Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dégel'
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Autant-Mathieu, Marie-Christine. "Le Théâtre soviétique au "Dégel" (1952-1964)." Paris 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA030069.
Full textThe "thaw" starts in soviet theatre in 1952 with a renaissance of comedies and satires. With the openings on west and a restoration, though limited, of realisations accomplished in the twenties, comes a rehabilitation of some playwriters and directors. The reconstitution of cultural heritage is accompanied with a revision of values (criticism against the stanislavski's system). As opposed to the defenders of theatricality the founders of the theatre "sovremennik" prove the vitality of psychological realism. The need of a moral purification the whole society longs for, after the stalin period, shows itself through an axaltation of humanism. Playwriters won't play their role of omniscient leaders anymore. Some of them protest against lies in educational and social system. Directors choose plays without positive heroes but where ordinary people live their everyday life. From 1952 to 1964 a new generation of playwriters, directors, actors appears, socialist realism, through theatricality, admits a disjonction between reality and its image. A policy of persuasive rallying takes place of forceful enrolling between political authorities and artists. The "thaw" is a very useful period of rederence for those willing to implement the perestroika at the end of the eighties
Côté, Michelle. "Dégel, roman ; Silence et prise de parole : réflexion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0004/NQ39344.pdf.
Full textFabbri, Antonin. "Physico-mécanique des matériaux cimentaires soumis au gel-dégel." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276334.
Full textL'endommagement par le froid est une combinaison d'une micro-fissuration interne et d'un écaillage de surface. Ce dernier est largement augmenté en présence des sels de déverglaçage couramment utilisés afin de permettre une bonne praticabilité des routes en période hivernale.
L'objectif des travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire est l'approfondissement de nos connaissances sur le comportement au gel-dégel de surface d'une structure poreuse en vue d'une prédiction de son comportement et de l'identification de paramètres matériaux clés relatifs à sa pérennité hivernale.
Pour cela, nous avons tout d'abord mené une étude à l'échelle du matériau afin de déterminer la (ou les) relation(s) permettant de caractériser à l'échelle macroscopique l'état de gel du milieu poreux à une température donnée. Dans le cas d'un système réversible, la relation mesurable entre la proportion de glace de glace formée et la température, identifiable à une fonction d'état thermodynamique, est suffisante. Afin de la mesurer, un dispositif basé sur une méthode capacitive a été mis au point. L'utilisation de cette méthode repose, dans le cas d'un matériau poreux partiellement gelé, sur le contraste entre la constante diélectrique réelle de l'eau (entre 80 et 100) et de la glace Ih (environ 3) dans le domaine des hautes fréquences radio (entre 10 et 100 MHz) et pour des températures comprises entre -40°C et 0°C. Ainsi, tout changement de phase en milieu poreux se traduit par une variation sensible de la constante diélectrique globale du matériau testé et la proportion volumique de glace formée peut être estimée par un schéma d'homogénéisation multi-échelles.
La comparaison entre les résultats de gel-dégel obtenus par ce dispositif et ceux provenant de tests de sorption-désorption permet de conclure sur la prédictibilité de l'état de solidification d'un milieu poreux par des tests routiniers de sorption-désorption d'eau.
Etant en mesure de caractériser l'état de gel du milieu poreux soumis au froid, il devient possible d'étudier, par une approche macroscopique de type poromécanique des milieux continus, son comportement mécanique. Le scénario de comportement retenu est basé sur le couplage entre l'augmentation volumique de 9% accompagnant la transformation de l'eau en glace, les transferts d'eau non gelée au sein du réseau poreux et le comportement thermomécanique de chaque constituant. L'étude menée se limite au problème linéarisé d'une structure unidimensionnelle soumise à l'action du froid en surface. De plus, l'hypothèse des petits déplacements et des petites déformations est adoptée, ce qui borne strictement cette étude à l'apparition de la première fissure.
L'utilisation de ce modèle permet : (1) d'identifier l'origine de l'endommagement de surface (ou écaillage) observé expérimentalement sur des échantillons de ciments soumis à des cycles de gel-dégel sous fort gradient thermique, (2) de quantifier le rôle protecteur des vides d'air vis-à-vis de la résistance à l'écaillage.
Dumais, Simon. "Modélisation de la consolidation au dégel à grandes déformations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37552.
Full textThis thesis presents the development of an engineering method for the modelling of large strain nonlinear thaw consolidation. The work presented herein follows existing thaw consolidation theories and models. The foundations of one-dimensional thaw consolidation theory are therefore used. First, a numerical model for large strain nonlinear thaw consolidation is formulated by combining the Gibson large strain consolidation theory to heat transfer equations. The two components are coupled in a modelling domain formulated in Lagrangian coordinates that adapts to the soil deformation. This results in the introduction of a second moving boundary at the soil surface to model thaw consolidation in addition to the moving boundary at the thaw front. The model uses nonlinear σʹv – e – kv relationships to define the properties of thawed soils. A case study of the Inuvik experimental pipeline with the numerical model is presented. The case study demonstrates the use of the model for a practical problem and it is used to validate the model. The modelling results are compared to the results obtained with the small strain linear thaw consolidation theory and with the field data. The results obtained with the large strain nonlinear model for thaw settlement, the rate of thaw settlement and the excess pore pressures compare favourably with the field data. Second, a conceptual model for thaw consolidation of thawed fine-grained soils is proposed. The model is used to define the characteristics of the nonlinear σʹv – e – kv relationships used as input for the numerical modelling of thaw consolidation. The concept of the residual stress is generalized to ice rich soils by specifying that it is the effective stress within the soil element rather than the effective stress of the bulk soil. Then, empirical relationships are formulated to determine the characteristics of the σʹv – e – kv relationships as a function of the initial thawed void ratio and soil index properties.
Casbonne-Renaud, Frédérique. "Comportement aux cycles gel-dégel des bétons de granulats calcaires." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL053N.
Full textTran, Duc Thang. "Endommagement des enrobés bitumineux soumis à des cycles de gel / dégel." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET011.
Full textThis PhD thesis is part of a collaboration between “l’École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État” (ENTPE) and the research center of Eurovia within the national project DVDC. PhD works contribute to the sub-theme 1.5 dealing with winter degradations included in Theme 1 of the national project, on the mechanisms of pavement degradation. PhD thesis studies damages in bituminous mixtures, which might be caused by water and freeze/thaw cycles. A literature review on the effect of water and frost on bituminous mixtures was carried out as a first part of the thesis. After the literature review, two experimental campaigns were proposed and realized: a main campaign and a complementary campaign. The main campaign studies the effects of water saturation, freezing/thaw cycles (FT), thermal cycles with heating (Heating/Freezing-HF cycle and Heating/Cooling- HC cycle) on non-aged and aged bituminous mixtures. It focuses on three main behaviours of bituminous mixture : viscoelastic behaviour, fatigue behaviour and thermomechanical coupling. In the domain of linear viscoelastic behaviour (VEL), the complex module test was performed on a bituminous mixture subjected to different conditions : water conditioning, FT cycles, HF cycles or HC cycles. The VEL behaviour of the tested material was then modeled using the 2S2P1D model (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, 1 Dashpot) developed at ENTPE. The fatigue behaviour of bituminous mixture subjected to 50 FT cycles and water saturation was studied. Sinusoidal loading in controlled axial strain mode was applied at 10 Hz and 10°C. The effects of water saturation and FT conditioning were then analyzed by using the Wöhler fatigue curves. A model was used to simulate the damage evolution. In the low temperature behaviour domain, the specimens were studied by using the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and Thermal Unstressed Specimen Test (TUST). The temperature, the stress and the radial strain at failure were analyzed to investigate the conditioning effects. The results show a non-significant effect of the FT cycles and water conditioning on the bituminous mixture behaviour, for small strain loading (less than 120μdef) and at positive testing temperature. However, the effect of water conditioning becomes dominant and significant at low temperatures, especially in the TSRST. For the non-aged material conditioned with HF and HC cycles, the aging of the bitumen was observed by using the normalized curves of complex modulus
Coumel, Laurent. ""Rapprocher l'école et la vie" : dégel et réformes dans l'enseignement soviétique (1953-1964)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010517.
Full textLétourneau, Maryse. "Effet du gel et du dégel sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques des sols argileux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29219/29219.pdf.
Full textBouchard, Régis. "Durabilité aux cycles de gel-dégel de bétons fabriqués avec des liants binaires et ternaires." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9573.
Full textZeng, Qiang. "Comportement poromécanique des matériaux cimentaires soumis au gel-dégel en présence de sels : modélisation et expérimentation." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688191.
Full textLebeau, Marc. "Développement d'une méthodologie de sélection des matériaux de fondation routière pour contrer les effets du dégel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23634/23634.pdf.
Full textGodet, Martine. "La pellicule et les ciseaux : la censure dans le cinéma soviétique du dégel à la perestroi͏̈ka." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0083.
Full textVu, Van Thang. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du comportement au gel et au dégel des enrobés bitumineux partiellement saturés." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0049/document.
Full textMassive development of potholes occurring in bituminous pavements was observed during winters over short time laps characterized by temperature alternating between positive and highly negative values along with rainfalls. This led us to seek for a specific mechanism of degradation of asphalt concrete (AC) layers, related to the behavior of partially saturated AC subjected to freeze. Two types of laboratory tests were performed under traction free and restrained strain conditions to study the behavior of AC within this context, incorporating lime additive in some mix design formulations. These tests showed the development of large swelling strains or stresses induced by the phase change of pore water into ice. Additional tests using MRI allowed us to visualize this phenomenon from inside the material specimens. Based on these tests, we developed a thermoviscoelastic constitutive law including phase change for partially saturated AC. A Finite Element (FE) program was implemented (FreeFem++) to introduce the developed law instructural calculations; this FE code handles the coupling between mechanics and the heat equation, also taking into account the phase change through the latent heat of crystallization of pore water. After validating the software, this numerical tool was utilized to compute the response of bilayer bituminous structures representative of the upper layers of a pavement. The results obtained show the development of highfrost-induced pull-out stresses located at the interface between the layers, likely to explain the formation of potholes. A test carried out on a bilayer sample confirmed the weakening of the interface right after the first frost cycle
Rhardane, Abderrahmane. "Elaboration d’une approche micromécanique pour modéliser l’endommagement des matériaux cimentaires sous fluage et cycles de gel-dégel." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0060/document.
Full textNumerical modelling of the constitutivebehaviour of cementitious materials exposed to aggressive environment offers an alternative point of view for the identification and assessment of internal mechanisms which cannot be explicitly explored using standard experimental techniques. In this regard, the development of advanced modelling tools that take into account the interactions between the heterogeneous microstructure of cement paste and the macroscopic behaviour cementitious materials is highly valued. Such modelling approaches give a much better description of the physical processes and avoid recurrent parameter calibration when dealing with a different microstructure.The work presented in this PhD thesis proposes a numerical modelling approach of damage in cement based materials taking heed of the physical mechanics that can only be characterized at the microscopic level. In the proposed approach, the principles of constructing a virtual microstructure of cement paste are laid out and the micromechanical parameters of cement phases are identified. The predictive capacity of the micromechanical approach is put to the test by a comparison of numerical results with experimental data determined in the present study and found in the literature. Finally, the power of the approach is illustrated through simulations of creep and freeze-thaw behaviour at the microscopic scale of cement paste.This approach paves the way for a multitude of applications, such as the study of the effect of shrinkage, creep, freeze-thaw cycles, thermal cracking, self-healing and carbonation on the thermomechanical properties of cement-based materials
Hormaza, Caicedo Bernardo. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration de l'eau dans les sols pendant le gel et le dégel." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0158.
Full textDurot, Katia. "Modelisation hydrologique distribuée du bassin versant nivo-pluvial de Sarennes : validation des données d'entrée et développement d'un module de fonte nivale sous forêt." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0119.
Full textSamson, Martin. "Changements des propriétés hydrauliques de sols argileux consolidés et soumis à un cycle de gel et de dégel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq33747.pdf.
Full textRichard, Caroline. "Stabilisation thermique des infrastructures routières construites sur pergélisol sensible au dégel à l'aide de surface à albédo élevé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28363.
Full textThe construction of transport infrastructure in northern environments inevitably affects the thermal balance of permafrost. First, the geometry of the embankment leads to changes of the drainage pattern and the snow cover extents. Furthermore, excavation or addition of materials modifies the thermal properties and the capacity of the surface to absorb or to reflect solar radiation. Also, impacts of global warming, such as rising average air temperatures and changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation, have a direct impact on the stability of permafrost and, thus, on the structural capacities of infrastructure. The design of pavement built on permafrost must be adapted to maintain safety and functionality for the expected lifetime of the road. One of the proposed solutions is the application of high albedo coatings to limit heat absorbed by solar radiation underneath the embankment. As part of the project, road sections were constructed using high albedo surfaces and instrumented to evaluate the thermal performance. Numerical modelling using GeoStudio’s TEMP/W software was developed to accomplish the twofold research objectives: to propose a thermal stabilization method based on the albedo of the surface, and to simulate the effect of embankment height on the thermal regime of the soil. Simulations allow the modelling of heat exchange in a soil column, and, through analyzing the results, an equivalent surface albedo that can stabilize the natural soil can be calculated. The stabilization approach is based on a required temperature gradient, which is the difference between the interface temperature and the permafrost temperature. A zero or negative temperature gradient indicates that heat induced underneath the embankment is equal to or lower than heat extracted. Therefore, temperature of the natural soil remains constant or decreases. A validation of the model is presented for the Beaver Creek study site.--Résumé de l'éditeur.
Turcanu, Vasile. "Valorisation des granulats recyclés dans les bétons soumis au gel/dégel sans saturation (classes d’exposition F et R)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10479.
Full textKhanfour, Mohamed Akram. "Étude de l'influence des cycles de gel/dégel sur le comportement mécanique des poutres en béton armé de PRFB." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30817/30817.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this project is to study the effect of freeze-and-thaw cycles on the mechanical performance of concrete beams reinforced with basalt fibre-reinforced polymers (BFRP) bars that are recently developed. Twenty concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars were cast and exposed to two different environments: (a) room temperature and (b) 260 cycles of freeze-and-thaw at temperature varying between 25oC and +15oC. The project investigated two other parameters namely (a) the internal reinforcement ratio (under and over reinforced beams) and the shear span-to-depth ratio (a / d). All beams were tested in four point bending. The experimental results were compared to the predictions of the Canadian code. The effect of each parameter on the behaviour of the beams is presented and discussed.
Boumarafi, Abdelkader. "Évaluation des propriétés physiques et mécaniques et les effets des cycles gel-dégel de composites fabriqués par enroulement filamentaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5928.
Full textMohamed, A. S. Mohamed. "Influence de la valorisation de microfibres végétales sur la formation et la résistance aux cycles de gel-dégel de BAP." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0550/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of introducing vegetable based microfibers, resulting from cardboard recycling, in self compacting concrete SCC, and especially their influence on the frost durability. An experimental methodology has been developed for SCC formulation based on following requirements: class of environmental exposure XF2, slump flow Dmoy = 68 ± 2 cm. It is based also on the maximum packing theory for the determination of solid particles content and the method of concrete equivalent mortar, CEM, for superplasticizer dosage. Starting from the SCC of reference composition, vegetable based microfibers were introduced at six different volumetric percentages related to cement volume. A campaign of experimental tests performed on fibred CEM showed that the introduction of microfibers at a volumetric dosage between 21% and 41% improved physical and mechanical properties. On the SCC scale, the experimental results have shown that fibred SCC at previous dosages, FSCC 21% and FSCC 41%, have porosity and permeability lower than the SCC of reference and consequently higher mechanical properties. Frost resistance of , SCC of reference, FSCC 21% and a SCC formulated with an air-entraining as well as two vibrated concretes, the first of reference and second containing 15% microfibers by volume of cement, was studied by subjecting them to freeze-thaw cycles according to NF P18-425. The results show that microfibers added concretes are more susceptible to frost damage. The harmful effect of vegetable based microfibers is explained by their hydrophilic nature associated to a low permeability of fibred concrete. Furthermore, the role of aggregates on the frost sensitivity was discussed. It was concluded that the porous and fragile lime aggregates should be avoided in concrete intended for cold climate
Omary, Safiullah. "Effet de l'incorporation des granulats recyclés sur le comportement et la durabilité vis-à-vis du gel-dégel des bétons." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0871.
Full textDevelopment in many sectors has negative environmental effects. In construction sector, there are millions of tonnes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) every year. This CDW has a significant damage on the environment and may endanger its sustainability. To find a conceivable solution for CDW and to preserve the natural resources, particularly the non-renewable ones, worldwide researches on recycled aggregates have been increased in order to investigate their revalorization possibilities in concretes.As many developed countries, France also has introduced legislations and strategies to reduce the environmental effects of CDW. Corresponding to problem of CDW, there are two national project called PN-RECYBETON and ANR VBD2012-ECOREB that deal with how to provide concretes for building field using aggregates provided from CDW.This work aims to determine the durability of recycled aggregate concrete by freeze/thaw cycles. Four types of concrete were prepared by varying the replacement ratio of natural aggregates (NA) by recycled one (RA). The volumetric substitutions rates are respectively 0%, 33%, 55% and 100%, while the concretes mix design were adjusted in order to achieve the same consistency class of S4. Furthermore, we also studied the durability of these concretes varying the air content through an air entraining agent.After characterization of physical and mechanical properties of NA and RA, we found that the water absorption capacity of RA is 10 times greater than that of NA due to a low density. Moreover, the RA presents poor mechanical résistance by LA, MDE and freezing action.These poor performances of RA can be explained by the existence of pores and crack in old cement paste that provided during production process. The microstructure of RA was analyzed by SEM.Regarding to the influence of RA in mix design, with total substitution the density of hardened decrease 17% while the porosity become two times greater than those of natural concrete.In addition, the mechanical properties of studied concretes mix design decreases through the incorporation of RA. Regarding to the transfer properties, the gas permeability of the concrete 100% substitution is 2 times higher than that of reference one. On the other hand, the electric resistivity decreases with increasing of RA content.The Air-Entraining agent has a significant effect on the compressive and the splitting tensile strengths. It is observed that with 6% of air content the mentioned mechanical properties decrease drastically (a diminution higher than 50%). The increase of RAC content in the mixtures decreases their freezing/thawing resistance.The introduction of Air-Entraining agent improves the freezing/thawing resistance of concrete. The air-entrained concrete with 50% and 100% of RA present the poor performance than that of reference concrete via the studied durability indicators. Moreover, the air-entrained concrete C35/45 30R-30R with 4% and 6% of air content show the similar performance as air-entrained control concrete
Lamothe, Sébastien. "Endommagement d'un enrobé bitumineux partiellement saturé en eau ou en saumure soumis à des sollicitations cycliques de gel-dégel et mécaniques." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0008/document.
Full textDuring winter and spring in the province of Quebec, hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement could be subjected to sever conditions over their design life. These conditions are: 1) rainfall and snowmelt, which generates the partial saturation of the HMA, 2) winter maintenance requiring the presence of de-icing salt, which acting chemically on HMA, 3) traffic, which acting mechanically on HMA, and 4) temperature changes and presence of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) creating thermal stress and deformation (thermo-mechanical coupling) within the pavement, and pressure, within the material, generated by freezing water or brines. More specifically, the literature review of this work focuses on the study of: 1) severe conditions such as climatic, chemical and mechanical solicitations, 2) physical characteristics of HMAthat affect its durability, mechanical properties (viscoelastic and fatigue) and thermomechanical properties (coefficient of thermal contraction).An experimental laboratory program was conducted to verify the influence of these severe conditions on the degradation and behavior of HMA. First, thermal testing (-18 to +23°C), including freeze-thaw cycles (FTC, -18 to +10°C) were performed on samples under dry (D)and partially saturated (PS), with water or brine, states. The samples were instrumented with an axial gauge and two thermocouples. During FTC (-18 to +10°C), sample partially saturated with water, compared to those partially saturated with brines, is subject to expansions and contractions significantly greater during formation and melting of ice. In the temperature range from +10 to +23°C, the linear coefficients of thermal contraction of partially saturated samples are quite similar, but higher than that of HMA in dry state. At such temperature range, this implies that the partially saturated HMA contracts and expands a little more than that in dry state. Secondly, the samples were subjected to mechanical testing.The complex modulus test was performed in order to evaluate the damage of samples due to FTC. The test results and rheological model 2S2P1D were used to simulate the behavior of the HMA according to the various states. Over FTC, damage is observed for all samples, butmuch higher for the PS sample with water. Moreover, for PS samples, a distinct behavior is observable below and above the solidification temperature of the liquid. Finally, the study of the fatigue behavior of HMA under PS, with water, and D states is performed. At +10°C and 10Hz, only slight decreases were observed for complex modulus (3%) and fatigue (ε6 = 105 vs 109μstrain) for HMA partially saturated with water. These small decreases are due to the low period of immersion of samples in water, lowers temperatures of water and test, low void content of the samples, modified bitumen and good aggregates used
Bouteille, Sébastien, and Sébastien Bouteille. "Outils de caractérisation et analyse du comportement des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des cycles de gel-dégel en présence de sels." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00872934.
Full textBouteille, Sébastien. "Outils de caractérisation et analyse du comportement des matériaux cimentaires soumis à des cycles de gel-dégel en présence de sels." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1024/document.
Full textA concrete submitted to freeze-thaw cycles may undergo damages generally identified under two forms. On one hand, the internal frost affects the whole volume of the concrete. It can resul in generalized microcracks into the ciment paste. The sensibility of a common concrete to this deterioration can be decreased by the presence of a network of air bubbles within the ciment paste. On the other hand, the scaling, is a surface deterioration generaly quantified by the loss of mass from the exposed surface. The scaling is strongly influenced by the presence of a solution and its concentration in salts (generally some sodium chloride), over the exposed concrete surface. When a common concrete is not correctly formulated to resist this environment, its degradation can penalize the exploitation of the concerned structure in expected conditions of services. Laboratory tests exposing bodies of concrete to accelerated freeze-thaws cycles, allow to estimate the concrete resistance when exposed to these two kinds of deteriorations. The scientific community agrees on the internal frost laboratory test and on the protective aspect of a network of air bubbles. But the scaling is still approached by experimental procedures which do not make consensus and have little evolved since the middle of the 1990s (...)
Fecteau, François. "Les représentations sociales de leaders d'opinions sur le dégel des frais de scolarité à l'Université Laval : "quel mouvement pour quels enjeux?"." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2010. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1740/1/030145790.pdf.
Full textWardeh, George. "Les phénomènes de gel-dégel dans les matériaux à base de terre cuite et les conséquences sur leur durabilité : expériences et modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30200.
Full textElie, Marc. "Les anciens détenus du Goulag : libérations massives, réinsertion et réhabilitation dans l'URSS poststalinienne, 1953-1964." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593664.
Full textB-Rousseau, Louis-Philippe. "Potentiel des donnees AMSR-E et RADARSAT-2 pour le suivi des cycles de gel/dégel du sol dans des zones agricoles au Canada." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5698.
Full textLanouette, Florence. "Stabilisation thermique des remblais construits sur le pergélisol sensible au dégel à l'aide d'une approche de conception tenant compte de l'accumulation de la neige." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69363.
Full textIn northern regions, preferential accumulation of an insulating snowpack along linear transportation infrastructures prevents the extraction of heat in winter. In permafrost terrain, this thermal equilibrium modification can be a significant cause of the underlying permafrost degradation, which affects the structural properties of the roadway. Since heat transfers through the snowpack are essentially controlled by the mechanism of conduction, its insulating effect can be counteracted by decreasing the thickness of snow on the slopes and at the toe of the embankment. To achieve this goal, the gentle slope promotes a laminar wind flow that blows snow away easily and, therefore, minimizes its accumulation. The main objective of this research project is to develop a design method aiming for thermal stabilization of linear transportation infrastructures built on permafrost by optimizing the embankment geometry to consider the preferential accumulation of snow. The general approach of the study relies on the use of a 2D model (produced with the modeling software TEMP/W) simulating the snowpack effect on the underlying ground. The monitoring of a transect at Tasiujaq airstrip, in Nunavik, documents the thermal regime in the ground and the evolution of the snowpack. Based on those data, the freezing n-factor was expressed as a function of the snow thickness following a logarithmic equation. This empirical relation is used as an upper boundary of the geothermal model. Once calibrated and validated with the data collected at theTasiujaq test site, the model allows to quantify the impact of the embankment geometry on the temperature gradient in the natural subgrade ground. This gradient is calculated from the temperature at the interface between the embankment and the ground and the temperature at the depth of zero annual amplitude. A temperature gradient of zero or less is aimed to preserve the permafrost. This ground thermal regime is obtained by correcting the temperature at the interface. Therefore, numeric simulations are run for six slopes between 45 and 14% and for three embankment thickness. Finally, these results are presented through an engineering tool calculating the slope needed to assure the thermal stability of the infrastructure depending of the embankment height.
El-Zefzafy, Hend. "Evaluation of the environmental effects on the behaviour of GFRP composite tubes for new sustainable building and urban infrastructure applications." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6125.
Full textEl, Youssoufy Ahmed. "Effets des charges sur les chaussées en période de restriction des charges-volet laboratoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28382.
Full textDuring the spring thaw period, pavements experience a significant decrease of their bearing capacity, which leads to increased deterioration during that season. The Ministry of Transportation of Quebec enforces load restrictions during the thawing and the recovery of the pavement structures to ensure they are protected from excessive thaw associated damages. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of the structural behaviour of a pavement structures during freezing and thawing under laboratory controlled conditions using the Laval University heavy vehicle simulator (HVS). The results of the study will be used to develop criteria to assists the authority in the decision-making process for the implementation and the removal of load restrictions. A typical four-layer flexible pavement structure was built inside an indoor concrete test pit at Laval University. The pavement section was instrumented to monitor horizontal strains in the asphalt concrete layer as well as vertical stress, vertical strain, and water content in each unbound layer and in subgrade soil. Temperature was also monitored in all layers. The new HVS was used to impose 5000 kg (normal conditions), 5500 kg (winter) and 4000 kg (spring load restrictions) loads on a standard dual-tire assembly. The load simulator was also used to induce three freeze-thaw cycles to a depth of 1,5 m in the pavement structure. The results allowed quantifying the relationship between pavement response and freezing/thaw depth and to identify the critical conditions of the thawing period. Also, the results showed that the application of a load restriction period during the thaw allowed to have a gain on the life cycle, thus a load restriction period is justified and effective. However, to optimize the load restriction period, new management criteria have been proposed in this project.
Ammar, Mohamed Amine. "Bond durability of basalt fibre-reinforced polymers (BFRP) bars under freeze-and-thaw conditions." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30559/30559.pdf.
Full textThis thesis presents the test results of a study on the bond behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced polymers (BFRP) bars in concrete. Forty-five cylinders reinforced with BFRP bars and eighteen cylinders reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars were tested in direct pullout conditions. Test parameters included the FRP material, the bar diameter, the bar’s embedment length in concrete and the number of freeze-and-thaw cycles (100 and 200 cycles). Bond-slip curves of BFRP and GFRP bars revealed similar trend. All BFRP specimens failed in a pullout mode at the bar-epoxy interface. The influence of various parameters on the overall bond performance of BFRP bars is analyzed. The BPE, modified-BPE, and CMR analytical models were calibrated to describe the bond-slip relationships of BFRP bars. Results demonstrate the promise of using BFRP bars as an alternative to GFRP bars in reinforcing concrete elements.
Maksimovich, Elena. "L' impact des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité de démarrage de la fonte sur la glace de mer en Arctique centrale." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066033.
Full textTiming of spring Snow Melt Onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the short melt season. This summertime heat uptake is quasi-linearly and inversely proportional to the remnant ice volume by the end of the melt season. On top of sea ice SMO timing, as well as its interannual and regional variations are controlled by surface heat fluxes. Anomalously early (delayed) SMO is due to large and early (weak and retarded) heat accumulation within the snowpack. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the \textit{apparent} Melt Onset (MO) varies by 20-30 days interannually and over 25-50 km distance. These apparent MO records appear to be a complex blend of SMO on sea ice and sea ice opening due to divergent ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the apparent MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying 20-year ERA Interim reanalysis of radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes we examined how well the heat fluxes reflect the variations in SMO. Anomalies of heat fluxes in the pre-melt period explained a significant portion of the interannual and spatial variations in SMO within the central Arctic. The main term was the downward longwave radiation locally accounting for up to 90\% of the temporal SMO variations. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation alone was not an important factor for SMO timing. Anomalies in surface fluxes were examined also in relation to meteorological conditions. 20-year MO and SMO trends are towards earlier spring melt in the central Arctic Ocean
Fulham-Lebrasseur, Raphael, and Raphael Fulham-Lebrasseur. "Développement d'un système automatisé de fonte de neige et de glace avec du béton électriquement conducteur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37535.
Full textTableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019
L’utilisation de systèmes de béton chauffant électriquement conducteur en conditions hivernales constitue une alternative intéressante pour prolonger la durée de vie des structures et pour assurer la mobilité et la sécurité des usagers de la route. En remplaçant certaines composantes conventionnelles du béton, il est possible d’augmenter suffisamment sa conductivité électrique pour que ce dernier dégage de la chaleur lors du passage d’un courant électrique. L’utilisation de ce type de système dans des zones à grande sensibilité hivernale est une option pour remplacer les techniques présentement utilisées pour le déneigement et le déglaçage souvent mauvaises pour l’environnement, inefficaces, endommagent les structures en plus d’être très coûteuses. Néanmoins, le succès d’un tel système demande une bonne élaboration du mélange de béton électriquement conducteur et une configuration d’électrodes permettant un dégagement de chaleur uniforme. L’automatisation par des capteurs augmente l’efficacité énergétique du système en activant ce dernier seulement quand le besoin se manifeste, c’est-à-dire en conditions de chute de neige, de pluie verglaçante ou de brouillard givrant. L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche est de développer un système automatisé de fonte de neige et de glace en optimisant les recettes de béton et la position des électrodes précédemment mentionnés vers des solutions économiques et efficaces. Dans ce mémoire, le développement de mélanges de bétons et de mortiers électriquement conducteurs sera développé, en plus de l’élaboration d’une configuration d’électrodes rencontrant des critères de sécurité et de consommation énergétique. Ces réalisations par étapes en laboratoire seront suivies par des essais en conditions réelles hivernales sur un prototype de 1.1m² installé sur le campus de l’Université Laval. Les succès de ce travail de recherche présentent des résultats et confirment le côté innovateur et le potentiel commercial du système élaboré.
L’utilisation de systèmes de béton chauffant électriquement conducteur en conditions hivernales constitue une alternative intéressante pour prolonger la durée de vie des structures et pour assurer la mobilité et la sécurité des usagers de la route. En remplaçant certaines composantes conventionnelles du béton, il est possible d’augmenter suffisamment sa conductivité électrique pour que ce dernier dégage de la chaleur lors du passage d’un courant électrique. L’utilisation de ce type de système dans des zones à grande sensibilité hivernale est une option pour remplacer les techniques présentement utilisées pour le déneigement et le déglaçage souvent mauvaises pour l’environnement, inefficaces, endommagent les structures en plus d’être très coûteuses. Néanmoins, le succès d’un tel système demande une bonne élaboration du mélange de béton électriquement conducteur et une configuration d’électrodes permettant un dégagement de chaleur uniforme. L’automatisation par des capteurs augmente l’efficacité énergétique du système en activant ce dernier seulement quand le besoin se manifeste, c’est-à-dire en conditions de chute de neige, de pluie verglaçante ou de brouillard givrant. L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche est de développer un système automatisé de fonte de neige et de glace en optimisant les recettes de béton et la position des électrodes précédemment mentionnés vers des solutions économiques et efficaces. Dans ce mémoire, le développement de mélanges de bétons et de mortiers électriquement conducteurs sera développé, en plus de l’élaboration d’une configuration d’électrodes rencontrant des critères de sécurité et de consommation énergétique. Ces réalisations par étapes en laboratoire seront suivies par des essais en conditions réelles hivernales sur un prototype de 1.1m² installé sur le campus de l’Université Laval. Les succès de ce travail de recherche présentent des résultats et confirment le côté innovateur et le potentiel commercial du système élaboré.
The use of electrically conductive heated concrete systems in winter conditions is an interesting alternative to extend the life of structures and to ensure the mobility and safety of road users. By replacing some conventional components of concrete, it is possible to increase its conductivity sufficiently to release heat when electric current passes through it. Using this type of system in strategic points can be an option to replace techniques currently used for snow and ice removal, which are bad for the environment, are not effective, cause damage to structures and are very expensive. Nevertheless, the success of such a system requires a good elaboration of the electrically conductive concrete mix design and a configuration of electrodes that releases heat uniformly. Sensor automation increases the energy efficiency of the system by activating the latter only when the need arises, i.e. under snowfall, freezing rain or freezing fog conditions. The main objective of this research project is to develop an automated snow and ice melting system using the previously mentioned concrete and electrodes. In this thesis, the development of electrically conductive concrete and mortars mix designs will be presented, in addition to the development of an electrode configuration that meets criteria of safety and energy consumption previously established by the searchers. These laboratory steps will be followed by tests in real winter conditions on a 1.1m² prototype installed on Laval University’s campus. The successful results confirm the innovative side and commercial potential of the developed system.
The use of electrically conductive heated concrete systems in winter conditions is an interesting alternative to extend the life of structures and to ensure the mobility and safety of road users. By replacing some conventional components of concrete, it is possible to increase its conductivity sufficiently to release heat when electric current passes through it. Using this type of system in strategic points can be an option to replace techniques currently used for snow and ice removal, which are bad for the environment, are not effective, cause damage to structures and are very expensive. Nevertheless, the success of such a system requires a good elaboration of the electrically conductive concrete mix design and a configuration of electrodes that releases heat uniformly. Sensor automation increases the energy efficiency of the system by activating the latter only when the need arises, i.e. under snowfall, freezing rain or freezing fog conditions. The main objective of this research project is to develop an automated snow and ice melting system using the previously mentioned concrete and electrodes. In this thesis, the development of electrically conductive concrete and mortars mix designs will be presented, in addition to the development of an electrode configuration that meets criteria of safety and energy consumption previously established by the searchers. These laboratory steps will be followed by tests in real winter conditions on a 1.1m² prototype installed on Laval University’s campus. The successful results confirm the innovative side and commercial potential of the developed system.
Badiane, Mamadou. "Effet des charges sur les chaussées en période de restriction des charges-volet terrain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26934.
Full textIn strict climatic conditions such as in Quebec, the interaction between load and climate has a great influence on the performance of flexible pavement structures (Doré and Zubeck, 2009). During the spring thaw, when ice melts, the weakening of the pavement makes it vulnerable to solicitation by heavy traffic, speeding various phenomena of degradation, including fatigue damage and structural rutting (Farcette, 2010). In order to minimize the effects of heavy loads on a pavement weakened by the spring, road authorities often choose to limit axle loads or vehicle upon thawing. The purpose of this project is to develop a tool for load restrictions management in thaw period based on data gathered by the road weather stations. Two experimental sections built with the same material but with different thicknesses of asphalt concrete located at Laval University Experimental Road Site (SERUL) were used for this project. Each layer of the tested sections was instrumented with strain, stress, moisture, and temperature sensors. A falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was used to simulate heavy loads. The results obtained made it possible to understand the mechanisms of pavement weakening during the thaw. They also showed that the application of a load restriction period during the thaw allowed to have a gain on the life cycle, thus a load restriction period is justified and effective. Nevertheless, for better management of the road network, new criteria to better determine the load restriction period are proposed.
Hachem, Sonia. "Cartographie des températures de surface, des indices de gel et de dégel et de la répartition spatiale du pergélisol à l'aide du Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25601/25601.pdf.
Full textFrom near surface temperatures measured by sensors onboard satellites, at a regular and repeated time, it has been decided to produce near surface temperature, freezing and thawing indices maps and permafrost distribution boundaries in Arctic and Subarctic regions. The mapped area is the Quebec-Labrador territory. Land Surface Temperatures (LST) retrieved from the MODIS sensor on Aqua and Terra satellites were compared as well as possible with soil and air temperatures of several stations over continuous permafrost within different tundra landscapes, in the North Slope of Alaska and Northern Quebec and Labrador (chapter 1). Correlations values (R²) established between near surface air temperatures (Tair) on all ground stations and LST from the MODIS sensor are above 0.80. This proves that LST data have a high potential to be used as regional complement of temperatures from meteorological stations. As the Terra and Aqua swath is 2300 km wide, each overpass (twice a day for both satellites), makes it possible to map vast areas at low cost. However, Arctic areas are often cloudy which results in discontinuous satellite data. The number of non-cloudy days is large enough to necessitate the calculation of a temporal interpolation between days and for each pixel. Then, in chapter 2, a mathematic model produces excellent correlations between LSTs and Tair, mean annual near surface temperatures and freezing index; correlations with thawing indices are barely satisfactory. From these correlations between pixels and ground stations, data maps are drawn. An analysis of mean annual near surface temperature, freezing and thawing indices maps shows similarities in areas where data are well known and provides some new understanding of the surface climate of Quebec-Labrador. In chapter 3, usual indices such as isotherms, which are of used to define permafrost boundaries on regional scales, are applied on this territory. Here, again, the southern limit of continuous permafrost as drawn is comparable to other existing maps. Surface thermal conditions conducive to permafrost recently migrated northward. Our model therefore offers advanced capabilities for permafrost mapping and monitoring.
Cormier, Laurent. "Effets du froid, de l'humidité et des cycles de gel et de dégel sur les propriétés mécaniques des composites verre/époxy utilisés pour la fabrication de pales d'éoliennes." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2009. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/32/1/CORMIER_Laurent.pdf.
Full textMorin-Morissette, Pierre-Olivier. "Étude de la durabilité à l'écaillage en présence de sel fondant des bétons avec liant ternaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10503.
Full textBellakehal, Hizia. "Évaluation de l'effet combiné de charges thermiques et mécaniques sur le comportement des structures en béton armé de barres en PRF." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6025.
Full textSaad, Alice. "Influence du changement climatique et des conditions extrêmes sur les massifs fracturés : rôle des fluides (H2O, CO2) dans leur processus d’altération." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1117/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to understand the weathering process of oolitic limestone and estimate their weathering kinetics under French climatic conditions. Accelerated ageing cycles, based on parameters deduced from a literature review and on temperature and precipitation data, have been defined. Then samples of two oolitic limestones have undergone these ageing. The measurements used to determine damage were chosen based on their metrological characteristics and their relevance. The results were compared with the same measurements performed on naturally weathered limestone. Thus, the relationships between the weathering process of oolitic limestone and their mechanical, physical and microstructural characteristics have been established. This analysis also led to weathering kinetics. The results were validated by the study of another oolitic limestone under different climatic conditions. Finally, the influence of a potential climate change on the weathering kinetics was determined using a statistical tool
Vigroux, Martin. "Influence de la microstructure et de la minéralogie sur l'endommagement mécanique des pierres du patrimoine bâti sous l'effet de conditions environnementales sévères." Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1081.
Full textThis study focuses on the alteration of natural building stones used in historical monuments when exposed to extreme environmental conditions. The two severe thermal loads addressed during this thesis correspond to high temperatures (fire) and freeze-thaw cycles.The first part of this work concerns the study of the high temperature behaviour of various natural stones, used as building materials in the built heritage. Firstly, experimental measurements under high temperature allowed the identification of physico-chemical phenomena occurring during heating and cooling. Thus, the influence of mineralogy on the thermo-chemical stability of limestones and sandstone has been discussed. In addition, thermal deformation measurements up to 1050 °C have highlighted the role of certain petrophysical parameters on the mechanical behaviour of these stones at high temperatures. The evolution of thermal properties during heating has been determined. In addition, the evolution of residual properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, total porosity, water capillary coefficient) of these stones after heating-cooling cycles up to 800 °C was experimentally determined. Microscopic observations, coupled with mercury porosimetry analyses, allowed the assessment of the porous network modification. The results of this study, obtained using different experimental methods, contribute to the diagnosis of stone-heritage structures that have suffered a fire. On the one hand, the consequences of the post-fire structural capacity have been established and, on the other hand, the consequences on its durability facing various environmental attacks have been analyzed.The second part deals with previous work already initiated by [Walbert, 2015] on the durability of limestones subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Two stones have been integrated in order to extend the range of intrinsic properties and therefore study their influence on the weathering kinetics. A multi-scale methodology of observation and characterization of stone degradation is used to study the relative influence of mineralogical composition, microstructure and physico-mechanical properties on stone durability and damage kinetics. In order to generalize the results to all stones, the development of a predictive analytical model was particularly interesting. In this perspective, a model involving the initial intrinsic properties has been developed, and allows to estimate the kinetics and amplitude of alteration of building stones that have undergone freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, an experimental simulation of a masonry wall thickness, loaded unifacially with freeze-thaw cycles was conducted. The results obtained highlight the evolution of the temperature profile within the wall and provide a concrete understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the stones of historical monuments facing weathering issues related to frost action
Quénu, Benjamin. "Culture et politique dans l’Ouzbékistan soviétique de la Grande Terreur au Dégel (1937-1956) : l’Union des Écrivains de la RSS d’Ouzbékistan, une expérience de cogestion du pouvoir et de construction des imaginaires politiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100034.
Full textThe present dissertation explores the interactions between culture and politics by focusing on the history of the Soviet Writer’s Union of the Uzbek SSR and the fate of the writers who ruled this institution during the second Stalinism. Analysing these relationships as a form of co-ruling, the study sheds light on the conditions of production of the literature, on the changing ratio of power between the institutions, and on the public role of the writer after the Great Terror of 38-39, which leads to the decimation of the cultural elites, ans especially of the Muslim reformists. Surviving writers have to use new strategies to re-stablish a continuity in literature, like using propaganda productions to rehabilitate literary genres. During the world war two, the evacuation of industries and intellectuals reinforce the power of the Soviet Writer’s Union, as Tashkent is becoming a prime cultural centre. The writers nationalise and give a new meaning to the political imaginary of the Soviet Union, giving birth to an hybrid culture, which go far beyond the Stalinist project of “national in form, proletarian in content”. Finally, the study analyses the late Stalinism at the light of the local reinterpretations of the repressive Soviet literary politics from 1945 to 1953. Shedding light on the conflicts between institutions and factions, the study shows the singular character of this period, as the nationalisation of imaginaries and language is reinforced whilst the centre aims to regain power on this territory and wants to establish the primacy of Russian culture. The study ends with the resolution of this tension in a new episode of terror. The nationalisation of the culture is then suspended until the Thaw
Zeng, Qiang. "Poromechanical behavior of cement-based materials subjected to freeze-thaw actions with salts : modeling and experiments." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1131/document.
Full textWhen subject to freezing/thawing cycles with or without deicing salt, cement-based materials can suffer severe damage, which raises the long term sustainability problem of concrete/mortar in cold regions. Leaving aside the precise fracture mechanics and damage processes in this kind of problem, this PhD deals with the physical and thermomechanical phenomena undergone by cohesive porous solids under freezing, with particular attention to the material properties arising from cement hydration and microstructure development. The present work revisits the poromechanics of freezing porous materials developed by Olivier Coussy. This gives the opportunity to add the effect of the bulk supercooling and of salt in the liquid saturating the porous space.We measured the relation between depressed temperature at the end of bulk supercooling and salt concentration. We then obtained that the contact angle between ice and pore wall by heterogeneous nucleation decreases as salt concentration increases. We showed that the instantaneous dilation at the end of bulk supercooling is related to the pore structure because the latter determines the in-pore ice content. Using the pore size distribution measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry, we estimated the ice saturation degree with temperature and NaCl solution at different concentration through the Gibbs-Thomson equation. We measured the deformation of saturated cement pastes. The poromechanical analyses show that the strains depend on the initial salt concentration and pore structure of our cement pastes. By the same experimental approach on dried cement pastes, we concluded that the porosity (with or without air voids) has significant influence on the thermal expansion coefficient of our cement pastes. We also performed measurements on the deformation of saturated air entrained cement pastes. The results obtained by both experiments and poromechanical analyses under drained and undrained conditions showed that the initial saturation degree in air-voids has significant influence on the deformation curves with temperature
Therrien, Charles. "Établissement d'une courbe de correction des précipitations solides en fonction de l'intensité du vent et validation par l'utilisation de modèles de simulation de la couverture de neige." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22934/22934.pdf.
Full textNadaï, Gabrielle, and Gabrielle Nadaï. "Impact de fonte tardive ou hâtive de neige et de glace sur l'export de microalgues dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37674.
Full textLes observations dérivées d’images satellites suggèrent que la réduction récente de l’étendue de la glace de mer a entraîné une augmentation de la production primaire en Arctique. Cependant, peu d’observations in situ sont disponibles pour confirmer ces estimations, en particulier au début de la saison de production. Les cellules de microalgues collectées dans des pièges à particules déployés sur trois sites de la mer de Beaufort au cours de trois à cinq cycles annuels de 2011 à 2017 ont été énumérées et identifiées afin d'étudier les changements dans le timing, l'abondance et la composition de l’export de microalgues en relation avec les variations dans le couvert de neige et de glace de mer. Les diatomées ont dominé les flux de microalgues avec différents assemblages au printemps-été (avril à août; Fragilariopsis spp. et Thalassiosira spp.) et à l'automne (septembre-novembre; Cylindrotheca closterium). La fonte des neiges ou la débâcle des glaces s'est produite dès la fin avril (2016) et jusqu'à la mi-août (2013). Les flux printemps-été des diatomées variaient de 0,05 à 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ à 1,25 x 10¹⁰ cellules m⁻²) et étaient négativement corrélés à la date de la fonte des neiges (r² = 0,35, n = 12) et à la débâcle des glaces (r² = 0,32, n = 12). L’exportation de l’algue de glace Nitzschia frigida reflète la libération des algues de glace au début de la fonte des neiges. Les flux maximaux de diatomées ont été systématiquement observés peu de temps après la débâcle des glaces. La contribution en pourcentage du flux de carbone associé aux microalgues (MC) au flux de carbone organique particulaire (POC) augmente avec l'ampleur du flux de diatomées. L'ampleur du flux de diatomées automnal relativement faible n'était pas corrélée de manière significative à la date de formation du couvert de glace (r² = 0,24, n = 10). Nos résultats sont généralement cohérents avec les observations satellitaires suggérant une augmentation de la biomasse de microalgues et le développement d’une prolifération de diatomées à l’automne en réponse à une saison libre plus longue dans les mers arctiques. Les variations à l’échelle régionale dans le régime de neige et de glace de mer ont une incidence directe sur le moment et l’ampleur de la production de microalgues et sur sa contribution à l’export de POC dans la mer de Beaufort. Avec le réchauffement climatique, la réduction continue du couvert de neige et de glace dans les mers arctiques entraînera une augmentation des flux de carbone vers le benthos et, potentiellement, une séquestration du carbone en profondeur.
Microalgal cells collected in sediment traps deployed at three sites in the Beaufort Sea during three to five annual cycles from 2011 to 2017 were enumerated and identified to investigate changes in the timing, abundance and composition of microalgal export in relation to variations in snow and sea ice cover. Diatoms dominated the microalgal fluxes with different assemblages in spring-summer (April to August; Fragilariopsis spp. and Thalassiosira spp.) and autumn (September-November; Cylindrotheca closterium). Snowmelt or ice breakup occurred as early as late April (2016) and as late as mid-August (2013). The magnitude of the spring-summer diatom flux varied from ~0.05 to 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ to 1.25 x 10¹⁰ cells m⁻²) and was negatively correlated to snowmelt date (r² = 0.35, n = 12) and sea-ice breakup date (r² = 0.32, n = 12). The export of the ice-obligated algae Nitzschia frigida reflected the release of sea ice algae at the onset of snowmelt. Peak diatom fluxes were consistently observed shortly after seaice break-up. The percent contribution of microalgal carbon to the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux increased with the magnitude of the diatom flux. The magnitude of the relatively small autumnal diatom flux was not significantly correlated to freeze-up date (r² = 0.24, n = 10). Our results are generally consistent with satellite observations suggesting an increase in microalgal biomass and the development of an autumn diatom bloom in response to a longer ice-free season in Arctic seas. Variations at the regional scale in the snow and sea-ice regimes directly impact the timing and magnitude of microalgal production and its contribution to POC export in the Beaufort Sea. With global warming, the ongoing reduction of the sea-ice cover in Arctic seas will result in increased carbon fluxes to the benthos and, potentially, carbon sequestration at depth.
Microalgal cells collected in sediment traps deployed at three sites in the Beaufort Sea during three to five annual cycles from 2011 to 2017 were enumerated and identified to investigate changes in the timing, abundance and composition of microalgal export in relation to variations in snow and sea ice cover. Diatoms dominated the microalgal fluxes with different assemblages in spring-summer (April to August; Fragilariopsis spp. and Thalassiosira spp.) and autumn (September-November; Cylindrotheca closterium). Snowmelt or ice breakup occurred as early as late April (2016) and as late as mid-August (2013). The magnitude of the spring-summer diatom flux varied from ~0.05 to 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ to 1.25 x 10¹⁰ cells m⁻²) and was negatively correlated to snowmelt date (r² = 0.35, n = 12) and sea-ice breakup date (r² = 0.32, n = 12). The export of the ice-obligated algae Nitzschia frigida reflected the release of sea ice algae at the onset of snowmelt. Peak diatom fluxes were consistently observed shortly after seaice break-up. The percent contribution of microalgal carbon to the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux increased with the magnitude of the diatom flux. The magnitude of the relatively small autumnal diatom flux was not significantly correlated to freeze-up date (r² = 0.24, n = 10). Our results are generally consistent with satellite observations suggesting an increase in microalgal biomass and the development of an autumn diatom bloom in response to a longer ice-free season in Arctic seas. Variations at the regional scale in the snow and sea-ice regimes directly impact the timing and magnitude of microalgal production and its contribution to POC export in the Beaufort Sea. With global warming, the ongoing reduction of the sea-ice cover in Arctic seas will result in increased carbon fluxes to the benthos and, potentially, carbon sequestration at depth.
Saad, Alice. "Influence du changement climatique et des conditions extrêmes sur les massifs fracturés : rôle des fluides (H2O, CO2) dans leur processus d'altération." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657462.
Full textMalenfant, Lepage Julie. "Experimentation of mitigation techniques to reduce the effects of permafrost degradation on transportation infrastructures at Beaver Creek experimental road site, Alaska Highway, Yukon." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27236.
Full textRoad design and construction techniques developed in southern Canada definitely need to be adapted to northern environment to prevent dramatic permafrost thawing after new road construction. Furthermore, climate warming causes now important soil stability problems in the Canadian far north. All these factors lead to a loss of the functional and structural capacities of the Alaska Highway over a 200-km section mainly from Destruction Bay to the Alaska border. To find long term and cost-effective solutions, Yukon Highways and Public Works (in collaboration with the Alaska University Transportation Center, Transport Canada, le U.S. Federal Highways Administration, l’Université de Montréal and l’Université Laval) constructed 12 instrumented sections on the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek (Yukon) in 2008. These sections experiment one or several combined methods of thermal stabilization such as convection air embankment, heat drains, snow/sun shed, grass-covered embankment, longitudinal culverts, reflecting surfaces and snow clearing on embankment slopes. The main objectives of this project are 1) to analyze the ground thermal regime and the heat fluxes for each of the 12 sections during their first three years in service; 2) to document all factors which can facilitate or disrupt the efficiency of the protection systems and; 3) to determine the long term costs / benefits ratio for every technique tested. In order to do this, a new method based on the calculation of heat extraction Hx and heat induction Hi index at the interface between the embankment and the natural ground has been used in this study. The permafrost mitigation techniques that showed good potential for cooling by reducing active layer thicknesses were the ACE uncovered, the longitudinal culverts, the snow/sun shed and the light-coloured aggregate BST (although this was only effective along the central part of the highway). Unfortunately, problems in the installation of the heat drain techniques prevented a full assessment of their effectiveness. The durability of the sections as well as their long-term cooling potential must also be assessed to complete the economic analysis provided in this study.
Ostromooukhova, Bella. "Jouer et déjouer : construction sociale d'une jeunesse active à travers le théâtre amateur d'étudiants soviétiques, 1953-1975." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661244.
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