Dissertations / Theses: 'Deforestation'

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Муліна, Наталія Ігорівна, Наталия Игоревна Мулина, Nataliia Ihorivna Mulina, and V. Kolesnik. "Deforestation." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17571.

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Oredugba, Olawale Olakunle, Наталія Олексіївна Могильна, Наталия Алексеевна Могильная, Nataliia Oleksiivna Mohylna, Надія Миколаївна Костюченко, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, and Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko. "The effect of deforestation." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10148.

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Nowadays many countries are facing the problem of deforestation. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. Deforestation has resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre-agricultural area. Indigenous forests now cover 21% of the Earth's land surface. Deforestation occurs for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. But not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10148

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Crepin, Léa. "Soybean trade and imported deforestation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AGPT0004.

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L'essor du commerce international du soja suscite une inquiétude croissante quant à son impact sur la déforestation, et par conséquent sur le climat et la biodiversité. Le rôle des consommateurs étrangers par le biais de leur demande de produits agricoles est crucial, ce qui révèle le poids considérable du commerce extérieur dans la déforestation. Ces constats marquent un changement dans la manière dont nous abordons la déforestation, passant d'un problème de gestion des ressources locales à une préoccupation internationale. Le concept de déforestation importée illustre ce changement de perspective. Cette thèse vise à éclairer les liens entre commerce et déforestation en se focalisant sur le commerce de soja en provenance du Brésil. À travers une approche empirique, elle explore ces liens à différents niveaux de la chaîne d'approvisionnement, de l'amont à l'aval.Le premier chapitre analyse les décisions de production et d'exportation en examinant les effets d'une politique brésilienne de conservation des forêts sur le secteur du soja. En 2008, le gouvernement a établi une liste des municipalités les plus vulnérables à la déforestation pour cibler les efforts de prévention et contrôle de la déforestation. Nous utilisons cette expérience quasi-naturelle pour estimer les impacts collatéraux de cette politique sur le secteur du soja et les changements d'usages des sols. Cette question de recherche permet d'aborder les tensions entre conservation de la nature et compétitivité internationale. Pour y répondre, nous recourons à des méthodes de double différences et de contrôle généralisé. Nos résultats indiquent que le secteur du soja a bénéficié de la politique en termes d'utilisation des terres, de production et d'exportations.Dans un monde où les perturbations des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes, il est essentiel de comprendre comment ces chaînes s'ajustent. Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse se penche sur la manière dont les chaînes d'approvisionnement en soja au Brésil réagissent aux chocs d'offre locaux, en prenant pour exemple les sécheresses. Les résultats révèlent que ces chocs entraînent une diminution des rendements, de la production et des exportations de soja au niveau des municipalités de production. Bien que les transactions avec les entreprises exportatrices puissent être affectées sur la marge intensive, cela n'impacte pas nécessairement l'existence des relations entre fournisseurs et acheteurs. Les entreprises exportatrices exposées à ces chocs montrent, en moyenne, une certaine résilience, en accroissant leurs achats auprès d'autres fournisseurs qui ne sont pas affectés. Cela soulève des questions pour les politiques contre la déforestation importée, notamment en ce qui concerne la concentration du marché, les frictions dans les réseaux d'approvisionnement, et les risques de délocalisation vers d'autres fournisseurs.Enfin, le troisième chapitre évalue la crédibilité des politiques de demande dans la lutte contre la déforestation liée à la production de soja, en analysant les liens entre demandes étrangères et production, et en en tirant des implications pour la déforestation. Nous constatons une élasticité moyenne positive des exportations de soja par rapport à la demande étrangère, ce qui confirme l'efficacité des politiques centrées sur la demande. Cependant, cette réponse moyenne dissimule des hétérogénéités entre les exportateurs et entre les municipalités brésiliennes. Les élasticités des exportations et le potentiel d'expansion du soja sont positivement corrélés, ce qui signifie que les endroits où les exportations réagissent fortement à la demande sont également ceux où il reste encore de vastes étendues forestières. Ainsi, de nombreuses municipalités présentent un potentiel élevé de réduction de la déforestation. Dans cette perspective, on peut s'attendre à ce que les politiques basées sur la demande contribuent à ralentir la déforestation au Brésil
The growth in international soy trade is giving rise to mounting concern about its impact on deforestation, and consequently on climate and biodiversity. The role of foreign consumers through their demand for agricultural products is crucial, revealing the considerable weight of foreign trade in deforestation. These findings mark a shift in the way we approach deforestation, from a local resource management issue to an international concern. The concept of imported deforestation illustrates this change in perspective. This thesis aims to shed light on the links between trade and deforestation by focusing on the soy trade in Brazil. Using an empirical approach, it explores these links at different levels of the supply chain, from upstream to downstream.The first chapter analyses production and export decisions by examining the effects of a Brazilian forest conservation policy on the soy sector. In 2008, the government drew up a list of municipalities most vulnerable to deforestation in order to target efforts to prevent and control deforestation. We draw on this quasi-natural experience to estimate the collateral impacts of this policy on the soy sector and changes in land use. This research question addresses the tensions between nature conservation, economic development and international competitiveness in an agricultural context. To answer this question, we use double difference and synthetic generalized control methods. Our results indicate that the soybean sector has benefited from the policy in terms of land use, production and exports.In a world where disruptions to global supply chains are becoming increasingly frequent, it is essential to understand how these chains adjust. The second chapter of this thesis looks at how soybean supply chains in Brazil respond to local supply shocks, using droughts as an example. The results indicate that these shocks lead to a reduction in soybean yields, production and exports at the level of the producing municipalities. Although transactions with exporting firms may be affected at the intensive margin, this does not necessarily affect the existence of relationships between suppliers and buyers. Exporting firms exposed to these shocks show, on average, some resilience by increasing their purchases from other unaffected suppliers. This raises questions for policies against imported deforestation, particularly with regard to market concentration, frictions in supply networks, and the risks of relocation to other suppliers.Finally, the third chapter investigates the credibility of demand policies in the fight against deforestation linked to soy production, by analysing the links between foreign demand and production, and drawing implications for deforestation. We find a positive average elasticity of soy exports with respect to foreign demand, which confirms the effectiveness of demand-side policies. However, this average response conceals heterogeneities among exporters and among Brazilian municipalities. Export elasticities and the potential for soy expansion are positively correlated, meaning that the places where exports respond strongly to demand are also those where there are still large areas of forest. Thus, many municipalities have a high potential for reducing deforestation. From this perspective, it is reasonable to expect that demand-side policies will help to slow deforestation in Brazil

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Mahapatra, Krushna Chandra. "The determinants of global tropical deforestation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63047.pdf.

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Marlow, Simon David. "Deforestation for higher-order functional programs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4818/.

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Functional programming languages are an ideal medium for program optimisations based on source-to-source transformation techniques. Referential transparency affords opportunities for a wide range of correctness-preserving transformations leading to potent optimisation strategies. This thesis builds on deforestation, a program transformation technique due to Wadler that removes intermediate data structures from first-order functional programs. Our contribution is to reformulate deforestation for higher-order functional programming languages, and to show that the resulting algorithm terminates given certain syntactic and typing constraints on the input. These constraints are entirely reasonable, indeed it is possible to translate any typed program into the required syntactic form. We show how this translation can be performed automatically and optimally. The higher-order deforestation algorithm is transparent. That is, it is possible to determine by examination of the source program where the optimisation will be applicable. We also investigate the relationship of deforestation to cut-elimination, the normalisation property for the logic of sequent calculus. By combining a cut-elimination algorithm and first-order deforestation, we derive an improved higher-order deforestation algorithm. The higher-order deforestation algorithm has been implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. We describe how deforestation fits into the framework of Haskell, and design a model for the implementation that allows automatic list removal, with additional deforestation being performed on the basis of programmer supplied annotations. Results from applying the deforestation implementation to several example Haskell programs are given.

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Marchand, Sébastien. "Institutions and deforestation in developing countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10372/document.

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Cette thèse étudie le rôle des institutions dans la compréhension du processus de déforestation dans les pays en développement. L'approche retenue est celle de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle qui définit les institutions comme le cadre incitatif d'une économie, qui structure les interactions économiques des individus. Le cadre institutionnel est donc un élément à part entière du système économique, qui agit sur l'environnement humain à travers la modulation des incitations des agents. A ce titre, les institutions jouent donc un rôle majeur dans le processus de conservation ou de conversion des forêts. L'analyse de ce rôle est la problématique centrale de cette thèse et s'articule autour de trois grandes parties: (1) le rôle de la persistance des institutions ou rôle de l'histoire dans la compréhension de celui des institutions, (2) le rôle de la demande de bonne gouvernance, et (3) le rôle des institutions comme élément catalytique conditionnant l'effet de causes plus directes de la déforestation. La première partie conclut sur le rôle majeur de la prise en compte des legs légaux et coloniaux pour expliquer l' effet des institutions sur la déforestation. La seconde partie explique le rôle majeur de la demande de bonne gouvernance pour préserver la forêt, en étant un substitut (complément) d'une mauvaise (bonne) offre de bonne gouvernance. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse suggère de comprendre les institutions comme un facteur catalytique de la déforestation qui permet de comprendre l' effet des causes directes de celle-Ci telles que la productivité agricole des fermes de l'Amazonie Légale, ou les comportements stratégiques entre communes du Paraná dans la création de parcs municipaux
This thesis investigates the role of institutions on deforestation within the framework of the New Institutional Economics. This theory states that institutions can be defined such as the incentive systm wich shape economic interactions throughout the modulations of the incentives of agents. This way, institutions are at stake in the process of deforestation and the analysis of this role is the core of this thesis, articulated around three parts : the role of institutional persistence (1), the importance of the deman for good governance (2) and the implications of institutions and governance system as an underlying framework shaping proximate causes of deforestation (3). The first part stresses the importance of taking into account colonial and legal legacies to understand the role of institutions on deforestation. The second part explains the leading role of the demand for good governance. the third part proposes two micro-Economics applications in Brazil. The role of institutions and governance systmem on forest cover is defined as a catalytic role precipitating the effect of proximate causes on deforestation such as agricultural productivity in the Legal Amazon, or strategic behaviors between counties in the creation of municipal conservation units in the state of Paranà

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Halpern, Gator. "Aquculture and Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/40.

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This study examines whether aquaculture has the potential to reduce deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon. The natural resources of the Peruvian Amazon are subject to extreme pressures due to increases in subsistence farming, cattle ranching, and logging in the region. The resulting loss of biodiversity has affected the delicate soil balance that is characteristic of the Amazon, and has contributed to water pollution as well as erosion (Guerra et al. 2001). One of the highest rates of deforestation in the Amazon basin can be found at the foothills of the eastern Andes (Lepers et al. 2005), which includes the area in this study, located in the Peruvian state of Amazonas. In this part of the Amazon, deforestation is mainly caused by small-scale subsistence agriculture (Achard et al. 1998) such as that found in the communities of Condorcanqui. Fishing is an essential part of the socio-economic system that functions in the Peruvian Amazon. Fish meat is the most important source of animal protein in the Amazon, and the main generator of cash for indigenous people (McDaniel, 1997). However, freshwater Amazonian fisheries have been subject to extreme overexploitation in the past few decades (Rainforest Conservation Fund, 1999). Boats with technological equipment and large-scale capacities have threatened stocks in local rivers and oxbow lakes, which has affected the ability of small-scale, native fisherman to support themselves (Rainforest Conservation Fund, 1999). The Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP) has assisted the development of fish farming in the Condorcanqui region as a way to augment diets and decrease the ecological impact of subsistence farming. Fish farming can also be seen as a way to substitute for the loss of traditional river fishing. IIAP has become the leading governmental organization in fisheries research and aquaculture in the Peruvian Amazon, and works to provide native-species fingerlings, and educational courses to native aquaculturists. This study surveys the subsistence villages along road and river communities to determine the impact of fish farming on deforestation in the Condorcanqui region. This region is populated by small communities of indigenous Awajún and Wampí tribesmen, who practice subsistence agriculture. Data was collected from a sample of 184 families in ten different communities. Five of the villages were situated along the banks of the Nieva or Santiago river systems, while the other five were accessible by road, travelling southwest from the town of Santa Maria de Nieva. Data was collected with the assistance of the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP), which provided a guide who had relations with all of the communities. All of the families in the sample practice subsistence agriculture, while 104 of the respondents supplement their agricultural crops with fish from aquaculture ponds integrated into their farmland. The participants answered a range of questions about the size of their farms, and the productivity of their land. We use a variety of regression-based approaches to determine how incorporating aquaculture into subsistence farmlands affects deforestation rates after controlling for socioeconomic and farm characteristics. Our study suggests that an extra square meter of aquaculture reduces the area deforested for crops on approximately a one for one basis. However, aquaculture should maintain its productivity for much longer than cropping, as it does not depend on soils whose fertility can be exhausted in a few years. Our simulations, based on our survey results, indicate that over time aquaculture should reduce deforestation significantly, especially in areas where soils provide only a few years of subsistence crops. These should be regarded as interesting but preliminary results. Because we used a convenience-based sampling approach, our results could be affected by selection bias. In addition, we do not have enough information to test whether selection bias in the implementation of fish farming affect our results. Therefore, these results suggest that aquaculture could be useful in limiting deforestation, but additional work should use experimental methods or more in-depth surveys to measure the effect of aquaculture on deforestation.

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Gill, Andrew John. "Cheap deforestation for non-strict functional languages." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4817/.

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In functional languages intermediate data structures are often used as glue to connect separate parts of a program together. Deforestation is the process of automatically removing intermediate data structures. In this thesis we present and analyse a new approach to deforestation. This new approach is both practical and general. We analyse in detail the problem of list removal rather than the more general problem of arbitrary data structure removal. This more limited scope allows a complete evaluation of the pragmatic aspects of using our deforestation technology. We have implemented our list deforestation algorithm in the Glasgow Haskell compiler. Our implementation has allowed practical feedback. One important conclusion is that a new analysis is required to infer function arities and the linearity of lambda abstractions. This analysis renders the basic deforestation algorithm far more effective. We give a detailed assessment of our implementation of deforestation. We measure the effectiveness of our deforestation on a suite of real application programs. We also observe the costs of our deforestation algorithm.

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Brant, Hayley. "Impacts of deforestation on mosquito community dynamics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/31570.

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Human-induced land use changes, including deforestation, agricultural encroachment and urbanisation, have caused widespread change in the global distribution of organisms and caused considerable declines in biodiversity through loss of habitat. Oil palm is one of the most rapidly expanding crops in Southeast Asia, but the impact of this crop on mosquito distribution, behaviour and exposure potential has been poorly explored. Understanding these factors is essential for developing, optimising and evaluating novel control measures aimed at reducing disease-transmission. This thesis explored the effect of land use change along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient (primary forest, disturbed forest, highly disturbed forest, oil palm plantations and rural housing estates) in Sabah, Malaysia. The community composition of anthropogenic mosquitoes was separated across land use, with the biggest difference seen between primary forest and oil palm plantations. This was largely driven by medically important mosquitoes attracted to oil palm plantations. Differences in community composition were also seen in areas of rural housing in comparison to primary and disturbed forest sites, due to a high presence of the dengue vector, Stegomyia albopicta, in housing areas. A higher abundance of anopheline vectors were found landing on humans in the disturbed forest and oil palm plantations then primary forest. This thesis found no difference between highly disturbed forest and oil palm plantation sites. This thesis also investigated the host-seeking behaviour of simian malaria vectors, by carrying out human landing catches at ground and canopy level across land use. Results demonstrated the potential ability of one of the vectors, Anopheles balabacensis, to transmit the simian malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) between canopy-dwelling simian hosts and ground-dwelling humans, and that anthropogenic disturbance increases the abundance of the disease vector. Finally, this thesis investigated the use of different marking methods and the need for an improved dispersal experiment to be carried out.

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Chitil, Olaf. "Type-inference based deforestation of functional programs." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/21947/.

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In lazy functional programming modularity is often achieved by using intermediate data structures to combine separate parts of a program. Each intermediate data structure is produced by one part and consumed by another one. Deforestation optimises a functional program by transformation into a program which does not produce such intermediate data structures. In this thesis we present a new method for deforestation, which combines a known method,short cut deforestation, with a new analysis that is based on type inference. Short cut deforestation eliminates an intermediate list by a single, local transformation. In return, short cut deforestation expects both producer and consumer of the intermediate list in a certain form. Whereas the required form of the consumer is generally considered desirable in a well-structured program anyway, the required form of the producer is only a crutch to enable deforestation. Hence only the list-producing functions of the standard libraries were defined in the desired form and short cut deforestation has been confined to compositions of these functions. Here, we present an algorithm which transforms an arbitrary producer into the required form. Starting from the observation that short cut deforestation is based on a parametricity theorem of the second-order typed lambda-calculus, we show how the construction of the required form can be reduced to a type inference problem. Typability for the second-order typed lambda-calculus is undecidable, but we only need to solve a partial type inference problem. For this problem we develop an algorithm based on the well-known Hindley-Milner type inference algorithm. The transformation of a producer often requires inlining of some function definitions. Type inference even indicates which function definitions need to be inlined. However, only limited inlining across module boundaries is practically feasible. Therefore, we extend the previously developed algorithm to split a function definition into a worker definition and a wrapper definition. We only need to inline the small wrapper definition, which transfers all information required for deforestation. The flexibility of type inference allows us to remove intermediate lists which original short cut deforestation cannot remove, even with hand-crafted producers. In contrast to most previous work on deforestation, we give a detailed proof of completeness and semantic correctness of our transformation.

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Marchand, Sébastien. "INSTITUTIONS ET DEFORESTATION DANS LES PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638826.

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Cette thèse étudie le rôle des institutions dans la compréhension du processus de déforestation dans les pays en développement. L'approche retenue est celle de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle qui dé nit les institutions comme le cadre incitatif d'une économie, qui structure les interactions économiques des individus. Le cadre institutionnel est donc un élément à part entière du système économique, qui agit sur l'environnement humain à travers la modulation des incitations des agents. A ce titre, les institutions jouent donc un rôle majeur dans le processus de conservation ou de conversion des forêts. L'analyse de ce rôle est la problématique centrale de cette thèse et s'articule autour de trois grandes parties: (1) le rôle de la persistance des institutions ou rôle de l'histoire dans la compréhension de celui des institutions, (2) le rôle de la demande de bonne gouvernance, et (3) le rôle des institutions comme élément catalytique conditionnant l'e et de causes plus directes de la déforestation. La première partie conclut sur le rôle majeur de la prise en compte des legs légaux et coloniaux pour expliquer l'e et des institutions sur la déforestation. La seconde partie explique le rôle majeur de la demande de bonne gouvernance pour préserver la forêt, en étant un substitut (complément) d'une mauvaise (bonne) o re de bonne gouvernance. En n, la troisième partie de la thèse suggère de comprendre les institutions comme un facteur catalytique de la déforestation qui permet de comprendre l'e et des causes directes de celle-ci telles que la productivité agricole des fermes de l'Amazonie Légale, ou les comportements stratégiques entre communes du Paraná dans la création de parcs municipaux.

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Linkie, Matthew. "Tigers, prey loss and deforestation patterns in Sumatra." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405517.

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Stone, Marisa J. "Invertebrate-mediated ecosystem functioning during deforestation and reforestation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/397590.

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Conversion of forests to pasture has been extensive throughout the tropics and subtropics, and these forests continue to experience deforestation at high levels. Such clearing can alter plant-animal dynamics and thereby degrade ecosystem functioning. It is often assumed that re-establishment of vegetation will recover forest-like communities of animals such as invertebrates, together with the roles they play in important ecosystem processes. However, there has so far been little empirical evidence to support this. This thesis investigated the impact of deforestation on invertebrate-mediated ecosystem functioning, and its recovery during regeneration of rainforests on former pasture. Specifically, it focused on two key ecosystem processes which underly forest regeneration dynamics, while also comparing two different reforestation pathways. The two processes were leaf litter decomposition rates and insect seedling herbivory. For decomposition, functional associations with decomposer invertebrates as well as vegetation structure and floristics were also investigated. Both these ecosystem processes were examined across 25 sites representing different phases of rainforest deforestation and subsequent reforestation. The study area was the Numinbah Conservation Area and surrounds on the Gold Coast Hinterland, in the eastern Australian subtropics. Here the local council had begun restoration management on disused pasture approximately 10 years prior to the beginning of this thesis. Five study sites were placed in each of five vegetation types, consisting of two reference states of grazed pasture and old-growth rainforest (to represent the deforestation process and to indicate the target of restoration), together with three types of regenerating vegetation: unassisted woody regrowth aged 20-50 years on former pasture, and assisted regeneration aged 1-4 and 5-11 years after human interventions that aimed to accelerate natural regeneration within previously-unassisted regrowth. To measure decomposition rates (mass loss % per unit time), open and closed mesh litter bags (to exclude macro-invertebrates >1mm length and width) were deployed across the 25 sites filled with leaves of five local tree species for five and eight months. Most of the decomposition had already occurred by five months, as only a further 3% decomposition occurred in the following three months. Macro-invertebrates did contribute to mass loss, but their exclusion from litter bags only marginally decreased decomposition rates, by 3%. Decomposer community composition at a broad taxonomic level differed strongly between pasture and all other vegetation types. Decomposition rates in open bags were about 50% slower in pasture than in old-growth forest, but had recovered to 83% of old-growth values in all types of regenerating vegetation. Samples of decomposer invertebrates were also collected from ground litter within each of the 25 sites. Abundances of macro- and meso-decomposer invertebrates decreased by 95% and 77% respectively in pasture. Abundances of invertebrate decomposers had recovered to old-growth forest levels in all restoration types of recovering vegetation. However, decomposition rates in open-bags were significantly correlated (across sites) with abundances of both macro- and meso-decomposers, most strongly so for meso-decomposers. Investigations were also made into how vegetation structure and floristic composition of trees differed among the five vegetation types, and associations between these differences and variations in decomposition differed among sites. The main changes in vegetation were: (1) after 5-10 years of interventions to assist natural regeneration, abundance and species richness of trees (>1 m height) with stem sizes <10 cm dbh and 10-50 cm dbh had recovered, (2) also after 5-10 years of interventions to assist natural regeneration, canopy cover had recovered, and (3) tree species composition (all stem sizes) differed between old-growth and regenerating areas, and between unassisted and assisted natural regeneration (respectively dominated by Lantana camara and various pioneer tree species). There was a large step-change in decomposition rates associated with the transition from pasture to regenerating woody vegetation (33% difference), during which canopy cover (from 0% in pasture to 51-69% in regenerating areas) was both most important for describing differences in vegetation, and a good predictor of decomposition rates. A second step-change of decomposition rates was associated with the transition from regenerating woody vegetation (of all types) to old-growth rainforest (17% difference), during which both canopy cover and tree species composition were most important in describing differences in vegetation. However, canopy cover no longer explained variation in decomposition rates among woody regeneration areas and old-growth rainforest; in these cases, tree species composition was the better predictor. To investigate seedling herbivory, 200 seedlings of two tree species (100 Glochidion ferdinandi and 100 Toona ciliata) were planted across the 25 sites (eight seedlings of each species per site), and leaf area loss (%) and the types of damage were recorded on immature and mature tagged leaves at four times during seven months. The percentage of leaf area lost due to herbivory accumulated in leaves over time for both species and at seven months was 25% and 37% respectively for G. ferdinandi and T. ciliata. There was no difference in the accumulated amount of herbivory between leaves which were immature or mature when first tagged, and there was no effect of vegetation type on herbivory rates in either species. Leaf start age (immature vs mature) also had no effect on the type of herbivory. Vegetation type did have an effect on the type of herbivory, which was mostly driven by differences in pasture, but more so for T. ciliata than G. ferdinandi. However, the damage types were driven by relatively uncommon types of leaf damage. On the other hand, the damage types which occurred most frequently, and caused the greatest amount of damage, occurred consistently throughout all the vegetation types. Most leaf damage was caused by various types of Lepidoptera larvae. The results of this study showed that conversion of forest to pasture halved decomposition rates but had little effect on seedling herbivory. The reduction in decomposition was associated with an effect of deforestation on important drivers of decomposition rates, including the abundance and composition of decomposer invertebrates, and amount and composition of canopy cover. During regeneration, decomposition rates partially recovered, associated with a full recovery of decomposer invertebrates. However, a full recovery of decomposition rates was likely restricted by a difference in litter layer quality, because tree species composition in old-growth rainforest differed greatly from that in all types of regenerating vegetation. Seedling herbivory was unaffected by deforestation, most likely because adults of the most common type of insect herbivores, Lepidoptera, can detect suitable host plants through the volatile chemicals that they emit, and because they are also capable of flying the distances (<2 km) from source populations. Since seedling herbivory was little effected by deforestation, the concept of recovery during regeneration did not apply, and neither did it change during regeneration. Overall, both types of invertebrate-mediated ecosystem functioning were resilient to deforestation as any decline in functioning quickly recovered (or partially recovered) during reforestation. These results occurred irrespective of whether interventions to assist natural regeneration were used. Decomposition rates had already substantially recovered before the woody regrowth reached 20-50 years of age, and seedling herbivory was unaffected by the types of vegetation within which the host plant was located. Therefore, it is unlikely that any types of interventions used to assist natural regeneration would have a significant effect on invertebrate-mediated ecosystem functioning subsequent to regeneration of regrowth aged 20-50 years. Further, the recovery of the invertebrate communities was likely facilitated by the proximity to an old-growth rainforest source, together with extensive surrounding forest cover of several types. Therefore, a reduced supply of source invertebrate populations in the landscapes that surround regenerating areas may, in poorly forested regions, lead to lower functional resilience. Nevertheless, in moderately forested landscapes (such as in the present study), simply removing barriers to natural regeneration may be all that is required to achieve successful recovery of invertebrate-mediated ecosystem functioning during regeneration.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
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Pandey, Anjana. "Community forestry in Nepal : a strategy for development /." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020109/.

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Wu, Yi-Hua. "Investigation of deforestation in East Africa on regional scales." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63543.

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Tropical forests contain abundant natural resources and play an important role in the balance of the ecosystems and environment. Depletion of forests could destroy habitats of endangered plants and animals and cause biodiversity loss. Rapid deforestation is a major problem in East Africa and seriously affects desertification and climate change in East Africa. More monitoring of the deforestation in East Africa are emergent. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and evaluate the spatial and temporal distributions and determinants of deforestation in East Africa. Two kinds of satellite image datasets, including Landsat images and GIMMS data were used to map the deforestation in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Possible drivers of deforestation were analyzed, including population statistics, economic and climate data. The analysis of Landsat images was focus on the forests, including Mount Kenya, Mao forest, Aberdares forest as well as Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and its surroundings. Supervised classification was carried out on the images comprising PCA component images and Tassel Cap transformed images to identify forest area and non forest area. High Kappa coefficient of the classification indicated that using the images that comprising the enhancement images transformed from original images would be a better approach to mapping forest areas. The obvious deforestation was observed in Mau forest, Mountain Kilimanjaro and Aberdares forest close to Nairobi city from 1980s to 2000s. The analysis using the GIMMS NDVI dataset did not show a significant decline of NDVI values during the study period. The results indicate that the GIMMS NDVI is not a good proxy of total forest areas because of the coarse resolution of GIMMS dataset and the characteristics of NDVI. Future studies should use higher resolution satellite images and collect enough information to monitor deforestation.

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Labor, Felicia. "Deforestation patterns and hummingbird diversity in the Amazon rainforest." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140513.

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In recent decades expanding land-use change has caused extensive deforestation of the tropical rainforestinducing large-scale transformation of the landscape patterns across the South American continent. Landscapechange is a modification process of the natural forest cover into fragments which generate various ecologicalimpacts. Habitat loss is identified to be a major threat to biodiversity, as it exposes species to the risk ofextinction. This study investigates 80 locations within tropical rainforest biomes to examine the landscape changewhich has occurred from 1993 – 2014. The intention is to identify the impacts of landscape fragmentation onhummingbird species diversity by spatial landscape analysis in GIS and regression modeling. The analysis foundthat there is no relationship between deforestation and reduction of hummingbird diversity. The results indicatethat hummingbird species are not particularly sensitive to landscape change as they have high resilience in regardto forest fragmentation. A potential threshold value of deforestation degree could be identified, up to whichhummingbird species richness increased, but locations subjected to over 40% fragmentation were estimated tohave lower hummingbird diversity. However, by using the spatial explicit biological data, the analysis indicatethat an extinction debt may exist in the landscape, and that future extinctions may be expected to occur in thefollowing decades as consequence of deforestation. Other factors may be as important determining variables forspecies richness: the spatial scale of the study, the habitat connectivity, hummingbird generalist tendencies.Conclusively, identification of the key factors of deforestation impacts on species diversity is essential for futureefficiency in conservation planning and sustainability of the tropical rainforest biodiversity.

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Saxena, Ashok Kumar. "Deforestation, causes and sustainable solutions with reference to India." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0004/NQ27717.pdf.

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Griffith, Jennfer Lynn. "Deforestation--policies toward a more sustainable tropical timber industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45743.

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Ongono, Olinga Jean-Galbert. "Protected areas, deforestation and agricultural performances in developing countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD015.

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Le compromis entre les objectifs de développement économique et ceux de la protection de l’environnement ne cesse de faire l’objet d’une attention particulière au sein des pays en développement. Les organisations internationales, les gouvernements nationaux et mêmes des institutions académiques de recherche s’accordent sur la nécessité d’émettre et appliquer des politiques économiques qui permettent d’accroître le revenu des habitants tout en dégradant le moins possible l’environnement. Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans cette réflexion du développement durable à travers ses chapitres qui se focalisent sur les aires protégées, la déforestation et les performances agricoles au sein des pays en développement. Le premier chapitre présente le cadre contextuel et théorique de l’étude. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux effets de l’instrument de protection de l’environnement – les aires protégées – sur la déforestation. En se focalisant sur le cas du Brésil en Amazonie légale, il montre que les aires protégées indigènes et intégrales permettent de réduire la déforestation, contrairement aux aires protégées soutenables. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse aux effets des aires protégées sur l’agriculture. Contrairement aux intuitions selon lesquelles les aires protégées entraveraient le développement de l’agriculture, il montre, dans le cas du Brésil en Amazonie Légale, que la politique de création d’aires protégées améliore les performances agricoles des producteurs. Ces derniers emploient davantage des pratiques qui permettent d’obtenir plus de rendements sur de petites surfaces sans toutefois dégrader l’environnement ni augmenter la déforestation. Le quatrième chapitre se réfère à la relation empirique entre les prix des matières premières agricoles et la déforestation. Il s’avère que l’évolution des prix des matières premières agricoles favorise la perte de la forêt dans les pays en développement disposant de surfaces forestières importantes. Autrement dit, au fur et à mesure que les prix vont s’accroître, la demande de matières premières agricoles augmentant avec la croissance démographique, le processus de déforestation va également s’accroître entraînant une perte importante de la forêt dans le long terme. Finalement, la thèse recommande d’accroître la création des aires protégées qui permettent d’éviter une déforestation importante au sein des pays en développement, mais aussi de mettre en place des politiques de contrôle ou de stabilisation des effets d’accroissement de prix des matières premières agricoles et d’encourager l’adoption de technologies agricoles qui permettent d’obtenir suffisamment de production sur des surfaces de terre réduites
The trade-off between the economic development and the environmental goals is always subject of attention in developing countries. International organizations, national governments and even academic research institutions agree that development countries should implement economic policies that increase people's incomes while minimizing the environmental degradation. This doctoral thesis is part of this reflection on sustainable development through its chapters that focus on protected areas, deforestation and agricultural performance in developing countries. The first chapter presents the contextual and theoretical framework of the study. The second chapter focuses on the effects of the environmental protection instrument - protected areas - on deforestation. Focusing on the case of Brazil in the Legal Amazon, he shows that indigenous and integral protected areas reduce deforestation, which is not the case for sustainable protected areas. The third chapter focuses on the effects of protected areas on agriculture. Contrary to the intuitions that protected areas would hinder the development of agriculture, it shows, in the case of Brazil in the Legal Amazon, that the policy of creating protected areas improves the agricultural performance of producers. The latter employ more practices that allow more yields to be obtained on small areas without degrading the environment or increasing deforestation. The fourth chapter refers to the empirical relationship between agricultural commodity prices and deforestation. It appears that changes in the prices of agricultural raw materials favor the loss of forests in developing countries with large forest areas. In other words, as prices rise, as demand for agricultural raw materials increases with population growth, the deforestation process will also increase, leading to a significant loss of forest in the long term. Finally, the thesis recommends increasing the creation of protected areas to avoid significant deforestation in developing countries. Policies that control and stabilize the price increase effects of agricultural raw materials should also be a key objective in developing countries. We recommend again the adoption of agricultural technologies that allow sufficient production to be obtained on reduced land areas

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Etongwe, Eric. "Deforestation and poverty in the rural zone of Cameroon." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26563.

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Addison, Erin Heather. "Documenting Deforestation at Sidd al-Ahmar, Petra Region, Jordan." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193295.

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This study documented the decline of the forests of the Petra Region of Jordan, as represented at Sidd al-Ahmar, within the Petra Archaeological Park. Biogeographical and anthropological methods were employed to explore the history of the forests. Archaeology and historical narratives provided a portrait of the study area from prehistory to the early 20th century. Aerial surveys from 1924 and 2002 were analyzed to quantify changes in forest cover. Mapping and inventory of indicator species measured short-term change between 2003 and 2006. Interviews, field observation and participant observation in the tourist industry provided a socio-cultural context for quantitative analysis and for recommendations for remediation of pressures on the remaining forest. The research documents a 58% decline in tree cover between 1924-2002, and a decline of 4.23% between 2003-2006. The conclusions question concepts such as "landscape integrity" and the usefulness of non-interventionist ideology in an historic and rapidly changing region.

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Grunberg, Wolfgang. "Modeling deforestation risk in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278736.

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The tropical forest of Guatemala's 21,130 square kilometer Maya Biosphere Reserve and buffer zone is being impacted by deforestation due to an increase of the local population and establishment of over 200 new settlements over the last 20 years. Existing geographic information system databases and remote sensing data were used to determine how much of the observed deforestation could be explained by three factors: roads, human settlements, and soil quality. Each factor was analyzed separately using spatial and statistical analysis methods. These factors were then combined to create a final deforestation risk model. The deterministic model enables policy makers, as well as managers, to create scenarios that assess the impact of their actions on the forest on a regional scale.

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Hayes-Bohanan, James Kezar 1963. "Deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil: Frontier urbanization and landscape change." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288864.

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Between 1960 and 1991, the population of Rondonia, Brazil increased from 70,000 to 1.3 million. This increase occurred during the thirty-year period bracketing the rise to statehood, during which a rural population also became largely urban. Simultaneously, the loss of tropical rain forest in the state progressed at unparalleled rates. This dissertation examines some of the ways in which these two rapidly changing aspects of Rondonia's landscape are related to each other. The research project employs a framework grounded in realist philosophy, a flexible approach that facilitates research into processes that are unfolding at a regional scale but which occur within the context of broader national and international structures. Several kinds of connections between urban population growth and deforestation are examined, including land conversion for urban use, food consumption in urban areas, wood consumption for housing in urban areas, and power consumption in urban areas. Urban sprawl is found to be significantly and positively correlated with deforestation at the municipio level, but the absolute magnitude of urban sprawl is very small relative to total deforestation. No spatial correlation is found between urban settlement and the dedication of land to food crops. A weak but positive correlation is found between urban demand for timber and total deforestation, but the absolute magnitude of local timber demand is found to be very small in comparison to forest clearing. The recent diversification of the timber industry in order to absorb urban labor may have profound implications for demand on forest resources in the future. Electricity generation has been destructive of rain forest, and capacity already under construction is likely to have further such impacts. The cultural landscape of Rondonia reflects an orientation that is increasingly outward-looking. Rondonia's cities and towns are becoming more closely connected with one another and more fully integrated with the outside world. Early incentives to settle in Rondonia contributed to deforestation, but the curtailment of these incentives did not curtail deforestation. Rondonia is a place caught between two opposite pressures: the pressure to preserve the rain forest and the pressure to participate in the world economy as consumers.

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Cocco, Stefano <1991&gt. "Climate Change: the Kyoto Protocol and the deforestation problem." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8021.

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Climate change is one of the top priorities of our generation. The sustainability of the present economic order is questioned by the negative impact that the industrialised society has generated from the XVII century onward. My work is motivated by the consideration that the awareness on how important and irreparable the consequences of climate change are is still insufficient, as well as the answers that the international community has provided. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are constantly growing, and global temperature has already increased by 1° C above pre-industrial levels, with an expectation to grow from 3.7 °C to 4.8 °C within the century under a business-as-usual path, with catastrophic consequences. The first global response to the challenges of climate change came with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the non-binding agreement that was signed on the issue in 1992, and with its Kyoto Protocol in 1997. My work, through the analysis of the Protocol and of its evolution hitherto, has the objective of highlighting the weaknesses and the strengths of the international process on climate change action, with a particular focus on the deforestation problem, and to offer, more than an occasion to reflect, a motivation to act. Drawing data from the IPCC, the World Bank, and the UNFCCC documentations, and from the rich climate change literature and journals, what emerges overall is the inadequacy of the “Kyoto process” to provide the necessary results on global GHG reduction. Different visions and priorities between developed and developing countries have slowed the UNFCCC negotiations, as well as its effectiveness. It was known from the start that the implementation of the Protocol was only a first step in climate change mitigation, but progresses have missed the expectations of stakeholders and civil society. Moreover, chances to enhance forests as GHG removal sinks, in particular through the REDD+ process, have been behindhand. The new Paris Agreement of December 2015 is virtually the last occasion to realise a globally coordinated effort to fight climate change, and its provisions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change have to be strengthened and embraced by all the UNFCCC’s member States to have a chance of reducing emissions. Currently, considerable gap exists between national and international purposes and actions to reduce emissions and the actual level required to keep average global temperatures rising no more than 2° C above their pre-industrial level, above which science shows that there is a much higher risk of very serious climate impacts. Responding to the climate threat requires strong government action at all levels, in a complex process that should include close cooperation between governments, the private sector, NGOs, and civil society. This challenge implies the construction of a new paradigm, which starts from the bottom, from the principles of equity, cooperation and awareness.

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McAllister, Ryan Robert Jeff. "Dynamic analysis of deforestation in the Lao People's Democratic Republic /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18383.pdf.

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Langner, Andreas. "Monitoring Tropical Forest Degradation and Deforestation in Borneo, Southeast Asia." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-99533.

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Navarrete, Acacio Aparecido. "Bacterial ecology in Amazonian soils under deforestation and agricultural management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-22042013-163134/.

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This thesis assessed effects of Amazonian deforestation on artificial association networks of bacteria to bacteria and to abiotic soil factors and networks based on categories of bacterial functions and abiotic soil factors, and sought a better insight into community of Acidobacteria in Amazon soils under agricultural management of soybean based on culture-dependent and molecular approaches. Bacterial community was studied based on next-generation sequencing technologies (Roche GS FLX Titanium and Illumina HiSeq 2000 platforms), quantitative real-time PCR, fingerprinting technique and basic procedures for bacteria culture. The general objective of this thesis was achieved by development of three different studies. The Study 1 analyzed the total bacterial community based on 16S ribosomal DNA pyrotag (425 thousand sequences), shotgun metagenomics (266 million sequences) and environmental parameters from soil samples collected in three real replicate of intact Amazon rainforest and adjacent deforested site after 2-4 months of forest clearing and burning in the Brazilian Amazon. This study showed that deforestation of Amazon forest soils led to a consistent decline in the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and alterations in verrucomicrobial community structure, and simplified association networks among different bacterial taxonomic groups and abiotic soil factors. In order to adapt to this condition function-based associations network were enhanced, indicating a higher degree of risk spreading for the maintenance of soil functioning. The Study 2, in turn, correlated relative abundance of Acidobacteria subgroups - based on approximately 33 thousand sequences of acidobacterial 16S rRNA genes - and abiotic soil factors, and showed differential response of Acidobacteria subgroups to abiotic soil factors in Amazon forest soils into soybean croplands. This study opened the possibilites to explore acidobacterial subgroups as early-warning bio-indicators of agricultural soil management effects in the Amazon area. Lastly, the Study 3 reported the culturability and molecular detection of Acidobacteria subgroups 1 and 3 concomitantly to other bacterial groups from Amazon soils on enriched culture medium with carbon source and incubated for relatively long period in hypoxic atmosphere (2% O2 [vol/vol], 2% CO2 [vol/vol] and 96% N2 [vol/vol]), and validated the combination of traditional procedures for bacteria culture and molecular techniques for recover and detection of Acidobacteria from Amazon soils
Este trabalho de tese avaliou o efeito do desmatamento sobre redes artificiais de associação entre grupos taxonômicos de Bacteria e fatores abióticos do solo e redes baseadas em funções bacterianas e fatores abióticos do solo, e utilizou técnicas moleculares e abordagem dependente de cultivo para compreender a dinâmica da comunidade de Acidobacteria em solos da floresta Amazônica convertidos em áreas agrícolas para produção de soja. Para estudo das comunidades bacterianas foram utilizadas tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração (plataformas 454 GS FLX Titanium da Roche e Illumina HiSeq 2000), PCR quantitativo em tempo-real, método de fingerprinting e procedimentos tradicionais para cultivo de bactérias. O objetivo geral desta tese foi alcançado com o desenvolvimento de três diferentes estudos. O Estudo 1 considerou aproximadamente 425 mil sequências do gene 16S rRNA de Bacteria e 266 milhões de sequências de DNA bacteriano obtidas por análise metagenômica a partir de solos coletados em três réplicas verdadeiras de floresta intacta na Amazônia e área desmatada adjacente após corte e queima da cobertura vegetal. Com isso, este estudo mostrou que o desmatamento declina a abundância e altera a estrutura de comunidade de Verrucomicrobia no solo e simplifica as redes artificiais de associação entre diferentes grupos bacterianos. A rede artificial de associação entre categorias funcionais e fatores de solo revelou-se mais complexa em solos desmatados, indicando um alto grau de dispersão de risco para a manutenção do funcionamento do solo. Por sua vez, o Estudo 2 correlacionou a abundância de subgrupos de Acidobacteria - com base em aproximadamente 33 mil sequências do gene 16S rRNA de Acidobacteria - com fatores abióticos do solo, e mostrou que subgrupos de Acidobacteria respondem diferentemente aos efeitos do manejo agrícola de solos da floresta Amazônica dentro de áreas de produção de soja. Este estudo abriu possibilidades de explorar subgrupos de Acidobacteria como bio-indicadores dos efeitos do manejo agrícola do solo na região da Amazônia. Por fim, o Estudo 3 reportou a culturabilidade e detecção molecular de Acidobacteria subgrupos 1 e 3 e outros grupos bacterianos presentes em solos Amazônicos em meio de cultura enriquecido com carbono e incubado sob atmosfera hipóxica (2% O2 [vol/vol], 2% CO2 [vol/vol] e 96% N2 [vol/vol]), atestando, assim, a combinação de procedimentos tradicionais de cultivo e técnicas moleculares para a recuperação e detecção de Acidobacteria de solos da Amazônia

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Laohawiriyanon, Chonlada. "From climate change to deforestation a genre of popularised science /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22696.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English, Linguistics and Media, 1999.
Bibliography: p. 299-305.
Introduction -- Theoretical background -- The structure of popular scientific writing on 'climate change' -- Findings of analysis of texts on population growth and deforestation -- Interaction between verbal and visuals representations -- Conclusion.
The topics of climate change, population growth, and deforestation, as discussed in publications such as New Scientist, Discover, Time, and Our Planet, exemplify contemporary writing on science for the general community. As such, it is assumed that they are presented in an objective, scientific, informative way. Furthermore, these topics illustrate what it means to write complex issues in a popular manner. Consequently, they provide an opportunity for examining at least one area of popular science as a generic phenomenon.-- Through an investigation of thirty texts (ten on each of the three topics mentioned), the consistencies and distinctive features of writing on these environmental issues are investigated, in particular using discourse tools drawn from Systemic Functional linguistics. The foremost tools are the proposals concerning GSP (Generic Structure Potential) put forward by Hasan, which provide an outline of the syntagmatic unfolding of a text ("logogenetic perspective") and the four stratal perspective that is illustrated in the work by Halliday and Hasan, in particular as such work relates wording to culture. By assessing the degree to which the thirty texts constitute a genre, and the degree to which they exhibit their own internal variations, it is also possible to clarify Halliday's notion of the 'cline of instantiation' between, at one end, the 'potential/system' and, at the other end, the instance of 'text as process'.-- The investigation reveals that the assumption of an informative, objective style in popular science journal articles actually obscures a deeper underlying activism about the future, but an activism strongly based on only Western perceptions of environmental crisis.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
ix, 305, 217 p. ill. (some col.)

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Appleyard, Moana R. (Moana Rose). "National economic development and tropical deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71059.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1987.
Title as it appeared in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gradute List, June 1987: Tropical deforestation and national economic development.
Bibliography: leaves 82-83.
by Moana R. Appleyard.
M.C.P.

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Polcher, Jan. "Etude de la sensibilite du climat tropical a la deforestation." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066232.

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Le climat depend des echanges entre la surface de la terre et l'atmosphere. La deforestation peut changer les transferts d'energie et de masse entre la surface et l'atmosphere. Le modele de circulation generale du lmd, qui simule le climat est un outil privilegie pour etudier l'effet de la deforestation sur le climat. On montre que la reponse du modele depend non seulement des modifications des echanges en surface mais aussi de la facon dont l'atmosphere, et sa dynamique, reagissent a cet echange

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31

Dangi, Roshani. "Econometric Analysis of the Causes of the Deforestation in Nepal." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1235140613.

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32

Sanchez, Garcia Paula Andrea. "The Political Economy of Deforestation of the Northwestern Colombian Amazon." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning (BIG), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194096.

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The Amazon has experienced rapid forest loss in the past decades due to the growing colonization, infrastructure development and commercial agriculture expansion. Understanding the underlying social, political and economic drivers of deforestation is key to curb deforestation of the Amazon basin. However, analysis of deforestation has primarily been conducted in Brazil and there is a need to study this phenomenon in other countries such as Colombia. This research intends to contribute to this growing body of knowledge to better understand drivers and processes of deforestation in the Northwestern Colombian Amazon by unpacking the causal mechanism underpinning deforestation. To achieve this, I a used Theory-building Process-tracing approach to conceptualize the underlying logics of deforestation in the region. Data collection included qualitative text analysis of policy documents, articles, reports, and grey literature, and virtual semi-structured interviews with key national, regional and local actors. Interviews’ format was adapted due to current travelling and social restrictions. Findings indicate that the power vacuum resulting from FARC guerrilla demobilization acted as a window of opportunity for peasants, squatters, narco-traffickers, cattle ranchers, landlords and other investors to access public lands and capitalize from converting forests to coca crops and pastures for cattle ranching. Capital accumulation has increased actors’ ability to reshape the landscape and societal organization by accumulating different forms and sources of power. Traditional elites, and old and emerging narco-bourgeoisie have capitalized on preexisting power asymmetries by disproportionally accumulating different social power seeking to consolidate territorial hegemony. Powerful actors exercise attained sources and forms of power to dispose historically marginalized groups – such as indigenous communities, peasants, and squatters – from their means of subsistence and production, resulting in the instauration of a capitalist economy based on land rent and drug trafficking. All this has deepened forest loss, inequalities and conflict over land access between actors.

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Russo, Gabriela. "Deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon-Based Settlements: A Socio-Ecological Approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143796.

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Global change is substantially led by greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (Ruddiman, 2013). In Brazil, the largest emission rates come from the forestry & land-use change sector, which historically accounts for more than half of Brazil’s emissions (SEEG, 2016a). Within the Legal Amazon, deforestation is the main driver of land-use change (TerraClass, 2014). Furthermore, Amazon-based settlements, established by Brazil’s Land Reform, play an important role in this process, as 28.6% of all Amazon deforestation stemmed from this type of land property in 2016 alone (Azevedo et al, 2016). Even though public policies aim at curbing this source of land-clearing, they often fail to achieve this goal. Hence, this thesis will analyse why policies do not efficiently prevent clear-cutting in Amazon-based settlements. This analysis is done through a multilevel comparison between political priorities and local perceptions on deforestation. The inquiry relies on text analysis to assess the Land Reform as a land-use policy and the Forest Code as a deforestation policy. It further summarizes the impressions of local family farmers collected in the fieldwork. Then it compares both results to understand why policies fail to fully curb deforestation. The main conclusion is that policies fail because they are erratic, they do not sufficiently take into account the social aspects of deforestation and they do not promote resilience in local communities. The geographical scope of the case-study is western Pará state, in which 30.8% of all deforestation occur in Amazon-based settlements (Ibidem). It is in Pará where the case-study takes place, namely the PAS Project carried out by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute. The main contribution of this thesis is to adopt a socio-ecological systems approach to compare policy priorities to local case-study results and to emphasize the interlinkages between income-generation and land-clearing.

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Peralta, Patricia. "A landscape ecological assessment of the development of extractive reserves of Brazilian Amazonia by integrating remote sensing and GIS analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336935.

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Mason, Thomas E. 1971. "Narratives and reality for tree planting in Southern Malawi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11047.

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ix, 48 p. : maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This thesis examines the roots of deforestation in Malawi and how it has been problematized and turned into an accepted discourse of an impending crisis. I argue that deforestation in Malawi has been prioritized in order to suit the needs of Malawi's powerful elite and does not reflect the real and urgent problems of Malawi's small farmers. Deforestation has been explained by narratives which suggest that the farmers are to blame either because they have over-consumed fuelwood without replanting or have cut too many trees for expanding agriculture. These narratives not only mask the ultimate cause of deforestation, which is unequal access to land, but also deflect attention from more immediate problems. In recent surveys, however, Malawi's farmers have been clear about their priorities. Deforestation is a concern, but poverty and lack of food security are their chief problems.
Committee in charge: Peter Walker, Chairperson; Dennis Galvan, Member

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Kelly, Philip F. (Philip Francis). "Development as degradation : aquaculture, mangrove deforestation and entitlements in Batan, Philippines." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69616.

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This thesis examines pond aquaculture as a development strategy in the Philippines, with particular reference to its impact on the local environment and the livelihoods of local people.
A theoretical framework is provided by recent literature in development studies and human geography, which attempts to move away from an essentialist and ethnocentric development praxis, and towards a locally-based, participatory process of empowerment. From the perspective of such 'alternative' development ideas, orthodox strategies involving modernization, formalization of economic activities, and resource mobilization, can be reassessed.
The promotion of pond aquaculture--and the widespread mangrove deforestation associated with it--is shown to be a strategy endorsed and supported by national and international development agencies. What is often overlooked, however, is the local ecological and economic importance of mangrove ecosystems. This study examines the effects of mangrove removal and fishpond development on the entitlements of people in three coastal communities in the Philippines. Aquacultural development is shown to have detrimental effects on the integrity of the coastal ecosystem and the livelihoods of certain groups of local residents; a rich common property resource is converted into a privately-owned system of cultivation. While benefits accrue to those with access to the capital necessary for the construction of fishponds, the costs of development are borne largely by mangrove gatherers and artisanal fisherfolk, whose share of a diminishing resource base is steadily declining. For these marginal groups, aquaculture is shown to provide few compensating economic benefits.
The study supports, through concrete local evidence, the criticisms made of orthodox approaches to development, and the need to construct attitudes and strategies which are more attuned to local sustainability and equity.

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GANDOUR, CLARISSA COSTALONGA E. "FOREST WARS: A TRILOGY ON COMBATING DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36194@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esta tese avalia políticas de conservação adotadas no âmbito do plano de ação federal para combate ao desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. O Capítulo 1 descreve as principais mudanças institucionais e discute suas avaliações de efetividade. A revisão de literatura corrobora a eficácia das medidas para a redução do desmatamento, mas indica também que efeitos indiretos das políticas de conservação foram pouco estudados. Os demais capítulos conduzem análises empíricas sobre efeitos diretos e indiretos dessas políticas, utilizando um painel de dez anos de dados georreferenciados para contemplar dinâmicas espaciais ao longo do tempo. O Capítulo 2 testa se proteção territorial legal confere real proteção contra desmatamento. Tomando a intensidade do desmatamento no entorno de uma área como uma medida do risco de desmatamento local, o estudo compara a perda florestal em territórios protegidos e não protegidos sujeitos a riscos de desmatamento equivalentes. Aproveitando o formato raster dos dados, a estratégia empírica inclui efeitos fixos de célula para mitigar preocupações sobre possível viés oriundo de não-observáveis. Os resultados documentam a eficácia da proteção: células protegidas tiveram significativamente menos perda florestal do que células não protegidas, mesmo quando expostas ao mesmo risco de desmatamento. Contudo, ainda que o território protegido sirva como um escudo contra o avanço do desmatamento, a perda florestal por ele desviada parece seguir para áreas não protegidas. A proteção, portanto, afeta a dinâmica regional do desmatamento, mas não seu nível agregado. O Capítulo 3 investiga se variações na regeneração tropical configuram uma externalidade de medidas de aplicação da lei voltadas para o desmatamento. A vegetação secundária esteve vulnerável durante a primeira década do plano de ação, que não direcionou esforços para a promoção da regeneração tropical e tampouco para a conservação de vegetação secundária existente. Além disso, a regeneração permaneceu invisível ao sistema de monitoramento da floresta. Mesmo assim, a área de vegetação secundária na Amazônia aumentou em 7 milhões de hectares durante esse período. A última parte desta tese averigua se a aplicação da lei contribuiu para esse fenômeno, ainda que não intencionalmente. Os resultados são robustos à inclusão de uma série de controles em nível da célula, que mitigam preocupações sobre viés de variável omitida. A análise indica que uma maior intensidade de aplicação da lei no entorno de um local está associada a maior probabilidade de expansão da vegetação secundária e também maior área por ela coberta naquele local. Isso apoia a hipótese de que infratores ambientais, diante dos maiores custos associados à atividade ilegal, abandonaram as regiões onde operavam e, assim, permitiram que ocorresse um processo natural de regeneração. A força dessa externalidade varia conforme o grau de desmatamento local: regiões mais desmatadas provavelmente abrigam atividades não florestais mais consolidadas, dificultando o ressurgimento da floresta; regiões menos desmatadas ainda oferecem uma área relativamente pequena para regeneração em escala. Exercícios contrafatuais ilustram a magnitude desse efeito, mostrando que melhorias no sistema de monitoramento do desmatamento resultariam em quase 300 mil hectares adicionais de vegetação secundária.
This dissertation assesses policy effects of conservation efforts adopted within the scope of the federal action plan to combat Amazon deforestation in Brazil. Chapter 1 provides a description of key policy changes and surveys the associated effectiveness literature. It finds evidence that supports the action plan s efficacy in reducing aggregate deforestation levels, but notes that indirect impacts of conservation policies have received little attention. The remaining chapters explore direct and indirect impacts of action plan policies using a georeferenced ten-year panel dataset to account for spatial dynamics. Chapter 2 tests whether legal territorial protection grants actual protection against advancing deforestation. Using a measure of neighboring clearing activity to capture local deforestation risk, the analysis compares forest clearing outcomes in unprotected and protected territory under equivalent deforestation pressures. The empirical strategy draws on the dataset s raster structure to mitigate concerns of potentially confounding unobservables via the use of raster cell fixed effects. Results document protection s efficacy in a high-risk context, with significantly less forest being cleared in protected cells than in unprotected ones. Yet, although protected territory effectively shields vegetation under its domain from advancing deforestation, it appears to deflect clearings to unprotected areas. Protection therefore affects regional forest clearing dynamics, but not the overall level of deforestation. Chapter 3 investigates whether changes in tropical regeneration constituted a spillover effect from law enforcement targeting forest loss. Secondary vegetation was vulnerable during the first decade of the action plan, which neither promoted tropical regeneration nor sought to conserve existing secondary vegetation. Moreover, regeneration remained undetected in satellite-based forest monitoring systems. Still, during this period, the extent of Amazon secondary vegetation increased by nearly 7 million hectares. The final part of this dissertation examines whether law enforcement contributed to this growth, albeit unintentionally. The empirical strategy uses a ten-year cross-sectional difference in observed regeneration outcomes to address the intrinsically time-consuming nature of this phenomenon. Results are shown to be robust to the inclusion of a host of raster cell-level controls, mitigating concerns about omitted variable bias. Findings indicate that the intensity of enforcement in a location s close surroundings is associated with both increased probability of secondary vegetation expansion and increased area of secondary vegetation in that location. This lends support to the hypothesis that environmental offenders, once faced with a higher perceived cost of engaging in illegal deforestation, abandoned the area they were operating in and thereby allowed a natural process of forest regrowth to occur. The spillover effect of enforcement on regeneration appears largest in places that have undergone neither too much nor too little deforestation: in the former, forest clearings and non-forest land use are probably more consolidated, and regrowth is therefore less likely; in the latter, there is still relatively little area for the forest to grow back in. Counterfactual exercises shed light on the magnitude of this effect. An enhanced satellite-based monitoring system for targeting enforcement would have resulted in nearly 300 thousand additional hectares of secondary vegetation.

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Hjort, Mattias. "Governing deforestation : a governmentality analysis of tropical forests in climate negotiations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6558/.

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This thesis conducts an empirical analysis of how ‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’ (REDD+) is rendered governable through negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. REDD+ is a proposed emissions trading scheme where deforestation in ‘developing’ countries is reduced through monetary incentives, and where this counts and ‘reduced greenhouse gas emissions’ that can be used by ‘developed’ countries to comply with their commitments to reduce emissions. A Foucauldian governmentality perspective is applied to conceptualise the negotiations as a process of contestation where the outcomes validate and target certain governance arrangements, actors and ideas, while subjugating others, with concrete effects for how forest users, forests and the climate will be governed. This process is analysed by drawing on discourse analysis and actor-network theory to consider both social and material contestation throughout the negotiations, which serves to elucidate the contested foundation REDD+ is built on. The process of validation and subjugation analysed throughout the negotiations is argued to manifest a governing strategy that subjugates deviations from how REDD+ was originally conceived, and that polices its borders so as not to jeopardise growth-oriented patterns of production and consumption outside of the scheme.

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Nora, Elói Lennon Dalla. "Modeling the interplay between global and regional drivers on amazon deforestation." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2014. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2014/05.23.11.59.

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Tropical deforestation is historically one of the largest drivers of biodiversity loss and carbon emissions globally. The growing demand for food, fiber and biofuels along with market's globalization is expected to add further pressure on tropical deforestation in the coming decades. In this sense, a number of models have been proposed to explore future deforestation trends, particularly in the Amazon. However, none of these models plausibly captured the general trajectory of land cover change that has been observed in this region. This thesis provides evidence that previous modeling approaches were not able to consistently represent the forces that shape land use dynamics in the Amazon. In general they are restricted by either global or regional drives of land cover change. Therefore, an alternative modeling approach should be taken to explore cross-scale interactions such as the world demand for resources and land use regulations. The main objective of this thesis is to explore an innovative modeling approach for the Amazon which allows simulating how the global demand for agricultural commodities and different regional land use policies could affect future deforestation trends inside and outside the Brazilian Amazon, paying special attention to leakage effects over the Cerrado. A global economic model was taken to integrate supply and demand factors at both global and regional scales. Then a spatially explicit land-use model is used to explore future patterns of land cover change over the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biome. Leakage effects are simulated in two different ways, regarding land demand and land allocation. In the first case, leakage effects are determined by changes on the relative land rents of different land use types mediated by changes on regional land use policies. In the second case, leakage effects are simulated based on Spatial Lag technique for land demand allocation which accounts for the spatial dependence of the deforestation. Based on this approach six contrasting multi-scale scenarios are explored focusing on deforestation rates and spatial pattern analysis for both Amazon and Cerrado. Our results revealed that Amazon conservation might not be the end of deforestation in Brazil once it can lead 43\% increase over the Cerrado cleared area up to 2050. Massive land cover changes would be expected throughout the Cerrado biome, especially on the Midwest region and over the emerging agricultural frontier of MATOPIBA (acronym formed by the first letters of the Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia Brazilian states). Biofuels targets compliance can further press land cover changes over this region revealing that productivity gains will be decisive for both Amazon and Cerrado conservation. In summary, biodiversity conservation and emissions reduction in Brazil will depend on broader land use policies and land use efficiency. Otherwise, managing a transition towards a more sustainable land use can become utopian.
O desmatamento nos trópicos é historicamente uma das maiores causas da perda de biodiversidade e emissões de carbono em nível mundial. A crescente demanda por alimentos, fibras e biocombustíveis, juntamente com a globalização dos mercados, deve pressionar ainda mais o desmatamento nos trópicos durante as próximas décadas. Neste sentido, uma série de modelos tem sido proposta para explorar tendências futuras de desmatamento, especialmente na Amazônia. Entretanto, nenhum destes modelos conseguiu capturar de forma plausível a trajetória geral de mudança da cobertura da terra observada nesta região durante a última década. Esta tese fornece evidências de que as abordagens de modelagem anteriores não foram capazes de representar de forma consistente as forças que moldam a dinâmica de uso da terra na Amazônia. Em geral, estas abordagens são limitadas ou por fatores determinantes globais ou fatores regionais de mudança. Neste caso, uma abordagem de modelagem alternativa deveria ser adotada para explorar interações entre escalas como a demanda mundial por recursos e as regulamentações de uso da terra. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é explorar uma abordagem de modelagem de uso da terra inovadora para a Amazônia, que permita simular como a demanda mundial por commodities agrícolas e diferentes políticas regionais de uso da terra podem afetar as tendências futuras de desmatamento dentro e fora da Amazônia, com especial atenção para os efeitos de deslocamento de demanda sobre o Cerrado. Um modelo econômico global foi adotado para integrar fatores de oferta e demanda em escala global e regional. Então, um modelo de uso da terra espacialmente explícito é utilizado para explorar padrões futuros de mudança da cobertura terra sobre a Amazônia Brasileira e o Cerrado. Mudanças indiretas de uso da terra são simuladas de duas maneiras diferentes, em relação à demanda e alocação de terras. No primeiro caso, os deslocamentos são determinados por alterações na renda relativa (land-rents) dos diferentes tipos de uso mediados por mudanças em políticas regionais de uso da terra. No segundo caso, os efeitos de deslocamento são simulados com base em regressão espacial (Spatial-Lag) para alocação de demanda por terra a qual captura a dependência espacial do desmatamento. Com base nesta abordagem seis cenários contrastantes de multi-escala são explorados com foco em taxas de desmatamento e análise de padrões espaciais para Amazônia e Cerrado. Os resultados revelaram que a conservação da Amazônia pode não ser o fim do desmatamento no Brasil, uma vez que isso pode levar a um aumento de 43\% sobre a área desmatada no Cerrado até 2050. Extensas modificações no padrão de cobertura da terra seriam esperadas ao longo deste bioma, especialmente na região Centro-Oeste e sobre a fronteira agrícola emergente MATOPIBA (sigla formada pelas primeiras letras dos estados do Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia). O cumprimento de metas para biocombustíveis pode pressionar ainda mais as mudanças de cobertura da terra sobre esta região revelando que ganhos de produtividade serão decisivos para a conservação da Amazônia e do Cerrado. Em síntese, a conservação da biodiversidade e redução de emissões no Brasil dependerá de políticas de uso da terra mais amplas, além de melhoria na eficiência do uso da terra. Caso contrário, a gestão de uma transição para um uso da terra mais sustentável pode se tornar utópica.

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Arevalo-Mendez, Ignacio. "Soil conservation with leguminous cover crops following deforestation of tropical steepland." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33228.

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The steeplands of Central America are being systematically deforested as population pressure dictates a need for an increase in subsistence agriculture. The combined effect of high rainfall and lack of conservation measures leads to high levels of soil erosion. In order to assess sustainable soil conservation technology, research was conducted in the mountainous agricultural area of Guinope, Honduras. Runoff and soil loss from a number of plots that were established on various ground slopes and under different land uses were measured during the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Natural and fired woodland were assessed to provide an indication of both baseline conditions and those associated with the initial stage of deforestation. Against these, the impacts of agriculture involving maize - Zea mays L.- with and without two leguminous cover crops - Mucuna sp. and Canavalia ensiformis (l)DC. - were assessed on ground sloping at 6, 11 and 18 degrees. Seasonal runoff under natural pine forest is shown to be 10 % that of maize agriculture on similar slopes while fired forest is 49 %. Of the cover crops, after a second year Mucuna is the most protective when intercropped with maize, giving runoff on 18 degree slopes which is 47 % that of maize grown by itself, compared with 51 % for Canavalia. On 11 degree slopes, Canavalia offers greater protection but here the difference between the two cover crops is marginal Soil erosion can be shown to be a function of ground slope. For maize grown by itself, soil losses from 6 and 11degree slopes are 13 % and 23 % those from 18 degree slopes. On two years of research Canavalia is more stable in giving protection. On 18 degree slopes, soil loss where Mucuna is intercropped is 43 % that under maize alone while for Canavalia it is 47 %. By comparison, the natural forest loses much less than 1 % that of the maize fields. This study clearly shows the vulnerability of steep lands that are being clear-felled. It also demonstrates the considerable advantages of using extensive green soil conservation technology in reducing soil erosion and prolonging the usefulness of land. This extends to relieving the pressure on virgin forest in a situation where population growth discourages long periods fallow as part of a form of shifting cultivation.

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Guers, Susan L. "Effects of forest fragmentation on chickadee reproduction in southeastern Pennsylvania." Click here for download, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/villanova/fullcit?p1433456.

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Brown, William P. "On the community composition and abundance of Delaware forest birds." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.75 Mb., p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220635.

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Mueller, Rebecca. "The Effects of Global Changes on Fungal Communities: Measuring Biodiversity Belowground." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12951.

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Global changes resulting from human activities, including elevated levels of greenhouse gases, enrichment of nitrogen and land use changes, have led to substantial losses in biodiversity of macroscopic organisms, such as plants and animals, but whether these changes will have similar impacts on microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is less clear. I examined the impact of three of these global changes, including elevated carbon dioxide, increased soil nitrogen availability and large-scale deforestation, on the biodiversity of soil fungi in three separate ecosystems. The responses of fungi to global changes were variable across ecosystems and the experimental system and were not readily predicted by observed changes in the plant community. However, subtle shifts in the community composition of fungi were observed in response to all global changes. Whether these shifts will impact the ecosystem function of these systems in unclear, but previous studies suggest that even small changes in community dynamics can have large effects on important processes, such as nitrogen cycling and carbon storage. These findings indicate that soil fungi do respond to global changes, but additional research must be undertaken to examine the effects of these shifts.
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Cottrell, Christopher A. "Splinters of Sandalwood, Islands of 'Iliahi: Rethinking Deforestation in Hawai'i, 1811-1843." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7065.

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Oke, Ndum Fidelis. "Deforestation Impacts on Biodiversity Conservation in the Dja Biosphere Reserve of Cameroon." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11942.

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Abstract The tropical rainforest of the world are very important for the global ecosystems. Most of the remaining rainforest in Africa is concentrated within the Congo Basin forest area. The Congo basin rainforest is second that of the Amazon basin and with the Indonesian forest are the most important rainforest in the world. The Dja Biosphere reserve which is located in the South Eastern part of Cameroon forms the upperparts of the Congo Basin Forest. Despite the fact that this area is a natural reserve implying that certain human activities like cutting down of forests around the buffer zones and hunting without permission are outlawed, we notice that there is increasing damage being done to this reserve especially around its periphery. The study aimed at examining the impact of deforestation activities on the Dja biosphere reserve to see if the exploitation is in a sustainable way or not. It also aimed at looking at the importance of the reserve to local communities who live around the area, the reasons for exploitation and the impacts, which stakeholders and what roles they play, and finally to find a better management strategy for the future. To be able to meet the objectives, the study was mostly analytical using carefully selected data to illustrate the problem and showed loopholes in policies. Suggestions for better management were made after looking at certain theories (Triple bottom line concept, Adaptive environmental planning, and Market instruments of Charge and Permit systems) and their possible applications. The study showed that the reserve was still 90% untouched but that some species were endangered even though none was critically under threat. It also showed that some species were conservation dependent and the reports of threats were increasing. Also, it was noticed that the reserve was very important to local populations not just as a means of subsistence but also as a way of increasing their household incomes. Recommendations are made with regards to the consideration for autonomous management, increase public participation in decision making and enforcement, and the creation of a special fund for collected charges from logging companies so that the funds can be used to increase conservation efforts. It is very necessary to increase conservation efforts as a precautionary step than to wait for the level of degradation to increase before taking action.

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Kirchner, Christopher L. "Use of remotely sensed radar data to assess tropical deforestation in Guyana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ30913.pdf.

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Austin, Kelly F. "'The Hamburger Connection' and Deforestation: A Test of Ecologically Unequal Exchange Theory." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10152008-142943/.

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This study explores Norman Myersâs concept of the âhamburger connectionâ as a form of ecologically unequal exchange, where more-developed nations are able to misappropriate the environmental costs of beef consumption to less-developed nations. OLS (ordinary least squares) regression is used to test if deforestation in less-developed nations is associated with the vertical flow of beef to more-developed nations. An interaction term is also used to test if this relationship is more pronounced for Latin American nations, as posited by Myers. The sample includes all non-desert, less-developed nations for which there is available data across all indicators and for either measure of deforestation, total forest change or natural forest change. Overall, the results confirm the tested hypotheses. The findings also provide unique contextual support for ecologically unequal exchange theory by analyzing the environmental impacts of export flows for a specific commodity type, beef.

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Yamaguchi, Yasushi, and Megumi Maruyama. "ANALYSIS OF DEFORESTATION IN MATO GROSSO USING MULTI-TEMPORAL LANDSAT TM IMAGERIES." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14448.

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Gaveau, David. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Reducing Tropical Deforestation in Sumatra." Thesis, University of Kent, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499737.

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Greenwald, Peter T. "The United States and environmental security: deforestation and conflict in Southeast Asia." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23802.

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In the post Cold War ear, the East-West conflict may be succeeded by a new confrontation which pits an industrialized North against a developing South. In June 1992, world attention was fixed on the Earth Summit in Rio de Janiero. This event marked a milestone in global environmental awareness; but just as the end of the Cold War has provided new opportuities for the US, the world is now faced with new sources of conflict which have advanced to the forefront of the national security debate. Among the new sources of conflict, environmental problems are rapidly becoming preeminent. Within national security debates, those environmental problems which respect no international boundary are of particular concern. Worldwide deforestation, and the related issues of global warming and the loss of biodiversity, represent a clear threat to national security. Two percent of the Earth's rainforests are lost each year; one 'football field' is lost each second. Deforestation has already led to conflict and instability within several regions of the world including Southeast Asia. The United States must recognize the character and dynamics of these new sources of conflict in order to successfully realize its policy aims in national security. The US should preempt xonflict through cooperation and develop a shared concern for the environment throughout the world. The US military may play a key role in this effort.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Deforestation'

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