Academic literature on the topic 'Deformation Percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Deformation Percentage"
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Al-Mahdi, Mohammed R., Hayrettin Ahlatci, and Safaa N. Saud Al-Humairi. "The role of deformation in the microstructure, mechanical properties, and shape memory characteristics of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 3 (2023): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023042.
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Due to its potential high-temperature applications, Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys have recently attracted much interest. This article attempts to investigate the different percentages of deformation of 1%, 2%, and 4%. on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and shape memory effect of Cu-13wt.% Al-4wt.% Ni shape memory alloys. The findings indicated that the deformed specimen performed much better than the homogenized sample. From microstructural observations, it is seen that the β1′ (18R) and γ1′ (2H) martensite phases as needles- and plates-like morphologies coexisted at different fractions in the undeformed and deformed states. Furthermore, the transformation temperature curves have shifted toward higher transformation temperatures as the deformation percentage increases. The deformed alloy exhibits good mechanical properties with high ultimate tensile strength and ductility after deformation at 2% and 4%, respectively. The microhardness of the deformed samples exhibited the lowest hardness of 247.6 Hv at a 4% deformation percentage. However, it exhibits ductile fracture, including mixed intergranular and transgranular features with linear stress-strain behaviour after applying a 4% deformation percentage. The shape recovery of 94.6% of the original length was achieved when a 2% of the deformation was applied. Because of this, it is reasonable to expect that the mechanical properties and shape-memory attributes of Cu-based SMAs are drastically affected by deformation.
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Tschumperlin, Daniel J., and Susan S. Margulies. "Equibiaxial deformation-induced injury of alveolar epithelial cells in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 275, no. 6 (1998): L1173—L1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.6.l1173.
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Deformation of the alveolar epithelial basement membrane with lung inflation has been implicated in blood-gas barrier breakdown during the development of ventilator-induced lung injury. To determine the vulnerability of alveolar epithelial cells to deformation-induced injury, we developed a cell-stretching device that subjects cells to cyclic, equibiaxial strains. Alveolar epithelial type II cells from primary culture were tested 1 and 5 days after seeding, during which time the cells underwent major morphological and phenotypic changes. Cells were subjected to changes in surface area of 12, 24, 37, and 50%, which corresponded to lung inflation of ∼60, 80, 100, and >100% of total lung capacity. Deformation-induced injury of alveolar epithelial cells, assessed with a fluorescent cell viability assay, increased with deformation magnitude and decreased with time elapsed after seeding. In cells stretched after 1 day in culture, the percentage of dead cells after a single deformation ranged from 0.5 to 72% over the range of deformations used. In cells stretched at 5 days, the percentage of dead cells ranged from 0 to 9% when exposed to identical deformation protocols. These results suggest that morphological and phenotypic changes with time in culture fundamentally change the vulnerability of alveolar epithelial cells to deformation.
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Karash, Emad Toma, Tymor Abed Alsttar Sediqer, and Mohammad Takey Elias Kassim. "A Comparison Between a Solid Block Made of Concrete and Others Made of Different Composite Materials." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 31, no. 6 (2021): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rcma.310605.
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In this research, three mathematical models were designed, the first consisting of concrete, the second from carbon fiber, and the third from s-glass fiber, in order to compare the strength of composite materials to different stresses and deformations, because composite materials are better than concrete in terms of weight and shape and do not need to be applied to painting operations in addition to the fact that their thermal insulation is higher than Concrete in high proportions. From the results of the comparison, it was found that the second model was the best model in terms of bearing deformations, as the deformation percentage in it did not exceed the deformation of concrete a lot, reaching (17%), which is a very small percentage, and the stresses towards pregnancy for the second and third models were much better than the bearing of the first model, but the results indicate that the Von Mises Stress in the second model is higher than the first model by a percentage (57%), while the comparison of the third model with the first was the rate of increase percentage (47%).
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Xiong, Guang Yao, Yan Lin Wang, Bo Lin He, and Long Zhi Zhao. "Study on the Recrystallization Behaviour of Hot Deformed Austenite in GCr15 Bearing Steel." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.84.
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Along with the rapid development of the science and technology, the requirements of microstructure and properties for the bearing steel are more and more strict. The recrystallization behavior of hot deformed austenite in GCr15 bearing steel was systematically studied under the different deformation amount, deformation temperature and dwell time after rolling, the changes of microstructure and recrystallization percentage was analyzed. The research results show that the recrystallization behavior of hot deformed austenite in GCr15 bearing steel is more and more obvious as the deformation amount, deformation temperature and dwell time after rolling increase, the microstructure is more uniform, and the recrystallization percentage increases; When the deformation amount is 20%, the deformation temperature is 850°C and the dwell time after rolling is 10s, the recrystallization percentage is 32.09%, when the deformation amount is 45%, the deformation temperature is 950°C and the dwell time after rolling is 60s, the recrystallization percentage is 64.31%, comparing it to 32.09%, it increases 100.4%.
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Dongo, Isaac, Joseph Omotoyinbo, Akinlabi Oyetunji, and Oloruntoba Daniel. "Quantitative Analysis of Silicon Influence and Deformation Impact on the Mechanical and Corrosion Characteristics of Nickel Aluminium Bronze (NAB) Alloy." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 1 (2024): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/fuoyejet.v9i1.18.
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Nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy has become increasingly popular due to its superior strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal properties. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the effect of silicon and deformation percentages on the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of NAB alloy, for marine and architectural applications. The research was carried out by systematically varying the silicon percentage (0-10%) while the percentage of deformation ranges from 0-10% at ambient temperature (32 oC), and subsequent changes in its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were observed. Mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, ductility, and hardness were evaluated using standard testing methods. The results indicated a significant correlation between the silicon percentage and the mechanical properties. Specifically, an increase in the silicon percentage was found to enhance the tensile strength from 190.7 MPa to 590.8 MPa, the ductility from 23.7% to 46.9% and the hardness from 130.5 HV to 262.4 HV values of the NAB alloy. The corrosion rate of 5.49 mm/a was obtained for the reference material containing 0% Si at 0% (X0-0) deformation, while the least corrosion rate of 9.8x10-5 mm/y was recorded for 2 wt. % Si at 10% deformation (X2-5). These findings have significant implications for the use of NAB alloy in marine and architectural applications. When the silicon percentage is optimized, the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of the alloy are enhanced, thereby improving the durability and longevity of structures made from the developed NAB alloy
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Xie, Fei Ming, Yan Lin Wang, You Yang Xiang, and Qing Zhang. "Influence of Heat Treatment for the Microstructure in GCr15 Bearing Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2385.
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The influence of microstructure in GCr15 bearing steel by the different heat treatment conditions was studied, and the influence regular pattern of recrystallization percentage in GCr15 bearing steel by the different deformation amount, deformation temperature and dwell time after rolling was also analyzed. The research results show that when the deformation temperature and deformation amount under certain conditions, the recrystallization percentage of deformed austenite in GCr15 bearing steel increases as the dwell time after rolling increases, and the austenitic grain is also grow up; The uniformity of deformed austenite organization is influenced greatly by the different deformation amount, deformation temperature and dwell time after rolling, when the deformation temperature is 950 °C, the deformation amount is 45% and the dwell time after rolling is 100 S, the recrystallization percentage can up to 84.57%.
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Sahoo, R. K., B. B. Jha, T. K. Sahoo, Barada Kanta Mishra, Olga I. Bylya, and M. K. Sarangi. "A Study on Variation of Microstructural Parameters in Titanium Alloys during near Superplastic Regime of Deformation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 4723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4723.
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Deformation of Titanium alloys close to optimal superplastic condition i.e. near superplastic regime of deformation leads to significant change in microstructures.VT-9 titanium alloy was used in order to find out those parameters of microstructure which are varying significantly during near superplastic regime of deformation. Tensile tests were carried out at 930°C up to fracture with a constant strain rate of 5*10-4 s-1 and a jump wise varying strain rate of 1*10-4 s-1 & 5*10-4 s-1 .The microstructural parameters of both air-cooled and water quenched portion i.e. size of alpha phase, percentages of alpha phase and parameter of non-uniaxiality of alpha phase were found to change significantly during near superplastic regime of deformation. It has been found that in the near superplastic regime of deformation percentage of α-phase decreased from 90% to 13%. As the β-transus temperature of this alloy is 970°C, this significant change in percentage of α-phase is attributed to deformation induced phase transformation. Optical microscopes, micro Vickers hardness test, XRD, FESEM have been used to characterize the microstructure of the material.
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Yang, Xiao Ya, Xi Tao Wang, and Gen Qi Wang. "Hot Tensile Deformation Behaviors of an AISI 316LN Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.367.
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The hot tensile deformation behaviors of 316LN austenitic stainless steel (ASS) were studied on a Gleeble-1500D thermal simulator under the deformation temperature of 1173-1473 K and strain rate of 0.01-1 s-1. The effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on hot deformation behaviors were analyzed. Based on experimental data, the constitutive equation was established, and the predicted peak stresses by the developed model agree well with the experimental data. Microstructure near the fracture and the percentage reduction of area were studied, and the results showed that the microstructural evolution has great influences on the percentage reduction of area. Under the deformation temperature of 1473K with the strain rate of 1s-1, the grain was the finest and most homogenous, and in this deformation condition the percentage reduction of area was the highest of 79.8%.
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Ibrahim Maharou, Hassan, Karimou Laouali Idi, Salissou Abdoul Ganiou Amadou, and Moussa Konaté. "Synsedimentary Deformation Characterization of Niamey Sandstones in the Tondibia Area (Man Shield Northeastern Margin, Western Niger, Region of Niamey)." Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 6, no. 3 (2024): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jees.v6i3.6750.
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Niamey sandstones belong to a group of formations of Neoproterozoic-age, located on the Man shield northeastern margin. They sporadically outcrop along the Niger river valley. These geological formations, which occupy a central position in relation to the Taoudenni basin (further north) and the Voltas basin (further south), share similarities with the formations of the aforementioned basins. The research objective is to determine the synsedimentary deformation that has affected these Niamey sandstones in the Tondibia area. The methodological approach used focuses, firstly, on field measurements of synsedimentary deformation structures, and secondly, on projecting these measurements into the Win-Tenseur program in order to calculate stress tensors (s1, s2, s3). Synsedimentary deformations appear during the early stages of lithification, i.e. when the sediment is still loose and contains a high percentage of water. The analysis of these deformations is of great interest for the tectonic-sedimentary analysis of basin deposits. Deformation analysis reveals that the synsedimentary deformation phase affecting the Niamey sandstones is characterized by a NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW direction of elongation. This phase of deformation is marked in the field by normal faults with an average orientation of N80°. This extensive episode is concomitant with the extension of the Neoproterozoic Ocean (870 to 800 Ma).
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Gao, L. K., F. L. Zhao, N. Xu, L. Qi, and R. P. Liu. "Size Effects: The Relation to the Percentage of Atoms That Participate in the Deformation of ZrCu Metallic Glass." Journal of Spectroscopy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/627679.
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Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that with the model diameter gradually decreasing the deformation mode of ZrCu metallic glass evolves from highly localized shear band formation to homogeneous deformation with obvious transition inD=7–9 nm. Through the statistic of atoms that sustain shear strain larger than 8% in the models with 8% strain alongz-direction, we found that the main reason for the uniform deformation that occurs in the smallest size model is that there are 61% atoms involved in the deformation, which significantly decrease the strain assigned to individual atoms, avoiding large atomic rearrangement and making those atoms evenly distributed in the model matrix.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deformation Percentage"
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Regmi, Gaurav. "EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF LARGE PERCENTAGES OF FLY ASH ON LIQUEFACTION BEHAVIOR OF SAND." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1461.
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The liquefaction resistance of a saturated medium sand with varying amount of non-plastic type F fly ash was evaluated by conducting cyclic triaxial tests. The test results were used to evaluate the effect of addition of various percentages of fly ash on the liquefaction resistance of Ottawa sand. The effect of cyclic shear stress and confining pressure on liquefaction resistance of the sand-fly ash mixtures was the main scope of this research. In addition, the Young's Modulus and Damping Ratio for sand-fly ash mixtures were also determined. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted in which 50 stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on a clean sand, sand containing 25%, 30%, 50% and 70% fly ash at a constant relative density of 50%. The results show that sand containing 25% fly ash has the highest liquefaction resistance under cyclic loading in comparison to clean sand and sand containing 30%, 50% and 70% fly ash. The cyclic resistance goes on decreasing as the fly ash content further increases. The test result also shows that the liquefaction resistance of the clean sand and sand containing 70% fly ii ash is almost same. The test results were also examined in terms of the conceptual framework of Thevanayagam (2000). The effects on liquefaction resistance were also measured in terms of pore water pressure generation and deformation of the sample. As the confining pressure increases, shear stress required to cause initial liquefaction of the sample also increases. Modulus of Elasticity was seen to increase with increase in confining pressure and decrease with increase in axial strain for all cases of sand-fly ash mixtures used in these tests. The damping ratio of the sample increases with the increase in axial strain upto about 1% and then it either decreases or remains constant thereafter. There was no clear correlation of damping ratio with confining pressure.
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Tolbert, Jacob Clark. "Effect of High Percentages of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on Mechanical Properties of Cement-Treated Base Material." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4217.
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Full-depth reclamation (FDR) is an increasingly common technique that is used to rehabilitate flexible pavements. Implementation of FDR on rehabilitation projects produces several desirable benefits. However, these benefits are not fully realized due to the fact that state department of transportation specifications typically limit the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content of pavement base material to 50 percent. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of RAP content, cement content, temperature, curing time, curing condition, and moisture state on the strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics of cement-treated base (CTB) mixtures containing high percentages of RAP.For this research, one aggregate base material and one RAP material were used for all samples. RAP content ranged from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 25 percent, and low, medium, and high cement levels corresponding to 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 200, 400, and 600 psi, respectively, were selected for testing. Moisture-density, UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation tests were performed for various combinations of factors, and several statistical analyses were utilized to evaluate the results of the UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation testing.The results of this work show that CTB containing RAP can be made to achieve 7-day UCS values approaching 600 psi regardless of RAP content. With regards to stiffness, the data collected in this study indicate that the resilient modulus of CTB containing RAP is affected by temperature in the range from 72 to 140°F for the low cement level. Permanent deformation of CTB containing RAP is significantly affected by RAP content and cement level at the test temperature of 140°F. At the low cement level, temperature is also a significant variable. As the 7-day UCS reaches approximately 400 psi, permanent deformation is reduced to negligible quantities. The results of this research indicate that the inverse relationship observed between permanent deformation and 7-day UCS is statistically significant.Given that the principle conclusion from this work is that CTB with high RAP contents can perform satisfactorily as a base material when a sufficient amount of cement is applied, agencies currently specifying limits on the percentage of RAP that can be used as a part of reclaimed base material in the FDR process should reevaluate their policies and specifications with the goal of allowing the use of high RAP contents where appropriate.
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Lee, Tzung-Wei, and 李宗威. "The Effect of Forging Deformation Percentage on the Carburizing Treatment of Forged Parts." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dwpvnt.
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碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>創意工程與精密科技研究所<br>99<br>The process of forging is completed by impacting or extruding when the materials are put in different dies and tools undergoes the plastic deformation. This process will convert the shape without changing the actual composition and mass of the materials in order to obtain the required shape, size, and mechanical property of parts. Forging can control the metallic flow and structure of the grains in order to make forged parts with better mechanical strength and toughness which is needed to withstand highly overload resistant and frequent used mechanical parts. Single piece forging process is commonly adapted.
The low-carbon materials of steel after forging must go through carburizing and quenching in order to improve the hardness of steel surface. The study focuses on the of forging deformation percentage in accordance with different steel materials that undergoes different carburizing and quenching condition. More so, the microstructures observation on carburized cross-section and micro-hardness test can help understanding how forging type, forging deformation percentage, and carbon potential affect carburizing process. The study helps to look for the better resolve when carburizing different percentage of forging deformation from various steel materials, in which, might provide technical reference on the company of forging technology and heat treatment.
According to the results, forging deformation percentage affects the internal microstructure of carburized and non-carburized layer. Under the same forging process, the grain size after the carburizing – the greater, the hot forging is, secondly the warm forging is, the finer, the cold forging is. The carburizing depth and the surface hardness both increase as the forging deformation percentage increases. When carbon potential is at 0.4% or 0.8%, the transverse and longitudinal depth of carburization both decrease as the forging deformation rate increase. The hardness slightly increases as the forging deformation rate increase. When carbon potential is at 1.2%, the forging deformation rate has no effect on transverse and longitudinal depth of carburization, and hardness. When carbon potential is at 0.8%, transverse and longitudinal depths of the carburization are both similar. It is most likely to produce less excessive carburized to avoid quenching crack when harden.
Book chapters on the topic "Deformation Percentage"
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Rahman, Rais Fathur, Sulistijono, and Agung Purniawan. "Effect of Plastic Deformation Percentage Variations in SMAW Welding of AISI 1020 Steel on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7898-0_25.
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Kocharyan, Gevorg G., Alexey A. Ostapchuk, and Dmitry V. Pavlov. "Fault Sliding Modes—Governing, Evolution and Transformation." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_15.
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AbstractA brief summary of fundamental results obtained in the IDG RAS on the mechanics of sliding along faults and fractures is presented. Conditions of emergence of different sliding regimes, and regularities of their evolution were investigated in the laboratory, as well as in numerical and field experiments. All possible sliding regimes were realized in the laboratory, from creep to dynamic failure. Experiments on triggering the contact zone have demonstrated that even a weak external disturbance can cause failure of a “prepared” contact. It was experimentally proven that even small variations of the percentage of materials exhibiting velocity strengthening and velocity weakening in the fault principal slip zone may result in a significant variation of the share of seismic energy radiated during a fault slip event. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that the radiation efficiency of an earthquake and the fault slip mode are governed by the ratio of two parameters—the rate of decrease of resistance to shear along the fault and the shear stiffness of the enclosing massif. The ideas developed were used to determine the principal possibility to artificially transform the slidding regime of a section of a fault into a slow deformation mode with a low share of seismic wave radiation.
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Martin-Gonzalez Anabel, Lanzl Ines, Khoramnia Ramin, and Navab Nassir. "Simulation and Modeling of Metamorphopsia with a Deformable Amsler Grid." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-706-2-336.
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A method to simulate and model metamorphopsia by means of a deformable Amsler grid is proposed. The interactively deformable grid is based on cubic B-splines to obtain a locally controlled deformation. By simulating metamorphopsia on normal sight volunteers, acquisition of a correction percentage is possible as a result of analyzing the magnitude of the simulated distortion and the applied correction model. The correction percentage obtained is 75.78% (7.36% standard deviation). This can express the feasible correction rate with the guidance of the patient qualitative feedback. The present work is motivated by the idea of obtaining a correction model of a patient with metamorphopsia and to implement this model into a head-mounted display to compensate the patient's deformation in the near future.
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Casini Francesca and Viggiani Giulia M.B. "Experimental investigation of the evolution of grading of an artificial material with crushable grains under different loading conditions." In Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-822-9-957.
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The basic constitutive properties of granular materials depend on their grading. Crushing or breakage of particles under compression or shear modify the grain size distribution, with a tendency for the percentage of fine material to increase. It follows that the frictional properties of the material and the critical states are modified as a consequence of the changes in grain size distribution and the available range of packing densities. This paper shows the results of an experimental investigation of the evolution of the grading of an artificial granular material, consisting of crushed expanded clay pellets, most commonly known under the brand name LECA, under different loading conditions. The changes of grading of the material after isotropic, one-dimensional and constant mean effective stress triaxial compression were described using a single parameter based on the ratio of the areas under the current and an ultimate cumulative particle size distribution which were both assumed to be consistent with self similar grading with varying fractal dimension.
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Sangtarashha K., Fakher A., and Pahlevan B. "Variation of stiffness of Tehran coarse-grained soil with depth and strain." In Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-822-9-1007.
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A remarkable zone of Tehran, capital of Iran, is composed of coarse-grained and cemented soils. These deposits mostly comprise gravel in company with variable amount of cobble and sand in addition to silt and clay. The style of stiffness variation of these kinds of soils versus confining pressure (depth) and strain has been studied in previous researches less often. To determine the form in which Tehran stiffness changes with depth and strain, Pressuremeter and shear wave velocity tests have been performed in this study. The results show that the stiffness of Tehran soil in small strains is considerably higher than stiffness of most gravelly soils reported in technical literature. A unique trend was observed in increase of soil stiffness with depth or confining pressure at several points of Tehran. Nonlinear stiffness reduction of A and C alluvium sediments of Tehran cannot be presented by Fahey-Carter model appropriately. By review of other coarse-grained soils stiffness, it was observed that the behavior of gravelly soils with high percentage of gravel, over consolidated coarse-grained soils, pre-strained coarse-grained soils and cemented soils are similar to Tehran soil. The specific behavior of Tehran soil and its dissimilarity to other coarse-grained soils is relevant to its cementation and over consolidation. The stiffness reduction curves of mentioned soils that were contradicting with Fahey-Carter model were compared with Ramberg-Ozgood model and observed that Ramberg-Ozgood model has a high capability of modeling nonlinear behavior of these kinds of soils. By combination of Fahey-Carter model and Ramberg-Ozgood model, a new model has been proposed which can present all possible stiffness reduction curves of coarse-grained soils in G/Gmax&ndash; &tau;/&tau;maxspace appropriately. Moreover, physical concepts have been presented for the new model parameters and their relevance to different variables has been determined.
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Bouchez, Jean-Luc, and Adolphe Nicolas. "Magmatic fabrics, structures and microstructures." In Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843876.003.0007.
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A magma is a two-phase material made of crystals immersed in a silicate melt, which displays a high viscosity contrast between the liquid and the solid fractions. A specific rheological behaviour is therefore expected from such a material, particularly as a function of the volume ratio between phases. Emplacement of magma to shallower levels of earth’s crust results in crystallization. As a consequence, crystal percentage increases and volume ratio between phases changes. Different structures at both the mesoscopic (field) and microscopic scales develop, which are characteristic of a particular crystal fraction. These aspects, and how shape preferred orientations (shape fabrics) develop in magmas, are discussed in this chapter. Rheological aspects of magma systems are presented, illustrated by significant microstructural features observed in granites. Our focus will then concern the construction mode of magmatic fabrics. Examples will demonstrate that, with the help of microstructures and sometimes of near-field gravity data distribution, emplacement modes of plutons are rather simple to analyse. Finally, mafic rocks will be considered at the end of chapter through case studies concerning, principally, the Skaergaard complex and gabbros from the oceanic crust.
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Edvardsen, Thor, Lars Gunnar Klaeboe, Ewa Szymczyk, and Jarosław D. Kasprzak. "Assessment of myocardial function by speckle-tracking echocardiography." In The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging, edited by José Luis Zamorano, Jeroen J. Bax, Juhani Knuuti, et al. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.003.0007.
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Myocardial deformation or strain is the universal property of contracting cardiac muscle. Deformation is defined in physics as relative change of length (and is therefore unitless and usually given as percentage) and in cardiac imaging it is thus algebraically negative for shortening or positive for thickening. There are several definitions of strain—Lagrangian strain refers to a fixed baseline distance and Eulerian (or natural) strain—to a dynamically changing reference length, representing a time integral of strain rate (which can be obtained by tissue Doppler). Measurements of strains are usually obtained by greyscale image quantification modality—speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) which analyses myocardial motion by tracking and matching naturally occurring markers of myocardial texture, described as speckles. Echocardiographic speckles represent interference pattern of subtle myocardial scatters and can be followed from frame to frame by dedicated software to define the displacement of the myocardium within the interval between consecutive frames (inverse of frame rate).
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Balasubramaniam Krishnan, Thiyagarajan Kathirvel, and Prakash Raghu V. "Characterization of pulsed eddy current NDE in metallic materials through in-situ monitoring of tensile testing." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-968-4-108.
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Tensile test experiments were in-situ monitored using Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) NDE technique for metallic materials. Materials such as Manganese Stainless steel (Mn-SS), SS304, Copper and Aluminum were employed in this study. Experiments were carried out to characterize the changes in PEC response due to the effect of loading pattern either continuous or interrupted loading or due to the effect of loading rate. Plastic deformation induced in the material increases the PEC signal response for all materials studied. Mn-SS material provided the best PEC response due to its property of phase transformation from austenitic (paramagnetic) to martensitic (ferromagnetic) phase as the plastic deformation increases. The effect of loading rate does not appear to influence the PEC response of materials, when the data was analyzed as a percentage of fracture strain. The effect of prior cold work could be identified using the PEC technique by characterizing the slope of PEC signal response in the elastic region when the material was subjected to an interrupted loading/unloading pattern. Offline PEC Measurements were taken along the length of the failed and the plastically deformed specimens. It was observed that from the PEC measurements, the impending failure location could be ascertained. These results suggest that PEC technique could be used as a NDE technique for material characterization and failure location identification.
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Ahmed A.A., Abdelrahman M.T., Iskander G.M., and Hassan E.M. "Compressibility of contaminated sand with petroleum oil." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-44.
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Leakage of oil into the soil may occur due to several reasons. This leakage will result in the formation of soil layer mixed with oil. The mechanical soil properties may be influenced by the leaked oil. To investigate the compressibility parameters for oil contaminated sandy soil, an extensive testing program was carried out in the Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory at Ain Shams University in Egypt. The oil by-products used in the testing program were kerosene, solar, and used oil. Sand samples with different relative densities were mixed with the oil by-products, using 2 % to 15 % oil contents. Consolidation tests were carried out on the prepared oil contaminated sand samples. The results obtained from the testing program are Analyzed and discussed. The effects of oil viscosity, together with its percentage on the sloughing and the modulus of deformation are studied and presented. Finally, the general conclusions of the research are pointed out.
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Chen Mengjia and Wong Yiik Diew. "Investigating the packing condition of porous asphalt mixture using Discrete Element Method." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-629.
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Packing condition is an important factor to asphalt mixture's capacity in carrying traffic loads and resisting deformation, which is directly dependent on aggregate gradation. Porous Asphalt Mixture (PAM), with a characteristic feature of open-graded design, is advantageous in improving drainage, lowering noise level, and generating cooling effect, making it an appropriate material for a tropical country like Singapore. However, current gradation design methods are mostly based on dense asphalt mixtures, and little research has been conducted in providing explicit and direct parameters to represent the packing condition in a mixture. In this study, six PAMs were designed and relevant parameters were obtained from both laboratory experiments and Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation. From four types of DEM models for each PAM group, it was found that particle-to-particle interlocking among coarser particles is affected by both size and amount of finer particles. In essence, DEM simulations showed that the development of packing condition among an assembly of particles is not only related to the percentage of fines fraction, but also the proportions of particles within various size ranges, and this finding corroborated with laboratory measurements of air voids content in the PAMs. This study indicates that DEM is an effective tool in analysing the packing condition in a mixture, and the findings should be a useful guide in PAM gradation design.
Conference papers on the topic "Deformation Percentage"
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Payares, Lily Margareth, Virginia Paredes Méndez, Margareth Dugarte, Juan Carlos Rincón Montenegro, and Lizeth Gutiérrez Púa. "Use of the Microalgae Chlorella Sp. to Biofunctionalized Magnesium Surfaces in Order to Decrease the Rate of Corrosion and Promote the Bone Remodeling Process." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18514.
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Extended Abstract Frequently, the human body is susceptible to injuries such as the fracture of one or more of its bones, so it is necessary to use implants or some fixation element to keep the fragments of the fracture together, allowing an orderly repair that facilitates healing or compensates the lack or loss of bone tissue. Temporary orthopedic implants have been used clinically to repair broken or fractured bones during the healing process. The most used are plates, screws, nails, wires, and intramedullary nails. It is usually necessary to perform operations to open the injury site, join the bony pieces with these elements, wait long enough to allow the bones to heal, and then remove them in a second surgery. In recent years, research has focused on developing biodegradable materials, thanks to the fact that they reduce the need for a second surgical intervention to remove the implant when the tissue is regenerated. Therefore, magnesium alloys have emerged as promising degradable implants due to their characteristic of being easily corroded in aqueous solutions. In addition, magnesium within metallic materials possesses the most similar mechanical properties to those of human bone, such as Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and density, significantly reducing the risks of stress shielding and other failures associated with bone implants. However, the rapid uncontrolled corrosion of magnesium, being associated with the release of hydrogen (H2) that occurs in biological media, is a disadvantage that can lead to some problems such as osteolysis or the formation of spaces between implants and tissues. Therefore, it is still a challenge to define strategies that allow controlling the high rate of degradation of Mg for its applications as biodegradable implants. Strategies have been investigated to control the rate of degradation of these alloys, including microstructural and surface modification techniques. The first approach involves the alloying of magnesium with relatively noble elements such as Aluminum, Zinc, Manganese, Calcium, Lithium, among others, or physical modifications such as mechanical treatments, manufacture of metallic glasses, or plastic deformations associated with lamination, stretching, or extrusion processes. On the other hand, the second approach involves modifying the surface by performing coatings to control the corrosion rate of metals and their alloys. One of the surface modification strategies used in this approach is biofunctionalization, a procedure that consists of immobilizing short peptide sequences, oligopeptides, to long peptide chains such as proteins, on the surface of the material, to improve the rate of degradation of metals and cell adhesion. In this technique, the proteins or molecules used have generally been of synthetic origin is common. However, the use of biological materials has begun to increase due to the multiple benefits from the economic point of view, the manufacturing technique, toxicity, and cell biocompatibility. Due to the above, sources of natural proteins have been sought that can be executed for this process and that, in addition, can provide properties that help in the biocompatibility and corrosion of the implant. Considering these requirements, it was found that the biomass of microalgae is characterized by being a great source of protein, which has been shown to contribute to improving bone regeneration because they stimulate cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. They have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and healing properties. And they do not trigger immune responses due to their high compatibility. On the other hand, microalgae extracts, and biomass are being implemented as corrosion inhibitors, as they have excellent bioactive compounds that protect metal surfaces by forming a stable inhibition layer. Where the percentage of protein contained in the biomass is directly proportional to the efficiency of the inhibitor, suggesting that protein macromolecules are probably responsible for the inhibitory action observed by the biomass of microalgae. The foregoing is supported by the fact that the protein has functional groups with different degrees of polarity such as amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups, which have been determined to inhibit corrosion. Another advantage of using microalgae is that they are found in varied ecological environments, freshwater, or marine habitat, and can adapt to any condition of temperature, pH, and amount of nutrients, in the same way, they are characterized by their high growth rate in contrast to terrestrial plant. According to the literature review carried out, no studies have yet been reported on the use of microalgae as biomolecules for functionalization on metallic substrates and there are few studies on microalgae focused on the bone system and as corrosion inhibitors for metals (magnesium). Therefore, it is proposed to biofunctionalized a magnesium surface with the biomass of Chlorella sp., to improve resistance to Mg corrosion and promote osseointegration. This experimentation has been divided into three stages: activation, silanization, and immobilization of the microalgae; These will be characterized using electrochemical tests (EIS-TAFEL), atomic absorption, SEM, XRD, and cytotoxicity study. As a result, the biofunctionalized material is expected to exhibit a better degradation rate and higher cell adhesion than the base material.
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Sekwai, Mathapelo, Daniel M. Madyira, and Gert A. Oosthuizen. "Plastic Deformation Analysis of a Heat Treated Vibrating Screen Bracket." In International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Mechatronics Engineering. ECER, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53375/icmame.2023.192.
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Vibrating screens have significantly improved the particle separation process in the mining industry. However, they operate under demanding conditions. Components such as the cross bracket, used to transmit the excitation from the actuation motors to the screen frame, are prone to failure. To improve the welded joints, a newly developed vibrating screen mounting bracket was heat-treated in the oven at 580˚C to relieve the residual stresses in the weld. The air that was trapped inside the interior of the vibrating screen bracket expanded due to the heating and this cased the permanent deformation. This necessitated detailed analysis of the behavior of the bracket under elevated temperature conditions to mitigate the permanent deformations while maintaining expected performance dictated structural integrity. This work aimed to determine the load that caused the permanent deformation of the vibrating screen mounting bracket using experimental, analytical, and numerical methods. The pressure that caused the permanent deformation was determined to be 0.510 MPa and 0.6235 MPa analytically and numerically respectively. This showed a percentage difference of approximately 18%. The solution for avoiding the expansion of the vibrating screen mounting bracket was to introduce holes onto the structure of the vibrating screen so that no air would be trapped inside the bracket.
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Crist, Cody, and Gary S. Solar. "PINKHAM NOTCH MIGMATITE, NEW HAMPSHIRE: EVIDENCE OF HIGH MELT PERCENTAGE DEFORMATION DURING DIATEXIS, AND THE TRANSITION FROM STROMATIC MIGMATITE TO DIATEXITE." In Northeastern Section - 57th Annual Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022ne-375100.
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Horský, J., M. Raudenský, P. Kotrbácek, and Ampere A. Tseng. "Forming of Steels in Mushy States." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1815.
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Abstract Semisolid or mushy-state processing permits a material to partially solidify before shape making operations. The understanding of material behavior in the mushy state is critical for better control of various semisolid processes. The aim of the present study is to experimentally quantify the deformation behaviours of steel in mushy states. Semisolid specimens under indentation and upsetting deformation were evaluated at various forming speeds and mushy states. The temperature of specimens was carefully controlled to correlate the solid phase content. It has been found that the deformation resistance of steel in a mushy state was dependent on the deformation rate and the solid phase percentage. The relaxation of steel and stress reduction at mushy states were also observed and discussed.
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Farbman, Daniel, and Chris McCoy. "Materials Testing of 3D Printed ABS and PLA Samples to Guide Mechanical Design." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8668.
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A set of monotonic tensile tests was performed on 3-D printed plastics following ASTM standards. The experiment tested a total of 13 “dog bone” test specimens where the material, infill percentage, infill geometry, load orientation, and strain rate were varied. Strength-to-weight ratios of the various infill geometries were compared. It was found through tensile testing that the specific ultimate tensile strength (MPa/g) decreases as the infill percentage decreases and that hexagonal pattern infill geometry was stronger and stiffer than rectilinear infill. However, in finite element analysis, rectilinear infill showed less deformation than hexagonal infill when the same load was applied. Some design guidelines and future work are presented.
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Wahed, Mohd Abdul, Amit Kumar Gupta, Nitin Ramesh Kotkunde, and Swadesh Kumar Singh. "Development of Processing Map for Superplastic Deformation of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88631.
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A processing map plays a major role in indicating safe and failure regions of a process conducted in a hot working regime. It also shows the response of a material, by indicating changes in the microstructural evolution through temperature. In the present study, a processing map has been developed depending on the flow stress data of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet in a strain rate range of 10−2 /s to 10−4 /s and over a temperature range of 700°C to 900°C in order to identify the presence of superplasticity region. The flow stress data have been acquired on the basis of temperature, strain and strain rate by conducting hot uniaxial tensile tests. Based on this, a power dissipation map is obtained to show the percentage of efficiency, as it is directly related to the amount of internal entropy produced. In addition, an instability map is also obtained, as it identifies the flow instability that are to be avoided during hot working process. Finally, a processing map has been established by overlaying instability map on efficiency map. The results clearly reveal that the superplastic deformation occurs within a temperature range of 750°C to 900°C at a strain rate of 10−4 /s, without any flow instability in this region.
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Xu, Dongqiang, Jianyang Yu, Jinsong Shen, Ning Li, Yanping Song, and Xinlong Yang. "Aerodynamic Design Optimization of Centrifugal Compressor Blade Using Parameterized Free-Form Deformation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2024: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2024-125778.
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Abstract To address the challenges encountered during a multioperating-point optimization of centrifugal compressor blades, including a large design space, redundant search, limited flexibility, and low optimization efficiency, this paper presents an aerodynamic optimization approach for centrifugal compressor impeller blades based on parameterized free-form deformation (FFD) and deep learning. To realize the parametric control of a compressor blade, a three-dimensional FFD control body is arranged around a blade according to the geometric characteristics. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) mesh deformation algorithm is used to extrapolate the deformation of surface mesh points to volume mesh points. Using this method, the analysis mesh can be directly updated with high quality instead of regenerating the geometry model when design variables are changed during optimization. Based on this and convolutional neural networks, a design optimization framework is established by combining the optimal Latin hypercube sample method and the NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm. An optimization of the centrifugal compressor blade of a micro gas turbine was carried out, and the results showed that the total pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency at the design point was increased by 4.03% and 1.21 percentage points, respectively. The optimization results demonstrate that the developed optimization framework can effectively improve the performance of centrifugal compressors and provide support for compressor design.
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Abu-Jadayil, Wisam M., Donald R. Flugrad, and Abir Z. Qamhiyah. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Optimum Hollowness of Hollow Cylindrical Rollers in Pure Rolling Contact." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95036.
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Fatigue life investigations have been made for cylindrical hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. In addition to normal loading, the rollers have been subjected to tangential loading of 1/3rd the normal load value. Sufficient coefficient of friction has been used to ensure no slipping occurs. Two main models were built with different hollowness percentages to investigate the hollowness percentage that gives the longest fatigue life. The first model consists of two cylindrical rollers of same size, while the second model consists of two rollers of different sizes. Two cases have been studied, when both rollers are hollow and when only one roller is hollow. The stress distribution in the roller body and the resulting deformation has been investigated using the finite element package, ABAQUS. Then the Ioannides-Harris (IH) theory was used to predict the fatigue life of the hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. Investigations have been made for five different materials, CVD 52100, Carburized steel, VIMVAR M50, M50NiL and Induction-hardened steel. It has been found that the optimum hollowness percentage with the longest fatigue life ranges between 50% and 70%. Many factors affect the optimum hollowness percentage, like the kind of the material used for the cylindrical roller, whether the rollers in contact are of the same size or different size and whether the hollow roller is in contact with another hollow roller or in contact with solid roller. At the optimum hollowness percentage, the roller can live hundred times the life of solid roller. So, as the endurance limit of the material increases, as the fatigue life of the rollers increases too. It has been found that cylindrical roller in contact with another identical sized roller has shorter fatigue life than the cylindrical roller in contact with a bigger roller. That might be related to increase the flexibility of the system that acts as a spring mass system and to the increase of the contact surface area. In case of identical sized models, the longest fatigue life achieved was two hollow rollers of 50% percentage of hollowness. When only one roller is hollow, the optimum shifts to 70% percentage of hollowness. For the non identical sized rollers, the optimum is around 50% but when one roller only is hollow, the fatigue life is longer. That might be related to optimum flexibility that gives the longest fatigue life. If the flexibility of the system is very high, the fatigue life of the roller is reduced because of the effect of the bending stresses.
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Zand, Benjamin B., and Adam Steiner. "Effect of Room Temperature Creep on Hydrostatic Leak Test." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78360.
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Because of the stochastic nature of line pipe characteristics a small percentage of the pipe joints in a given pipeline may possess actual yield strengths below the specified minimum yield strength. During a hydrostatic test these segments may experience some plastic deformation as the hoop stress approaches the yield point. It is well known that the effect of room temperature creep near the yield becomes notable and therefore can affect pressure trending during the hold period (leak test). In this work a numerical model is developed for the analysis of creep deformation. A conceptual study is carried out to demonstrate potential effects of creep on hydrostatic test pressure trending during a leak test. This analysis can help operators understand the potential effects of creep and distinguish it from other factors such as temperature changes or leakage and can help identify, or rule out, the occurrence of pipe yielding during hydrostatic tests.
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MUNIRAJ, D., S. MUGHILARASAN, and V. M. SREEHARI. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT ON CNT REINFORCED COMPOSITES EMPLOYING SINGLE STAGE GAS GUN." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35801.
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Composite plays a significant role in the field of aerospace due to its excellent mechanical properties, nevertheless, they are highly susceptible to out-of-plane impact load. Fibre-reinforced composite fails effortlessly under impact load and absorb energy through damage mechanics rather than deformation. The present study investigates the damage behaviour of the CNT reinforced carbon fibre-epoxy composite under high velocity impact using single stage gas gun. Composite plates were fabricated with 0 to 0.6 weight percentage content of CNT as reinforcement using vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding. A series of impact test with various impact energy was carried out on carbon/epoxy composite plate to study the impact performance. From the experimentation it was observed that the 0.3 weight percentage CNT addition provides the optimum impact performance. Damage characterization was performed for various impact velocity based on the micro and macro scale damage area. Knowledge of the damage behaviour of CNT reinforced carbon fibreepoxy composite plate under high velocity impact loads is essential for both the product development and material selection in the aerospace application.
Reports on the topic "Deformation Percentage"
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Turner, John. Evaluation of Elongation Criteria and Friction Loss in Ground Anchors. Deep Foundations Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2013-soil-1.
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This report describes a research project for evaluating the applicability of the widely accepted 80 percent criterion for elongation of ground anchors to anchors with unbonded lengths exceeding 100 feet. This issue is driven by several recent projects involving ground anchors for landslide stabilization in which a significant percentage of the anchors did not meet the criterion that requires measured elongation during proof load testing of at least 80 percent of the theoretical elastic elongation. The projects involved anchor unbonded lengths in the range of 85 to 220 feet, which is outside the range traditionally used in practice, although anchors of this length are being used more frequently for landslide stabilization. The principal objective of this research is to address whether the widely accepted criterion of 80 percent elongation is applicable for such applications, and whether other factors affect the ability of anchors to meet the criterion. Analytical methods for predicting transfer of load along the length of steel strand due to friction loss are used routinely in the prestressed concrete industry. These analytical expressions provide a rational framework for quantifying changes in load due to friction along the length of a ground anchor in terms of a ‘wobble coefficient’ (K) as defined in Aalami(2004). Values of the wobble coefficient for ground anchors can only be determined by back‐calculating from load tests, i.e., fit the value of K to the appropriate analytical expression based on the known test load and measured percent elongation. The analytical basis is first developed and shown to provide a tool for evaluating results of anchor load tests to determine the magnitude of expected elongation as a function of unbonded length. Next, a database of anchor load tests is used to back‐calculate values of K for anchors with unbonded lengths in the range typically used in geotechnical applications (<100feet). These values of K are then used to calculate expected friction loss for anchors with high unbonded lengths (100 to 250 feet) to evaluate whether the 80 percent criterion is reasonable. The primary findings of this research are: Field data data show a general trend of increasing rate of friction loss with increasing unbonded length, i.e., longer anchors are more likely to fail the 80‐percent minimum elongation criterion; Shallow anchor inclination appears to be a strong contributor to higher friction loss because it makes placement of the anchor into the hole difficult, requiring the anchor to be forced in, which may induce additional curvature and twisting; Factors that contribute to alignment deviations of the anchor drill hole, such as obstructions, discontinuities, or alternating hard and soft layers, also contribute to curvature and increase friction loss; Factors that result in forcing the anchor in to the hole, which for the cases considered involved a combination of long anchors, shallow inclination, and alignment deviations, increases the probability of anchor damage. For example, failure of the seal between the bond and unbonded segments of the anchor may allow grout to penetrate the sheathing, preventing elastic deformation of the strands.