that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter thus; acts seen as justified by some are viewed as crimes by others. Few individuals labelled as terrorists would call themselves as such. However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as domestic courts are affected by the definitional deadlock. Despite extensive discussions on the inclusion of terrorism within the Rome Statute, the lack of a commonly agreeable definition on terrorism eventually made the inclusion impossible. Therefore, the ICC can only bring terrorists to justice when acts of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes have occurred. On the other hand, states rely on co-operation, mutual trust and the exchange of information when prosecuting international terrorists. Due to the lack of a common definition on terrorism, states have taken fragmented approaches and counterterrorism strategies vary considerably between states. While in some states no counterterrorism measures exist at all, other states have taken on considerably broad laws. This makes effective cross-border co-operation challenging or even impossible. Conclusively, reaching a common definition on a crime of international terrorism cannot be stressed enough. It will allow for a new discussion to take place with regards to the creation of a crime of terrorism in the Rome Statute. Furthermore, state authorities would be restricted in the use of overly broad legislation as national laws can be harmonised to a greater extend.
5
Hodgson, Jacqueline S., and Victor Tadros. "The Impossibility of Defining Terrorism." New Criminal Law Review 16, no. 3 (2013): 494–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2013.16.3.494.
Full textAbstract:
The legal definition of terrorism has very high importance. This is so both because it determines which actions count as acts of terrorism, and hence who is regarded as a terrorist, but also because the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the central dilemmas that must be confronted to develop an adequate definition of terrorism. These include the questions of whether acts count as acts of terrorism only if they have a particular political purpose, what acts are sufficiently harmful to count as acts of terrorism, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the identity of those targeted, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the methods that terrorists use, and the importance of the identity of the terrorists themselves. It examines a range of legal definitions across jurisdictions in the light of the framework developed. It is argued that there is no prospect for a fully adequate definition of terrorism: the definition will inevitably be over-inclusive. A number of reasons explain this, but the central one is that courts lack the expertise to distinguish adequately legitimate political resistance from terrorism. Tensions that this problem has created in the case law are explored, not only in the criminal law, but also in the civil law. We then briefly examine the extent to which the discretion of officials can ameliorate this problem, highlighting the weakness of this solution. Overall, we conclude, disappointingly, that the standards that we ought to find in other areas of criminal justice cannot be met in the area of terrorism.
6
Starodubtseva, Mariya. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "TERRORISM"." Legal Linguistics, no. 16 (27) (July 1, 2020): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2020)1603.
Full textAbstract:
The article reveals the lack of accuracy in the definition of the legal term "terrorism" and highlights a number of problems related to this definition. In particular, the author substantiates the need for a clear legal definition of groups of persons targeted by an act of terrorism; it is proved that none of the existing definitions – "civilians", "persons considered innocent" and "non – combatants" - allows us to give an exhaustive definition of the phenomenon. It is noted that the existing definitions of terrorism are incomplete due to insufficient coverage of violent acts of crime. An important unrecorded parameter of the definition of "terrorism" is the factor of publicity of a violent action. In addition, there is need to distinguish between terrorists who are essentially combatants engaged in war and terrorists who are not combatants.
7
Sürücü, Hüseyin. "Terörizm Olgusuna Schrödinger’in Kedisi Olarak Bakmak." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 13 (2021): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.13.94.
Full textAbstract:
A partial agreement has been reached on the definitions of terror and terrorism in the literature. Despite this, incompatibilities on the concepts of terrorist and terrorist organization continue. The points of disagreement in the definition of these concepts will continue. This article aims to reveal that the definitions of terrorism cannot be the same even if they converge, through general relativity theory from the perspective of reality of critical realism. The study argues that the phenomenon of terrorism can be defined with an ontological approach. In this direction, the study aims to contribute to the unity of science and literature in order to establish a partnership in the definition of terrorism.
8
Barczak, Tristan. "Terrorisierte Legislative und das Lemma des Terrorismus oder: Der Wandel einer politischen Vokabel zum Rechtsbegriff." Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft 102, no. 4 (2019): 362–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-7869-2019-4-362.
Full textAbstract:
Up until very recently, the term »terrorism« was unknown in German law. Although »terrorism« has been an integral part of the political vocabulary in the field of internal and judicial policy for decades, it was unheard-of in the German legal system. As a legal concept, criterion or normative approach it did not exist, neither in constitutional law nor in ordinary statutory law (Criminal law/Police law). Meanwhile, however, terrorist threats and terrorist offenses are leaving a mark on German legislature. If a »terrorised legislator« embeds the term into the law for the first time, a precise legal definition of terrorism is indispensable. This is because it determines which actions count as »acts of terrorism« as well as who is regarded as a »terrorist«. Moreover the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers.
9
Cutrale, Elisabetta. "El terrorismo yihadista = The jihadist terrorism." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 30 (June 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2019.4837.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMEN: En el escrito, después de una introducción general para comprender la problemática del mundo islámico y aclarar algunas definiciones, se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista, empezando con un breve excursus sobre el debate en torno a la definición de terrorismo internacional. Posteriormente, se analiza la estrutura del Estado islámico y cómo ha evolucionado durante la ultima década, el concepto de radicalización y, considerando diferentes estudios y estadísticas, intenta aclararse cuales puedan ser las causas de la desviación terrorista, llegando a la conclusión que se trata de un fenómeno complejo que implica un análisis de diferentes cuestiones tanto históricas, como sociales y psicológicas.ABSTRACT: Following a general introduction to understand the issues of the Islamic world and the meaning of some key words, the writing carries out an investigation into the phenomenon of the jihadist terrorism. Beginning with a brief on the debate on the definition of international terrorism, the article looks into the islamic state system, its evolucion during the last period and the increasing of violent radicalization. Considering severals studies and statistics, it tries to clarify the causes of the terrorist deviation, reaching the conclusion that it is a complex phenomenon that embraces historical, social and psychological matters. PALABRAS CLAVE: terrorismo, fundamentalismo islámico, violenta radicalización, terrorista, IslamKEYWORDS: terrorism, islamic fundamentalism, violent radicalization, terrorist, Islam
10
Reitan, Eric. "Defining Terrorism for Public Policy Purposes: The Group-Target Definition." Journal of Moral Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2010): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552409x12574076813513.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFor the sake of developing and evaluating public policy decisions aimed at combating terrorism, we need a precise public definition of terrorism that distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence. Ordinary usage does not provide a basis for such a definition, and so it must be stipulative. I propose essentially pragmatic criteria for developing such a stipulative public definition. After noting that definitions previously proposed in the philosophical literature are inadequate based on these criteria, I propose an alternative, which I call the 'group-target' definition and which distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence by the distinctive principle of discrimination used by terrorists to identify legitimate targets. I argue that this definition meets the criteria for a satisfactory public definition, and suggest that based on it there is good reason to suspect the adequacy of anti-terrorism policies that rely predominantly on forceful interdiction of terrorists.
11
Gilmour, John. "The Socialization Of Terrorism In Canada." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 6, no. 3 (2024): 32–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v6i3.6327.
Full textAbstract:
The academic and institutional battlefield is littered with the best intentions of those attempting to bring a universally recognized definition to the term ‘terrorism’. The concept of ‘where you sit is where you stand’ certainly applies to such endeavors. In addition to considering how best to integrate such fundamental questions as who, what, where, why and how in a definition of the term, attempts have been confounded and complicated by where definitional efforts have been centered within a particular community. Do you adopt a social science or quasi-scientific approach? From a jurisprudence and law enforcement perspective? Terrorist financing? Intent and motivation? Psychological drivers and personal profiles of individual terrorists? Organizational structures? Cultural and anthropological approaches? Rationality and mental health? Historical considerations? Critical study interpretations? All this has made for terrorism being a contested concept over the decades. As observed by Schmid and Jongman, and as we shall explore, “The nature of terrorism is not inherent in the violent act itself. One and the same act can be terrorist or not, depending on the intention and circumstances.” But how terrorism is defined by whatever community is not a trivial issue. Definitions carry political and policy consequences that govern the counterterrorism space and how threats and risks are articulated going forward. How the threat environment endures is often just as much an outcome of how a state elects to respond to the threat, as it is the agenda of terrorist entities. And terrorism charges cannot be prosecuted if there is not at least some notion of how motivations, intentions and acts are defined in statutes. Received: 01-05-2024 Revised: 01-14-2024
12
Frizzera, Guilherme, and José Maria de Souza Junior. "Tipificando o terrorismo no Congresso brasileiro: os projetos de lei e literatura acadêmica/Typifying terrorism in the Brazilian Congress: the bills and academic literature." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (2015): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2015.v4n1.08.p111.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo se debruça sobre a temática da tipificação de terrorismo no poder legislativo brasileiro. O assunto envolve certa complexidade à medida não há consenso sobre a definição do próprio termo. Portanto, o artigo resgata algumas definições da academia acerca do que vem a ser terrorismo, ressaltando dois aspectos importantes: por um lado, é necessário que haja uma definição para que os agentes de segurança possam enquadrar práticas terroristas como crime; por outro, a atribuição de terrorismo se faz pejorativa, uma vez que um grupo pode designar outro grupo ou uma prática como terrorista ou não dependendo de interesses políticos e da rivalidade de grupos existente em um contexto político-social. A partir dos conceitos da academia e de organizações que tem o terrorismo como preocupação pertinente, pode-se considerar que duas dimensões operam na tarefa de defini-lo: as motivações subjetivas das ações e os métodos pelo qual tais ações são conduzidas. Tomando como metodologia a análise das definições sobre terrorismo e análise documental dos projetos de lei no legislativo brasileiro sobre o tema e, posteriormente, a comparação entre os dois tipos de análise conclui-se que o projeto que provavelmente vá para votação no Congresso deixa de lado a dimensão da motivação subjetiva para definir práticas terroristas e considera apenas a metodologia do ato como critério para definir terrorismo. Palavras-Chaves: Terrorismo; Brasil; Tipificação; Projeto de Lei Abstract: This research focuses on the typification of terrorism in the legislative power in Brazil. The issue involves complexity for there is no consensus about the definition of the term itself. Therefore, the article brings some academic definitions regarding what terrorism really is. These definitions highlight two aspects: on the one hand, it is necessary to have a definition for the security agents to consider the practices as a type of crime and punish them; on the other hand, the attribution of the term to a group or act is pejorative, once one group might call another group or a practice terrorist or terrorism depending on political interests and on group rivalry in a political and social context. From the concepts developed in the academy and in groups which have the terrorism as a preoccupation, it is possible to consider two dimensions that operate in the task of defining it: the subjective motivations of the actions and the methods in which such actions are performed. Having as methodology the analysis of the definitions on terrorism, the documentary analysis of the bills of Law in the Brazilian legislative on the same issue and the comparison between the two source of analysis, the conclusion is that the probable Bill which is to be approved excludes the subjective motivation dimension to define terrorist practices and considers only the method of the act as criterion to define terrorism.Key Words: Terrorism; Brazil; typing, Bill. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n1p111-134
13
Fanta Choramo, Petros. "Acts Considered as Terrorism Crimes and Compatibility of Counter-terrorist Measures to International Standards: In Context of Ethiopia." Athens Journal of Law 8, no. 4 (2022): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-4-8.
Full textAbstract:
Existence of accurate legal definition of terrorism is important for society and for governance to enable successful investigation and prosecution of terrorists within the established judicial system. Without international agreement on a definition of terrorism, it has not been possible to adopt a treaty covering all its forms. In other words, without a clear and precise definition of terrorism, it becomes impossible and impractical to talk about concepts and counter-terrorism measures in one country. Moreover, without a definition for terrorism, how can we define and investigate the correctness of those who practice it are? Further, even though terrorism is a danger to the peace, security and development of the country and a serious threat to the peace and security of the world at large and view of these challenges, the Government of Ethiopia has been exerting the necessary effort to prevent and combat terrorism through enacting and effectively implementing domestic laws, it must in conformity with the human rights law, and international humanitarian law. Thus, the basic objective of this Article was to critically observe and examine definition of terrorism, acts that constitute terrorism and other acts which can be considered as contributory to terrorism crimes under Ethiopian relevant laws adopted to combat terrorism; specially Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism Crimes Proclamation No.1176/2020. Under this article author also critically made analyses on the manner how current Ethiopian government adopted the new counter terrorism law and consideration given to it. Keywords: Definition of Terrorism, Counter Terrorism Movement, Terrorist Acts, Terrorism Crimes, Sub-Ordinate Crimes, Human Rights Approach
14
Penny, Christopher K. "De-Conflicting Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Legislation: Khawaja and the Ongoing Challenges of the ‘Armed Conflict’ Exclusion." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 27, no. 2 (2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v27i2.4533.
Full textAbstract:
The definition of ‘terrorist activity’ is fundamental to Canada’s anti-terrorism legislation. Following the recent trial of Momin Khawaja before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, it is clear that the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion – exempting wartime activities undertaken in accordance with international law – poses serious challenges to the coherence of this legislative regime, threatening the effectiveness of future domestic terrorism prosecutions. This article examines the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion and its judicial treatment in Khawaja, identifying key challenges and making specific recommendations to address them. Coupled with other issues arising from the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion, Khawaja serves to highlight a clear and pressing need for amendment of the statutory definition of ‘terrorist activity.’La définition d’ « activité terroriste » est un élément fondamental de la législation canadienne contre le terrorisme. Suite au récent procès de Momin Khawaja devant la Cour supérieure de justice de l’Ontario, il est clair que l’exclusion « conflit armé » - qui fait exemption d’activités en temps de guerre entreprises conformément au droit international – présente des défis importants à la cohérence de ce régime législatif, menaçant l’efficacité de poursuites contre le terrorisme au Canada à l’avenir. Cet article examine l’exclusion « conflit armé » et le traitement juridique que l’on en fait dans Khawaja, identifiant des défis-clés et faisant des recommandations précises pour en traiter. En conjonction avec d’autres questions que soulève l’exclusion « conflit armé », Khawaja sert à mettre en évidence un besoin clair et pressant de modification à la définition statutaire d’ « activité terroriste ».
15
Antwi-Boasiako, Kwame Badu, and Caleb Grant Hill. "Terrorism and Right-Wing Extremism: History and Comparative Definitions." Political Preferences, no. 26 (July 3, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/polpre.2020.26.77-94.
Full textAbstract:
Recent narratives on terrorism have focused on the definitions. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, but the problem resides in its definition and who is defining it. Conceptualizing terrorism depends on which framework one utilizes. The use of different lenses to define the term has contributed to the lack of global acceptance of what constitutes terrorism, hence the difficulty of gathering data for analysis. It is also a conundrum when powerful nations legitimize their terrorist activities against weaker ones. This, unfortunately, has led to the subjectiveness of every attempt in the literature to objectively provide a globally acceptable definition. Using meta-analysis as the methodological approach for the study a number of definitions were scrutinised. This article provides a brief examination of the intersection between right-wing terrorism and ethnic nationalism, and how accelerationism escalates ideology into violence. The paper compares two acts of violence, one traditionally viewed as terrorism and the other labelled solely as a mass shooting. It concludes with a comparative analysis of the definitions provided, utilizing a case study to examine how labels of a terrorist or a freedom fighter impact on one’s view of a group’s motivation. This is pertinent when analysing ideologically motivated violence.
16
Abuloye, Ayoola, and Titilayo M. Kolade. "Resolving the Definitional Quagmire of Terrorism and Providing Guidance to States." World Journal of Social Science Research 11, no. 2 (2024): p135. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v11n2p135.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the definition of terrorism from the early years to the modern day. The study analyzed the attempts at definitions of terrorism at international law, other definitions in international relations and scholarly definitions. The study aimed at solving the problem of definition of terrorism, particularly the widely acclaimed notion that there is no precise definition of terrorism. The importance of having a definition is to know what exactly to fight, the appropriate penalties for such acts and to ensure that all violent acts are not subsumed under terrorism. The study revealed that international law had provided a guidance as to what the definition of terrorism should be. This guidance could be gleaned from the various instruments of the United Nations, other definitions in international relations and scholarly definitions. The study concluded that the common elements of terrorism from the attempts at definition at international law could form a consensual definition and serve as a foundation for States to build upon in defining acts of terrorism in domestic laws.
17
Vasilev, Artem Alekseevich, and Daria Numman Mansur. "Terrorist activity in Germany: approaches to defining the term and structure, nature and features." Мировая политика, no. 2 (February 2024): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2024.2.70874.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of the research topic lies in the increased danger of terrorist acts in the world. The object of the research presented in the article is terrorism. The subject of the study is terrorist activity in Germany. The purpose of the article is to characterize the phenomenon of terrorist activity in Germany by analyzing theoretical and conceptual approaches to the definition of terrorism and its organizational structures after World War II. Main tasks: to define the term "terrorism", to analyze the structure of terrorism based on theoretical and conceptual approaches, to identify the features and nature of terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany. The research is based on the network theory proposed by S. Stohl and M. Stohl. In the article are used diverse approaches to the definition of the term and structure of terrorism, and also identifies the nature and features of terrorist activity in Germany. The author uses statistical data, analytical reports and scientific literature. The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of the fact that it will take more time for the problem of terrorism to receive a clear legal description both in Germany and in international law, the structural feature of terrorist activity in Germany is represented by party organizations that were active in the second half of the twentieth century, as well as diaspora and religious networks of terrorists, features of terrorism: they are "vindictive", "diaspora-based" and religious in nature. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the wide use of versatile approaches to determining the level structure of terrorist activity in the world, in the European Union, as well as at the state level. Moreover, the author has identified the main features of terrorism in Germany since the second half of the twentieth century.
18
Karatueva, Elena. "PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERRORISM." Political Expertise: POLITEX 17, no. 4 (2021): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2021.405.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism in all its manifestations is one of the most dangerous illegal phenomena. Despite numerous studies in the field of terrorist crimes, there is no single international definition of terrorism in general and environmental terrorism in particular. Various criteria are used to define "environmental terrorism," and so it is not yet possible to create a single and comprehensive definition. Currently, there are two main interpretations of this concept. Within the framework of the first, environmentalist organizations fighting for animal rights and against pollution of ecosystems by using violent methods of a criminal nature are classified as ecoterrorist. In the second case, the concept of environmental terrorism is interpreted more broadly and includes acts of intentional harm to the environment in order to achieve certain political and other goals. Moreover, according to the second interpretation, the definition of terrorism, the purpose of which is to damage the environment, is also ambiguous in different countries. This article is explores existing definitions of environmental terrorism and possible criteria for its scholarly classification. The paper presents the author's classification of types of environmental terrorism. The generalized material of international and domestic studies in the field of radical environmental impact allows us to creating a general and acceptable classification of environmental terrorism for various scientific fields, which will allow us to fully qualify environmental terrorist acts in the future and to develop a common strategy for countering radical environmental impacts.
19
Žotkevičiūtė-Banevičienė, Agnietė. "Valstybinis ir valstybių remiamas terorizmas: Rusijos atvejo analizė." Politologija 113, no. 1 (2024): 8–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/polit.2024.113.1.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the worldwide condemnation of Russia’s aggressive activities in the war against Ukraine, there is no unified definition of terrorism in relation to Russia. Russia is referred to as a terrorist state as well as a state that supports terrorism, and the conceptions of a terrorist regime or a user of terrorist methods dominate. The answer to whether Russia should be labelled a terrorist state, a state that sponsors terrorism, or possibly not designate Russia’s actions as terrorism depends on the definition of terrorism. Given the complexities of the conception of terrorism, the purpose of this article is to present a possible assessment of Russia’s aggression in Ukraine by exploring the challenge of defining state and state-sponsored terrorism in traditional and critical terrorism studies. The article promotes a wider academic discussion regarding state and state-sponsored terrorism, not only from diverse theoretical perspectives in terrorism studies but also by evaluating the issue of the phenomenon’s politicization in the context of international relations.
20
Al-Dawoody, Ahmed. "International Terrorism and the Jurisdiction of Islamic Law." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 3 (2015): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01503004.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the jurisdiction of Islamic law to international terrorism under the four Sunni schools of Islamic law. International terrorism refers to the following three cases: 1) terrorist acts committed outside of the Islamic state by its citizens; 2) terrorist acts committed outside the Islamic state by its non-citizens; and 3) terrorist acts committed inside the Islamic state by its non-citizens. It starts with studying the classical Muslim jurists’ tripartite division of the world into the ‘house of Islam’, ‘house of war’, and ‘house of peace’ to find out the boundaries of the jurisdiction of Islamic law and its position on the extradition of international terrorists. It examines the definition and elements of terrorism to find out the relevance of applying Islamic law to the modern form of acts of terrorism. It argues for the universal jurisdiction of Islamic law to acts of international terrorism.
21
Rubanzova, Т. A. "Opposition to the ideology of terrorist orientation among young people." Actual Problems of Education, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-8031-2022-1-121-126.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of opposition to the terrorist orientation in the youth environment was given. The analysis of the main theoretical approaches to the problem of a terrorist act as a type of terrorist crime in the youth environment was given. Various approaches to the analysis of the concepts of «terrorism» and «terrorist act» in the scientific literature were investigated. The article explores the theoretical problem of the definition of terrorism and a terrorist act, gives the concept of «terrorism» and «a terrorist act», shows their difference, identifies qualifying features, defines the composition of the offense. The legal definition of "terrorism" and "terrorist act" was disclosed. The content of the category "terrorism" was considered, terrorism affects the entire sphere of society, acts from the point of view of intimidation and violence, harms the civilian population and causes moral, physical and material damage to society and individuals. The study analyses the new social phenomenon of terrorism at school, called "stochastic terrorism." The causes of this destructive phenomenon are considered, ways of countering terrorism among the youth are shown. The article concludes that it is necessary to expand anti-terrorist propaganda and prevention among young people.
22
CHITADZE, Nika. "International terrorism - main threat to the world community in the XXI century." Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2014): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jss.v3i1.72.
Full text
23
Popova, Lyubov' Ivanovna. "Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures." Вопросы безопасности, no. 2 (February 2021): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.2.34913.
Full textAbstract:
This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.
24
Popova, Lyubov' Ivanovna. "Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures." Вопросы безопасности, no. 1 (January 2021): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34913.
Full textAbstract:
This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.
25
Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.
Full textAbstract:
The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.
26
Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.
Full textAbstract:
The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.
27
Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
28
Cassim, Fawzia. "Addressing the spectre of cyber terrorism: a comparative perspective." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (2017): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2494.
Full textAbstract:
This article looks at the definition of cyber terrorism and terrorist use of the Internet. The article evaluates cyber terrorist threats facing countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and South Africa. The article also examines measures introduced by the respective governments in these countries to counteract cyber terrorist threats. Finally, the article will propose a way forward to counteract such possible threats in the future. The face of terrorism is changing. The convergence of the physical and virtual worlds has resulted in the creation of a “new threat” called cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorism is one of the recognised cyber crimes. The absence of suitable legal frameworks to address cyber terrorism at national and regional levels, the lack of adequate safeguards, the lack of cyber security strategies and the pre-occupation of countries with internal factors have all contributed to the creation of an environment that can be easily infiltrated by cyber terrorists. The horrific events of 9/11 provided the impetus for many countries to introduce anti-terrorist legislation. The United States of America, United Kingdom, India and South Africa have introduced legislation to address the threat of cyber terrorism.
29
Obado Ochieng, Mercy. "Elusive Legal Definition of Terrorism at the United Nations." Strathmore Law Journal 3, no. 1 (2017): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.30.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism is indisputably a serious security threat to states and individuals. Yet, by the end of 2016, there was still lack of consensus on the legal definition of terrorism at the United Nations (UN) level. The key organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (UNGA), are yet to agree on a legal definition of terrorism. This disconnect is attributed partly to the heterogeneous nature of terrorist activities and ideological differences among member states. At the UN level, acts of terrorism are mainly tackled from the angle of threats to international peace and security. In contrast, at the state level, acts of terrorism are largely defined as crimes and hence dealt with from the criminal justice paradigm. This article argues that the lack of a concrete legal definition of terrorism at the UN level undermines the holistic use of the criminal justice paradigm to counter-terrorism at the state level. To effectively counter-terrorism the UNSC and the UNGA have to agree on a legal definition of terrorism in their resolutions. This will streamline efforts to combat terrorism at the state level and consolidate counter-terrorism measures at the international level. The draft comprehensive Convention on Measures to Eliminate Terrorism (the Draft Convention) should be tailored to fill gaps and provide for a progressive legal definition of acts of terrorism.
30
Hikam, Reza Maulana. "Decoding Terrorism: Analyzing the Dynamics of Definition in Indonesian Legal Instruments." Jurnal Mengkaji Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59066/jmi.v2i2.424.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: In fighting terrorism, countries such as the Republic of Indonesia adopted legal measures and instruments to implement the policy lawfully. In the creations of such measures and instruments, the Indonesian government try to define terrorist and terrorism via legal approach. Anything that was to be considered terrorist or terrorism must fulfill the categories mentioned in the legal instruments, either government regulation or law. In the process, what defined terrorism was not just an act, even the financing of terrorism can be considered into account so that it can be brought to the court. The articles seek to elaborate the change and dynamics of defining terrorist and terrorism in Indonesian legal instruments since the first regulations about counterterrorism in 2002 until 2018. The process of making such legal instruments is met with critique and amendment that will be discussed further on the subtopics of the articles. Purpose: This article aims to elaborate the evolution, dynamics and change of the definition of terrorism with historical perspectives from 2002 to 2018. Design/Methodology/Approach: Literature review, reviewing several literatures that have related topics and selecting several parts of the book to be quoted in the articles that served as the foundation and analysis of the articles. Findings: This study shows that since the differences between Government Regulation Number 1 of 2002, Law Number 15 of 2003, Law Number 6 of 2006, Law Number 9 of 2013 and Law Number 5 of 2018 have almost the exact definition of terrorism, that was focusing on “sowing terror” into Indonesian society, but there are several additional changes each time related to what became the interest of the regime. All the aforementioned regulation for countering terrorism has derivates sanctions on those who support the acts that can be included as terrorist. These dynamics and changes from 2002 to 2018 points into one direction, that terrorism is a means to an end. Originality/Value: The article differs from the usual legal studies article because of the historical approach that was used to oversee the pattern of change in the definition of terrorism in Indonesian counterterrorism legal instruments.
31
ABBAS, ALI HAIF. "EVIDENTIALITY IN PUTIN'S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON TERRORISM." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 28 (2017): 681–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss28.33.
Full textAbstract:
This research attempts to study evidentiality through analysing some selected quotations of Vladimir Putin's political speeches on terrorism. Violence crisis has been escalated since 2013 and till now in Iraq and Syria due to the emergence of different terrorist organisations. It is extremely important to know the reasons behind the growth and development of terrorism in recent years. If one takes the definitions which dealt with terrorism in the world, he/she can find that there is no fixed definition to terrorism. What is considered a terrorist in some countries is considered a fighter (mujahid) in others. Thus, killing thousands of Iraqis from the point of view of some states is resistance and Jihad, while these same actions are classified as "terrorist acts" when implemented in other countries. The financing of terrorist groups is behind the continuation of the terrorist-brutal operations on innocent civilians. The study aims at understanding the concept of evidentiality and its role in political discourse analysis. The study also aims to make everything clear to the public regarding the reasons which led to the emergence of terrorist organisations and the countries that support them based on the facts which Putin will present through his speeches. In order to achieve the aims, the study offers two hypotheses: Putin is certain from his information sources regarding the countries which finance the terrorists. Putin also uses different evidentials to reinforce the accuracy of his information. The study introduces the concept of evidentiality, its approaches, and significance in detail. In order to solve the problem of the study and achieve its aims, the researcher adopted two models: Chafe (1986) and Mushin (2001). Based on the analysis of data, the study explored that there are countries clearly support and finance terrorists, and Putin uses different evidential markers to reinforce the sources of his information. The study addresses these countries to stop financing terrorists
32
Simeon, James. "The Evolving Common Law Jurisprudence Combatting the Threat of Terrorism in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada." Laws 8, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8010005.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism is a concept that defies a simple and straightforward legal definition. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that there is no Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism with a universally accepted definition of what constitutes “terrorism.” Consequently, States have devised their own definitions of what constitutes terrorism that are typically found in their criminal law. This raises the fundamental question of whether there is a convergence or divergence in jurisprudential trends on what constitutes terrorism among States? Presumably, a convergence in jurisprudential trends is more likely to contribute to combatting the threat of terrorism at the international and national levels. Accordingly, this article comparatively analyzes the definition of terrorism in three common law jurisdictions: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It finds that although there are a number of similarities in the definition of terrorism in these three States, they have significantly different definitions of what constitutes terrorism. The UK definition, ostensibly, has the broadest definition of terrorism of the three States. The US has, undoubtedly, the most unique, with separate definitions for “international terrorism” and “domestic terrorism.” Additionally, Canada has the most international definition of terrorism, drawing on 13 functional terrorism Conventions to define offenses such as hijacking, hostage taking, and bombing, etc. The second part of the article comparatively analyzes seven of the leading Supreme Court cases on terrorism in these three States. From the ratio or rationes decidendi in each of these cases, it draws out the twelve legal principles that underlie these judgements and finds that they are similar and overall consistent. The conclusion reached is that there is, at least in these three common law jurisdictions, an apparent convergence in jurisprudential trends in the law of terrorism. This augurs well for the development and emergence of a common definition of what constitutes terrorism at the international and transnational levels, as well as more rigorous and effective counter-terrorism laws and policies within and across States.
33
Iqbal, Zaheema, and Khurram Iqbal. "CYBER TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC STATE." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 56, no. 2 (2017): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v56i2.46.
Full textAbstract:
In today’s postmodern world with the latest and top notch internet technologies in the market, if it has become easy and accessible for everyone to communicate with others sitting at the other corner of the world, it has also given rise to the cybercrimes including cyber terro rism which has not only provided grave threats to the whole world but also posed a question of whether with the manipulation of cyber space, cyber terrorists can damage or destroy the physical infrastructure of its target. Owing to easy access to everyone and strong damage done as compared to traditional terrorism, today terrorists are relying on cyber terrorism as well. The Islamic State (IS) has emerged as one of the brutal and violent terrorist organization s which hired cyber experts and manipulated cyber space to the extent that today they are most active and professional cyber users’ terrorist organization of the world. The main focus of the paper is to highlight the basic definition of cyber terrorism, how often it is different from traditional terrorism, use of cyber terrorism, how cyber terrorism can be manipulated through various latest tools and techniques and how Islamic State (ISIS) is using cyber space to spread its message.
34
Chojnowski, Lech. "On Terrorism and its Typologies." Security Dimensions 33, no. 33 (2020): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2667.
Full textAbstract:
The article refers to selected aspects of knowledge about terrorism and its typology. The introduction explains the etymology of this concept and highlights the problem of diversity in the definition of terrorism. The next part cites several definitions of terrorism, which, in the author’s opinion, reflect the essence of this phenomenon. The difference between terrorism and terror, which are two terms that should not be used interchangeably, is also explained. The next part of the article illustrates the source of the problem which makes it impossible to agree on a commonly accepted definition of terrorism by giving an example of the wording of the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. Then, the inherent feature of terrorism is explained, which is its asymmetry. The last part of the article concerns a typology of terrorism. It presents in a synthetic way various categories of terrorism, distinguished according to such criteria as: actors, motives, strategic (final) goals, close (closer) goals, type of actions, nature of the object of attacks, international implications, and means and methods used by terrorists. The article ends with a concise summary of the considerations on the theoretical aspects of terrorism undertaken in it.
35
Sloan‐Lynch, Jay. "Domestic Abuse as Terrorism." Hypatia 27, no. 4 (2012): 774–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01250.x.
Full textAbstract:
A number of philosophers and feminist authors have recently equated domestic abuse with the ubiquitous and ill‐defined concept of “terrorism.” Claudia Card, for instance, argues that domestic abuse is a frequently ignored form of terrorism that creates and maintains “heterosexual male dominance and female dependence and service” (Card 2003). Alison Jaggar, in a recent article, also concludes that an acceptable definition of terrorism will find rape and domestic violence to be terrorist acts (Jaggar 2005). Yet there seem to be several obstacles to any simple appropriation of the term “terrorism” for cases of domestic abuse. In this paper I will address what I take to be three significant problems that might be raised with regard to any attempt to identify domestic abuse as an act of terrorism. These problems include the fact that a) definitions of terrorism usually require clear political motivations, b) definitions of terrorism normally require that the terrorist intend to create a climate of terror, and c) adopting the term terrorism for cases of domestic abuse might appear simply inappropriate or unhelpful. I will argue, however, that each of these possible objections can be answered effectively and that domestic abuse rightly falls under the rubric of terrorism.
36
Arnold, Jeffrey L., Per Örtenwall, Marvin L. Birnbaum, et al. "A Proposed Universal Medical and Public Health Definition of Terrorism." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (2003): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000753.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe lack of a universally applicable definition of terrorism has confounded the understanding of terrorism since the term was first coined in 18th Century France. Although a myriad of definitions of terrorism have been advanced over the years, virtually all of these definitions have been crisis-centered, frequently reflecting the political perspectives of those who seek to define it.In this article, we deconstruct these previously used definitions of terrorism in order to reconstruct a definition of terrorism that is consequence-centered, medically relevant, and universally harmonized. A universal medical and public health definition of terrorism will facilitate clinical and scientific research, education, and communication about terrorism-related events or disasters.We propose the following universal medical and public definition of terrorism: The intentional use of violence — real or threatened — against one or more non-combatants and/or those services essential for or protective of their health, resulting in adverse health effects in those immediately affected and their community, ranging from a loss of well-being or security to injury, illness, or death.
37
Ivo, Velikov. "A brief attempt to define terrorism and terrorist purposes." Politics and Security 2, no. 2 (2021): 104–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656931.
Full textAbstract:
The article is an attempt to better define terrorism on the basis of its manifestations and purposes, to show that set of phenomena, processes, principles that best characterize it. Indeed, it is too ambitious to think that among the thousands of definitions of organizations, security services, states and scientific organizations we will be able to derive a universal definition. For the above reason, we have tried to analyze the etymological meaning of terrorism, but also the objectives of terrorism, the types of targets, the sought effects and some known “achievements” of terrorism and terrorist organizations through which the phenomenon can be described. Attached examples and photos of actual terrorist acts help us to show the current development of terrorism and almost entirely – the reorientation towards the easily vulnerable (so cold “soft”) targets. According to data from different studies, more than 90% of cases are such.
38
Sabar, Alexander, Muhammad Mustofa, and Adrianus Eliasta Meliala. "Re-imaging and re-conceptualize Hyper Terrorism in Indonesia: based on the Baudrillard framework." Technium Social Sciences Journal 41 (March 9, 2023): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v41i1.8537.
Full textAbstract:
Hyper-Terrorism in Indonesia has a strong relationship with the phenomenon of cyber terrorism. One of the primary uses of the internet by terrorist groups is to spread propaganda. Propaganda is a utility of hyperspace that is very useful for terror groups, especially in Indonesia. Propaganda carried out by terrorists is generally multimedia communication in the form of instructions, practical and ideological explanations, and justification or promotion of terrorist activities. These can take the form of virtual messages, presentations, electronic magazines, fatwas of ulama-supporting terrorists, audio-video files, and video games, all developed by terrorist organizations and their sympathizers. The terrorist group uses the internet for funding, training, and propaganda (including recruitment, radicalization, and incitement). In Jeans Baudrillard's concept, communication technology has given birth to a world of media that exists in parallel with reality, breaking the traditional linguistic relationship of sign and meaning, which he calls simulacra with hyperreality as the main characteristic. The big problem now is that there is no in-depth study on the definition of Hyper-Terrorism or the parameters in categorizing information as hyper-terrorism as a feature of the 'Simulacrum of Terror.' Examining the stages in the simulacrum of terror by Baudrillard, there is a missing stage between the results of media reproduction and the phenomenon of the simulacrum of terror. This research will take up the gap that Baudrillard missed. Then it becomes crucial to study academically, especially regarding the phenomenon of Hyper-Terrorism itself, namely hyperreality in terrorism propaganda, where the reproduction of information that is published globally brings up a relative representation.
39
Pék, Tamás. "Overview of the defifinitions of terrorism in international criminal law." Magyar Rendészet 22, no. 1 (2022): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2022.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays terrorism is one of the most dangerous, domestic and international security threat in the world. There are national, regional and global efforts in the field of counter-terrorism which are codified in international, regional and national criminal codes, treaties. Unfortunately and despite the seriousness of this threat there is no internationally accepted common definition of terrorism in the “global” international criminal law. At the level of regional and national treaties, in some parts of the criminal codes some types of terrorism are defined. Academic research and its results could be used at the legislation process, but this research has struggled to identify a widely accepted definition of terrorism. Hence we can find several definitions and typology of terrorism which could prove problematic for the legislators. This lack of common definition proves to be one of the main hurdles of effective cooperation among states and criminal authorities also having a negative impact on the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures. My paper demonstrates in three chapters this definitional problem with regard to criminal law. In the conclusion I outline some proposals and probable directions of a new regulatory method in order to mitigate this problem through reaching an accepted common definition in legislations and criminal law.
40
Capone, Francesca. "COUNTERING “FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS”: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED BY THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 25, no. 1 (2016): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000114a.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. The newest challenge posed by this threat is represented by the phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters”. Current estimates place the number of foreigners who have joined the ongoing armed conflicts in the Middle East between 20,000 and 30,000. How many of these foreign fighters also fall within the definition of foreign terrorist fighters (i.e. those travelling abroad with a “terrorist” intent) provided by UN Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) is very difficult to assess. In primis because the resolution refers to “terrorists”, “terrorist acts”, and “terrorist training” without actually defining “terrorism” and thus leaving to each Member State the task to determine the breadth and the contours of this concept. Secondly because the text lacks legal certainty with regard to many other crucial aspects, e.g., the relationship between counter-terrorism and international humanitarian law, the interpretation of the term “State of residence”, and the risk of abuse of refugee status. These shortcomings not only jeopardize the ability to implement a uniform approach, but they also increase the likelihood of fostering abusive responses. This article argues that Resolution 2178 has not been adopted in a legal vacuum, on the contrary it extensively builds on the anti-terrorism framework established by previous Security Council resolutions and thus it inherits and exacerbates many old and unresolved issues. Ultimately, the present article seeks to determine to what degree the new set of binding obligations placed upon Member States to thwart the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters is effective and it discusses the extent to which it could enhance or hinder counter-terrorism’s compliance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international refugee law.
41
Sesetyo, Heru. "Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (2019): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a4.
Full textAbstract:
In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.
42
Sesetyo, Heru. "Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (2019): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a4.
Full textAbstract:
In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.
43
Aladžić, Milanko, and Marina Mijatović. "Criminal legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina on terrorism." Bastina, no. 56 (2022): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-37375.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we focus on terrorism through the criminal legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the existing scientific fund, professional literature, various organizations, institutions, political entities, there is not a sufficient degree of agreement to be able to form a court that there is, in general, a generally accepted definition of terrorism. On the other hand, given the various activities and actions, results, effects and consequences of terrorist organizations and terrorists, we must state that there is a very high degree of agreement, that terrorism is one of the biggest security and security threats today. The growing increase in terrorist actions and threats has led to the implementation of new legislative norms in order to better counter terrorism. Organized crime at the international level and terrorist activities increasingly require the connection of states, international organizations through Conventions, Resolutions or Laws. Terrorism acts ambivalently and as a threat to the stability of society, states and their development on a global level. The expansion of terrorism over time has surprised many organizations, institutions, whose goal is to preserve security, where the need for reforms has arisen. Through the laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we will see how the legislator has solved the issue of terrorism and what are the consequences for those who do not adhere to them.
44
Saul, Ben. "Minorities and Counter-Terrorism Law." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no. 01 (2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501002.
Full textAbstract:
Members of minority groups have historically been both victims and perpetrators of terrorism. This article examines how international and national legal controls on terrorism have addressed or impacted upon members of minority groups. In particular, it identifies three key areas in which legal questions arise: (1) the extent to which terrorism laws protect minorities (which is principally a question of the definition of terrorism, particularly ‘motive’ elements); (2) how terrorism laws apply to—or exempt—members of minorities who perpetrate terrorism (which concerns both definition and exceptions to definitions); and (3) how counter-terrorism laws differentially or disproportionately impact on minorities (which concerns definition as well as over-policing).
45
Volevodz, A. G. "International Criminalization of International Terrorizm." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(35) (April 28, 2014): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-150-160.
Full textAbstract:
Analysis and studying of the terrorism in all its facets is a complex entangled problem with less clear legal regulation that it might seem at first glance, especially after its transformation from local phenomenon into a world threat. Hitherto terrorism and actions connected to it have been criminalized by the majority of states. There are in modern criminal law whole systems of rules on criminal liability for terrorism which differs considerably from country to country. Terrorism has been criminalized in numerous international regional and universal antiterrorist legal instruments. The author notes that differences in definitions that are enshrined in them hinders international cooperation in criminal matters with respect to terrorist cases. Difficulties reside in the necessity to meet the dual criminality requirement and in the political offense exception. These difficulties can only be overcome through elaboration of a universally recognized definition of the notion of international terrorism and making it legally binding via its inclusion into a universal convention. The issue of definition of international terrorism is an important part of an efficient mutual assistance among states in fight against this crime. In this article the author accounts of actual ways of tackling by the international community of the issue of criminalization of international terrorism and of factors influencing them.
46
Savvateeva, V. "The Subject of Terrorism in the Modern Russian Legislation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 5 (2021): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/66/41.
Full textAbstract:
The article reflects such an important problem of the world community as terrorism, divided into state, domestic and international. The article also analyzes the concept of modern terrorism and offers a definition of terrorism, international terrorism and their most serious and widespread manifestations — a terrorist act and makes recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Russia.
47
Nino, Michele. "International Terrorism: Definition." Journal of Criminal Law 71, no. 2 (2007): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2007.71.2.147.
Full text
48
Polat, Pınar. "Terörün Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 18 (2023): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.18.32.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorist acts, which aim to disrupt the political trust environment in the social structure, negatively affect all systems, such as social, psychological, economic, etc. The devastating effects that occur on the systems of those who directly experience these actions become chronic when the actions take place in the media for a long time. The aim of this study is to reveal the destructive effects of terrorism, which is a type of social violence and a concept whose definition could not be reached. In order to achieve the aim, first of all, the definition, elements, sources and reasons of terrorism are given and the relationship between terrorism and terrorism is mentioned. In the next part of the study, the women who were exposed to terrorist acts; The secondary traumas that he has been experiencing due to the news of terrorism have been examined from the perspective of social work. This study, in which the psychosocial effects of social violence on women are given, was compiled from the existing literature using secondary data. Keywords: Women, Social work, Terrorism-Terrorism, Social violence, Trauma
49
Polat, Pınar. "Terörün Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi." Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 18 (2023): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.9.18.26.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorist acts, which aim to disrupt the political trust environment in the social structure, negatively affect all systems, such as social, psychological, economic, etc. The devastating effects that occur on the systems of those who directly experience these actions become chronic when the actions take place in the media for a long time. The aim of this study is to reveal the destructive effects of terrorism, which is a type of social violence and a concept whose definition could not be reached. In order to achieve the aim, first of all, the definition, elements, sources and reasons of terrorism are given and the relationship between terrorism and terrorism is mentioned. In the next part of the study, the women who were exposed to terrorist acts; The secondary traumas that he has been experiencing due to the news of terrorism have been examined from the perspective of social work. This study, in which the psychosocial effects of social violence on women are given, was compiled from the existing literature using secondary data. Keywords: Women, Social work, Terrorism-Terrorism, Social violence, Trauma
50
Abdulqadir, Ziyad. "The Need for an integrative theoretical model to determine the personality of terrorists." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 11, no. 4 (2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2021.11.4.1.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism is a threat to the whole of humanity, counterterrorism is a collective responsibility which requires extreme levels of cooperation and coordination between nations to reduce terrorism and terrorist behavior, in this regard, several international laws, decisions and agreements have been formulated or signed to tackle the problem. In recent years terrorism has become a real challenge for many countries of the world and for all humanity, because terrorism and aggressive behavior of terrorists, annihilated a lot of people, destroyed the infrastructure and economic structure of the group of nations of the world. The thought and extremist ideology of some groups making human in the circle of fear, constant anxiety, and affected the progress of nations in all sides of human life, also affected the human development, and the open humanitarian ideas.
 Counter-terrorism has become an international issue, and study about it is important that should take into consideration the theoretical and practical aspects. However, with the lack of internationally accepted definition and theories about terrorism as a phenomenon, perhaps it is not surprising that there is a similar shortage of theories on how to combat it. Moreover, the increasing complexity and the wider threat of the phenomenon of terrorism and extremism, with the influx of actors and a range of motivations, strategies, tactics, and evaluation tools are available on how to confront such threats are necessary in guiding the process of policymaking to combat terrorism.
 This article aimed to claim the necessity of forming a theoretical model to determine the personality traits of the terrorist and distinguish them from the pathological personality. (Mental illness). According to some hypotheses and theories of the personality of terrorists and a comparison between the two personalities: “terrorist and abnormal personality” with a number of studies that dealt with them, thus, there is a need for a theoretical model to determine the traits of the personality of terrorists.