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1
Coteño Muñoz, Alejandro. "Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4356.
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Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.
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Tofangsaz, Hamed. "Terrorism or not terrorism? Whose money are we looking for?" Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2014-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the counter-terrorism financing regime provides a solid platform for a better understanding of who should be considered terrorists or what forms terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which is the subject matter. In the absence of an internationally agreed definition of terrorism, the question which needs to be posed is whether there is a clear and common understanding of what constitutes terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which needs to be stopped. That is, from a criminal law perspective, whether the Terrorist Financing Convention, as the backbone of the counter-terrorist financing regime, clarifies what types of conduct, by who, in what circumstances and when, against whom (targets or victims) and with what intention or motivation should be considered terrorism? Design/methodology/approach – It will be explained how and why it has been difficult to reach an agreement on the definition of terrorism. The endeavour of the drafters of the Terrorist Financing Convention and others involved in countering terrorist financing to establish a general definition of terrorism will be examined. Findings – The record of attempts to define the elements of terrorism proves that it is hardly possible to reach an agreement on a generic definition of terrorism because the concept of terrorism is elusive and subject to various understandings. Even the definition provided by the Terrorist Financing Convention, is not convincing. Originality/value – With regard to the findings, this paper calls for further research on the legal consequences of the implementation of the terrorist financing-counter measures, while the scope of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations have been left vague.
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Möttö, Jessica. "International Terrorism: What are the Current Legal Challenges in Bringing Terrorists to Justice?" Groningen Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/59db68e6ad2da.
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International terrorism has faced a definitional deadlock. While various international conventions have emerged condemning acts of terrorism and states have enacted counterterrorism legislation, a single universal definition on the crime of terrorism has yet to be agreed upon. The cause of a definitional deadlock can be boiled down to the famous idea that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter thus; acts seen as justified by some are viewed as crimes by others. Few individuals labelled as terrorists would call themselves as such. However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as domestic courts are affected by the definitional deadlock. Despite extensive discussions on the inclusion of terrorism within the Rome Statute, the lack of a commonly agreeable definition on terrorism eventually made the inclusion impossible. Therefore, the ICC can only bring terrorists to justice when acts of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes have occurred. On the other hand, states rely on co-operation, mutual trust and the exchange of information when prosecuting international terrorists. Due to the lack of a common definition on terrorism, states have taken fragmented approaches and counterterrorism strategies vary considerably between states. While in some states no counterterrorism measures exist at all, other states have taken on considerably broad laws. This makes effective cross-border co-operation challenging or even impossible. Conclusively, reaching a common definition on a crime of international terrorism cannot be stressed enough. It will allow for a new discussion to take place with regards to the creation of a crime of terrorism in the Rome Statute. Furthermore, state authorities would be restricted in the use of overly broad legislation as national laws can be harmonised to a greater extend.
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Hodgson, Jacqueline S., and Victor Tadros. "The Impossibility of Defining Terrorism." New Criminal Law Review 16, no. 3 (2013): 494–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2013.16.3.494.
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The legal definition of terrorism has very high importance. This is so both because it determines which actions count as acts of terrorism, and hence who is regarded as a terrorist, but also because the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the central dilemmas that must be confronted to develop an adequate definition of terrorism. These include the questions of whether acts count as acts of terrorism only if they have a particular political purpose, what acts are sufficiently harmful to count as acts of terrorism, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the identity of those targeted, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the methods that terrorists use, and the importance of the identity of the terrorists themselves. It examines a range of legal definitions across jurisdictions in the light of the framework developed. It is argued that there is no prospect for a fully adequate definition of terrorism: the definition will inevitably be over-inclusive. A number of reasons explain this, but the central one is that courts lack the expertise to distinguish adequately legitimate political resistance from terrorism. Tensions that this problem has created in the case law are explored, not only in the criminal law, but also in the civil law. We then briefly examine the extent to which the discretion of officials can ameliorate this problem, highlighting the weakness of this solution. Overall, we conclude, disappointingly, that the standards that we ought to find in other areas of criminal justice cannot be met in the area of terrorism.
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Starodubtseva, Mariya. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "TERRORISM"." Legal Linguistics, no. 16 (27) (July 1, 2020): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2020)1603.
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The article reveals the lack of accuracy in the definition of the legal term "terrorism" and highlights a number of problems related to this definition. In particular, the author substantiates the need for a clear legal definition of groups of persons targeted by an act of terrorism; it is proved that none of the existing definitions – "civilians", "persons considered innocent" and "non – combatants" - allows us to give an exhaustive definition of the phenomenon. It is noted that the existing definitions of terrorism are incomplete due to insufficient coverage of violent acts of crime. An important unrecorded parameter of the definition of "terrorism" is the factor of publicity of a violent action. In addition, there is need to distinguish between terrorists who are essentially combatants engaged in war and terrorists who are not combatants.
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Cutrale, Elisabetta. "El terrorismo yihadista = The jihadist terrorism." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 30 (June 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2019.4837.
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RESUMEN: En el escrito, después de una introducción general para comprender la problemática del mundo islámico y aclarar algunas definiciones, se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista, empezando con un breve excursus sobre el debate en torno a la definición de terrorismo internacional. Posteriormente, se analiza la estrutura del Estado islámico y cómo ha evolucionado durante la ultima década, el concepto de radicalización y, considerando diferentes estudios y estadísticas, intenta aclararse cuales puedan ser las causas de la desviación terrorista, llegando a la conclusión que se trata de un fenómeno complejo que implica un análisis de diferentes cuestiones tanto históricas, como sociales y psicológicas.ABSTRACT: Following a general introduction to understand the issues of the Islamic world and the meaning of some key words, the writing carries out an investigation into the phenomenon of the jihadist terrorism. Beginning with a brief on the debate on the definition of international terrorism, the article looks into the islamic state system, its evolucion during the last period and the increasing of violent radicalization. Considering severals studies and statistics, it tries to clarify the causes of the terrorist deviation, reaching the conclusion that it is a complex phenomenon that embraces historical, social and psychological matters. PALABRAS CLAVE: terrorismo, fundamentalismo islámico, violenta radicalización, terrorista, IslamKEYWORDS: terrorism, islamic fundamentalism, violent radicalization, terrorist, Islam
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Sürücü, Hüseyin. "Terörizm Olgusuna Schrödinger’in Kedisi Olarak Bakmak." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 13 (November 2021): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.13.94.
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A partial agreement has been reached on the definitions of terror and terrorism in the literature. Despite this, incompatibilities on the concepts of terrorist and terrorist organization continue. The points of disagreement in the definition of these concepts will continue. This article aims to reveal that the definitions of terrorism cannot be the same even if they converge, through general relativity theory from the perspective of reality of critical realism. The study argues that the phenomenon of terrorism can be defined with an ontological approach. In this direction, the study aims to contribute to the unity of science and literature in order to establish a partnership in the definition of terrorism.
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Barczak, Tristan. "Terrorisierte Legislative und das Lemma des Terrorismus oder: Der Wandel einer politischen Vokabel zum Rechtsbegriff." Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft 102, no. 4 (2019): 362–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-7869-2019-4-362.
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Up until very recently, the term »terrorism« was unknown in German law. Although »terrorism« has been an integral part of the political vocabulary in the field of internal and judicial policy for decades, it was unheard-of in the German legal system. As a legal concept, criterion or normative approach it did not exist, neither in constitutional law nor in ordinary statutory law (Criminal law/Police law). Meanwhile, however, terrorist threats and terrorist offenses are leaving a mark on German legislature. If a »terrorised legislator« embeds the term into the law for the first time, a precise legal definition of terrorism is indispensable. This is because it determines which actions count as »acts of terrorism« as well as who is regarded as a »terrorist«. Moreover the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers.
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Reitan, Eric. "Defining Terrorism for Public Policy Purposes: The Group-Target Definition." Journal of Moral Philosophy 7, no. 2 (2010): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552409x12574076813513.
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AbstractFor the sake of developing and evaluating public policy decisions aimed at combating terrorism, we need a precise public definition of terrorism that distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence. Ordinary usage does not provide a basis for such a definition, and so it must be stipulative. I propose essentially pragmatic criteria for developing such a stipulative public definition. After noting that definitions previously proposed in the philosophical literature are inadequate based on these criteria, I propose an alternative, which I call the 'group-target' definition and which distinguishes terrorism from other forms of violence by the distinctive principle of discrimination used by terrorists to identify legitimate targets. I argue that this definition meets the criteria for a satisfactory public definition, and suggest that based on it there is good reason to suspect the adequacy of anti-terrorism policies that rely predominantly on forceful interdiction of terrorists.
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Frizzera, Guilherme, and José Maria de Souza Junior. "Tipificando o terrorismo no Congresso brasileiro: os projetos de lei e literatura acadêmica/Typifying terrorism in the Brazilian Congress: the bills and academic literature." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2015): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2015.v4n1.08.p111.
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O presente estudo se debruça sobre a temática da tipificação de terrorismo no poder legislativo brasileiro. O assunto envolve certa complexidade à medida não há consenso sobre a definição do próprio termo. Portanto, o artigo resgata algumas definições da academia acerca do que vem a ser terrorismo, ressaltando dois aspectos importantes: por um lado, é necessário que haja uma definição para que os agentes de segurança possam enquadrar práticas terroristas como crime; por outro, a atribuição de terrorismo se faz pejorativa, uma vez que um grupo pode designar outro grupo ou uma prática como terrorista ou não dependendo de interesses políticos e da rivalidade de grupos existente em um contexto político-social. A partir dos conceitos da academia e de organizações que tem o terrorismo como preocupação pertinente, pode-se considerar que duas dimensões operam na tarefa de defini-lo: as motivações subjetivas das ações e os métodos pelo qual tais ações são conduzidas. Tomando como metodologia a análise das definições sobre terrorismo e análise documental dos projetos de lei no legislativo brasileiro sobre o tema e, posteriormente, a comparação entre os dois tipos de análise conclui-se que o projeto que provavelmente vá para votação no Congresso deixa de lado a dimensão da motivação subjetiva para definir práticas terroristas e considera apenas a metodologia do ato como critério para definir terrorismo. Palavras-Chaves: Terrorismo; Brasil; Tipificação; Projeto de Lei Abstract: This research focuses on the typification of terrorism in the legislative power in Brazil. The issue involves complexity for there is no consensus about the definition of the term itself. Therefore, the article brings some academic definitions regarding what terrorism really is. These definitions highlight two aspects: on the one hand, it is necessary to have a definition for the security agents to consider the practices as a type of crime and punish them; on the other hand, the attribution of the term to a group or act is pejorative, once one group might call another group or a practice terrorist or terrorism depending on political interests and on group rivalry in a political and social context. From the concepts developed in the academy and in groups which have the terrorism as a preoccupation, it is possible to consider two dimensions that operate in the task of defining it: the subjective motivations of the actions and the methods in which such actions are performed. Having as methodology the analysis of the definitions on terrorism, the documentary analysis of the bills of Law in the Brazilian legislative on the same issue and the comparison between the two source of analysis, the conclusion is that the probable Bill which is to be approved excludes the subjective motivation dimension to define terrorist practices and considers only the method of the act as criterion to define terrorism.Key Words: Terrorism; Brazil; typing, Bill. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n1p111-134
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Penny, Christopher K. "De-Conflicting Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Legislation: Khawaja and the Ongoing Challenges of the ‘Armed Conflict’ Exclusion." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v27i2.4533.
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The definition of ‘terrorist activity’ is fundamental to Canada’s anti-terrorism legislation. Following the recent trial of Momin Khawaja before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, it is clear that the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion – exempting wartime activities undertaken in accordance with international law – poses serious challenges to the coherence of this legislative regime, threatening the effectiveness of future domestic terrorism prosecutions. This article examines the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion and its judicial treatment in Khawaja, identifying key challenges and making specific recommendations to address them. Coupled with other issues arising from the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion, Khawaja serves to highlight a clear and pressing need for amendment of the statutory definition of ‘terrorist activity.’La définition d’ « activité terroriste » est un élément fondamental de la législation canadienne contre le terrorisme. Suite au récent procès de Momin Khawaja devant la Cour supérieure de justice de l’Ontario, il est clair que l’exclusion « conflit armé » - qui fait exemption d’activités en temps de guerre entreprises conformément au droit international – présente des défis importants à la cohérence de ce régime législatif, menaçant l’efficacité de poursuites contre le terrorisme au Canada à l’avenir. Cet article examine l’exclusion « conflit armé » et le traitement juridique que l’on en fait dans Khawaja, identifiant des défis-clés et faisant des recommandations précises pour en traiter. En conjonction avec d’autres questions que soulève l’exclusion « conflit armé », Khawaja sert à mettre en évidence un besoin clair et pressant de modification à la définition statutaire d’ « activité terroriste ».
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Antwi-Boasiako, Kwame Badu, and Caleb Grant Hill. "Terrorism and Right-Wing Extremism: History and Comparative Definitions." Political Preferences, no. 26 (July 3, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/polpre.2020.26.77-94.
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Recent narratives on terrorism have focused on the definitions. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, but the problem resides in its definition and who is defining it. Conceptualizing terrorism depends on which framework one utilizes. The use of different lenses to define the term has contributed to the lack of global acceptance of what constitutes terrorism, hence the difficulty of gathering data for analysis. It is also a conundrum when powerful nations legitimize their terrorist activities against weaker ones. This, unfortunately, has led to the subjectiveness of every attempt in the literature to objectively provide a globally acceptable definition. Using meta-analysis as the methodological approach for the study a number of definitions were scrutinised. This article provides a brief examination of the intersection between right-wing terrorism and ethnic nationalism, and how accelerationism escalates ideology into violence. The paper compares two acts of violence, one traditionally viewed as terrorism and the other labelled solely as a mass shooting. It concludes with a comparative analysis of the definitions provided, utilizing a case study to examine how labels of a terrorist or a freedom fighter impact on one’s view of a group’s motivation. This is pertinent when analysing ideologically motivated violence.
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Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.
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The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.
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Vasiliauskienė, Violeta, and Martynas Vasiliauskas. "DEFINITION OF TERRORISM AND EU COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5362.
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The article dwells on the problem of the definition of terrorism. This term, though usually commonly understandable, is a legal term, the definition of which is not yet universally adopted. The threat of terrorism, taking upon different forms, is always relevant and the efforts to contain it continue. Thus the definition of the phenomenon and its elements is crucial in such efforts. The analysis is relevant as internationally this term is still not defined in one universal legally binding document and there are questions on its exact scope. The article explains two elements that are usually considered essential in defining terrorism. Furthermore, the article dwells on the EU efforts to contain the threat and in particular on its efforts to prevent terrorism – that is, actions taken to counter terrorist radicalisation.
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Karatueva, Elena. "PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERRORISM." Political Expertise: POLITEX 17, no. 4 (2021): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2021.405.
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Terrorism in all its manifestations is one of the most dangerous illegal phenomena. Despite numerous studies in the field of terrorist crimes, there is no single international definition of terrorism in general and environmental terrorism in particular. Various criteria are used to define "environmental terrorism," and so it is not yet possible to create a single and comprehensive definition. Currently, there are two main interpretations of this concept. Within the framework of the first, environmentalist organizations fighting for animal rights and against pollution of ecosystems by using violent methods of a criminal nature are classified as ecoterrorist. In the second case, the concept of environmental terrorism is interpreted more broadly and includes acts of intentional harm to the environment in order to achieve certain political and other goals. Moreover, according to the second interpretation, the definition of terrorism, the purpose of which is to damage the environment, is also ambiguous in different countries. This article is explores existing definitions of environmental terrorism and possible criteria for its scholarly classification. The paper presents the author's classification of types of environmental terrorism. The generalized material of international and domestic studies in the field of radical environmental impact allows us to creating a general and acceptable classification of environmental terrorism for various scientific fields, which will allow us to fully qualify environmental terrorist acts in the future and to develop a common strategy for countering radical environmental impacts.
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Al-Dawoody, Ahmed. "International Terrorism and the Jurisdiction of Islamic Law." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 3 (March 23, 2015): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01503004.
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This article investigates the jurisdiction of Islamic law to international terrorism under the four Sunni schools of Islamic law. International terrorism refers to the following three cases: 1) terrorist acts committed outside of the Islamic state by its citizens; 2) terrorist acts committed outside the Islamic state by its non-citizens; and 3) terrorist acts committed inside the Islamic state by its non-citizens. It starts with studying the classical Muslim jurists’ tripartite division of the world into the ‘house of Islam’, ‘house of war’, and ‘house of peace’ to find out the boundaries of the jurisdiction of Islamic law and its position on the extradition of international terrorists. It examines the definition and elements of terrorism to find out the relevance of applying Islamic law to the modern form of acts of terrorism. It argues for the universal jurisdiction of Islamic law to acts of international terrorism.
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ABBAS, ALI HAIF. "EVIDENTIALITY IN PUTIN'S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON TERRORISM." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 28 (August 6, 2017): 681–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss28.33.
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This research attempts to study evidentiality through analysing some selected quotations of Vladimir Putin's political speeches on terrorism. Violence crisis has been escalated since 2013 and till now in Iraq and Syria due to the emergence of different terrorist organisations. It is extremely important to know the reasons behind the growth and development of terrorism in recent years. If one takes the definitions which dealt with terrorism in the world, he/she can find that there is no fixed definition to terrorism. What is considered a terrorist in some countries is considered a fighter (mujahid) in others. Thus, killing thousands of Iraqis from the point of view of some states is resistance and Jihad, while these same actions are classified as "terrorist acts" when implemented in other countries. The financing of terrorist groups is behind the continuation of the terrorist-brutal operations on innocent civilians. The study aims at understanding the concept of evidentiality and its role in political discourse analysis. The study also aims to make everything clear to the public regarding the reasons which led to the emergence of terrorist organisations and the countries that support them based on the facts which Putin will present through his speeches. In order to achieve the aims, the study offers two hypotheses: Putin is certain from his information sources regarding the countries which finance the terrorists. Putin also uses different evidentials to reinforce the accuracy of his information. The study introduces the concept of evidentiality, its approaches, and significance in detail. In order to solve the problem of the study and achieve its aims, the researcher adopted two models: Chafe (1986) and Mushin (2001). Based on the analysis of data, the study explored that there are countries clearly support and finance terrorists, and Putin uses different evidential markers to reinforce the sources of his information. The study addresses these countries to stop financing terrorists
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Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
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Popova, Lyubov' Ivanovna. "Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures." Вопросы безопасности, no. 1 (January 2021): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34913.
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This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.
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Popova, Lyubov' Ivanovna. "Global terrorism threat: current situation and preventive measures." Вопросы безопасности, no. 2 (February 2021): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.2.34913.
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This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of global terrorism threats, as well as provides scientific definition of its key elements that pose challenges to the modern systems of state and national security. The goal of this research is to examine the various aspects of manifestations of terrorism as a threat to international security, and discuss ways of countering terrorism. Relying on numerous empirical research, the author employs innovative approaches towards formulating the definitions of terrorism as a global phenomenon. The article considers the socioeconomic, regional, historical-legal, and customs aspects of modern international terrorism are considered; as well as provides research provisions on the methods for detecting terrorist threats. The article uses various approaches towards definition of the concept of terrorism, and identifies the problems of terminology. The author touches upon the question of correlation between different types of criminal activity for the organization and execution of terrorist acts; describes the trends of modern terrorism; reveals the essence, prerequisites and objectives of terrorism as a global threat. The empirical part of research is based on the secondary data. The author summarizes the results of sociological surveys; examines the characteristics and evolution of personality of a terrorist; defines the criteria for comparison of the world’s countries by the level of terrorist activity. The average index of terrorist activity for macrogeographic regions and member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union is calculated. Special attention is given to the relevant questions of financing of terrorism, classification of the sources of funds received by the terrorist organizations and allocation of these funds. The article determines the role of customs in counteracting the manifestations of terrorism, and the key measures for observance of the UN resolution. The author substantiates the use of comprehensive approach towards the methods and means of counteracting the manifestations of terrorism; and formulates recommendations on the development of concerted strategies for countering terrorism in the EAEU member-states.
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Cassim, Fawzia. "Addressing the spectre of cyber terrorism: a comparative perspective." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2494.
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This article looks at the definition of cyber terrorism and terrorist use of the Internet. The article evaluates cyber terrorist threats facing countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and South Africa. The article also examines measures introduced by the respective governments in these countries to counteract cyber terrorist threats. Finally, the article will propose a way forward to counteract such possible threats in the future. The face of terrorism is changing. The convergence of the physical and virtual worlds has resulted in the creation of a “new threat” called cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorism is one of the recognised cyber crimes. The absence of suitable legal frameworks to address cyber terrorism at national and regional levels, the lack of adequate safeguards, the lack of cyber security strategies and the pre-occupation of countries with internal factors have all contributed to the creation of an environment that can be easily infiltrated by cyber terrorists. The horrific events of 9/11 provided the impetus for many countries to introduce anti-terrorist legislation. The United States of America, United Kingdom, India and South Africa have introduced legislation to address the threat of cyber terrorism.
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Obado Ochieng, Mercy. "Elusive Legal Definition of Terrorism at the United Nations." Strathmore Law Journal 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.30.
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Terrorism is indisputably a serious security threat to states and individuals. Yet, by the end of 2016, there was still lack of consensus on the legal definition of terrorism at the United Nations (UN) level. The key organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (UNGA), are yet to agree on a legal definition of terrorism. This disconnect is attributed partly to the heterogeneous nature of terrorist activities and ideological differences among member states. At the UN level, acts of terrorism are mainly tackled from the angle of threats to international peace and security. In contrast, at the state level, acts of terrorism are largely defined as crimes and hence dealt with from the criminal justice paradigm. This article argues that the lack of a concrete legal definition of terrorism at the UN level undermines the holistic use of the criminal justice paradigm to counter-terrorism at the state level. To effectively counter-terrorism the UNSC and the UNGA have to agree on a legal definition of terrorism in their resolutions. This will streamline efforts to combat terrorism at the state level and consolidate counter-terrorism measures at the international level. The draft comprehensive Convention on Measures to Eliminate Terrorism (the Draft Convention) should be tailored to fill gaps and provide for a progressive legal definition of acts of terrorism.
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Sloan‐Lynch, Jay. "Domestic Abuse as Terrorism." Hypatia 27, no. 4 (2012): 774–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01250.x.
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A number of philosophers and feminist authors have recently equated domestic abuse with the ubiquitous and ill‐defined concept of “terrorism.” Claudia Card, for instance, argues that domestic abuse is a frequently ignored form of terrorism that creates and maintains “heterosexual male dominance and female dependence and service” (Card 2003). Alison Jaggar, in a recent article, also concludes that an acceptable definition of terrorism will find rape and domestic violence to be terrorist acts (Jaggar 2005). Yet there seem to be several obstacles to any simple appropriation of the term “terrorism” for cases of domestic abuse. In this paper I will address what I take to be three significant problems that might be raised with regard to any attempt to identify domestic abuse as an act of terrorism. These problems include the fact that a) definitions of terrorism usually require clear political motivations, b) definitions of terrorism normally require that the terrorist intend to create a climate of terror, and c) adopting the term terrorism for cases of domestic abuse might appear simply inappropriate or unhelpful. I will argue, however, that each of these possible objections can be answered effectively and that domestic abuse rightly falls under the rubric of terrorism.
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Simeon, James. "The Evolving Common Law Jurisprudence Combatting the Threat of Terrorism in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada." Laws 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8010005.
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Terrorism is a concept that defies a simple and straightforward legal definition. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that there is no Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism with a universally accepted definition of what constitutes “terrorism.” Consequently, States have devised their own definitions of what constitutes terrorism that are typically found in their criminal law. This raises the fundamental question of whether there is a convergence or divergence in jurisprudential trends on what constitutes terrorism among States? Presumably, a convergence in jurisprudential trends is more likely to contribute to combatting the threat of terrorism at the international and national levels. Accordingly, this article comparatively analyzes the definition of terrorism in three common law jurisdictions: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It finds that although there are a number of similarities in the definition of terrorism in these three States, they have significantly different definitions of what constitutes terrorism. The UK definition, ostensibly, has the broadest definition of terrorism of the three States. The US has, undoubtedly, the most unique, with separate definitions for “international terrorism” and “domestic terrorism.” Additionally, Canada has the most international definition of terrorism, drawing on 13 functional terrorism Conventions to define offenses such as hijacking, hostage taking, and bombing, etc. The second part of the article comparatively analyzes seven of the leading Supreme Court cases on terrorism in these three States. From the ratio or rationes decidendi in each of these cases, it draws out the twelve legal principles that underlie these judgements and finds that they are similar and overall consistent. The conclusion reached is that there is, at least in these three common law jurisdictions, an apparent convergence in jurisprudential trends in the law of terrorism. This augurs well for the development and emergence of a common definition of what constitutes terrorism at the international and transnational levels, as well as more rigorous and effective counter-terrorism laws and policies within and across States.
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Iqbal, Zaheema, and Khurram Iqbal. "CYBER TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC STATE." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 56, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v56i2.46.
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In today’s postmodern world with the latest and top notch internet technologies in the market, if it has become easy and accessible for everyone to communicate with others sitting at the other corner of the world, it has also given rise to the cybercrimes including cyber terro rism which has not only provided grave threats to the whole world but also posed a question of whether with the manipulation of cyber space, cyber terrorists can damage or destroy the physical infrastructure of its target. Owing to easy access to everyone and strong damage done as compared to traditional terrorism, today terrorists are relying on cyber terrorism as well. The Islamic State (IS) has emerged as one of the brutal and violent terrorist organization s which hired cyber experts and manipulated cyber space to the extent that today they are most active and professional cyber users’ terrorist organization of the world. The main focus of the paper is to highlight the basic definition of cyber terrorism, how often it is different from traditional terrorism, use of cyber terrorism, how cyber terrorism can be manipulated through various latest tools and techniques and how Islamic State (ISIS) is using cyber space to spread its message.
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Nino, Michele. "International Terrorism: Definition." Journal of Criminal Law 71, no. 2 (April 2007): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2007.71.2.147.
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Chojnowski, Lech. "On Terrorism and its Typologies." Security Dimensions 33, no. 33 (June 30, 2020): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2667.
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The article refers to selected aspects of knowledge about terrorism and its typology. The introduction explains the etymology of this concept and highlights the problem of diversity in the definition of terrorism. The next part cites several definitions of terrorism, which, in the author’s opinion, reflect the essence of this phenomenon. The difference between terrorism and terror, which are two terms that should not be used interchangeably, is also explained. The next part of the article illustrates the source of the problem which makes it impossible to agree on a commonly accepted definition of terrorism by giving an example of the wording of the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. Then, the inherent feature of terrorism is explained, which is its asymmetry. The last part of the article concerns a typology of terrorism. It presents in a synthetic way various categories of terrorism, distinguished according to such criteria as: actors, motives, strategic (final) goals, close (closer) goals, type of actions, nature of the object of attacks, international implications, and means and methods used by terrorists. The article ends with a concise summary of the considerations on the theoretical aspects of terrorism undertaken in it.
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Arnold, Jeffrey L., Per Örtenwall, Marvin L. Birnbaum, Knut Ole Sundnes, Anil Aggrawal, V. Arantharaman, Abdul Wahab Al Musleh, et al. "A Proposed Universal Medical and Public Health Definition of Terrorism." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000753.
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AbstractThe lack of a universally applicable definition of terrorism has confounded the understanding of terrorism since the term was first coined in 18th Century France. Although a myriad of definitions of terrorism have been advanced over the years, virtually all of these definitions have been crisis-centered, frequently reflecting the political perspectives of those who seek to define it.In this article, we deconstruct these previously used definitions of terrorism in order to reconstruct a definition of terrorism that is consequence-centered, medically relevant, and universally harmonized. A universal medical and public health definition of terrorism will facilitate clinical and scientific research, education, and communication about terrorism-related events or disasters.We propose the following universal medical and public definition of terrorism: The intentional use of violence — real or threatened — against one or more non-combatants and/or those services essential for or protective of their health, resulting in adverse health effects in those immediately affected and their community, ranging from a loss of well-being or security to injury, illness, or death.
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Capone, Francesca. "COUNTERING “FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS”: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED BY THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 25, no. 1 (October 18, 2016): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000114a.
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Terrorism constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. The newest challenge posed by this threat is represented by the phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters”. Current estimates place the number of foreigners who have joined the ongoing armed conflicts in the Middle East between 20,000 and 30,000. How many of these foreign fighters also fall within the definition of foreign terrorist fighters (i.e. those travelling abroad with a “terrorist” intent) provided by UN Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) is very difficult to assess. In primis because the resolution refers to “terrorists”, “terrorist acts”, and “terrorist training” without actually defining “terrorism” and thus leaving to each Member State the task to determine the breadth and the contours of this concept. Secondly because the text lacks legal certainty with regard to many other crucial aspects, e.g., the relationship between counter-terrorism and international humanitarian law, the interpretation of the term “State of residence”, and the risk of abuse of refugee status. These shortcomings not only jeopardize the ability to implement a uniform approach, but they also increase the likelihood of fostering abusive responses. This article argues that Resolution 2178 has not been adopted in a legal vacuum, on the contrary it extensively builds on the anti-terrorism framework established by previous Security Council resolutions and thus it inherits and exacerbates many old and unresolved issues. Ultimately, the present article seeks to determine to what degree the new set of binding obligations placed upon Member States to thwart the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters is effective and it discusses the extent to which it could enhance or hinder counter-terrorism’s compliance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international refugee law.
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Sesetyo, Heru. "Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a4.
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In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.
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Sesetyo, Heru. "Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a4.
Full textAbstract:
In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.
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Saul, Ben. "Minorities and Counter-Terrorism Law." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no. 01 (February 10, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501002.
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Members of minority groups have historically been both victims and perpetrators of terrorism. This article examines how international and national legal controls on terrorism have addressed or impacted upon members of minority groups. In particular, it identifies three key areas in which legal questions arise: (1) the extent to which terrorism laws protect minorities (which is principally a question of the definition of terrorism, particularly ‘motive’ elements); (2) how terrorism laws apply to—or exempt—members of minorities who perpetrate terrorism (which concerns both definition and exceptions to definitions); and (3) how counter-terrorism laws differentially or disproportionately impact on minorities (which concerns definition as well as over-policing).
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Volevodz, A. G. "International Criminalization of International Terrorizm." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(35) (April 28, 2014): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-150-160.
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Analysis and studying of the terrorism in all its facets is a complex entangled problem with less clear legal regulation that it might seem at first glance, especially after its transformation from local phenomenon into a world threat. Hitherto terrorism and actions connected to it have been criminalized by the majority of states. There are in modern criminal law whole systems of rules on criminal liability for terrorism which differs considerably from country to country. Terrorism has been criminalized in numerous international regional and universal antiterrorist legal instruments. The author notes that differences in definitions that are enshrined in them hinders international cooperation in criminal matters with respect to terrorist cases. Difficulties reside in the necessity to meet the dual criminality requirement and in the political offense exception. These difficulties can only be overcome through elaboration of a universally recognized definition of the notion of international terrorism and making it legally binding via its inclusion into a universal convention. The issue of definition of international terrorism is an important part of an efficient mutual assistance among states in fight against this crime. In this article the author accounts of actual ways of tackling by the international community of the issue of criminalization of international terrorism and of factors influencing them.
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Savvateeva, V. "The Subject of Terrorism in the Modern Russian Legislation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/66/41.
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The article reflects such an important problem of the world community as terrorism, divided into state, domestic and international. The article also analyzes the concept of modern terrorism and offers a definition of terrorism, international terrorism and their most serious and widespread manifestations — a terrorist act and makes recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Russia.
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Abdulqadir, Ziyad. "The Need for an integrative theoretical model to determine the personality of terrorists." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 11, no. 4 (August 19, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2021.11.4.1.
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Terrorism is a threat to the whole of humanity, counterterrorism is a collective responsibility which requires extreme levels of cooperation and coordination between nations to reduce terrorism and terrorist behavior, in this regard, several international laws, decisions and agreements have been formulated or signed to tackle the problem. In recent years terrorism has become a real challenge for many countries of the world and for all humanity, because terrorism and aggressive behavior of terrorists, annihilated a lot of people, destroyed the infrastructure and economic structure of the group of nations of the world. The thought and extremist ideology of some groups making human in the circle of fear, constant anxiety, and affected the progress of nations in all sides of human life, also affected the human development, and the open humanitarian ideas.
Counter-terrorism has become an international issue, and study about it is important that should take into consideration the theoretical and practical aspects. However, with the lack of internationally accepted definition and theories about terrorism as a phenomenon, perhaps it is not surprising that there is a similar shortage of theories on how to combat it. Moreover, the increasing complexity and the wider threat of the phenomenon of terrorism and extremism, with the influx of actors and a range of motivations, strategies, tactics, and evaluation tools are available on how to confront such threats are necessary in guiding the process of policymaking to combat terrorism.
This article aimed to claim the necessity of forming a theoretical model to determine the personality traits of the terrorist and distinguish them from the pathological personality. (Mental illness). According to some hypotheses and theories of the personality of terrorists and a comparison between the two personalities: “terrorist and abnormal personality” with a number of studies that dealt with them, thus, there is a need for a theoretical model to determine the traits of the personality of terrorists.
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Hensgen, Tobin, Kevin C. Desouza, J. Roberto Evaristo, and George D. Kraft. "Playing the “cyber terrorism game” towards a semiotic definition." Human Systems Management 22, no. 2 (April 5, 2003): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2003-22201.
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The future of many terrorist related games or plans may well involve the cyber space. However, the literature on what needs to be in place to play the cyber terrorism game is scant. Most of the current attention given terrorism involves both probability and consequences related to the physical world. Focuses in “what-if” scenarios involve threats to the economy and the population from an enemy that has all the discretion in selecting the battlefield. This essay examines what cyber-terrorism means, the forms it may take and how it may occur, and safeguards that should be considered in preparation for cyber warfare through use of a semiotic model. To this end we draw from current theories involving semiotics, gaming, emergence, and complexity to ground our work.
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Daniszewski, Piotr. "Bioterrorism - Threat to Regional Security and Global." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 1 (September 2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.1.28.
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Bioterrorism is a multi-faceted phenomenon and dynamic, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid scientific progress. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.
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Serebrennikova, Anna, Alexander Sukhodolov, and Boris Spasennikov. "Criminological Characteristics of the Causes and Conditions of Terrorist Crimes." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).38-48.
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Terrorism, as a social and legal phenomenon, is one of the most dangerous challenges both for the Russian Federation and the global community. It is acquiring more and more diverse forms and its scale is threatening. Russian legislators describe terrorism as an ideology of violence and a practice of influencing the decision-making of bodies of power at different levels or of international organizations through the intimidation of people and (or) other forms of illegal violent acts. The article is devoted to the criminological description of the causes and conditions of terrorist activities. The authors note that the emergence of terrorism has certain historical prerequisites. The causes and conditions of terrorist activities are connected with both internal and external (political, economic, religious, psychological) factors, including those common for all countries. The key factors that produce terrorism at present are, according to the authors, the severe character and complexity of various social and political contradictions. Another factor, or rather the consequence of the first one, is wars and armed conflicts. It is noted that one of the reasons for the persistence of modern terrorism (both its ideology and infrastructure) are gaps in international and national legislations. Besides, there are contradictions between states in their assessment of terrorists and their definition of terrorism. According to the authors, the absence of the concept «terrorism» in corresponding international legal documents is one of the reasons for the existing situation and for its escalation as the number of terrorist acts increases. The authors stress that the subjective reason for terrorist activities is the motivation of its subjects. It is a subjective reflection of the possible complex of objective causes and existing contradictions. The authors conclude that the «multifaceted character» of terrorism makes it possible to single out comprehensive causes and conditions of terrorist activities, however, the researchers present its typical manifestations.
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Obia, Saron. "Terrorism and Technology." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 11, no. 6 (December 27, 2021): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2021.11.6.13.
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The globalization era, also known as the era of technological evolution, has changed the narrative of international, regional and national security strategy. Terrorism is an evitable word use to describe recent events in the world. the emergence of new technological devices has both negative and positive impact in the world challenged by transnational actors. The paper examines the definition and forms of acts of terrorism in connection with technology, in order to understand the continual existence of the menace despite measures adopted by states. Hence, there exist no generally accepted definition of terrorism. The paper analysis the link between terrorism and technology from two dimensions; first, exploring the impact of technology in relation to the rise of terrorist groups and as well the role of the media. The second part, examines the challenges and the advantage of technology in relation to national security.
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Zubrzycki, Waldemar. "The Essence of Terrorism." Internal Security 12, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3194.
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The area of content to which the term “terrorism” refers is very broad and is also the subject of numerous studies. However, the results indicate significant discrepancies in the understanding of the term, resulting not only in an ambiguous perception, but above all in the lack of a generally accepted definition of the phenomenon. Researchers see it as an ideology, as well as a strategy, tactics or method of fighting, and finally as a tool for achieving the goals set. The validity of the meaning assigned to them has been verified by analysing the definitions of individual concepts, and in the search for the scope of meaning of the word terrorism, the terms that are indicated as its synonyms have also been used. The research conducted indicated political motivation as a feature distinguishing a terrorist from an ordinary criminal. Terrorists try to influence the power of a given country, also aiming at causing disturbances in its decision-making processes and, as a result, paralysing the state apparatus. The main characteristic of terrorism is the use of violence, which can take the form of any behaviour that results in the creation of a state of fear and danger in the human psyche. The purpose of terrorism is, therefore, to deliberately arouse and exploit fear, and its far-reaching psychological consequences go well beyond the immediate victims. Arousing fear in a society of the likelihood of a terrorist attack aims to force a government, organisation or social group to take or abandon certain actions. The adoption of such a tactic of action is an effect of disproportions, concerning both quantitative parameters of military potentials and factors determining the level of civilisation, and the differences lie in both the way of thinking and views, as well as the method of conducting a fight. In such a context, the power of terrorism comes from surprise, brutality and a task of the greatest possible loss in the shortest possible time, using unconventional methods. Unfortunately, the use of terrorist methods has become widespread and the threat of terrorism has become global.
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Ruby, Charles L. "The Definition of Terrorism." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2, no. 1 (December 2002): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00021.x.
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Daniszewski, Piotr. "Characteristics of Pathogens which Might Be Used in an Bioterrorism Attack." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 3 (September 2013): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.3.54.
Full textAbstract:
Bioterrorism is a complex and dynamic phenomenon, occurring in various forms. It is difficult now to define a uniform definition of terrorism that is changing under the influence of the development of civilization, and especially the rapid progress in scientific and technical knowledge. The terrorists perfectly use the latest achievements of biological sciences in their terrorist attacks. The purpose of this article is to bring the phenomenon of bioterrorism.
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Andrić, Jasmina, and Mitar Kovač. "Contemporary terrorism as a security threat." Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no. 2 (2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2102107a.
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Terrorism is one of the most frequently used words in the media and the most effective political words of today. However, although there is a lot of talk about terrorism in the media as well as in the professional and scientific literature, it seems that this term remains insufficiently explained. When asked why this is so, the answer lies in a number of reasons that are mainly characteristics of the modern world. Some of the reasons include the complexity of terrorism as a phenomenon and the multitude of its manifestations. Then, thre is the subjectivity in defining this term and the different political interests that lead to the duality of standards in its definition. Also, various aspects of the time in which we live (digitalization, faster flow of information, greater availability of weapons, etc.) contribute to making terrorism more dynamic and thus more intriguing for the public. Today, more than ever, in considering terrorism, we must take into account a number of factors, primarily criminological ones and then legal, political, sociological and military factors of the modern world. This leads us to the conclusion that modern terrorism and the view of it are significantly different from their earlier manifestations. Therefore, the authors present the characteristics of modern terrorism, starting from the theoretical definition of security challenges, risks and threats, through the definition and classification of terrorism to the problems in countering terrorism and the context of the time in which we live. If we take into account that the period after the attack on the World Trade Center is considered a period of modern terrorism, we will see that the emphasis is on Islamist terrorism. However, although most attention is paid to Islamist terrorist organizations, the trends of terrorism are now increasingly turning to European and Western countries. This tells us that we must not forget other forms, types and forms of terrorism. Right-wing extremist, terrorist organizations are a real threat, and the fight against terrorism is a difficult task that the global society of the 21st century has set to itself as the primary security problem. Therefore, the paper identifies key obstacles to a successful fight against terrorism. The paper places a special emphasis on the global monitoring of terrorist activities through the World Terrorism Index. Using these bases, some of the important characteristics of modern terrorism have been determined.
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Dumitriu, Eugenia. "The E.U.'s Definition of Terrorism: The Council Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism." German Law Journal 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012700.
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Terrorist acts have, for a long time, constituted a major concern for the international community. Yet the definition of terrorism has represented an area of international law where the divergence of views between States was significant. For some, the protection of the State and of the democratic values of the society laid at the heart of the debate, whereas others were more concerned with the risk of an unjustified repression of “freedom fighters.” These approaches, although apparently complementary, have proved to be irreconcilable in practice. At the United Nations’ level, this division of the international community prevented the emergence of a consensus over a horizontal definition of terrorism. This situation,-paradoxically did not impede the adoption of several international conventions dealing with specific aspects or forms of terrorism as well as of multiple resolutions on this issue.
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Iqbal, Khurshid, and Niaz A. Shah. "Defining Terrorism in Pakistani Anti-Terrorism Law." Global Journal of Comparative Law 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00702003.
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We critically examine the definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 of Pakistan and as it is interpreted by the Supreme Court of Pakistan under the principle of legality in criminal and human rights law standards. 1 We conclude that the definition of terrorism under the Anti-Terrorism Act does not pass the test of the principle of legality and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan is inconsistent confounding the situation further. We recommend that Pakistan, following the principle of legality and human rights standards, amend the current definition of terrorism as an overbroad definition could be misused and abused leading to human rights violations.
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Gerasimova, Alina. "The concept of organized terrorist activity." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-3-92-97.
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Terrorist activity in all its manifestations is the main source of threat to the public security of the Russian Federation and the entire world community. Its organized nature poses increasingly complex challenges to society. Today, terrorism is becoming complex and highly organized in character. Organized terrorist activity has a high level of danger, provokes the phenomenon of social fear, in which a person feels his helpless in the face of the absolute of all-encompassing violence. The concepts «terrorist activity», «organized activity», and «organized criminal activity» are analysed in the paper. On the basis of these notions examination, the author offers his own definition of «organized terrorist activity». The article contains the analysis of the doctrinal understanding of «organized criminal activity» definition. The article describes the content aspects of the term «terrorist activity» where the features of this definition from the point of view of social sciences and of criminal law norms are taken into account. The author analyses the fixed definition of «terrorist activity» given in the Federal law «On countering terrorism» and the criminal law concept of «terrorist activity». Different approaches to understanding organized criminal activity from the points of view of criminal law and criminology are investigated. The correlation between the concepts «organizational criminal activity» and «organized criminal activity» is shown.
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De Vido, Sara. "The future of the draft UN Convention on international terrorism." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 3, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-09-2016-0020.
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Purpose The paper is meant to analyse the debate over the revival of a comprehensive convention on international terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a United Nations (UN) Convention on international terrorism is still necessary – provided that it is updated considering the new challenges that have recently emerged – and could be complemented by an annex containing the list of terrorist organisations, the determination of which is of common concern of the entire international community. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is conducted from an international law perspective. The paper uses a comparative perspective – counter-terrorism, Antarctic and ICAO system - to support the main argument. Findings The paper proposes an annex to the convention including a list of terrorist organisations. Some terrorist organisations are unanimously labelled as terrorist and therefore this list will be useful in developing cooperation among States. A system of revision is also presented; a system which emphasises the role of the UN Ombudsperson. Research limitations/implications The proposal presented does not delve into the content of the convention which should be based on the draft prepared by the UN General Assembly ad hoc Committee and should take into account the most recent forms of terrorism. The paper does not provide an answer to all the questions, and it does not linger over the tragedy of civilians living in Syria and Iraq who have been deprived – starting long before the rise of the Islamic State – of their land and lives. Practical implications Revival of the debate on the draft convention – proposal for a renewed role of the Ombudsperson – legal implications of a list annexed to a convention on international terrorism – importance of multilateral cooperation in the field. Originality/value The paper is innovative in changing the perspective of the problem. The point of view regarding the definition of international terrorism has usually been the following: to find a common definition of international terrorism trying to overcome all the differences regarding general exceptions. The proposed perspective is to find the lowest common denominator for the definition and to identify organisations on which States cannot but agree on their condemnation.
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Trifunovic, Darko, and Juliusz Piwowarski. "Contemporary Terrorist Challenges and Threats in Europe." Security Dimensions 38, no. 38 (December 23, 2021): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6521.
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This article generally contains two parts. One is a theoretical approach to dealing with the phenomenon of terrorism as well as international terrorism. Within the first part, a unique definition of the concept of security science is given, without which it is not possible to properly perceive or investigate security threats and risks within which terrorism is one of the significant threats. The second part deals with models of terrorist activities with special attention to the webspace and the significant role that terrorists attach to the increasing use of the Internet for their purposes. The theoretical part leads to the conclusion that there are five essential elements whose presence, if detected in one territory or state, indicates the existence of a mechanism that produces or creates new jihad warriors. The paper also gives a unique forecast of the degree of endangerment on the example of a territory, which gives scientists who investigate these threats a new direction of research.
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SAVINSKY, A. V. "On the harmonization of anti-terrorist legislation norms." Ius Publicum et Privatum 2, no. 12 (June 30, 2021): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-2-86-90.
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Measures are being taken in Russia to improve anti-terrorist legislation, with special attention paid to increasing the counter-terrorism potential of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, the current anti-terrorism regulations are not without drawbacks. Thus, terrorist activity is interpreted differently in Art. 3 of the Federal Law "On Countering Terrorism" and Art. 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which leads to contradictory investigative and judicial practice. The solution is seen in the unification of the definition of terrorist activity and the definition in the wording of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation looks preferable. It is noted that the legal support for the operational penetration of law enforcement agencies into terrorist structures does not meet the requirements, since the norm of Part 4 of Art. 18 of the federal law "On operational-search activity" (contains an operational-search basis for active repentance) remains inoperative due to the lack of its incorporation into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The article formulates additions to these codified federal laws, which will legitimize the operational-search basis for active repentance.
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SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG, WALTER. "On Primoratz's Definition of Terrorism." Journal of Applied Philosophy 8, no. 1 (April 1991): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1991.tb00412.x.
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