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Journal articles on the topic 'Defoliation Measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Hunt, Thomas E., Fikru J. Haile, W. Wyatt Hoback, and Leon G. Higley. "Indirect Measurement of Insect Defoliation." Environmental Entomology 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.6.1136.

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2

Taylor, Sarah L., and David A. MacLean. "Validation of Spruce Budworm Outbreak History Developed from Aerial Sketch Mapping of Defoliation in New Brunswick." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.139.

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Abstract Aerial sketch mapping (ASM) of annual defoliation provides a means to quantify spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreak histories, but accuracy is affected by factors such as navigation and weather conditions. We used ground-based defoliation estimates from 123 permanent sample plots (PSP) in New Brunswick and increment core growth data from a subset of PSPs, to validate ASM estimates of defoliation. From 1985 to 1993, 85% of 332 cases were correctly classified by aerial estimates as nil–light (0–30%) or moderate–severe (31–100%), with the proportion correct varying by

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3

Zeide, Boris, and Lynne C. Thompson. "Impact of Spring Sawfly Defoliation on Growth of Loblolly Pine Stands." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/29.1.33.

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Abstract To estimate the impact of a single spring defoliation by loblolly pine sawfly (Neodiprion taedae linearis Ross), diameters of 3,006 loblolly pines from five locations in southeastern Arkansas were measured immediately after defoliation and two more times at 1-year intervals.The proportion of defoliation was assessed at each measurement. An insecticide was used in an attempt to prevent defoliation in subsequent years. Because tree growth depends on many factors, a multivariate multiple regression model was used to separate these effects. The model predicts thata single defoliation redu

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4

Rast, Everette D., and Robert L. Brisbin. "Six-Year Effects of Two Late Spring Frosts on Appalachian Hardwoods." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.1.26.

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Abstract Severe late spring frosts can kill new shoots and leaves on commercial tree species at higher elevations. A previous short-term study has shown that the resulting defoliation and dieback does not seriously affect the radial growth or mortality of most species except American beech. In this study we found that defoliation, dieback, and radial growth increment were related to species and crown class. The radial growth increment of American beech was reduced to 70% of the previous 6-yr growth during the first year after the frost. The annual growth then increased consistently over the me

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Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, Marcin Stocki, Natalia Stocka, Sławomir Ślusarski, Miłosz Tkaczyk, João Maria Caetano, Mirela Tulik, Tom Hsiang, and Tomasz Oszako. "Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101107.

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The purpose of this study was to better understand the interactive impact of two soil-borne pathogens, Phytophthora cactorum and Armillaria gallica, on seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) subjected to stress caused by mechanical defoliation, simulating primary insect feeding. This is the first experimental confirmation of silver birch seedling root damage (and in consequence shoot mortality) caused by the additive effect of defoliation stress and P. cactorum inoculation via soil. However, the most severe damage to roots occurred after A. gallica inoculation. One year after treatme

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6

Buonaccorsi, John P. "Prediction in the Presence of Measurement Error: General Discussion and an Example Predicting Defoliation." Biometrics 51, no. 4 (December 1995): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2533288.

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7

MacKinnon, Wayne E., and David A. MacLean. "Effects of surrounding forest and site conditions on growth reduction of balsam fir and spruce caused by spruce budworm defoliation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-115.

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The species composition of surrounding forest and site characteristics have been postulated to influence growth loss caused by eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) defoliation. Forty spruce (Picea spp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands located in north-central New Brunswick, Canada, were measured for defoliation and tree growth and used to determine the effects of surrounding forest (softwood, mixedwood), site (wet soil nutrient poor; moist soil nutrient rich), and species group (balsam fir, spruce) on growth reduction caused by spruce budworm. Stem anal

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8

Johnson, Lee F., and Lars L. Pierce. "Indirect Measurement of Leaf Area Index in California North Coast Vineyards." HortScience 39, no. 2 (April 2004): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.2.236.

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The performance of the LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (PCA) for indirect measurement of leaf area index (LAI) was evaluated in vineyards of California's North Coast region. Twelve plots were established, representing vineyards of differing trellis, cultivar, and planting density. Mean LAI ranged from 0.5- to 2.25-m2 leaf area per m2 ground area by direct measurement (defoliation). Indirect LAI derived by a standard two-azimuth, diagonal-transect measurement protocol was significantly related to direct LAI (r2 = 0.78, P ≤ 0.001). However, the PCA underestimated direct LAI by about a fact

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9

Pethybridge, Sarah J., Frank Hay, Paul Esker, Calum Wilson, and Forrest W. Nutter. "Use of a Multispectral Radiometer for Noninvasive Assessments of Foliar Disease Caused by Ray Blight in Pyrethrum." Plant Disease 91, no. 11 (November 2007): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-11-1397.

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Foliar disease due to ray blight (Phoma ligulicola) in pyrethrum was quantified at three locations over 2 years in Tasmania, Australia. To obtain a range of ray blight disease intensities, replicated plots were treated with fungicides that varied in efficacy to control ray blight. Visual disease assessments and measurement of canopy reflectance were made at least once during spring (September through December). Visual assessments involved removal of flowering stems at ground level from which measurements of defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight were obtained. Reflecta

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10

Varago, André Luiz, Idemir Citadin, Marcos Robson Sachet, Gener Augusto Penso, and Maria do Carmo Bassols Raseira. "Heritability of peach tree resistance to bacterial leaf spot." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 5 (May 2017): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000500010.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the broad-sense heritability reaction to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni), in peach tree populations obtained from directed crosses. Disease severity and defoliation of the genotypes were evaluated in field conditions, with posterior measurement of the healthy leaf area duration (HAD). The observed average heritability (0.51) indicates that the use of the evaluated genitors can be effective for the development of cultivars with higher resistance to the disease.

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11

Wang, B., T. S. Zha, X. Jia, J. N. Gong, B. Wu, C. P. A. Bourque, Y. Zhang, S. G. Qin, G. P. Chen, and H. Peltola. "Microtopographic variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors vary with plant phenophases in a desert–shrub ecosystem." Biogeosciences 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2015): 5705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5705-2015.

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Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) and its biophysical controls were measured over a fixed sand dune in a desert–shrub ecosystem in northwest China in 2012 to explore the mechanisms controlling the spatial heterogeneity in Rs and to understand the plant effects on the spatial variation in Rs in different phenophases. The measurements were carried out on four slope orientations (i.e., windward, leeward, north- and south-facing) and three height positions on each slope (i.e., lower, upper, and top) across the phenophases of the dominant shrub species (Artemisia ordosica). Coefficient of variation (

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12

Wang, B., T. S. Zha, X. Jia, J. N. Gong, B. Wu, C. P. A. Bourque, Y. Q. Zhang, S. G. Qin, G. P. Chen, and H. Peltola. "Micro-topographic variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors vary with plant phenophases in a desert-shrub ecosystem." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2015): 9465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-9465-2015.

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Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) and its biophysical controls were measured over a fixed sand dune in a desert-shrub ecosystem in northwest China in 2012 to explore the mechanisms controlling the spatial heterogeneity in Rs and to understand the plant effects on the spatial variation in Rs in different phenophases. The measurements were carried out on four slope orientations (i.e., windward, leeward, north- and south-face) and three height positions on each slope (i.e., lower, upper, and top) across the phenophases of the dominant shrub species (Artemisia ordosica). Coefficient of variation (i.

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13

Singh, D. K., and P. W. G. Sale. "Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96053.

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A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the

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14

Anderson, M. C., W. L. Bland, J. M. Norman, and G. D. Diak. "Canopy Wetness and Humidity Prediction Using Satellite and Synoptic-Scale Meteorological Observations." Plant Disease 85, no. 9 (September 2001): 1018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.1018.

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A method for predicting canopy wetness and humidity from remotely-acquired meteorological and radiation data is described. This method employs a surface energy balance model to scale from the above-canopy macroclimate to in-canopy microclimate conditions. Above-canopy temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed inputs were obtained from objective analyses of hourly measurements from the synoptic weather network, while downwelling long- and shortwave radiation forcings were estimated from standard satellite observations. Precipitation (irrigation + rainfall) was the only input acquired in-field

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15

Shepherd, R. F., and T. G. Gray. "A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR EGGS OF WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON WESTERN HEMLOCK, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAF.) SARG." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 3 (June 1990): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122555-5.

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AbstractEggs of western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana (Walsingham), are laid on the lower surface of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., needles. A comparison was made of the following measures of sample branch size as a basis for expressing egg density: fresh branch weight, branch area, total twig length, branch volume, and number of buds. The criteria for selection of these measures were as follows: correlations of branch size with dry needle weight, variances of egg density and their relative contribution to sample size, and ease of measurement. Fresh branch weight wa

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16

Kotlarz, Jan, Mariusz Kacprzak, Karol Rotchimmel, and Miłosz Tkaczyk. "The impact of the type of undergrowth on the remote sensing defoliation measurement of Quercus robur L. in the range: 640-820 nm." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 22, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_227/5.

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17

Bellingham, P. J., E. V. J. Tanner, P. M. Rich, and T. C. R. Goodland. "Changes in light below the canopy of a Jamaican montane rainforest after a hurricane." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 5 (September 1996): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009883.

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ABSTRACTHurricane Gilbert caused disturbance to Jamaican montane rainforests in 1988. This study provides a detailed characterization of landscape-level changes in light below the canopy of these forests after the hurricane. Hemispherical photographs were taken below the forest canopy at four sites at permanent points 1 m above the ground between 7 and 33 mo after the hurricane. For each photograph photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was computed. PAR declined exponentially in all sites during the period of measurement. During the first 24 mo after the hurricane, PAR beneath the canopy w

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18

Lowe, KF, and TM Bowdler. "Effects of height and frequency of defoliation on the productivity of irrigated oats (Avena strigosa cv. Saia) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley), grown alone or with barrel medic (Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (1988): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880057.

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The effects of varying the height (5- 10 cm) and frequency (2-6 weeks) of defoliation on the dry matter yield, numbers of plants and tillers, and forage quality of Avena strigosa cv. Saia (oats) and Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley (perennial ryegrass), grown both in pure swards and in combination with Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong (barrel medic) were evaluated in irrigated pastures at Gatton in southeastern Queensland in 3 experiments over 2 years. In pure swards, defoliation every 6 weeks at the lowest cutting height (5 cm) gave the highest yields of both oats (10 t DM/ha) and ryegrass

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19

Fernandez, R. Thomas, Robert E. Schutzki, and Kelly J. Prevete. "Influence of Spring and Fall Drought Stresses on Growth and Gas Exchange during Stress and Posttransplant of Container-grown Magnoli ×soulangiana `Jane'." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 1 (January 2002): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.1.38.

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Responses of Magnolia ×soulangiana (Soul.-Bod.) `Jane' (`Jane' saucer magnolia) to consecutive short term pretransplant drought stresses and recovery after transplanting were evaluated beginning October 1997 and June 1998. Plants were subjected to one (mild) or two (moderate) 3-day drought stress periods or a two 3-day and one 4-day (severe) drought stress period, each separated by two rewatering periods over 24 hours. One day after each stress period, plants were transplanted into the field and well watered to monitor recovery from stress. Plant response was determined by measuring whole-plan

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20

H�gh-Jensen, H., and J. K. Schjoerring. "Measurement of biological dinitrogen fixation in grassland: Comparison of the enriched 15N dilution and the natural 15N abundance methods at different nitrogen application rates and defoliation frequencies." Plant and Soil 166, no. 2 (October 1994): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00008328.

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21

Wilen, Cheryl A., and Jodie S. Holt. "Spatial Growth of Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum)." Weed Science 44, no. 2 (June 1996): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500093954.

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Photographic techniques and the point-frame transect method were used to study areal growth of kikuyugrass grown in the field without competition in 1990 and 1991. The effect of cutting height on plant extension was also examined in 1991. There were no differences in sward area between eight selections planted in 1990, except on the first measurement date, but selections differed in height and number of primary and secondary stolons. Expansion was irregular in all but one selection, and the patch shape of all irregular selections was defined by the direction and number of the earliest buds to

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22

Jenicek, Michal, Hana Pevna, and Ondrej Matejka. "Canopy structure and topography effects on snow distribution at a catchment scale: Application of multivariate approaches." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0027.

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Abstract The knowledge of snowpack distribution at a catchment scale is important to predict the snowmelt runoff. The objective of this study is to select and quantify the most important factors governing the snowpack distribution, with special interest in the role of different canopy structure. We applied a simple distributed sampling design with measurement of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) at a catchment scale. We selected eleven predictors related to character of specific localities (such as elevation, slope orientation and leaf area index) and to winter meteorological conditio

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23

Williams, M. R., and I. Abbott. "Quantifying Average Defoliation Using Leaf-Level Measurements." Ecology 72, no. 4 (August 1991): 1510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941126.

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24

Hillabrand, Rachel M., Uwe G. Hacke, and Victor J. Lieffers. "Defoliation constrains xylem and phloem functionality." Tree Physiology 39, no. 7 (May 17, 2019): 1099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz029.

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AbstractInsect defoliation contributes to tree mortality under drought conditions. Defoliation-induced alterations to the vascular transport structure may increase tree vulnerability to drought; however, this has been rarely studied. To evaluate the response of tree vascular function following defoliation, 2-year-old balsam poplar were manually defoliated, and both physiological and anatomical measurements were made after allowing for re-foliation. Hydraulic conductivity measurements showed that defoliated trees had both increased vulnerability to embolism and decreased water transport efficie

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25

Jarocińska, Anna, Małgorzata Białczak, and Łukasz Sławik. "Application of aerial hyperspectral images in monitoring tree biophysical parameters in urban areas." Miscellanea Geographica 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0034.

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Abstract Monitoring of trees in urban areas can be conducted using remote sensing, but should be supported by field measurements. The article aims to present the research method used to evaluate discolouration and defoliation of trees and tree damage in the city of Białystok in Poland. The analyses were done using AISA hyperspectral images. Field measurements encompassed determining the locations, species and levels of discolouration and defoliation of trees. Remote sensing indices of vegetation were calculated and correlated with the field-measured values of discolouration and defoliation. Ba

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26

Jordan, B. S., W. D. Branch, A. W. Coffin, C. M. Smith, and A. K. Culbreath. "Comparison of Trimble GreenSeeker and Crop Circle (Model ACS-210) Reflectance Meters for Assessment of Severity of Late Leaf Spot." Peanut Science 46, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps18-19.1.

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ABSTRACT Four field experiments conducted in 2015 were used to examine the relationships among normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements from two canopy crop sensors and visual estimates of defoliation by late leaf spot (Nothopassalora personata) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) the predominant foliar disease in this study. For each evaluation, reflectance was measured with each the two meters, and leaf spot severity was measured visually within as short a time as possible. Linear and quadratic regression models were used to characterize the relationships between percent defoliati

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Liebhold, Andrew M., Edward E. Simons, Alan Sior, and James D. Unger. "Forecasting Defoliation Caused by the Gypsy Moth from Field Measurements." Environmental Entomology 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.1.26.

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28

Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, P., and E. Tomppo. "Impact of sawfly defoliation on growth of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) and associated economic losses." Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, no. 2 (April 2002): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002154.

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AbstractNeedle defoliation by diprionid sawflies decreases the increment and timber yield of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. The aim of this study was to provide approximate estimates of this decrease and preliminary estimates of the economic value of growth losses and tree mortality. Growth loss after needle damage by Diprion pini(Linnaeus) was studied in western Finland. Increment cores were sampled for radial growth measurements from trees subjected to slight, moderate and heavy defoliation. A literature survey was carried out to estimate radial growth losses after defoliation by Neodiprion

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29

Lampíř, Lubomír, and Jiří Źaloudek. "Influence of summer management practices and date of harvesting on organic acids concentration and sugar concentration in grapes of Vitis vinifera L., cv. Riesling." Horticultural Science 45, No. 4 (December 10, 2018): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/213/2017-hortsci.

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The impact of summer canopy management was investigated in Vitis vinifera L., cv. Riesling. Sugar and organic acid concentrations were measured for the six defoliation treatments. Titratable acidity (TA) was measured twice before harvest and once at the date of harvest. The same measurements were done twice during wine ageing. The young wine was measured for concentrations of malic, tartaric and volatile acids. Treatments with appropriate defoliation, where shortened lateral shoots (up to two leaves) were retained, supported the process of wine grape ripening to the greatest extend in the cool

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30

Fulmer, Abraham M., Lucky K. Mehra, Robert C. Kemerait, Timothy B. Brenneman, Albert K. Culbreath, Katherine L. Stevenson, and Emily G. Cantonwine. "Relating Peanut Rx Risk Factors to Epidemics of Early and Late Leaf Spot of Peanut." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-18-1782-re.

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Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of prescription fungicide programs, based upon Peanut Rx, to reduce combined effects of early leaf spot (ELS), caused by Passalora arachidicola (Cercospora arachidicola), and late leaf spot (LLS), caused by Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum), but the potential of Peanut Rx to predict each disease has never been formally evaluated. From 2010 to 2016, non-fungicide-treated peanut plots in Georgia and Florida were sampled to monitor the development of ELS and LLS. This resulted in 168 cases (unique combinations of Peanut Rx ri

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Guerra-Hincapié, Juan José, Óscar De Jesús Córdoba-Gaona, Juan Pablo Gil-Restrepo, Danilo Augusto Monsalve-García, Juan David Hernández-Arredondo, and Enrique Guillermo Martínez-Bustamante. "Phenological patterns of defoliation and refoliation processes of rubber tree clones in the Colombian northwest." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 73, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 9293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v73n3.80546.

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The knowledge of the defoliation-refoliation process in rubber cultivation allows the development of management strategies in the production system to improve rubber yield. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity and duration of defoliation-refoliation of rubber clones FX 3864, IAN 710 and IAN 873 in the municipality of Tarazá and the FX 3864 and IAN 873 clones in the municipality of Nechí (northwestern Colombia). From October 2015 to June 2016, the measurements of the necromass were carried out in each location for each clone. The light environment was quantified, employing

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Clark, K. L., N. S. Skowronski, M. R. Gallagher, H. Renninger, and K. V. R. Schäfer. "Contrasting effects of invasive insects and fire on ecosystem water use efficiency." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2014): 9565–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-9565-2014.

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Abstract. We used eddy covariance and meteorological measurements to estimate net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEEc), gross ecosystem production (GEP), evapotranspiration (Et), and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe) in three upland forests in the New Jersey Pinelands that were defoliated by Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) or burned using prescribed fire. Before disturbance daytime NEEc, daily GEP and daily WUEe during the summer were greater at an oak-dominated stand than at mixed or pine-dominated stands. Both defoliation and prescribed burning reduced stand leaf area and canopy nitrogen co

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Cripps, M. G., C. A. Dowsett, S. D. Jackman, A. D. L. Noble, and G. J. Houliston. "Genetic variation for tolerance to defoliation in Cirsium arvense (Californian thistle)." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 31, 2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.91.

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   The pasture weed, Cirsium arvense (Californian thistle), is notorious for its ability to tolerate defoliation by herbivores, mowing, or herbicides, which is facilitated by the growth of adventitious shoots from its extensive clonal underground root system. In an outdoor potted-plant experiment, we examined the tolerance of 36 unique genotypes of C. arvense to defoliation by establishing pairs of clonal replicates that were assigned to a clipped, or unclipped treatment. Three clipping treatments were applied, and the final height, number of shoots, and biomass, were measure

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34

Hall, R. J., S. J. Titus, and W. J. A. Volney. "Estimating top-kill volumes with large-scale photos on trees defoliated by the jack pine budworm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-171.

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The estimation of tree top-kill volumes is an important component of quantifying defoliation impact of severe budworm (Choristoneurapinus Freeman) defoliation on jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) trees. Field survey is the only method by which this assessment is currently undertaken. This study evaluated an alternative methodology based on large-scale aerial photo (1:900) measurements and a taper model fitted for jack pine. This included generating linear models for the prediction of actual top-kill length from photo-measured top-kill length, the prediction of DBH from photo-measured tree heigh

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35

Coffelt, Mark A., and Peter B. Schultz. "Relationship Among Orangestriped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Frass Length, Frass Production, Host Plant, and Defoliation." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.3.291.

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Defoliation of urban oak trees by the orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), and associated frass has become a significant problem in southeastern Virginia. Measurements of frass length and production provided a decision-making guideline for A. senatoria management. Frass length was used to differentiate A. senatoria instars reared on Q. palustris (Muenchhausen), pin oak. Host plants significantly affected A. senatoria frass length and production per larva and host plants should be considered when determining instars. Frass length was longer and frass production higher when la

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Etgen, Robert J., and Ray R. Hicks. "Impact of Looper Defoliation: A Case Study in West Virginia." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.4.201.

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Abstract In 1984, measurements of site and stand conditions and tree mortality were taken from 141 tenth-acre plots located within stands defoliated by loopers from 1981-1983, including 35 undefoliated control plots. Mortality due to loopers was expanded to the total defoliation area (1 million ac in 1981, 100 thousand in 1982, and 35 thousand in 1983). Loss due to mortality amounted to 2.3 billion board feet (bbf) of sawtimber and 4.2 million cords (cd) of pulpwood, with a total estimated stumpage value of about 345 million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 4:201-204, December 1987.

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Tyburski, Łukasz, and Paweł Przybylski. "Evaluation of the Loss of Assimilation Apparatus and Its Causes in Scots Pine Stands (Pinus Sylvestris L.) of the Kampinos National Park." Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0017.

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Abstract The Kampinos National Park (KNP), in terms of ecology, is an exceptionally valuable place in the Polish lowland region. Until the 20th century, as a result of limited human influence on the natural resources of the Kampinos Forest, it can be presumed that the 100-year-old tree stands were shaped by natural ecological processes. This study contains a detailed assessment of crown conditions, dendrometric measurements and visible disease symptoms in the oldest fragments of the KNP, as well as statistical evaluation of the relationships between these factors. Results were correlated with

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Lorenz, Martin, and Volker Mues. "Forest Health Status in Europe." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.17.

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Forest health status in Europe is assessed by the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). Established by the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the ICP Forests has been monitoring forest condition in close cooperation with the European Commission (EC) for 20 years. The present paper describes the latest results of the deposition measurements on permanent monitoring plots and of the extensive defoliation sample survey. The findin

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Clark, K. L., N. S. Skowronski, M. R. Gallagher, H. Renninger, and K. V. R. Schäfer. "Contrasting effects of invasive insects and fire on ecosystem water use efficiency." Biogeosciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2014): 6509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6509-2014.

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Abstract. We used eddy covariance and meteorological measurements to estimate net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), gross ecosystem production (GEP), evapotranspiration (Et), and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe; calculated as GEP / Et during dry canopy conditions) in three upland forests in the New Jersey Pinelands, USA, that were defoliated by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) or burned using prescribed fire. Before disturbance, half-hourly daytime NEE during full sunlight conditions, daily GEP, and daily WUEe during the summer months were greater at the oak-dominated stand compared to the

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Poff, Jonathan A., Oscar A. Balocchi, and Ignacio F. López. "Sward and tiller growth dynamics of Lolium perenne L. as affected by defoliation frequency during autumn." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 4 (2011): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10229.

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A mini-sward study was undertaken between January and September 2008 in Valdivia, Chile, to quantify and compare changes in the herbage production, growth dynamics and nutritive quality of a Lolium perenne sward during autumn in response to different nitrogen (N) application regimes and defoliation frequencies. The N levels used in the present study corresponded to the equivalent of an autumnal application of 0, 25 or 75 kg N/ha. The defoliation frequency was based on leaf regrowth stage, and corresponded to the time taken for 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5 leaves per tiller to expand. The growth dynamic mea

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Jakovljević, Tamara, Aldo Marchetto, Lucija Lovreškov, Nenad Potočić, Ivan Seletković, Krunoslav Indir, Goran Jelić, et al. "Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition and Vitality Indicators in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 6805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236805.

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Considering the fragility of the Mediterranean environment, there is an increasing need to improve the knowledge of this forest environment. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of air pollution on the forest ecosystem’s condition by analyzing tree vitality. The study area was chosen to represent the most important and the most common species in Mediterranean forest ecosystems of the Eastern Adriatic coast. Quercus pubescens, Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, and Pinus nigra plots were equipped with rain collectors and dendrometer bands. Sampling, measurements, and analyses of atmosp

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Lawson, A. R., P. W. G. Sale, and K. B. Kelly. "Effect of defoliation frequency on an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria 2*Part 1, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1997, 48, 811 - 17.. Individual plant morphology." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 6 (1997): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96089.

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The effect of 5 winter and 2 post-winter defoliation frequencies on the morphology of medium-leafed and large-leafed white clover and perennial ryegrass plants in an irrigated perennial pasture in northern Victoria was investigated. Measurements included leaf appearance rates, axillary bud development and survival, stolon elongation and survival, and tiller production and survival. White clover leaf appearance rate was affected little by either defoliation frequency or cultivar, ranging from 0·4 leaves/week in July to 1·1 leaves/week in February. In contrast, perennial ryegrass leaf appearance

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MacDougall, R. Glenn, David A. MacLean, and Robert G. Thompson. "The use of electrical capacitance to determine growth and vigor of spruce and fir trees and stands in New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-085.

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A capacitance meter based on an integrating operational amplifier design was used to measure electrical capacitance of over 3400 trees in 90 spruce–fir stands in New Brunswick. Trends of capacitance were compared with trends of tree growth, tree characteristics, and defoliation by spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Capacitance differed among tree species, with balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) having generally higher values than red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Capacitance also decreas

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Peters, Richard L., Jose Carlos Miranda, Leonie Schönbeck, Daniel Nievergelt, Marina V. Fonti, Matthias Saurer, Ana Stritih, et al. "Tree physiological monitoring of the 2018 larch budmoth outbreak: preference for leaf recovery and carbon storage over stem wood formation in Larix decidua." Tree Physiology 40, no. 12 (July 27, 2020): 1697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa087.

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Abstract Insect defoliation impacts forest productivity worldwide, highlighting the relevance of plant–insect interactions. The larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana Hübner) is one of the most extensively studied defoliators, where numerous tree ring-based analyses on its host (Larix decidua Mill.) have aided in identifying outbreak dynamics over the past millennia. Yet, outbreaks have been widely absent after the early 1980s, and little is known about the in situ tree physiological responses and the allocation of carbon resources during and after defoliation. In summer 2018, we tracked an ongoin

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Dobbertin, Matthias, Christian Hug, and Lorenz Walthert. "Waldzustand in der Schweiz: Erfassung, Entwicklung und Einflussfaktoren." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0331.

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Forest condition in Switzerland: assessment, development and influencing factors In the early 1980s it was feared that air pollution would cause a widespread forest decline and a reduction in forest productivity. In Switzerland as in most European countries crown defoliation and foliage discoloration were selected as the most important indicators of forest condition. The Sanasilva inventory on a systematic network of plots showed an increase in the proportion of trees with high defoliation until 1995. Since then no trend has been detected. However, large annual fluctuations were often observed

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Krause, Cornelia, Hubert Morin, and Pierre-Y. Plourde. "Juvenile growth of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stands established during endemic and epidemic attacks by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85267-2.

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In the boreal forest of Quebec, 80% of harvested black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stands regenerate naturally. In the remaining 20%, forest regeneration is ensured by planting seedlings and these plantations are expected to increase future forest yields. However, predictions of future yields using the information from very young plantations in this ecosystem may have low accuracy. To compare juvenile growth in plantations versus naturally regenerated stands, and also to evaluate the impacts of spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) defoliation periods during the juvenile pha

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Boschma, S. P., and J. M. Scott. "Measuring and predicting the consequences of drought for a range of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (2000): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98014.

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An experiment was conducted at Armidale, New South Wales to evaluate the persistence and productivity of 6 perennial grasses under 2 defoliation severities and a range of moisture/drought conditions created using a rain-out shelter. Defoliation was either moderate or severe whilst the moisture/drought conditions imposed included a non-stressed moisture treatment, and seasonal droughts simulated as 40-percentile (40-P) and 10-percentile rainfall (10-P). The treatments were applied over 2 experimental seasons; spring–summer and summer–autumn. A range of measurements was taken including plant mor

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Beloiu, Mirela, Reinhold Stahlmann, and Carl Beierkuhnlein. "High Recovery of Saplings after Severe Drought in Temperate Deciduous Forests." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050546.

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Drought episodes are predicted to increase their intensity and frequency globally, which will have a particular impact on forest vitality, productivity, and species distribution. However, the impact of tree species interaction on forest vulnerability to drought is not yet clear. This study aims to assess how deciduous saplings react to drought and whether tree species diversity can buffer the impact of drought stress on tree saplings. Based on field measurements of crown defoliation and species diversity, vulnerability, drought recovery, and species interaction were analyzed. Fieldwork was car

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Looney, Caitlin, Astrid Wingler, and Michael Egan. "The Impact of Herbage Mass on Perennial Ryegrass Swards in Autumn on Autumn and over Winter Production and Characteristics." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061140.

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Accumulating herbage mass to facilitate the extension of the grazing season in autumn is commonly practised. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of accumulating varying target herbage masses (THM) in autumn and imposing different defoliation dates (DD), on herbage mass, sward quality and water-soluble carbohydrates in autumn and the subsequent spring. A 4 × 3 factorial split plot design was assigned with four THM (Low ≈ 500 kg·DM·ha−1, Medium ≈ 1500 kg·DM·ha−1, High ≈ 2000 kg·DM·ha−1 and Very high ≈ 3000 kg·DM·ha−1) and three DD (DD1—15 October, DD2—7 November and

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Prado, P., F. Tomas, T. Alcoverro, and J. Romero. "Extensive direct measurements of Posidonia oceanica defoliation confirm the importance of herbivory in temperate seagrass meadows." Marine Ecology Progress Series 340 (2007): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps340063.

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