Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dégradation cycline E'
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Loukil, Abdelhalim. "Etude de la cycline A2 : interactions, dégradation et mise en évidence du rôle de l'autophagie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20115.
Full textThe cell cycle is finely regulated in time and space. We have studied the dynamical aspect of the interactions between cyclin A2 and its partners Cdk1, Cdk2 and ubiquitin during the cell cycle, in human cell lines. To this aim, we have used FRET (Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) techniques. We have thus shown that ubiquitylated forms of cyclin A2 are detected predominantly in foci in prometaphase, before spreading throughout the cell. Moreover, we have shown that autophagy contributes to cyclin A2 degradation in mitosis. We discuss the implications of these observations regarding a possible role of cyclin A2 when the cleavage furrow forms, and the participation of autophagy in DNA damage response in mitosis
Gibert, Valérie. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu dans la dégradation de la cycline E à l'aide des extraits d'oeufs de Xénope." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20215.
Full textCyclin E-null cells are resistant to the oncogenic transformation in vitro. Conversely, overexpression of cyclin E leads to high chromosomal instability correlated to initiation of replication defect. The aim of this project was to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the degradation of cyclin E and to characterize if cyclin E turnover is tied to its function in DNA replication. Even if cyclin E is described stable during early embryonic development in Xenopus, we observed that cyclin E is degraded during initiation of DNA replication. We shown that the pathways of cyclin E turnover are functional in Xenopus egg extracts and that F-box proteins Cdc4 and Skp2 required for cyclin E turnover via SCF complex are present in Xenopus egg extracts. In addition, we determine that there is a specificity of interaction between F-box protein and cyclin E dependant on cell cycle. This recognition is regulated both by differential phosphorylation of cyclin E and by modification of F-box proteins Skp2 and Cdc4
Galas, Simon. "Etude de la synthèse et de la dégradation de la cycline B au cours des divisions méiotiques de l'ovocyte d'étoile de mer et de xenope ; étude du gène à effet maternel zyg-9 du nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON1T012.
Full textNdjeri-Ndjouhou, Marthe. "Synthèse et caractérisation de la birnessite électrodéposée : application à la dégradation du glyphosate." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0001/document.
Full textThis thesis has been focused on birnessite, a ubiquitous manganese oxide in the environment, which plays a fundamental role in soil geochemistry. The first part of this thesis has been devoted to the electrodeposition and the characterizations of birnessite by electrochemical methods coupled with X-ray diffraction. The in-situ XRD characterization during electrodeposition has shown, in presence of the electrolytic cation Na+, the formation of a precursor, buserite, whereas no precursor is formed in presence of electrolytic cation K+, the synthesis leading directly to birnessite. The electrochemical reduction of birnessite has also been studied in function of the medium ([Mn (II)], pH, potential). Birnessite is reduced into hausmannite (Mn3O4), feitknechtite (-MnOOH), or an amorphous compound of Mn (II), as function of experimental conditions. In the second part of this thesis, the thin films have been used to study the reactivity of birnessite for degrading glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA (amino-methyl phosphonic). Glyphosate is degraded with simultaneous formation of AMPA, formaldehyde, phosphate ion, nitrate ion and ammonium ion, without macroscopic modification of birnessite. The last four by-products are also obtained during the degradation of AMPA by birnessite. The good yields obtained during glyphosate / birnessite and AMPA / birnessite interactions permit to envisage a possible application of these thin films for the treatment of wastewater
Sangely, Matthieu. "Dégradation biologique des polychlorobiphényles." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0094/document.
Full textSoil is a complex interface between all compartments of the environment. Their pollution contributes to the spread of many pollutants. PCBs are persistent toxic compounds in the environment. Widely used especially in dielectric oils, they now contaminate many industrial floors. Heat treatment of these soils is very expensive and can cause the emission of dioxins. The objective of this work is to study a biological treatment process for the degradation of PCBs in soils. Biological degradation of PCBs has been observed in the presence of two cultured organisms, Burkholderia xenovorans and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, confirming their technological potential under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, a microbial community with the ability to degrade PCBs was developed. A study of the diversity of 16S rDNA gene within this community has identified the species in this community. An analysis of life cycle assess the environmental performance of two methods for treating soils contaminated with PCBs, one thermal and one biological. This analysis quantifies the environmental benefit of the biological process compared with the heat treatment
Araujo, Carlos José de. "Comportement cyclique de fils en alliage à mémoire de forme Ti-Ni-Cu : analyse électro-thermomécanique, dégradation et fatigue par cyclage thermique sous contrainte." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0021.
Full textWhen the shape memory alloys are used as an electrical and/or thermal actuator there are two major problems: its position control and its thermo mechanical fatigue. To avoid the position control problem, coupled measurements between the shape memory effect (SME) and the electrical resistance (ER) of the material have been recently proposed. However, these measurements are still lacking in literature, especially as a function of some number of cycles where the fatigue phenomena can occur. The aim of this work is to study these two points above mentioned on Ti-Ni-Cu wires with 5at% of Cu. The methodology should to take into account some physical aspects associated to martensitic transformation cycles under load and consequently the material thermomechanical history. To reach this purpose, we have designed a special fatigue apparatus that can operate in a particular electrical-thermal cycling mode under a constant uniaxial tension load. The obtained results are supported by others experimental techniques as the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrical resistance changes and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). In this work first, we study the evolution of the coupled measurements (SME vs. ER) during a small number of cycles (Nmax=20). This procedure characterizes a pre-cycling before the fatigue tests. The evolution of the internal stress state in the material is calculated from the M5 temperature changes obtained experimentally. After that, the thermomechanical fatigue was studied until the wires fail. A comparison between the performance related to the SME obtained by thermal (forced convection) and electrical cycling is carried out. The evolution of the strain vs. Temperature loops and of the thermomechanical properties until fracture, the experimental conditions that can to favor the formation of a striction, a study on the transformation and the effect of the thermal cycling of the fractured specimens are reported. The estimation of internai stresses is validated by these last measurements
Blond, Eric. "Dégradation thermomécanique des réfractaires au contact de laitiers sidérurgiques." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370776.
Full textFathi, Ali. "Dégradation des aspérités des joints rocheux sous différentes conditions de chargement." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8176.
Full textAbstract: The objective of the current research is to interpret the asperity degradation of rock joints under different loading conditions. For this aim, the changes of asperities during different stages of shearing in the three-dimensional joint surface are tracked. According to a concept named ‘tiny window’, a new methodology for the characterization of the joint surfaces was developed. The methodology is based on the three-dimensional coordinates of the joints surface that are captured before and after each test. After the reconstruction of geometric models of joint surface, in-contact areas were identified according to the height comparison of the face to face tiny windows. Therefore, the distribution and size of just in-contact areas, in-contact damaged areas and not in-contact areas are identified. Image analysis method was used to verify the results of the proposed method. The results indicated that the proposed method is suitable for determining the size and distribution of the contact and damaged areas at any shearing stage. A total of 38 replicas were prepared by pouring non-shrinking cement mortar on a fresh joint surface of a split granite block. Various loading conditions include monotonic and cyclic loading were applied to study the asperities degradation at different stages of shearing. The geometric properties of the in-contact tiny windows in the pre-peak, peak, post-peak softening and residual shearing stages were investigated based on their angle and height. It was found that those asperities facing the shear direction have the primary role in shearing. It is remarkable that different part of these asperities has their own special cooperation in shearing. The steepest parts (steeper tiny windows) are wore and the flatter parts (flatter tiny windows) are slid. The borderlines between these tiny windows defined as “damaged threshold angle” and “in-contact threshold angle”. By increasing normal load, both the amounts of threshold angles are decreased and contact and damaged areas increased. During low numbers of cycles (with low amplitude and frequency), independent of the type of cycle, contraction occurs and consequently the contact area and the shear strength parameters slightly increased. During larger number of cycles, degradation occurred on the second order asperities, therefore the shear strength parameters slowly decreased. It was also observed that tiny windows with different heights participate in the shearing process, not just the highest ones. The results of the proposed method indicated that considering differences between just in-contact areas and damaged areas provide useful insights into understanding the shear mechanism of rock joints.
Dodic, Nerina. "Synthèses de la désamino-9'-sinéfungine, du dérivé cyclique de la désamino-9'-sinéfungine et de la décarboxy-9'-sinéfungine." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112284.
Full textThis thesis deals with the synthesis of the 9’-deaminosinefunginel, its cyclic derivative and the 9’-decarboxysinefungine. In a first approach, these analogues were obtained from an adenosine derivative conveniently protected. The key step is based on the condensation of a phosphonate derived from adenosine with an aldehydic synthon. In a second approach, the same reaction pathway was applied to a phosphonate derived from β-D-ribose. The adenine was introduced at an appropriate state of the synthesis
Paradis, Alexandre. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dégradation des propriétés fonctionnelles des AMF soumis à un chargement cyclique." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/283/1/PARADIS_Alexandre.pdf.
Full textCougot, Nicolas. "Identification et caractérisation des facteurs impliqués dans la dégradation des ARNm eucaryotes." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112230.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, gene expression involve three main steps. First DNA is transcribed in RNA. This RNA, after maturation is exported to the cytoplasm where it will be translated into protein. MRNA decay has been shown to be a key step in gene expression regulation. Our study was on mRNA decapping, a step involved in two decay pathways. We show that in human cells, hDcp1 and hDcp2, form the decapping complex, and co-localize in cytoplasmic foci. Other studies show that other factors, involved in mRNA decay are also located in these cytoplasmic foci. We show that these foci are not related to already described stress granules. By using RNA interference, we show that these structures are active mRNA decay centers. All the factors involved in mRNA decapping form a network of interactions ensuring the transition between translation and degradation. Our second project was to map the domains of interaction between these different factors. Using the two-hybrid method, we initiate the mapping of the different domains involved in these interactions. These studies would allow better comprehension of the formation of the decay center in human cells by using the results obtained with S. Cerevisiae as a starting point
Balfourier, Alice. "Biotransformations, dégradation et cycle de vie des nanoparticules d'or en milieu intracellulaire." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/BALFOURIER_Alice_va2.pdf.
Full textGold nanoparticles display unique optical properties, and are considered as promising devices for medical imaging, therapy and diagnostic. Nevertheless, nanoparticles life cycle is still poorly understood at the cellular range. On the short term, nanoparticles are internalized by cells and sequestrated into the lysosomes, which are the intracellular vesicles responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged endogenous and exogenous compounds. We focus our study on this step of nanoparticle life cycle, and more precisely on the lysosome and its nanoparticles content. Firstly, we studied this system from the lysosome point of view, and the impact of gold nanoparticles on its structural and functional integrity. Secondly, we considered the nanoparticles point of view, and the biotransformation they undergo in the lysosome. Once sequestrated into the lysosome, nanoparticles aggregate which modulate their optical properties, and thus modify their therapeutic potential. In order to capture this first biotransformation, we characterized the nature of these intracellular aggregates, and highlight the therapeutic potential of gold nanosphere aggregates, while they are considered as medically irrelevant when dispersed. Finally, we focus our study on the fate of gold nanoparticles in cells during six months. We demonstrate that gold nanoparticles were degraded in vitro, despite the current dogma that assert that gold nanoparticles are bio-inert. This process was proven to take place within days, and to be followed by the recrystallization of released gold. Transcriptomics analysis of the biological pathways activated in this biodegradation reveals the biological actors involved in this transformation, and to identify similarities between the response to gold nanoparticles and ionic gold, suggesting a common gold metabolism. This analogy opens up new prospects for the understanding of gold nanoparticle life cycle, but also for therapy. To conclude, the work presented in this thesis put into light new steps in gold nanoparticles life cycle, that enable us to propose therapeutic strategy that take advantages from fortuitous phenomena, while keeping in mind nanotoxicological issues
Delmas, Christelle. "Modes de régulation de l'inhibiteur de CDKs, p27kip1, par les MAPKsp42/p44." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30006.
Full textGauthier, Elise. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la dégradation cyclique des électrodes en CuCr1Zr lors du soudage par résistance par point." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01045222.
Full textGauthier, Élise. "Étude expérimentale et numérique de la dégradation cyclique des électrodes en CuCr1Zr lors du soudage par résistance par point." Lorient, 2014. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01045222.
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Elmorjani, Khalil. "Contribution à l'étude de la régulation de la synthèse et de la dégradation des phycobiliprotéines chez une Cyanobactérie synechocystis 6803." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112095.
Full textIn order to study the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of phycobiliproteins, we developed an effective method for isolating pigment mutants of Synechocystis 6803, selectable due to their partial deficiency in photoautotrophic metabolism. By comparison of wild type and mutant cells of which some completely lacked the major pigment, phycocyanin, the protein composition of the phycobilisomes was examined and a structural model was established. Nitrogen starvation results in the synthesis of phycocyaninase, an inducible protease which specifically degrades phycocyanin in Synechocystis 6803 as in other cyanobacteria. It was shown that phycocyaninase activity is inhibited in the presence of glucose, a utilisable carbon source. Although this inhibition appears to resemble catabolite repression, it is mediated neither by cyclic AMP nor by the tetra - and penta - phosphates of guanosine, and immunological studies did not lead to the detection of a CAP protein homologous to that of E. Coli. The organism produced large amounts of cyclic GMP; the intracellular concentration of this nucleotide varied with the growth conditions and increased markedly concomitantly with the induction of the phycocyaninase. The inhibition of proteolytic activity in the presence of glucose was accompanied by a rapid decrease in the intracellular levels of cGMP. The nature of this "glucose effect" and the possible role of this nucleotide in the control of the synthesis or activity of phycocyaninase are discussed
Gasnereau, Isabelle. "Etude du mécanisme de dégradation de la « Mitotic Kinesin like protein 2 » en sortie de mitose." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066446.
Full textThomas, Yann. "Etude de la régulation de la protéolyse de CDC25B1." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20127.
Full textCDC25 proteins are highly conserved dual specificity phosphatases that play an essential role by activating the CDK/Cyclin complexes all along the cell cycle. To restrain CDK/Cyclin activities, these phosphatases must be tightly regulated in terms of activity, localization and stability. One of the three mammalian members, CDC25B, is considered as the starter of the mitosis through the activation of CDK1/Cyclin B complexes at the centrosomes, at the G2-M transition. This protein is known to be degraded by the proteasome but the exact mechanisms involved in this process are still unclear. To obtain a deeper insight into the regulation of CDC25B stability, we have investigated the molecular determinants and the exact mechanisms involved in CDC25B degradation in vitro as well as in cellulo. Analysis of various mutants of CDC25B led us to identify the DDGFVD motif as a motif required for the interaction of CDC25B with the F-box protein TrCP. The lack of interaction causes a stabilisation of the phosphatase in metaphase-anaphase transition. This stabilisation entails a delay in mitotic exit and several cellular defects related to genetic instability, and the fragmentation of pericentriolar matrix during mitosis. Videomicroscopy's observations indicate that cells expressing the stabilized mutant of the CDC25B exhibit an increased mobility compared to cells expressing wild type protein. Since CDC25B is frequently overexpressed in many cancers cells and that a stabilisation of the protein entails genetic instability, we propose that in some cancers this overexpression could be a consequence of a lack of CDC25B degradation. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating CDC25B degradation could lead to new therapeutical approaches focused on the control of CDC25B stability
Catala, Mathieu. "Régulation d'ARNm via la dégradation nucléaire par la RNase III de Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5808.
Full textAksouh, Leyla. "Étude de l'impact de la régulation post-transcriptionnelle sur l'expression de la kinase du point de contrôle de la morphogénèse HSL1 chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6262.
Full textCastanier, Bruno. "Modélisation stochastique et optimisation de la maintenance conditionnelle des systèmes à dégradation graduelle." Troyes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TROY0002.
Full textBrissaud, Christine. "Etude morphologique et structurale des mécanismes de dégradation des batteries plomb/acide A recombinaison de gaz lors des tests de cyclage et de surchage." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10156.
Full textElharizi, Malika. "Contribution à l’étude des modes de dégradation des transistors HEMT à base de GaN pour les applications de puissance." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN040/document.
Full textPower components based on GaN are known by the instability of their electrical characteristics, in particular the threshold voltage and the on-state resistance. This is due to the effects of trapping/de-trapping mechanisms in the structure. The work presented in this memoir consists of two main parts. At the first step, we highlight the effect of a number of switching parameters on the evolution of the dynamic resistance with successive switching cycles. In particular, we analyze the effect of blocking voltage, switching frequency and temperature on the evolution of dynamic resistance. In a second step, we present the results of power cycling tests performed using 80K of junction temperature swing on Normally-ON Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs. Then, we perform trap characterizations, based on the analyses of transient current measurements, during the aging process. The results show that irreversible degradation affects threshold voltage with drift to negative values. These drifts were mainly attributed to cumulative trapping with power cycles, probably induced by hot electrons, in a progressive and non-recoverable way
Schwach, Grégoire. "Etude des facteurs influençant la polymérisation et la dégradation du poly(DL-lactide) amorcé en présence de zinc ou d'octanoate d'étain." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13506.
Full textFeng, Wei. "Caractérisation expérimentale et simulation physique des mécanismes de dégradation des interconnexions sans plomb dans les technologies d’assemblage a trés forte densite d’intégration « boitier sur boitier »." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14014/document.
Full textThe assemblies PoP (Package on Package) can greatly increase the integration density of microelectronic circuits and systems, by vertically combining discrete semiconductor elements. The interconnections of these systems suffer the stresses never reached before. We were able to identify, characterize, model and simulate the potential failure mechanisms of these assemblies and their evolution: • The warpage in the assembly phase and thermomechanical stress of "PoP" are more serious than the individual components. An original analytical model has been built and put online for pre-estimating this warpage. • The hygroscopic and hygromechanical behaviors are simulated and measured by an original method. The assembly "PoP" absorbs more moisture than the sum of the individual components, but its hygromechanical warpage and stress are smaller. • Two types of accelerated aging tests are performed to study the reliability of "PoP" at the board level: the thermal cycling and the testing under current and temperature. In both types of tests, assembly a component "top" on another component "bottom" to form a “PoP” increases the risk of failure. • The microstructure evolution depending on the type of aging is compared by the physical and physico-chemical analysis. The cracks are always located in the interface substrate/balls, which corresponds to the critical areas predicted by the simulations
Kieffer, Isabelle. "Etude de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des phosphatases CDC25B humaine." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30044.
Full textCDC25B is one of the three dual specificity phosphatases that control entry into mitosis through the dephosphorylation and subsequent activation of CDK1-CyclinB1 complexes. CDC25B has been reported to be overexpressed in a number of human tumours. In many cases, CDC25B upregulation is associated with more aggressive phenotypes thus making CDC25B an ideal target for cancer therapy. Regulation of CDC25B is still unclear. In particular, the specific functions of the three major splice variants of this phosphatase (CDC25B1, B2 and B3) remained to be clarified. In order to address this issue, we have constructed vectors that allows us to examine the expression and the localisation of the different isoforms in living cells by real time videomicroscopy. We have demonstrated that CDC25B isoforms have different mitotic stabilities. We have also observed a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of the CDC25B phosphatases at the G2/M transition
Arnal, Pierrick. "Contre-mesures préventives à la dégradation des performances et modulation des réponses endocriniennes induites par la privation totale de sommeil." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET015T.
Full textThe alterations of sleep/wake cycle are frequent in military area. They induce performance degradation and can potentially induced some consequences on health status in the long-term among military personnel. The aim of this thesis work is to assess two countermeasures, the effects of six nights of sleep extension and the effects of 8 weeks of physical training on cognitive performance (sustained attention, inhibition, working memory), sleep pressure, hormonal and inflammatory responses and neuromuscular function during total sleep deprivation and the subsequent period. The main results are that 6 nights of sleep extension limit (i) degradation of cognitive performance (sustained attention and working memory) and physical performance, (ii) involuntary micro-sleeps during total sleep deprivation period. Likewise, the sleep extension induces a decrease of circulating prolactin concentration and an increase of circulating IGF-1 concentration. Results have shown that 8 weeks of physical training limit the degradation of psychomotor performance (i.e. simulated driving) induced by total sleep deprivation without changes in hormonal responses. Thus these kinds of preventives strategies would limit the performance degradation and could be combined with nutritional and/or pharmacological countermeasures
Benzaria, Omar. "Contribution à l’étude du comportement des pieux sous chargements cycliques axiaux." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1112/document.
Full textAs part of the French National research project SOLCYP, the purpose of this work was study the behavior of the piles under axial loadings for the phases before, during and after cycles.To achieve this objective, an extensive series of static and cyclic axial pile load tests have been carried out in two experimental sites of the North of France: the overconsolidated Flandrian clays (Merville experimental site) and in dense Flandrian sands (Loon-Plage experimental site). Tests were performed on driven closed-ended pipe piles, bored piles and screwed. All piles were instrumented with retrievable extensometers for measuring the load distribution along the pile wall.Cyclic load tests were composed of series of cycles of constant load amplitude. A large range of load histories were applied including series of small amplitude cycles and great number of cycles (N > 5000) and series of large amplitude cycles leading to cyclic failure after a small number of cycles..A large volume of data has been interpreted to describe the effects of axial cyclic loads on the behavior of the piles. The interpretation of these tests included, on the one hand, a global analysis focusing on (i) the potential reduction on the ultimate axial capacity; (ii) the number of load cycles of a given load that the pile can sustain before cyclic failure and (iii) the evolution of displacements of the pile head during cyclic loading (pile stiffness). In addition, it integrated a local study in particular on shaft friction degradation along the pile wall and evolution of the resistance of point of the pile.This thesis, based on the experimental study, allowed the formulation of the practical conclusions on the behavior of the piles under axial cyclic loadings and proposed prospects for determining these problems well
Benzaria, Omar. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement des pieux sous chargements cycliques axiaux." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809269.
Full textCombescure, Didier. "Modélisation du comportement sous chargement sismique des structures de bâtiment comportant des murs de remplissage en maçonnerie." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0486.
Full textPortalis, Guillaume. "Compréhension des phénomènes de « cross-talking » au sein des accumulateurs Li-ion." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS001.
Full textMany different degradation mechanisms can occur during the ageing of Li-ion batteries. Among them, a particular phenomenon takes place within the LiFePO4 (LFP)/graphite system during battery cycling operation, namely the “cross-talking”. The LFP material dissolves and the Fe2+ species migrate toward the graphite electrode and then reduce to form iron deposits in its protective layer (SEI). This poisoning entails a linear storage capacity fading during cycling and therefore reduces the life of the battery.The methodology used in this work bears on accelerated ageing tests carried on LFP/graphite coin cells and also relies on the characterization of the electrodes materials and the electrochemical processes thanks to a non-destructive technique, namely the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This approach is a preliminary step in the study of aging because it is necessary to understand the mechanisms at stake at each electrode.As a first step, several studies have been carried out in order to attribute the obtained EIS signals for each electrode material to their physico-chemical properties. In a second part, the performance and properties of accumulators during cycling were investigated. Thanks to the studies previously carried out by EIS, we were able to characterize the deterioration of the properties of the graphite electrode and its SEI due to the cross-talking from the early stage of the battery cycling. We have also shown that this phenomenon is thermally activated with greater degradation following high-temperature cycling
Le, Kouby Alain. "Etude du comportement mécanique de micropieux sous chargements monotones et cycliques verticaux : application aux effets de groupe." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005722.
Full textDans le cas monotone, leffet de groupe est étudié à partir du comportement dune inclusion générique au sein dun groupe en interaction avec des inclusions adjacentes. Les résultats montrent un effet de groupe positif sur le frottement latéral et négatif sur la résistance en pointe. Dans le cas des chargements cycliques, deux cas sont considérés à savoir les chargements à force contrôlée destinés à établir des diagrammes de stabilité cyclique et les chargements à déplacement contrôlé pour les mécanismes de dégradation. Pour les premiers, laugmentation du nombre dinclusions montre un effet positif et pour les seconds, les résultats montrent un effet de groupe positif sur le frottement latéral et négatif sur la pointe.
Volatron, Jeanne. "Cycle de vie de nanoparticules dans l'organisme : biotransformations et biodégradaton." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC102/document.
Full textWith the advent of nanotechnology, the exposure of humans to nanomaterials increased, representing a risk of a new kind. Although the potential toxicity of such nanomaterials is extensively studied, their long term fate, biotransformation and degradation in the organism are still poorly understood. It was demonstrated earlier in the laboratory, that after intravenous injection, iron oxide nanoparticles undergo local intracellular degradation within lysosomes. In this context, we are interested in the fate of by products from iron oxide nanoparticles. Part of my thesis has focused on a possible pathway for metabolizing these degradation products through a protein involved in iron metabolism, the ferritin. We first studied, in solution, the degradation processes of iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of these proteins as well as the iron transfer processes from nanoparticles to ferritin. The difficulty is the high concentration of endogenous iron which makes impossible to demonstrate these in vivo transfers. Thus, we have developed a strategy, using doped iron oxide nanoparticles with a scarce element in the organism, to track these phenomena in vivo. This work highlighted a possible mechanism of biological recycling, remediation and detoxification of nanoparticles mediated by endogenous proteins at the molecular scale. A second part of my work was devoted to develop a multi-scale method to study the life cycle of metal oxide nanoparticles and their by products in organism. The main challenge is to differentiate iron stemming from the nanoparticles from the endogenous iron. This specific tracking problem is routinely encountered in geochemical studies and solved by labelling the target material with minor stable isotopes. Therefore, iron oxide nanoparticles enriched in the minor stable isotope 57Fe were synthetized and injected intravenously in mice to follow dynamic circulations of iron oxide nanoparticles and their byproducts. We have also labelled the coating to track the nanoparticles integrity in mice over a period of six month
Ndiaye, Mamadou. "Contribution des légumineuses arbustives à l'alimentation azotée du maïs (Zea mays l. ) : cas d'un système de culture en allées dans le centre-sud Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_NDIAYE_M.pdf.
Full textAl, jed Habib. "Influence de la recharge rapide sur les performances des accumulateurs lithium des véhicules électriques dans le cadre de l'utilisation postale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0290/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to study the influence of fast charging on the aging of lithium batteries, and its impact on the performances of electric vehicles as part of a postal use. The first part is devoted to the modeling of lithium batteries with an equivalent electric circuit model, whose parameters could be identified using linear characterization tests. The second part is dedicated to the study of aging, and results in an aging estimator using data collected from accelerated aging tests programs. Then the postal usage is studied, and a power profile representative of the actual load on the battery is provided. The latter was used to validate the model of the battery in the field of postal use. Then the postal use is studied, and a current profile representative of the real behavior of the battery is provided. This profile was used to validate the model of the battery in the postal use domain. Then a model of electric vehicles is presented, it integrates the battery model, which can simulates the aging state of the battery using the ageing estimator. Finally, the various possible strategies of recharge are listed and compared, which leads to conclusions about their influences on aging of batteries, and the vehicles performance
Sadou, Yaye Hassane. "Etude du cycle de vie du Ticagrelor par une approche combinée prédictive et caractérisation structurale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS024/document.
Full textTragedies caused by the misuse of pharmaceuticals have put the drug safety at the core of the concerns of healthcare providers. Throughout its life cycle, a drug may be subjected to environmental stresses, which can lead to its degradation. Thorough understanding about the susceptibility of a drug to degrade is an essential step to avoid it. This problem is in particular relevant in a hospital setting, where commercial drugs are usually applied to specific cases without a clear understanding of its limitations. As part of this PhD project, a life cycle study strategy for a commercial drug has been implemented in order to increase its safety in use. Given the prominence of solid forms in the therapeutic arsenal, ticagrelor, a recent antiplatelet agent (APA) in tablet form, was chosen for this study. The first step was devoted to the evaluation of the intrinsic stability and the structural elucidation of the degradation products making use of LC-HR-MSn, providing access to the elemental composition. Degradation pathways have been proposed and the safety of the products has been evaluated via an in silico toxicological approach. Furthermore because antiplatelet agents are often used in combination therapy, in the second part, a preformulation strategy with aspirin in the solid state has been studied using the complementary techniques LC-HR-MSn, DSC, PXRD, and TGA. The mixture of the two active pharmaceutical ingredients gave rise to a simple eutectic. We have demonstrated that the degradation of ticagrelor in these mixtures is closely related to the stability of aspirin, which is modulated by environmental conditions. The ticagrelor study provides a model for the safety management of other drugs and can contribute to their appropriate recycling
Guerin, Nathalie. "Approche expérimentale et numérique du comportement du ballast des voies ferrées." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529384.
Full textBouzaiene-Marle, Leïla. "AVISE, une démarche d'Anticipation du Vieillissement par Interrogation et Stimulation d'Experts, application à un matériel passif d'une centrale nucléaire : le pressuriseur." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271619.
Full textNouailletas, Olivier. "Comportement d'une discontinuité dans un géomatériau sous sollicitations chemo-mécanique - expérimentations et modélisations." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3038/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation presents a study aiming at a better understanding of cracks behavior in a geomaterial. The study focuses on the behavior of discontinuities under chemo-mechanical solicitations at the laboratory scale. The mechanical behavior under normal stress is assessed with cyclic tension-compression tests. Experimental data indicate that the inelastic deformations could be partially governed by the friction generated during the closing of the discontinuity lips, and the asperities mismatch is related to the internal stresses. The shear behavior of a rock joint chemically degraded was studied through direct shear tests. Results pointed out significant modifications for altered joints induced by: 1) the mismatch enhancement of the rough profiles of the discontinuity and, 2) the degradation of the mechanical properties of the material on both sides of the discontinuity due to the chemical attack. These experimental results have been used as input data to model the behavior of a discontinuity by the coupling of a continuous elastic-plastic damaged model with a discrete solving of the contact/friction problem. The simulations performed under Cast3M correctly represent the phenomena observed during the experimental testing program
Maghsoodi, Soheib. "Thermo-mechanical behavior of soil-structure interface under monotonic and cyclic loads in the context of energy geostructures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0031.
Full textIncorporation of heat exchangers in conventional geostructures like piles can extract the heat from the soil for heating purposes and inject it to the soil for cooling purposes. In recent years, research has been conducted at full and laboratory scale to investigate the effect of temperature on the geotechnical behavior of these energy geostructures as well as on the surrounding soil. Indeed, these energy geostructures can be subjected to cyclic mechanical loads and thermal variations throughout their lifetime. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding regarding the behavior of sand/clay-structure contact under complex thermo-mechanical loads. A temperature-controlled direct shear device to perform monotonic and cyclic constant normal load or constant normal stiffness tests was developed. The response of the interface to the thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour of soils and soil-structure interface was investigated. Fontainebleau sand and kaolin clay were used as proxies for sandy and clayey soils. The results showed that the applied thermal variations have a negligible effect on the shear strength of the sand and sand-structure interface. In clay samples the temperature increase, increased the cohesion and consequently the shear strength, due to thermal contraction during heating. The adhesion of the clay-structure interface, was less than the cohesion of the clay samples. To investigate the mechanical cyclic load effects on the clay-structure interface at different temperatures, monotonic and cyclic constant-volume equivalent-undrained direct shear tests were performed on clay-clay and clay-structure interface at different temperatures. The results showed that, the number of cycles to failure for the clay-structure interface test was lower than that for the clay-clay case in the same range of cyclic and average shear stress ratios. Increasing the temperature, decreased the rate of strain accumulation and the number of cycles to failure increased by 2-3 times. The rate of degradation (degradation parameter, t) decreased by 16% with heating from 22 to 60oC for the different cyclic stress ratios tested. A non-isothermal soil-structure interface model based on critical state theory was then developed. The non-isothermal model takes into account the effect of temperature on the void ratio of interface prior to shearing. The model is capable to capture the effect of temperature on soil-structure interface under constant normal load and constant normal stiffness conditions for both sandy and clayey interfaces. The additional parameters have physical meanings and can be determined from classical laboratory tests. The formulation is in good agreement with the experimental results and the main trends are properly reproduced
Nouailletas, Olivier. "Comportement d'une discontinuité dans un géomatériau sous sollicitation chemo-mécanique : expérimentations et modélisations." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/110.
Full textNouailletas, Olivier. "Comportement d'une discontinuité dans un géomatériau sous sollicitation chemo-mécanique : expérimentations et modélisations." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947915.
Full textSaad, Lara. "Optimisation du coût du cycle de vie des structures en béton armé." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22692/document.
Full textCivil engineering structures, particularly reinforced concrete bridges, should be designed and managed to ensure the society needs. It is crucial to assure that these structures function properly and safely as damage during the service life can lead to transport disturbance, catastrophic loss of property, causalities, as well as severe economic, social, and environmental impacts, in addition to long term consequences. Decision-makers adopt various activities to maintain adequate long-term performance and functionality while satisfying financial constraints. Ideally, they may employ optimization techniques to identify the trade-offs between minimizing the life-cycle cost (LCC) and maximizing the expected service life. This requires the development of three challenging chores: life cycle analysis, reliability analysis and structural optimization. The current approaches for the design and management of structures through a Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) highlight the following needs: (1) an integrated and systematic approach to model coherently the deterioration processes, the increasing traffic loads, the aging and the direct and indirect consequences of failure, (2) a mutual consideration of economic, structural and stochastic dependencies between the elements of a structural system, (3) an adequate approach for the deterioration dependencies and load redistribution between the elements, (4) an improvement of system reliability computation as a function of the structural redundancy and configuration that can take into account the dependencies between the elements, (5) a consideration of design and maintenance optimization procedures that focus coherently on the robustness of the management decision and on the satisfaction of reliability requirements.The overall objective of this study is to provide improved LCCA and procedures that can be applied to select optimal and robust design and maintenance decisions regarding new and existing reinforced concrete structures, by minimizing both manager and user costs, while providing the required safety along the structure lifetime, taking into account the most severe degradation processes and the dependencies between structural elements. In the first part of this thesis, a literature review concerning the current probabilistic design and maintenance procedures is presented, and the LCC components are discussed. Then, a new approach is developed to evaluate the user delay costs on a reinforced concrete bridge structure, based on direct and indirect costs related to degradation and failure, and to integrate it to the life cycle cost function, in order to allow for probabilistic design. In addition,the coupled corrosion-fatigue model is considered in the design optimization. Afterward, a structural maintenance planning approach is developed to consider the three types of interactions, namely economic, structural and stochastic dependencies. The proposed model uses fault tree analysis and conditional probabilities to reflect the dependencies in the maintenance planning. The consequences of degradation are evaluated and a method is proposed to account for the load redistribution. Moreover, a practical formulation for quantifying the reliability of a system formed of interrelated components is proposed, by the mean of a redundancy factor that can be computed by finite element analysis. Finally, a new optimization procedure is proposed, by taking into account the uncertainties in the analysis, and the structural ability to adapt to variability, unforeseen actions or deterioration mechanisms. The proposed procedure takes account of uncertainties andvariability in one consistent formulation, which is shown through numerical applications. (...)
Postel-Pellerin, Jérémy. "Fiabilité des Mémoires Non-Volatiles de type Flash en architectures NOR et NAND." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370377.
Full textClément, Benoît. "Synthèse de copolymères à blocs amphiphiles comme précurseurs de guides tubulaires pour la réparation nerveuse périphérique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX1A081.
Full textThiS work aims to design and evaluate a bioresorbable nerve guide channel in order to develop a novel strategy for peripheral nervous system repair. To find an altenative to the autologous nerve graft which is the current clinical Gold Standard, the nerve guide channel we developed is made of poly(D,L-Iactide-b-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PLA-b-PHEA) block copolymer. The synthesis of the PLA-b-PHEA diblock copolymer combine Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) of D. L-Iactide and Nitroxyde-Mediated Polymerization (NMP) of HEA monomer. Our approach to obtain this block copolymer relies on the preparation of SG1-terminated PLA macro-alkoxyamine for further initiation of the NMP of HEA. More precisely, an acrylated end-capped PLA was flrst prepared by ROP of D,L-lactide using HEA monomer as initiator and tin (II) octanoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. The PLA α-acrylate was further in volved in intermolecular 1,2 radical addition (1,2 IRA) with the MAMA-SG1 macro-alkoxyamine (BlocBuilder) with a high functionnalization yield (90%). The NMP of HEA from this macro-alkoxyamine led to the block copolymers. The cytocompatibility of the PLA-b-PHEA diblock copolymer was checked by quantitative measurement of the Schwann cells adhesion and an increase of 25% of cell density was measured on the PLA-b-PHIEA 85/15 wt % copolymer compared to homo-PLA selected as reference (ANOVA, p = 0,069). Ln vitro and in vivo (rat) degradation studies showed that the increase of PHEA hydrophilic compound proportion in the copolymer accelerates the material weight loss of material and it was possible to tune the degradation kinetics of the biomaterial by varying the PLA/PHEA ratio. Finally, a experimental device to produce nanofibers by electrostatic way was used to prepare tridimensionnal tubular guide with 15 mm length, 1 mm diameter and 0. 1 mm thickness with a fibrous structure close to natural extra-cellular matrix
Manuel, Maréchal. "Polyélectrolytes pour piles à combustible : outils et méthodes de caractérisation." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008949.
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