Journal articles: 'Deflection of the beam'

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Ahmed, Ehsan, and Habibur Rahman Sobuz. "Immediate and Long-Term Deflection of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Concrete Beams." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.73.

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This study presents the results of immediate and long-term deflections of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates under sustained loading The test parameters were sustained load and different degrees of strengthening scheme for both cracked and un-cracked sections of beams. The applied sustained load was 56% and 38% of the ultimate static capacities of the un-strengthened beams for cracked and un-cracked section respectively. The long term deflections of CFRP strengthened beams at six month were on average 1.42 times the immediate deflections for un-cracked beams and 1.45 times the immediate deflections for cracked beams. The experimental results indicate that the long-term deflection of cracked beam shows significantly higher value compared to that of un-cracked beams. A comparison of time dependent deformation between analytical and experimental results shows closer agreement for the un-cracked beam sections. More conservative theoretical estimation is observed in the case of cracked beam section in spite the inclusion of tension stiffening effect. Finally, factors affecting the long-term deflection of strengthened beams are discussed to get better understanding on the long term behaviour of strengthened beams.

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Vales, Jan, Zdenek Kala, and Jindrich Melcher. "Application of Fuzzy Set Theory to the Serviceability Limit State of a Steel Beam under Bending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 769 (June 2015): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.91.

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Deformations of an I-section steel beam under equal end moments are studied in this article. Initial geometric imperfection of the beam axis was introduced according to the Eurocode standard. Numerical studies have shown that the lateral deflection of slender beams under major axis bending can be relatively high. The acceptability of high values of lateral deflections within the framework of the serviceability limit state is discussed. In the next part of the paper, the limit value of maximum deflection was introduced as a fuzzy number. Fuzzy analysis of the maximum moment, which causes maximum deflection, was performed. The slenderness values of beams for which the serviceability limit state is the limiting condition for design were identified.

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Liu, Shun Feng, Mu Yi Hou, Xiao Liu, and Ru Heng Wang. "Analysis of Cracking Moment and Immediate Deflection in FRP Rebars Reinforced Concrete Beams." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.618.

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Fiber reinforced polymer rebars have advantages of light weight, high tensile strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, researches showed that [1-2], the low elastic modulus of FRP rebar resulting in a larger deflection than steel reinforced concrete beam in equivalent condition. Therefore, it is crucial to control the deflections in serviceability limit states. Three GFRP reinforced concrete beams were tested with four-point bending, deducing the cracking moment formula of the FRP reinforced beam. Then, Bischoff model is adopted to calculate the deflection, and reaching a good agreement with the experimental results. We recommend Bischoff model to evaluate the immediate deflections.

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Chen, Li Wen, Chia Yen Lee, Chien Hsiung Tsai, and Yung Chuan Chen. "Thermal Contact Residual Stress Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Bilayer Micro-Cantilevers with Platinum Electrodes." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.559.

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This paper studies the residual stress distributions and tip deflections of microfabricated bilayer cantilevers of varying beam thickness and platinum electrode length. The bilayer cantilevers discussed here are composed of low-stress silicon nitride films deposited on silicon beams. Platinum electrodes are deposited and patterned on the low-stress silicon nitride layers. A thermal elastic-plastic finite element model is utilized to calculate the residual stress distribution across the cantilever cross-section and to determine the cantilever tip deflection following heat treatment. A contact model is introduced to simulate the influence of contact on the residual stress distribution. The influences of the beam thickness and the platinum electrode length on the residual stress distribution and tip deflections are thoroughly investigated. The numerical results indicate that a smaller beam thickness leads to a larger compressive residual stress within the platinum electrode and delivers a larger tip deflection. The results also indicate that a larger platinum electrode length delivers a smaller tip deflection.

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Thumrongvut, Jaksada, and Sittichai Seangatith. "An Experimental Study on the Performance of Fixed-End Supported PFRP Channel Beams under Flexure." Advanced Materials Research 702 (May 2013): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.702.31.

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The experimental investigation on the fixed-end supported PFRP channel beams subjected to three-point loading is presented. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effects of the span on the structural behaviors, the critical buckling loads and the modes of failure of the PFRP beams, and to compare the obtained deflections with those obtained from the Timoshenko’s shear deformation beam theory equation in order to check the adequacy of the equation. The beam specimens have the cross-sectional dimensions of 152 43 10 mm with span-to-depth ratio ranging from 16 to 33. A total of twenty-two specimens were performed. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the loads versus mid-span vertical deflection relationships of the beam specimens are linear up to the failure, but the load versus mid-span lateral deflection relationships are geometrically nonlinear. The general modes of failure are the flexural-torsional buckling. Finally, the Timoshenko’s shear deformation beam equation can satisfactorily predict the vertical deflection of the beams within acceptable engineering error.

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Pokhrel, Puskar Raj, and Bhabani Lamsal. "Modeling and parameter analysis of deflection of a beam." BIBECHANA 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i1.29359.

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In this paper, we present the model equation of a beam when it applies compression forces on ends of the beam and carries a load. For the structural point of view, there should be a suitable model to understand the behavior under different conditions of loading of a beam. Mathematical modeling is the simulation of a physical structure or physical phenomenon by constructing suitable analytic and numerical solution. We analyze the deflections of the beam by taking different structures of beam. The structures of beam depend on the compression forces on beams with different beams with different weights. We observe the deflection by applying various compression forces at the ends of the beam. The influence of the effect of some parameters appeared in mathematical formulations such as area moment of inertia (I), Young’s modulus (E), load (W) and compressive force (P) on deflection variation are investigated in this paper. We analyze the results that how compression forces affect the system. We use finite difference method to solve the model equation numerically. We analyze and compare the numerical result with analytic solution. BIBECHANA 18 (2021) 75-82

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He, Wen-Yu, Wei-Xin Ren, Lei Cao, and Quan Wang. "FEM Free Damage Detection of Beam Structures Using the Deflections Estimated by Modal Flexibility Matrix." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 09 (May 19, 2021): 2150128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421501285.

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The deflection of the beam estimated from modal flexibility matrix (MFM) indirectly is used in structural damage detection due to the fact that deflection is less sensitive to experimental noise than the element in MFM. However, the requirement for mass-normalized mode shapes (MMSs) with a high spatial resolution and the difficulty in damage quantification restricts the practicability of MFM-based deflection damage detection. A damage detection method using the deflections estimated from MFM is proposed for beam structures. The MMSs of beams are identified by using a parked vehicle. The MFM is then formulated to estimate the positive-bending-inspection-load (PBIL) caused deflection. The change of deflection curvature (CDC) is defined as a damage index to localize damage. The relationship between the damage severity and the deflection curvatures is further investigated and a damage quantification approach is proposed accordingly. Numerical and experimental examples indicated that the presented approach can detect damages with adequate accuracy at the cost of limited number of sensors. No finite element model (FEM) is required during the whole detection process.

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Wei, Juan, and Wen Pu Shi. "Deflection Computations of the Double Composite Cantilever Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.97.

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Considering of the hypothesis of small deformation, the deflection approximate differential equation of beam and integration equation theory and numerical methods are used to the deflection problems of the double composite cantilever beam. The deflection problem of the double composite beam with smooth interface under a point vertical force acting on the beam end are analyzed concretely, the analytical solutions of the touching distributing force and the cross section rotation angle function are given, and the concrete method of computing the beam deflection is put forward based on the Gauss-Legendre integration formula, the results of the given example show the validity. The methods and the conclusions here can be extended to study the deflection problems of composite cantilever beam with arbitrary layers and the deflection problems of composite beams with other supporting condition, they are important to the designs of the engineering beams.

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Tan, Hui Feng, and Zhen Yong Du. "Research on Equivalent Bending Stiffness of Conical Inflated Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.444.

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The conical inflated beams have steady bending stiffness before wrinkles appear according to experimental load-deflection curve, then the deflection distribute function is derived based on the differential function of deflection with variable bending stiffness. The equivalent bending stiffness is presented while the conical inflated beam equates to cylindrical inflated beam, according to the deflection formula of beam, the model of equivalent bending stiffness of conical inflated beams is obtained. Comparing the equivalent bending stiffness of conical inflated beams between theoretical model and Experiment results, it is found that they agree with each other well.

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Umasankar, G., and C. R. Mischke. "A Simple Numerical Method for Determining the Sensitivity of Bending Deflections of Stepped Shafts to Dimensional Changes." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3274706.

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A simple method of computing the effect of a dimensional change at a particular element of a stepped shaft on two bearings, on bending deflections, and on slopes of the neutral axis at any of the nodes of interest is presented. The changes in deflection and slope of the neutral axis are derived as incremental quantities and as functions of the dimension change and the prior deflections and slopes of the neutral axis of the shaft. For shaft synthesis, the implications are that one can begin with a uniform diameter bar subjected to the loading and make a complete deflection analysis with superposed closed-form relations. Then the geometry can be modified element by element and the deflectional changes easily updated. This is computationally efficient. Further, deflections and deflection changes computed using the proposed method are identical to those obtained using a finite beam element model of the shaft.

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Song, Jiang Yong. "An Elliptic Integral Solution to the Multiple Inflections Large Deflection Beams in Compliant Mechanisms." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.349.

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In this paper, a solution based on the elliptic integrals is proposed for solving multiples inflection points large deflection. Application of the Bernoulli Euler equations of compliant mechanisms with large deflection equation of beam is obtained ,there is no inflection point and inflection points in two cases respectively. The elliptic integral solution which is the most accurate method at present for analyzing large deflections of cantilever beams in compliant mechanisms.

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Qu, Hong Chang, Ling Ling Chen, and Sheng Li Zhang. "Flexural Analysis of Simply Supported Concrete Beam Reinforced with FRP Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.1617.

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The purpose of this paper is to experimentally and theoretically study the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. In this research, two series of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP and CFRP were tested up to failure. Beam stiffness was the same for all beams until the appearance of first cracks. Deflection at failure was identical for beams reinforced with GFRP and CFRP bars, but force at failure of CFRP reinforced beams bars was greater. The theoretical analysis for calculating deflections was carried out. The theoretical results were compared to the test results for the simply supported beam deflections, and the theoretical predictions agree well with the test results.

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Allam, Ahmed, Ayman Nassif, and Ali Nadjai. "Behaviour of restrained steel beam at elevated temperature – parametric studies." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 324–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-11-2018-0036.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate computationally and analytically how different levels of restraint from surrounding structure, via catenary action in beams, affect the survival of steel framed structures in fire. This study focuses on examining the mid-span deflection and the tensile axial force of a non-composite heated steel beam at large deflection that is induced by the catenary action during exposure to fires. The study also considers the effect of the axial horizontal restraints, load-ratio, beam temperature gradient and the span/depth ratio. It was found that these factors influence the heated steel beam within steel construction and its catenary action at large deflection. The study suggests that this may help the beam to hang to the surrounding cold structure and delay the run-away deflection when the tensile axial force of the beam has been overcome. Design/methodology/approach This paper is part one of the parametric study and discusses both the effect of the axial horizontal restraints and load-ratio on the heated steel-beam. Reliance on the prescriptive standard fire solutions may lead to an unpredicted behaviour of the structure members if the impact of potential real fires is not considered. Findings Variation of the horizontal end-restraint level has a major effect on the behaviour of the beam at high deflection, and the loading on a beam at large displacement can be carried effectively by catenary behaviour. An increase of axial horizontal stiffness helps the catenary action to prevent run-away at lower deflections. The studies also investigated the influence of varying the load ratio on the behaviour of the heated beam at large deflection and how it affects the efficacy of the catenary action. The study suggests that care should be taken when selecting the load ratio to be used in the design. Originality/value In a recent work, the large deflection behaviours of axially restrained corrugated web steel beam (CWSB) at elevated temperatures were investigated using a finite element method (Wang et al., 2014). Parameters that greatly affected behaviours of CWSB at elevated temperatures were the load ratio, the axial restraint stiffness ratio and the span–depth ratio. Other works included numerical studies on large deflection behaviours of restrained castellated steel beams in a fire where the impact of the catenary action is considered (Wang, 2002). The impact of the induced axial forces in the steel beam during cooling stage of a fire when the beam temperature decreases, if thermal shortening of the beam is restrained, large tensile forces may be induced in the beam (Wang, 2005; Allam et al., 2002). A performance-based approach is developed for assessing the fire resistance of restrained beams. The approach is based on equilibrium and compatibility principles, takes into consideration the influence of many factors, including fire scenario, end restraints, thermal gradient, load level and failure criteria, in evaluating fire resistance (Dwaikat and Kodur, 2011; Allam et al., 1998).

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Hsu, Meng Hui, Ting Sheng Weng, and Der Ching Yang. "Dynamic Teaching on the Deflection Determining of Beams." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 1700–1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1700.

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The object of this study is applying the mathematical concepts to help students for learning the deflection analysis of beams. We integrate the concepts and techniques of calculus, derivative, programming writing, and deflection of beam device manufacture to achieve the purpose of this work. The results show the computer dynamic teaching and simulation enable the students to know the representation of deflection analysis of beams, and realize the graphic representation of basic deflection concepts of beam. In facts, the dynamic teaching helps the students to effectively understand deflection analysis on beams with different loads.

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Songsuwan, Wachirawit, Monsak Pimsarn, and Nuttawit Wattanasakulpong. "Dynamic Responses of Functionally Graded Sandwich Beams Resting on Elastic Foundation Under Harmonic Moving Loads." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 09 (September 2018): 1850112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501122.

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This paper investigates the free vibration and dynamic response of functionally graded sandwich beams resting on an elastic foundation under the action of a moving harmonic load. The governing equation of motion of the beam, which includes the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia based on the Timoshenko beam theory, is derived from Lagrange’s equations. The Ritz and Newmark methods are employed to solve the equation of motion for the free and forced vibration responses of the beam with different boundary conditions. The results are presented in both tabular and graphical forms to show the effects of layer thickness ratios, boundary conditions, length to height ratios, spring constants, etc. on natural frequencies and dynamic deflections of the beam. It was found that increasing the spring constant of the elastic foundation leads to considerable increase in natural frequencies of the beam; while the same is not true for the dynamic deflection. Additionally, very large dynamic deflection occurs for the beam in resonance under the harmonic moving load.

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Wu, Ya Ping, Yu Ru Zhao, Jia Wei Zhang, and Yin Hui Wang. "Experimental Investigations for Compression-Flexure Characters of Laminated Box Beam Columns." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.300.

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In the action of bending load and axial compression, the deflection of the beam presents character of compression-flexure. For the thin-walled carbon fiber laminated box beam column, the beam deflections not only relate with load but also with the ply angle of layer, span width ratio. By using the experimental method, this paper this paper focuses on the experimental investigations of the compression-flexure characters of the laminated box beam column, in which the features of beam deflection variation with the span width ratio, ply angle, the axial compression ratio are given.

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Wu, Ya Ping, Jia Wei Zhang, Yu Ru Zhao, and Yin Hui Wang. "Numerical Analysis for Geometry Nonlinear Characters of Laminated Box Beam Columns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.718.

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In the action of bending load and axial compression, the deflection of the beam presents character of geometry nonlinear. For the thin-walled carbon fiber laminated box beam column, the beam deflections not only relate with load but also with the ply angle of layer, span width ratio. By using the method of numerical, this paper analyzed and summarized the beam deflection variation with the span width ratio, ply angle, the axial compression ratio for the simply supported laminated box beam column under the axial compression and bending load.

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Fu, De Cheng, Yu Hui Wen, and Bo Wang. "Experimental Study on Flexural Deformation Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.175.

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In this paper, the deflection of GFRP bars reinforced beams with different reinforcement ratio was studied, To research deflection of GFRP reinforced beam, four specimen beams were test under a four-point static load. The results indicate that deflection history of GFRP bar reinforced concrete beam is different with steel reinforced concrete’s, which has two stages: the linear part before crack and linear part after crack. The ultimate deflection decreases with the increase of reinforcement ratio.

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Park, Hyo Seon, H. M. Lee, Y. H. Kwon, J. H. Seo, and Hong C. Rhim. "Assessment Model for the Safety and Serviceability of Steel Beams Using Terrestrial LiDAR." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.248.

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Structural monitoring is concerned with the safety and serviceability of the users of structures, especially for the case of building structures and infrastructures. When considering the safety of a structure, the maximum stress in a member due to live load, earthquake, wind, or other unexpected loadings must be checked not to exceed the stress specified in a code. Although the steel will not fail at yield, excessively large deflections will deteriorate the serviceability of a structure. Therefore, to guarantee the safety and serviceability of steel beams, the maximum stress and deflection in a steel beam must be monitored. However, no practical method has been reported to monitor both the maximum stress and deflection. In this paper, assessment model for both safety and serviceability of a steel beam is proposed. The model was tested in an experiment by comparing stress level estimated by LiDAR system and stress level directly measured from electrical or fiber optic sensors. The maximum deflection measured from LiDAR system is also compared with the maximum deflection directly measured from LVDTs. In addition to displacement measurement, the proposed system can provide information on deformed shapes of steel beams.

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Selden, Kristi L., and Amit H. Varma. "Composite beams under fire loading: numerical modeling of behavior." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-06-2016-011.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling (FEM) technique using the commercially available program ABAQUS to predict the thermal and structural behavior of composite beams under fire loading. Design/methodology/approach The model was benchmarked using experimental test data, and it accounts for temperature-dependent material properties, force-slip-temperature relationship for the shear studs and concrete cracking. Findings It was determined that composite beams can be modeled with this sequentially coupled thermal-structural 3D FEM to predict the displacement versus bottom flange temperature response and associated composite beam failure modes, including compression failure in the concrete slab, runaway deflection because of yielding of the steel beam or fracture of the shear studs. Originality/value The Eurocode stress-strain-temperature (σ-ε-T) material model for structural steel and concrete conservatively predict the composite beam deflections at temperatures above 500°C. Models that use the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) stress-strain-temperature (σ-ε-T) material model more closely match the measured deflection response, as compared to the results using the Eurocode model. However, in some cases, the NIST model underestimates the composite beam deflections at temperatures above 500°C.

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Cao, Guo Hui, Zhen Yu Xie, Ming Cai Wen, and Ran He. "Deflection Test on CFST Arch Bridge with CFRP Slings." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1079.

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The ultimate bearing capacity test is carried on CFST arch bridge model with CFRP slings, and the deflection of tie-beams, CFST arch, crossbeams, decks is also tested. Studies have shown that before the sliping of 4# CFRP sling, the deflection growth of east and west tie-beam, east and west arch both has good symmetry. The deflection growth of crossbeams and decks also has good symmetry, but after the sliping of 4# CFRP sling(located at the middle of west tie-beam), the structural internal forces redistribution appeared. The deflection of west tie-beam increased suddenly, and the mid-span deflection of west tie-beam is larger than that of east tie-beam by 14.6%. The mid-span deflection of east arch is larger than that of west arch by 9.9%. The deflection of crossbeam at 3L/8 and L/4 sections are respectively larger than those of crossbeam at 5L/8 and 3L/4 sections by 13.8% and 5.3%, The deflection of 3#, 2# and 1# decks are respectively larger than those of 4#, 5# and 6# decks by 7.8%, 13.2% and 17.1%. After the snapping of 10# CFRP sling(located at 3L/8 section of east tie-beam), the structural internal forces would appear redistribution. The deflection of east tie-beam would increase suddenly. The mid-span deflection of east tie-beam is larger than that of west tie-beam by 31.7%, and the mid-span deflection of east arch is larger than that of west arch by 21.3%. The deflection of crossbeam at 3L/8 and L/4 sections are respectively larger than those of 5L/8 and 3L/4 sections by 24.7% and 22.5%. The deflection of 3#, 2# and 1# decks are respectively larger than those of 4#, 5# and 6# decks by 16.2%, 24.5% and 28.6%.

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Saxena, A., and S. N. Kramer. "A Simple and Accurate Method for Determining Large Deflections in Compliant Mechanisms Subjected to End Forces and Moments." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829164.

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Compliant members in flexible link mechanisms undergo large deflections when subjected to external loads. Because of this fact, traditional methods of deflection analysis do not apply. Since the nonlinearities introduced by these large deflections make the system comprising such members difficult to solve, parametric deflection approximations are deemed helpful in the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms. This is accomplished by representing the compliant mechanism as a pseudo-rigid-body model. A wealth of analysis and synthesis techniques available for rigid-body mechanisms thus become amenable to the design of compliant mechanisms. In this paper, a pseudo-rigid-body model is developed and solved for the tip deflection of flexible beams for combined end loads. A numerical integration technique using quadrature formulae has been employed to solve the large deflection Bernoulli-Euler beam equation for the tip deflection. Implementation of this scheme is simpler than the elliptic integral formulation and provides very accurate results. An example for the synthesis of a compliant mechanism using the proposed model is also presented.

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Tolou, N., and J. L. Herder. "A Seminalytical Approach to Large Deflections in Compliant Beams under Point Load." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/910896.

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The deflection of compliant mechanism (CM) which involves geometrical nonlinearity due to large deflection of members continues to be an interesting problem in mechanical systems. This paper deals with an analytical investigation of large deflections in compliant mechanisms. The main objective is to propose a convenient method of solution for the large deflection problem in CMs in order to overcome the difficulty and inaccuracy of conventional methods, as well as for the purpose of mathematical modeling and optimization. For simplicity, an element is considered which is a cantilever beam out of linear elastic material under vertical end point load. This can further be used as a building block in more complex compliant mechanisms. First, the governing equation has been obtained for the cantilever beam; subsequently, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) has been utilized to obtain a semianalytical solution. The vertical and horizontal displacements of a cantilever beam can conveniently be obtained in an explicit analytical form. In addition, variations of the parameters that affect the characteristics of the deflection have been examined. The results reveal that the proposed procedure is very accurate, efficient, and convenient for cantilever beams, and can probably be applied to a large class of practical problems for the purpose of analysis and optimization.

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Faris, Gregory W., and Robert L. Byer. "Beam-deflection optical tomography." Optics Letters 12, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000072.

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Zhou, Peng, Ying Liu, and Xiaoyan Liang. "Analytical Solutions for Large Deflections of Functionally Graded Beams Based on Layer-Graded Beam Model." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 10, no. 09 (November 2018): 1850098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825118500989.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the large deflection of a slender functionally graded beam under the transverse loading. Firstly, by modeling the functionally graded beam as a layered structure with graded yield strength, a unified yield criterion for a functionally graded metallic beam is established. Based on the proposed yielding criteria, analytical solutions (AS) for the large deflections of fully clamped functionally graded beams subjected to transverse loading are formulated. Comparisons between the present solutions with numerical results are made and good agreements are found. The effects of gradient profile and gradient intensity factor on the large deflections of functionally graded beams are discussed in detail. The reliability of the present analytical model is demonstrated, and the larger the gradient variation ratio near the loading surface is, the more accurate the layer-graded beam model will be.

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Zhang, Ling Fei, Hai Tao Li, Jing Wen Su, Xiu Yu Chen, Wei Liu, Min Hui Xu, Jian Dai, et al. "Experimental Study on Glued Bamboo Beam." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.123.

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This paper illustrates the experimental study on the glued bamboo beam. The beams are characterized by the brittle tensile damage. The elastic modulus for both the compression and the tension of the glued bamboo are equal to each other. The average strain for the cross-section of the glued bamboo beam is linear distribution during the test process. Thus the plane cross-section assumption can be used for calculating the glued bamboo beam when designing. All the deflections for the ultimate load point are more than 60 mm and far bigger than the value 8.4mm (L/250) which is the maximum allowable deflection required by the Chinese wood structure design specification.

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QIN, QINGHUA, MINGSHI WANG, ZHENGJIN WANG, JIANXUN ZHANG, and T. J. WANG. "A YIELD CRITERION AND PLASTIC ANALYSIS FOR PHYSICALLY ASYMMETRIC SANDWICH BEAM WITH METAL FOAM CORE." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 05, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825113500373.

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A yield criterion for physically asymmetric sandwich cross-sections is proposed in this paper. Using the yield criterion, analytical solutions for the large deflections of fully clamped asymmetric slender sandwich beams transversely loaded by a flat punch at the midspan are derived considering the core strength effect and interaction of bending and axial stretching. Finite element (FE) method is employed to predict the large deflection behavior of the sandwich beams. Good agreement is achieved between the analytical predictions and FE results. Effects of asymmetric factor, core strength and loading punch size are also discussed. It is demonstrated that core strength and loading punch size have significant influences on the load-carrying and energy absorption capacities of physically asymmetric metal sandwich beams while the asymmetry effect could be neglected when the deflection exceeds sandwich beam depth.

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Domski, Jacek, and Mateusz Zakrzewski. "Deflection of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on Waste Sand." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020392.

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The article describes the selected methods of calculating the deflection of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. Additionally, the results of the study on the deflection of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams based on waste sand are presented. This paper compares deflections measured during the four point bending test of the steel fiber reinforced, waste sand fine aggregate concrete beam with values determined in accordance with Eurocode 2, the proposal of Tan, Paramasivam, and Tan, the modified method of Alsayed, Bywalski, and Kaminski, and Amin, Foster, and Kaufmann’s method. The analysis conducted shows that the best accordance with the study and calculation results was obtained by using the modified Alsayed method.

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Alexandrov, V. S., A. S. Fateev, A. V. Petukhov, and A. A. Tuzikov. "A Permanent-Magnet Beam Deflector with Tunable Deflection Angle." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477119010035.

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Куреннов, Сергей Сергеевич. "ОПТИМАЛЬНОЕ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ СТАТИЧЕСКИ ОПРЕДЕЛИМОЙ БАЛКИ ПРИ ОГРАНИЧЕНИИ НА МАКСИМАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОГИБ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2020.1.05.

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Here is solved the optimization problem for the longitudinal depth distribution in the beam with a limitation on the maximum value of deflection. A review of the references is done, and it is shown that the known solutions are either erroneous, because they are based on false hypotheses, or have a narrow field of application, limited only to symmetrical constructions for which the point of the maximum deflection is known a priori. The paper considers a beam of the rectangular cross-section of constant width. The beam is assumed to be statically determinate, and the load is arbitrary and asymmetric and multidirectional as well. The points (or point) of the beam maximum deflections are unknown in advance and would be determined in the problem-solution procedure. A linear problem is considered. The optimization criterion is the mass of the beam. To find the deflections of the beam, i.e. to solve the differential equation of a variable cross-section beam bending the finite difference method is used. The design problem is reduced to the required beam depths obtaining in the system of nodal points. In this case, the desired solution must satisfy the restriction system for the nodal points shift and the sign of variables as well. Since the restrictions of the shift of each node are considered separately and independently, so the proposed method allows flexible control of the beam shift restrictions. Using the change of variables proposed in the paper, the problem to be solved is reduced to a nonlinear programming problem where the criterion function is separable and restrictions are linear functions. Using linearization, this problem can be reduced to the linear programming problem relatively to new variables. The model problem is solved, and it is shown that the proposed algorithm efficiently allows us to solve the problems of the beam optimal design with the restrictions of the maximally allowed deflection. The proposed approach can be spread for the strength limitations, for beams of variable width, I-beam cross-section, etc.

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Fei Pan, Fei Pan, Lingjiang Kong Lingjiang Kong, Xiaobo Yang Xiaobo Yang, Yue Ai Yue Ai, and Yan Zhou Yan Zhou. "Dual beam deflection of liquid crystal optical phased array." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s2 (2012): S20502–320506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s20502.

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Chao, Yu-Chiu, and Pisin Chen. "Higher order effects in beam-beam deflection." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 323, no. 3 (December 1992): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90002-l.

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Ghuku, Sushanta, and Kashi Nath Saha. "A Review on Stress and Deformation Analysis of Curved Beams under Large Deflection." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 11 (July 2017): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijet.11.13.

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The paper presents a review on large deflection behavior of curved beams, as manifested through the responses under static loading. The term large deflection behavior refers to the inherent nonlinearity present in the analysis of such beam system response. The analysis leads to the field of geometric nonlinearity, in which equation of equilibrium is generally written in deformed configuration. Hence the domain of large deflection analysis treats beam of any initial configuration as curved beam. The term curved designates the geometry of center line of beam, distinguishing it from the usual straight or circular arc configuration. Different methods adopted by researchers, to analyze large deflection behavior of beam bending, have been taken into consideration. The methods have been categorized based on their application in various formats of problems. The nonlinear response of a beam under static loading is also a function of different parameters of the particular problem. These include boundary condition, loading pattern, initial geometry of the beam, etc. In addition, another class of nonlinearity is commonly encountered in structural analysis, which is associated with nonlinear stress-strain relations and known as material nonlinearity. However the present paper mainly focuses on geometric nonlinear analysis of beam, and analysis associated with nonlinear material behavior is covered briefly as it belongs to another class of study. Research works on bifurcation instability and vibration responses of curved beams under large deflection is also excluded from the scope of the present review paper.

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Zhang, Junhui, Le Ding, Ling Zeng, Qianfeng Gao, and Fan Gu. "Using portable falling weight deflectometer to determine treatment depth of subgrades in highway reconstruction of Southern China." Transportation Safety and Environment 2, no. 1 (April 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdaa005.

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Abstract Based on a highway reconstruction project in southern China, this study aims to put forward a method to determine the proper treatment depth of the existing subgrade. First, some field tests including the Beckman beam deflection test and portable falling weight deflectometer (PFWD) test were carried out. The results showed that there was a good correlation between the Beckman beam deflection (L) and PFWD modulus (Ep). Subsequently, a subgrade section was excavated and backfilled with cement-stabilized soil in layers. Compaction test, dynamic cone penetrometer rate test, plate load test and Beckman beam deflection test were performed to evaluate the treatment effect. To make sure, the subgrade was treated deeply enough, the Beckman beam deflection (L) was used as the controlled indicator among all the measured indexes for it was the hardest metric to meet. According to the design deflection and decreasing law of the measured deflections with the different number of the stabilized layers, the treatment depth was finally determined. As the PFWD test is superior to the deflection test in the detection efficiency, and the deflection value can be calculated from PFWD modulus by correlation formulas, thus the latter index can be used as a more suitable parameter for estimating the treatment depth instead of the former. Consequently, based on the measured PFWD moduli of the existing subgrade, six treatment schemes considering different treatment depths were proposed. It was confirmed that the method developed from this study is feasible and worth being extensively applied.

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Sun, Hong Quan, and Jun Ding. "The Influence of the Coarse Aggregate Size on Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Concrete Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.696.

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This paper gives the influence of the coarse aggregate size on the mechanical properties of the beam with different coarse aggregate sizes under static loads. In the research, three reinforced concrete beams with three different coarse aggregate sizes separately are tested. The stains and the deflections of the beams under the static loads are measured. The results show that under the action of the same loads, the maximum strains of the reinforced concrete beams with the big and the small aggregate size separately are larger than that of the beam with mixed aggregate size, and the deflection of the beam with the big aggregate size is larger than that of the beam with small aggregate size. In the loading process, the changes of the normal section strain of the reinforced concrete beams are satisfied the assumption of the plane section.

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Ge, Wen Jie, Bi Yuan Wang, and Da Fu Cao. "Study on the Deflection Behavior of HRBF RC Beams under Serviceability Limit States." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.265.

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In order to investigate the deflection behavior of concrete beam reinforced with high strength hot rolled bars of fine grains (HRBF) under deflection control condition, four concrete beams reinforced with HRBF400 and HRBF500 rectangle cross-section concrete beam static bending test were made. The results show that Mid-span deflection of concrete beams reinforced with HRBF400 under normal conditions still meets the requirement of current code while concrete beams reinforced with HRBF500 could not meets the requirement. Mid-span deflection was calculated by current code and compared with experimental value, the results show that calculate value was a little bigger than experimental value and tend to be safe, deflection could still calculated by the current code. Bearing capacity calculates formula under the conditions of deflection control was proposed, conception of component’s bearing capacity utilization coefficient (BCUC) was put forward. Effects of reinforcement strength, concrete grade, reinforcement ratio and depth-span ratio on BCUC were analyzed.

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M S, Latha, Revanasiddappa M, and Naveen Kumar B M. "Influence of stirrup spacing on shear resistance and deformation of reinforced concrete beams." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9013.

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An experimental investigation was carried out to study shear carrying capacity and ultimate flexural moment of reinforced cement concrete beam. Two series of simply supported beams were prepared by varying diameter and spacing of shear and flexural reinforcement. Beams of cross section 230 mm X 300 mm and length of 2000 mm. During testing, maximum load, first crack load, deflection of beams were recorded. Test results indicated that decreasing shear spacing and decreasing its diameter resulted in decrease in deflection of beam and increase in bending moment and shear force of beam.

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JEON, P. S., H. J. KIM, and J. YOO. "A THEORETICAL STUDY FOR PHOTOTHERMAL DEFLECTION FOR THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (May 10, 2008): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908015589.

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We have analyzed the three-dimensional thermal conduction in anisotropic materials using nonsymmetric-Fourier transforms. The distribution of temperature fields which corresponds to the variation of the anisotropic ratio of thermal conductivities was obtained. The differences of the temperature fields for each material give rise to distinctions in the deflection of a probe beam. By using the relation between the temperature fields and the deflection of the probe beam, a complete theoretical treatment of the photothermal deflection has been performed for thermal conductivity measurement in an anisotropic medium. Principal and effective thermal conductivity were determined from the deflection angle and phase angle with the relative position between the heating and probe beams. The influence of the parameters, such as modulation frequency of the heating beam, the thermal conductivity, the angle between crystalline direction and probe beam direction, was investigated. Consequently, the overall effects between both thermal properties of anisotropic materials and experimental parameters and deflection signals were proposed in this study.

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Xu, Yu Ye, Bo Wu, Ming Jiang, and Xin Huang. "Experimental Study on Residual Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams after Exposure to Fire." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.183.

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Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams in the building structures are usually assumed as a ‘T’-shaped beam when the effects of adjacent slab flange are considered. However, experimental studies on residual flexural behavior of ‘T’-shaped RC beams are rarely reported. The residual flexural behavior of two RC rectangular beams and one RC ‘T’-shaped beam after exposure to ISO834 standard fire were experimentally investigated in the paper. The detailed experimental results, including the measured temperatures, flexural capacity, load-deflection curves and concrete strain are presented. The effects of flange on temperature distribution and residual flexural behavior of RC beams were analyzed. The experimental results show that: (a) the assumption of plane section is applicable for RC ‘T’-shaped beam. (b) The flexural capacity of RC rectangular beam was decreased 18.5% after exposure to fire for 2 hours, but the ultimate mid-span deflection was increased 55.1%. (c) The residual flexural capacity and the ultimate mid-span deflection of RC rectangular beam after fire was respectively increased 8.4% and 9.9% due to the effect of flange.

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Cao, Guo Hui, Jia Xing Hu, Ming Xiao, and Kai Zhang. "Ultimate Bearing Capacity Test of Retard-Bonded Prestressed Concrete T-Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.769.

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Through the ultimate bearing capacity test of 2 prestressed concrete T-beams, the cracking load, the failure load, the control section stress, and the crack and deformation were tested respectively. The mechanical behavior differences of retard-bonded prestressed concrete between T-beam and ordinary prestressed concrete T-beam were contrasted. The test results show that: the change rule of the measured value of deflection and strain is basically the same between the retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam and the ordinary prestressed concrete T-beam. Compared with the measured value of the ordinary prestressed concrete T-beam, the cracking load of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beams is 10% greater, the failure load of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam is 3% greater. when loading is 80kN, the midspan deflection of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam is 1% greater, when loading is 229kN, the midspan deflection of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam is 2% greater, when loading is 225kN, the crack width of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam is 2% smaller. The average crack spacing of retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam is 6% smaller. The retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beam have better mechanical behavior.

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Xiang, Xin Mei, and Guo Xing Lu. "Dynamic Deflection of a Beam on Metal Foam." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.481.

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An analytic model is developed to obtain the dynamic response of beams with initial velocities of the upper beam which is clamped at both ends and fully supported by metal foam, as a representative arrangement for protective structures. In large deflection, plastic bending and stretching in deforming regions are considered and the membrane factor method is introduced in the model to take into account the effect of axial force in the yielding. The relationships between the final displacement of the center in the beam and the dimensionless parameters are obtained. This model can predict the dynamic effects of different initial velocities and beams with different lengths, thickness and yield strength of cores.

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42

Gillikin, A. M., and R. A. Palmer. "Photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy using solid deflection media (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 1 (January 2003): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1521529.

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Witmer, Ray W., Harvey B. Manbeck, and John J. Janowiak. "Finite-Element Modeling of Red Maple Glued-Laminated T-Beams and Bridge Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1575, no. 1 (January 1997): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1575-08.

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Finite-element modeling methods are presented using an existing finiteelement program to (1) predict the stiffness increase, due to the addition of deck panels, for red maple glued-laminated (glulam) T-beam assemblies relative to beams with no deck panels; and (2) predict the midspan beam deflection for a red maple glulam longitudinal stringer–transverse deck bridge for two loading conditions (one lane loaded and two lanes loaded). The red maple T-beam stiffness increase was determined for T-beams assembled with and without gaps between deck panels. The T-beam stiffness increase was predicted to within 5 percent for T-beams assembled with gaps between deck panels and to within 3 percent for T-beams assembled with no gaps between deck panels. Red maple glulam longitudinal stringer–transverse deck bridge maximum midspan beam deflections were predicted to within 6 percent for one-lane loading and to within 7 percent for two-lane loading.

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Elvin, Niell G., and Alex A. Elvin. "Large deflection effects in flexible energy harvesters." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 23, no. 13 (February 20, 2012): 1475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11435434.

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The effect of large deflection on the mechanical and electrical behaviors of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters has not been well studied. A generalized nonlinear coupled finite element circuit simulation approach is presented in this article to study the performance of energy harvesters subjected to large deflections. The method presented is validated experimentally using three test examples consisting of (a) a static case, (b) a free vibration case, and (c) a forced vibration case. Under static conditions (when the transverse tip deflection exceeds a quarter of the cantilever length), large deflections cause geometric stiffening of the structure that reduces the tip deflection of the generator when compared to linear (i.e. small-deflection) behavior. For a cantilever generator under dynamic conditions, geometric stiffening, inertial softening, and nonlinear damping effects become significant. Large deflections both shift the resonant frequency and increase damping and can thus cause a significant reduction in output voltage when compared with small-deflection linear theory. In the finite element generator model studied in this article, these nonlinear dynamic effects become significant when the transverse tip deflection exceeds 35% of the beam length.

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Amakobe James, Hagai. "FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION OF THE BEAM EQUATION." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12751.

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A beam is a structural element or member designed to support loads applied at various points along the element. Beams make up a structure which is an assembly of a number of elements. Beams undergo displacement such as deflection and rotations at certain important location of a structure such as centre of a bridge or top of a building. I haveanalysed numerically a two dimensional beam equation with one degree of freedom of the form using finite element method. The positive constant has the meaning of flexural rigidity per linear mass density, the beam deflection and is the external forcing term. This involved discretization of the beam equation employing Galerkins technique which yields a system of ordinary differential equations.

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Smith, K. N., and I. Mikelsteins. "Load distribution in edge stiffened slab and slab-on-girder bridge decks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-129.

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The results of a study on the effect of edge beam geometry on the static live-load load distribution characteristics of single-span slab and slab-on-girder bridge superstructures are presented. Using a grillage analysis, the influence of various forms of edge stiffening on longitudinal bending moment and vertical deflection at midspan was investigated. Two load cases utilizing the Ontario Highway Bridge Design truck were considered. Of particular interest is the load case of a single vehicle in a travelled lane, as edge beam deflection under this condition is governed by a serviceability limit state design requirement of the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code.For the bridge geometry and loadings considered, all types of edge stiffening significantly affect edge beam bending moment and deflection at midspan; the effect generally increases as the span decreases. Edge beam bending moment increases as the stiffness of the edge beam is increased. Considering the change in edge beam stiffness, edge beam deflection decreases even though the bending moment carried by the edge beam increases. The results of the grillage analysis agree well with an interpretation of the simplified method of analysis of the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. When the deflection criterion is affecting a bridge design, it would be beneficial to account for the edge stiffening. Key words: load distribution, edge stiffening, edge beams, bridge deck analysis, grillage analysis.

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Ahalajal, Mary Ann N., and Nathaniel C. Tarranza. "Effects of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strips on the Flexural Strength and Deflection of Steel I-Beam." Materials Science Forum 866 (August 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.114.

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This study investigates the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips as an alternative way of retrofitting steel I-beams. The flexural strength and maximum deflection of unstrengthened and CFRP-strengthened steel I-beams were compared. Three groups of samples were studied: the first group has CFRP strip installed on the tension flange of the steel I-beam; the second group has CFRP strips installed on the compression and tension flanges of the steel I-beam; and the third group comprises unstrengthened steel I-beams which serve as control specimens. All specimens were tested as simply supported beams under third-point loading. A reaction frame machine was used to apply the load while a dial indicator was used to measure deflections.

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Piedad, Eduardo Jr, Barne Roxette Carpio, Kristine Sanchez, and Marven Jabian. "A Computer Vision Application for Measuring the Deflection in a Two-dimensional View of Reinforced Concrete Beams." Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32871/rmrj2109.01.02.

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A novel computer vision application is developed to measure the deflection of two-dimensional (2D) reinforced concrete structural members. Eight beam samples, with dimensions of 160 mm x 150 mm x 1400 mm are loaded and simulated under a four-point loading test until failure using a reaction framework machine. A camera is fixed at the center front view of the concrete beams to capture the deflection of the samples while testing. In each test, a dial indicator is installed and the maximum deflection is manually recorded. Based on the results, the maximum deflection values recorded by the proposed application obtained an average error of 18.38 % when compared to the manual measured results. This indicates that computer vision-based application can provide a beam-wide scale deflection performance, compared to the traditional point-based deflection reading. This study paves a new possibility of aiding manual measurements of concrete beams and all other structural studies.

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Caddemi, Salvatore, and Antonino Morassi. "Detecting Damage in a Beam by Static Tests." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.493.

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This paper presents a constructive procedure for the identification of a single crack in a beam based on the knowledge of the damage-induced variations in the static deflection of the beam. The crack is simulated by an equivalent rotational spring connecting the two adjacent segments of the beam. The analysis is based on an explicit expression of the crack-induced variation in the deflection of the beam under a given load distribution. The theoretical results are confirmed by a comparison with static measurements on steel beams with a crack.

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Mahmoud, Kamal Sh, Mohammed M. Rasheed, and Saad Kh Mohaisen. "Strengthening of I-Section Steel Beams by Prestressing Strands." Key Engineering Materials 857 (August 2020): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.857.169.

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Six I-section steel beams had been fabricated and tested to understand the influence of prestressing strand on the load deflection behavior of steel beam. All tested beams are simply supported having the same gross sectional area with clear span (2850) mm, five beams strengthened by two low relaxation seven wire strands, while sixth beam is the reference one. The strengthening beams were subjected jacking stress equal to (1120MPa) and subdivided according to prestressing strand positions (eccentricity). From the experimental tests, it can be noted that, the load deflection curves for strengthened beams are stiffer as compared with reference beam and the percentage of ductility for strengthened beams were decreased when the eccentricity positions change form (0 to 96)mm respectively, on the other hand, the percentage of increasing in maximum applied load for strengthened beams were increased with increasing of strands eccentricity and the maximum applied load reaches to 61.74% as compared with reference, also, the percentage increasing in maximum deflection at middle span for strengthened beams decreases with increasing of strands eccentricity and the minimum percentage of decreasing at middle span of strengthened specimens reaches to 36.31% as compared with the reference beam.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Deflection of the beam'

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