Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dégradation des sols'
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Garon, David. "Dégradation fongique du fluorène (HAP) : optimisation et application aux sols." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18002.
Full textTessier, Laurent. "Variabilité horizontale et verticale de la dégradation de l'atrazine et du 2,4-D dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10062.
Full textHauchart, Valérie. "Culture du coton et dégradation des sols dans le Mouhoun (Burkina Faso)." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000232.pdf.
Full textIntegrated into international economic networks and produced in some countries of the South, cotton is more and more cultivated in the western parts of Burkina Faso where soils and weather conditions are favourable. After some field observations and interviews carried on with the farmers of Mouhoun, the area seems to be affected by dynamics mechanisms of water and wind erosion which are visible in the landscapes, active at various scales and variable according to the different topographical units. The cultivation of cotton has developed in traditional farming systems of savanna areas, these systems being based on moving farming and the pratice of fallowing land. However, the specific logics of cotton growing have gradually changed the traditional systems through the intensification and mechanization they involve, thus simultaneously causing a differenciation among farmers. As the modernization of technical practices is not always adapted to the local environments which are by nature vulnerable to erosion, the land is increasingly weakening and the damage process is made worse owing to overexploitation of resources and misuse of imported farming methods. Aware that the land is “getting tired” and eroding, the farmers in Mouhoun are spontaneously implementing erosion management, the latter being associated to national and international programmes for sustainable preservation of the environment
Charnay, Marie-Paule. "La dégradation accélérée du carbofuran dans les sols : aspects microbiologiques et possibilités de contrôle du phénomène." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10020.
Full textSoulas, Guy. "Dégradation biologique d'un herbicide l'acide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetique(2,4-D) dans le sol : aspects cinétiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL070N.
Full textYuan, Jun. "Approche métagénomique pour l'étude de la dégradation de la quinoléine dans les sols." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955925.
Full textAlletto, Lionel. "Dynamique de l’eau et dissipation de l’isoxaflutole et du dicétonitrile en monoculture de maïs irrigué : effets du mode de travail du sol et de gestion de l’interculture." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3244/01/Th%C3%A8se_Lionel-Alletto.pdf.
Full textSaejiew, Atinut. "Evolution des sols de bas fonds au nord-est de la Thailande. Etude des interactions entre sodisation et ferrolyse." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0018.
Full textSoil salinity extension in Northeast of Thailand is a huge problem for the farmers and the Thai authorities. It endangers both the agriculture and the environment, and is cause to almost irreversible. Soil degradation. Low fertility sandy soils were however reported long time before the salinity started to spread, and explained by the ferrolysis process. Both salinization and ferrolysis seem to be the important soil genesis processes forming the lowland soils. The first process leads to alkaline soils, whilst the second leads to acid soils. This study therefore focuses on the interactions between the two processes, namely sodication and ferrolysis, and particularly on the role of sodium and ferrous iron on clay weathering. It is driven in a paddy soil sequence in Phra Yun basin, Northeast of Thailand. This work was carried out in three steps. The first step is the study of clay tlocculationdispersion behaviour in sodium and ferrous iron electrolytes in the laboratory. The second step is the in situ characterization of the soil solution compositions, during rice cropping and rainy season. The third step is the description and analysis of the soil sequence. Finally, these different results are compared and conclusions are taken. The results show that the effect of ferrous iron on the tlocculation of clay is quite identical to calcium. The flocculated clays are well-crystallized kaolinite and dispersed clay is smectite and disordered or small kaolinite. A maximum ferrous iron concentration of 0. 67 mmol L-1 is necessary to flocculate the clays whatever the other cations in the electrolyte. Such a concentration is currently reached in rice-cropped soil solution, thus suggesting that rice cropping may prevent clays to disperse. The field soil solution monitoring shows that ferrous iron concentration increase upon reductive dissolution of oxides during rainy season, and other cations are leached due to heavy rainfalls and tlooding in rice fields. Both reductive dissolution and salt leaching are enhanced by rice cropping. The clays are likely to disperse in the non cropped and non saline profiles or leached surface horizons, and to flocculate in saline deep horizons or rice-cropped and reduced surface horizons. Thus rice cropping is likely to both enhance the conditions for the fust step of ferrolysis, and balance the dispersive effect of sodium by increasing the ferrous iron content of the soil solution. The description of the soil sequence shows that the soil clay and silt content increase from top to bottom of sequence and profiles. Many clay dispersion and clay precipitation features, such as clay cutans, appear in the horizons. Clays seem to mostly accumulate in the medium, compact horizons of the bottom part of the sequence. The soil and clay analyses agree with these observations. The mean particle size continuously decreases with depth and topography. Conversely, the reactivity of the clay increases, smectite being the major clay type down the sequence. All results agree to show that ferrolysis has a limited effect in forming these soils, though they belong to soil series that are typically considered as ferrolysed. The role of ferrolysis might thus be overestimated is assessed oruy by hydromorphic conditions and profiles wit low CEC and contrasting textures. The soils of the sequence form by clay and silt translocation, which is mostly controlled by sodium and ferrous iron content in the soil solution. Rice cropping has thus a great impact on soil forming
Hracherrass, Ahmed. "Etude des peuplements de Teline linifolia (L. ) Webb. Et Berth. En forêt de la Mamora (Maroc) : organisation spatiale, biométrie, biomasse, productivité et composition phytochimique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30055.
Full textLesturgez, Grégory. "Densification des sols sableux sous culture mécanisée : cas du Nord-Est Thaïlandais." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0008_LESTURGEZ.pdf.
Full textThe thesis focuses on sandy soils of Northeast Thailand. A compact and resistant layer developed at low depth is a main constraint for agriculture. The thesis follows a sequence of studies that investigates (i) the physical properties of these soils in various situation natural or cultivated, (ii) the main mechanisms explaining the different physical states recorded and (iii) the research of methods for rehabilitation of damaged soils. Results highlighted the aeolian origin of the soils. This origin gives them a striking textural homogeneity and unique mechanical characteristics. Very sensitive to compaction, they collapse at low water content and under low mechanical pressure. Conventional tillage practices are not suitable as they induce structural instability. However alternative techniques as slotting or biological drilling are efficient
Seladji, Samir. "Caractérisation et suivi par méthodes géoélectriques de la dégradation physique des sols agricoles et forestiers liée au tassement." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066522.
Full textMercadier, Christine. "Mécanismes de la dégradation accélérée de deux fongicides : l'iprodione et la vinclozoline dans les sols." Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1997PERP0266.
Full textLoyer, Cyrielle. "Étude de la dégradation des sols due à la dynamique agricole au Sud du Mali." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5658.
Full textPayet, Évelyne. "Étude des dynamiques de dégradation des sols, à l'échelle des bassins versants côtiers de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0031/document.
Full textSince the 20th centuries, the Southwest of Indian Ocean is particularly affected by anthropogenic degradations. This study aims to analyze degradations on drainage basin scale, which allows a suitable monitoring of critical areas, in the southwest of Indian Ocean. It focus on the assessment of land degradation and its causes, land cover change and erosion.The main difficulty stands in the implementation of reproducible methods and proceeds for developed and developing countries. In light of this, remote sensing data are relevant. Those data enable a regular observation of phenomena, allowing a full description of isolated lands and at different scale. This study combined, remote sensing data processing, spatial analysis and modeling to analyze degradations. Approaches include, data collection, their formatting or their preprocessing. Land cover information provided from Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) methodologies and Geographical Information System (GIS) authorized data conditioning and modeling. On the Fiherenana catchment, soil loss has been computed taking into account land cover changes. Those information were provided from SPOT 4 and 5 images from 2001 to 2013. Results confirmed the forest degradation especially in Ranobé, where we recorded a loss of more than 230 km² over 12 years. Lands affected by erosion process, spatialized and quantified by RUSLE model, also increased over this period. On La Rivière des Pluies, IGN’s orthophotographies, from 1997 until 2012, permitted urbans imprint analyzing. On Grand Éboulis site, vegetation monitoring revealed slumps. The study exposed spatial and quantitative results highlighting degradations dynamics on catchm
Fassa, Cheikh Tidiane. "Les mutations socio-économiques et la dégradation des milieux naturels dans le Trarza occidental." Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30051.
Full textSince the seventies, occidental trarza environment has been deteriorating. As a water af fact, we can notice forest and naturel pasture land disappearance, growing ground salinity, less of land fertility, increasing animal life fragility, and desertification. Long dry climatic periods seems to be the first cause of this degradation, that cast since about twenty years ; big flood barries and dams, bulding, with manantali and diama, uptream, are the principal second cause. Before the flood barries construction, local populations production system was built on cooperation with different social groups, whose principal activity was agriculture, fishing, and breeding. This organization involved an exchange and social setup. This system was also build on rigorus social stratification, with thee graps : free people, casted and slaves. This production system was working in a fragile and difficult ecological context. The building of the flood barries caused a complete land restructuring. We can notice positive mutations, but also many degradations, especially on land ownership and local ecosystems, damaging the agricultural potentialities. To occidental trarza populations, the changing rate of flow and the evolution of technical and working conditions cause many problems. Massive settling down of moors coming from the north caused many serious ethnic conflicts in this part of occidental trarza. Occidental trarza crisis is certainly caused by the difficulties of adapting societies to territorial mutations. We must pay attentio to the coherent development schedule, recently elaborated, wich include local socio-economic realities, and naturel environment conditions
Parenteau, Marie-Pierre. "Cartographie de la dégradation des sols par une approche géomatique dans la région d'Azilal, Haut Atlas marocain." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26739.
Full textMerlin, Chloé. "Recherche de la signature biologique de la dégradation du chlordécone dans le sol des Antilles françaises." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS001/document.
Full textThe use of chlordecone (CLD) to eradicate the weevil populations in the banana plantations in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) between 1972 and 1993 led to the contamination of the soil and the environment. This very hydrophobic organochlorine insecticide persists in the soil where it slowly transfers not only to the water resources but also to terrestrial and aquatic biota (plants, animals, fishes, shellfishes). Deemed “non-degradable”, CLD is resistant to photolysis, hydrolysis and biodegradation. To date, there is no method to remediate the 20,000 hectares of polluted soil with this insecticide. Given the extent of CLD pollution, biological decontamination processes appear appropriate to the Caribbean context. The objectives of my thesis were to explore the possibilities of microbial transformation of CLD and to assess the ecotoxicological impact of CLD on the soil microbial community. My work is based on the hypothesis that microbial populations chronically exposed to CLD would be adapted to its degradation to detoxify their environment or possibly for use as an energy source for growth.To do so, I developed an analysis method in soils and microbial cultures based on the use of stable isotope to trace CLD. I conducted enrichment experiments with CLD polluted soils from Guadeloupe yielding in the isolation of one hundred fungal strains and nearly two hundred bacterial strains. No degrading bacterial strains have been identified although few of them formed dissolution halo of CLD on solid media. Among the fungal isolates, only F. oxysporum sp. MIAE01197 grew on a mineral medium containing CLD as sole carbon source and dissipated 40% of the CLD. This isolate was twice more tolerant than the reference isolate which had never been exposed to CLD. This isolate mineralizes 14C-CLD very lowly, formed very few 14C-metabolites, but the 14C-CLD was adsorbed on the fungal cell walls, suggesting that the adsorption was the main mechanism involved in the dissipation of the CLD. Analysis of three other isolates belonging to the genus Aspergillus confirmed that exposure to CLD was one of the parameters improving the tolerance of fungal strains to CLD and fungal biomass was capable of adsorbing the CLD in proportions close to those obtained with activated carbon used to treat drinking water in the French West Indies.The assessment of the CLD ecotoxicological impact on the microbial community and functions it supports was carried out on two soils never exposed to CLD showing contrasting physicochemical properties. The analysis of the overall structure (evaluated by RISA), the abundance and the activity of the microbial community of the silty-clay soil were not affected by the CLD. However, the taxonomic composition (evaluated by group specific qPCR) and respiratory activity of the microbial community were affected by the CLD in the sandy soil. These results showed that the toxicity of CLD for microbial community depends on the physicochemical properties of the soil which may determine its bioavailability. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible toxicity of the CLD on Caribbean soil ecosystemic functions
Grébil, Géraldine. "Rétention, dégradation et mobilité tébutame : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL097N.
Full textPerreault, Julie. "Observations et modélisation numérique de l'influence des conditions de surface sur la dégradation du pergélisol dans la vallée Tasiapik à Umiujaq (Nunavik, Québec)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67316.
Full textIn the current context of global warming, the impacts of climate change including permafrost degradation are already being felt in subarctic regions such as Umiujaq in Nunavik (Quebec). The physical processes causing this degradation are poorly documented. The main objective of the research project is to study the impact of the spatial and temporal variability of surface conditions on heat transfer at the airsurface interface as well as on permafrost degradation. To achieve this objective, infrared photographs of several permafrost mounds at Umiujaq were taken to identify the characteristic surface conditions of the study site. Based on these different conditions, thirty-five autonomous temperature probes were buried below the ground surface to monitor surface temperature variations on an hourly basis. The relationships between the surface temperatures and air temperature show that the surface conditions significantly control heat transfer at the air-surface interface as well as the thermal regime of the permafrost allowing the identification of a permafrost degradation sequence (in decreasing order : mudboils, lichens and mosses, development of thermokarst lakes and shrubbification). This monitoring of air and surface temperatures was used to constrain a numerical model of advectiveconductive heat transfer in permafrost terrain. A training period was first considered and then the observed climate variability was reproduced in the model. Different scenarios of global warming, formation of a thermokarst pond and vegetation invasion were considered. Simulated results show that changes in surface condition can result in an increase of temperatures in the permafrost mound up to 1.5 °C, the migration of the permafrost base up to 4 m towards the surface and a decrease in the extent of the permafrost mound up to 7 m.
Ouattara, Aboubakar Sidiki. "Contribution à l'étude des bactéries réductrices du fer et du sulfate dans les sols de rizière de la vallée du Kou (Burkina Faso)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX11001.
Full textCaliman, Jean-Pierre. "Dégradation de propriétés physiques conditionnant la fertilité des sols sous culture du palmier à huile en Côte d’Ivoire : Essai de correction." Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOS018.
Full textN'Diaye, Mamadou Kabirou. "Évaluation de la fertilité des sols à l'office du Niger (Mali) : contribution à la recherche des causes et origines de la dégradation des sols dans le Kouroumari." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT009A.
Full textCrosaz, Yves. "Lutte contre l'érosion des sols en montagne méditerranéenne : connaissance du matériel végétal et quantification de son impact sur l'érosion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008567.
Full textEl, Bayad Jamal. "Dégradation hydromorphe des sols limoneux acides sous monoculture de hêtre en forêt de Soignes: contribution à l'étude des conséquences édaphiques du compactage des sols par l'exploitation forestière mécanisée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212391.
Full textBarbi, Florian. "Impact de l’essence forestière sur les processus de dégradation et d’assimilation des polysaccharides végétaux par la communauté fongique des sols forestiers." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10347.
Full textThe degradation of plant biomass is an essential process for the proper functioning of forest soils and terrestrial carbon cycling. Mechanisms involved in these processes are strongly controlled by saprotrophic fungi which secrete several hydrolytic enzymes to access at their primary nutrient sources found under the form of polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses). Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polymers releases a high diversity of low molecular weight compounds (mono- and oligosaccharides). These molecules enter in fungal cell using transmembrane transporter systems. Consequently, the presence/absence and the substrate specificity of these transporters might contribute to the metabolic versatility of soil fungi. Several studies have demonstrated that tree species strongly affect diversity and composition of fungal communities. In this context, we hypothesized that the fungal communities selected by the different tree species expressed specific lignocellulolytic enzymes and sugar transporters; and thereby each fungal community was specifically adapted to the nature of litter produced by the tree species considered. We assessed, by the high-throughput sequencing of gene-fragments amplified from soil cDNA, the impact of tree species (Beech vs Spruce) on the diversity of genes encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar porters expressed by soil fungi in two mono-specific forests. Our results revealed that most detected genes, encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar transporters, have an unknown origin and are specifically found (for more than 80% of them) in one of the two forest soils. This work showed a significant “tree species effect” on the composition of functional genes expressed by soil fungi and suggests that beyond the species level, functional diversity of fungal communities must be addressed to better understand ecosystem functioning. Moreover, by using a functional metatranscriptomic approach, we identified functional transporter sequences differing with respect to their substrate specificities. From a spruce cDNA library, and for the first time, we identified high affinity or mannose specific transporters. Coincidently, as opposed to beech, spruce is indeed a tree species with a large proportion of mannose in its hemicelluloses
Larouche, Marie-Ève. "Interaction entre la dégradation accélérée du pergélisol discontinu et l'organisation du réseau de drainage, Québec subarctique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21884.
Full textGondim, Manuella Virginia Salgueiro. "Etude du transfert, de l'impact et de la dégradation de l'antibiotique sulfaméthoxazole dans les sols en contexte tropical et tempéré." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU052/document.
Full textThe availability of fresh water in various regions, has been decreasing due to the increasing demand of water resources, the growing demand for food (agriculture and livestock) and the effects of climate change on a global level due to global population growth. Inadequate agricultural practices can lead to pollution of surface and groundwater with pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pollutants, nutrients and sediments, since the main entry of these products into the environment is resulting from their use in human and veterinary medicine. Increased demand in livestock is one of the factors that led to an increased use of antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole, and despite the large amount of sulfamethoxazole that is used both in human medicine and in veterinary medicine, and the risk of contamination of aquifers associated this molecule, its fate in soil is still unclear and poorly documented. Thus, the physico-chemical, biological interactions were studied, the impact associated with bacterial resistance and the transport of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in two different soils but have similar particle size characteristics, the soils are of different geographical origins (Recife, Brazil and Macon, France), uses (urban and rural) and climatic conditions (tropical and temperate). The sorption tests were divided into kinetics of sorption isotherm and sorption in function of pH, since sulfamethoxazole is an ionizable molecule. The biodegradation tests were performed at three different concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 M) to evaluate the effect of soil characteristics and concentration of the SMX on biodegradation of SMX molecule. The soils untreated, Macon and Recife, have an equivalent diversity, according to the calculation of the Shannon index (H ') and Simpson index. Assays of miscible displacement in soil columns with KBr and sulfamethoxazole were satisfactory for flow rates 0.2; 0.45 and 0.7 mLmin-1. The concentration of sulfamethoxazole was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Identification of the mechanisms involved in the transport process and the determination of parameters hidrodispersive soil through the elution curves of KBr and sulfamethoxazole were performed using the CDE model (convection-dispersion) through CXTFIT program. Sorption kinetics was best described with the second-order model and the sorption isotherms were linear. The CDE model adequately represents the experimental data of the elution curves of the sulfamethoxazole. The soil Recife, relative to Macon, had the lowest risk of groundwater contamination existing in this region
A disponibilidade de água doce, em diversas regiões, vem diminuindo em função docrescimento da demanda de recursos hídricos, do crescimento da demanda poralimentos (agricultura e pecuária) e dos efeitos da mudança climática em nível mundialdevido ao crescimento da população mundial. As práticas agrícolas inadequadas podemlevar à poluição das águas superficiais e subterrâneas com pesticidas, fármacos,poluentes, nutrientes e sedimentos. O aumento da demanda na pecuária é um dos fatoresque conduziu a um aumento do uso de antibióticos, como o sulfametoxazol, e apesar dagrande quantidade utilizada tanto na medicina humana como na veterinária, e do riscode contaminação dos aquíferos associados a essa molécula, seu destino no solo aindanão está claro e é pobremente documentado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudaras interações físico-químicas e biológicas, o impacto associado à resistência bacteriana eo transporte do sulfametoxazol (SMX) em dois solos distintos, embora comcaracterísticas granulométricas semelhantes. Os solos são de diferentes origensgeográficas (Recife, Brasil e Macon, França), usos (urbano e agrícola) e condiçõesclimáticas (tropical e temperada). Os ensaios de sorção foram divididos em: cinética,isoterma de sorção e sorção em função do pH, uma vez que o sulfametoxazol é umamolécula ionizável. Os ensaios de biodegradação foram realizados em trêsconcentrações diferentes do sulfametoxazol (10-3, 10-4 e 10-5M) para avaliar o efeito dascaracterísticas dos solos e da concentração do SMX sobre a biodegradação da moléculado SMX. Os solos não tratados Macon e Recife têm uma diversidade equivalente,segundo o cálculo do índice de Shannon (H'), e do índice de Simpson. Os ensaios dedeslocamento miscível em colunas de solo com o KBr e o sulfametoxazol foramsatisfatórios para as vazões de 0,2; 0,45 e 0,7 mL.min-1. A identificação dosmecanismos envolvidos no processo de transporte e a determinação dos parâmetroshidrodispersivos dos solos, através das curvas de eluição do KBr e do sulfametoxazol,foram realizadas utilizando o modelo CDE (convecção-dispersão). A cinética de sorçãofoi melhor descrita com o modelo de segunda ordem e as isotermas de sorção foram nãolineares. O modelo CDE representou adequadamente os dados experimentais das curvasde eluição do sulfametoxazol. O solo Recife, em relação ao Macon, apresentou o menorrisco de contaminação do lençol freático existente nessa região
Forest, Caroline. "Comparaison des données spectroradiométriques et de terrain pour l'évaluation de la dégradation des sols, dans le sud-est de l'Espagne." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11099.
Full textServenay, Alice. "Tepetates et sols dégradés du Nord Michoacán, Mexique : comportement spectral, organisation spatiale et enjeu économique et social." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20084.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study called in Mexico. In the Northern part of Michoacan (Mexico), "tepetates" (volcanic hardened soils) are a strong limitation for natural environment and agriculture. A hierarchical approach of landscapes through remote sensing data coupled with ground information allowed us to analyze the eroded areas and outcropping. The spectral signature of tepetates was characterized through measurements on the field and in laboratory. From SPOT-HRV data we made "target" classifications that distinguish 4 stages of soil erosion. Over aerial photographs of 1975, 1995 and 1999 we analyzed spatio-temporal evolution of bare soils and seen them increased for 3 study area over 4. Socio-economical study was conducted with peasants living in villages near these study areas and allowed us to analyze ecological and economical strategies link with agriculture and soil erosion problems. The analysis of all these results leads us to give advises for erosion prevention of fragile areas instead of an heavy rehabilitation ion of already very eroded areas
Doupoux, Cédric. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique des stocks de matière organique profonde des sols amazoniens." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0003/document.
Full textRecent results have shown that equatorial podzols store large amounts of carbon in their deep Bh horizons. This leads to two main questions: (1) how and at what kinetics these soils were formed, (2) how climate change could induce atmospheric carbon production that could impact the global climate system.In this context, we have developed a model that allows to constrain carbon fluxes both by the observed C stocks and their 14C age. In a sufficiently simplified situation, we have established a formal relationship between the C stock evolution and its 14C age. Applied to Amazonian podzols, our model has brought new and unexpected results. It has been shown that the surface horizons of the most hydromorphic podzolized areas are the largest contributors of MOD transferred to the hydrographic network then to the sea. It is observed that the formation of Bh is only possible by considering two compartments, fast and slow. The estimate of their formation time (low estimate) allowed to differentiate between relatively young podzols (formation time 15 – 25 ky) developed on relatively recent Holocene sediments and old podzols (formation 180 – 290 ky) developed on older sediments. The carbon accumulation rate in the studied podzols ranges from 0.54 to 3.17 gC m-2 y-1, which corresponds to a carbon sequestration around 3 1011 gC an-1, which is significant at the geological scales.Column percolation experiments allowed us to show the reactivity of the Bh material and the presence, despite very high C/N ratios (63 on average), of a significant bacterial activity which modifies the nature of the MOD which percolates through it. This MOD has the capacity to transport Al and Fe in the form of complex organometallic complexes capable of migrating through very kaolinitic materials. These results contribute to the understanding of the transfers of pedologically formed MOD in the deep aquifers.Under the hypothesis of the appearance of a climate with contrasting seasons, we have been able to show that a 90-day period without rain after the disappearance of the perched water-table would not allow to reach the point of entry of air by drying of superficial horizons. Nevertheless, assuming an air entry, the extrapolation of the experimentally measured mineralization rates under oxic conditions results in a production of atmospheric C around 2.0 1014 g of CO2 per year, which may involve a positive feedback from the global climate system
Sylla, Daouda. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle de la vulnérabilité du milieu à la dégradation des sols en milieu semi-aride à partir de données radar." Phd thesis, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059922.
Full textHaboudane, Driss. "Intégration des données spectrales et géomorphométriques pour la caractérisation de la dégradation des sols et l'identification des zones desusceptibilité à l'érosion hydrique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2705.
Full textMadrigal, monarrez Ismael. "Rétention de pesticides dans les sols des dispositifs tampon, enherbés et boisés: rôle des matières organiques." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001214.
Full textSelmi, Moez. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du comportement des sols meubles traités par un agent tensio-actif." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEE004.
Full textTunnel construction worldwide is becoming increasingly important thanks to economic and industrial development and the growing need for tunnels in various applications (ease of transport, trade, etc.). On the other hand, the quantities of fine loose soil produced during digging are significant and constitute a disadvantage since they are generally classified as waste and placed in the disposal area. It is thanks to the treatment carried out and the addition of lubricants (surfactants) during digging operations that the excavated soil is considered polluted. Mechanical properties of excavated soil depend on the surfactant used during the excavation procedure. Different types of surfactant are used to facilitate and improve the excavation procedure. In the case of clay soils, foaming agents are usually used in order to ensure the stability of the tunnel, and to reduce the problems caused during the advancement of the cutter head of the tunnel boring machine as well as the transport of the excavated soil by the screw conveyor outside the boring machine. The effect of these lubricants on the hydro mechanical behavior of excavated soils has not yet been sufficiently investigated by the scientific community. The objective of this thesis is to study the effect of soil treatment with a given foaming agent on the hydromechanical behavior of the soil as well as the evolution of the behavior during lubricant degradation. Indeed, the evolution of the foam is manifested by the evolution of the bubbles of which it is composed. Such evolution goes from creation to crushing under physical or mechanical effects. As part of this work, soils model formed from a sand-Kaolin mixture with a surfactant which acts as a lubricant were chosen to conduct a whole series of tests. These experiments make it possible to investigate the hydro mechanical characteristics of the soil conditioned with foaming agent. Numerical simulations of the mechanica and hydrodynamic behavior of the treated soil were carried out with the aim of predicting the behavior of other soils treated with possibly other types of lubricants, once the modeling approach has been adopted
Haboudane, Driss. "Intégration des données spectrales et géomorphométriques pour la caractérisation de la dégradation des sols et l'identification des zones de susceptibilité à l'érosion hydrique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0031/NQ61854.pdf.
Full textPerrin-Ganier, Corinne. "Dispersion et transformation de l'isoproturon dans le sol et l'eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL074N.
Full textLn order to identify processes that act on herbicide isoproturon transfer in soil and water, several experimental studies were attempted. Ln the field, isoproturon appeared to reach surface soil water early after treatment. Then, the same soil was used to fill lysimeters placed under natural climatic conditions. Rainwater was able to produce large exportations only during the first month after treatment, because isoproturon, not yet fully degraded, was very mobile. Last, experiments under laboratory controlled conditions showed that isoproturon was sorbed only weakly on soil components. On the opposite, some of its degradation products, which rapidly represent the greatest part of residues, were more strongly held to soil
Al, Rajab Abdul Jabbar. "Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL039N/document.
Full textThe main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues
Dictor, Marie-Christine. "Caractérisation de la distribution et du comportement métabolique de la microflore indigène dans un profil de sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_DICTOR_M_C.pdf.
Full textEl-Azab, Kadria Moustafa. "Mobilité, biodisponibilité et phytotoxicité du plomb et du zinc en conditions salines : cas du ray-grass dans une terre argilo-limoneuse et application aux risques de réutilisation des eaux de drainage pour l'irrigation dans le delta du Nil." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN10011.
Full textThe wastewater re-use is a very world wide practice in the areas affected by shortages of water resources. For the majority of the countries of the arid and semi arid regions, water became the principal factor limiting their development. Egypt is one of the Mediterranean countries which is affected by shortages of water good quality resources. The re-use of this water for agricultural production is accompanied with salinization problems, which always develops because of the bad irrigation and drainage practices, especially with the irrigated agriculture in arid regions with high rates of evapotranspiration. The irrigation with wastewater is not only one source of dissolved salts but also of metallic trace elements (MTEs). The principal goal of this work was to study the effect of wastewater re-use with different salinity levels on the behaviour of metallic trace elements (MTEs) such as Zn and Pb in the presence or absence of plants. The combined effects of salinity and MTEs on the growth of rye-grass, and its production of biomass as been studied. Two experimental techniques were used : pot cultures with two different irrigation systems, with and without water excess, and hydroponic cultures to evaluate the effects of various salinity levels on the bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and phytotoxicity of Zn and Pb for the rye-grass. Salinity had a similar toxic effect on the growth of plants even if the sensitivity of plants is higher in hydroponic conditions. The bioavailability of Pb is limited compared with Zn which shows a higher transfer to the plants, with its higher translocation in the shoots and its phytotoxic effects on the growth of plants. However, the bioavailability of Pb is increased when the plant react actively to salinity stress. Thus, the bioavailability of MTEs can vary with the salinity. The bioaccumulation and the translocation of the MTEs in the shoots of the rye-grass increase when the plant reacts actively to a saline stress. The toxic effect of soil and irrigation water salinity on the growth of rye-grass and production of biomass can be affected by the MTEs according to the interaction between these two risk factors
Hoyoux-Roche, Dominique. "Etude du comportement de fongicides triazoles dans le sol et évaluation du risque de dispersion dans l'environnement." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112349.
Full textThe increasing use of pesticides in agriculture may be responsible for significant soil contamination. Study on the behaviour of pesticides in soil is then necessary to assess environmental risks and particularly pesticide transfer to surface water and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the behaviour of two triazole fungicides, bromuconazole and furconazole, in soil under laboratory and field conditions. The mobility, adsorption-desorption and degradation phenomena were mainly studied in two different soils. Evaluation and comparison of the mobility of these fungicides and a third fungicide, triadimenol, in both soils was achieved using soil thin-Iayer chromatography. Improvement of this technique was proposed, specially for the slightly mobile compounds, with successive elutions on the same soil thin layer plate. The mobility studies were completed by sorption experiments. The main interest of these studies was to assess and compare adsorption and desorption characteristics of the fungicides on both soils to investigate the possible influence of certain parameters (nature of compound, types of soil, soil/water ratio of the suspension). Adsorption kinetics was carried out and described by modelling to analyse the speed of attainment of sorption equilibria and to determine the appropriate time to reach equilibrium. The determination of adsorption coefficients (according to FREUNDLICH and TEMKIN isotherms) allowed to quantify adsorption; the desorption studies by successive desorptions have proved hysteresis effect. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the degradation of bromuconazole in soil to determine the degradation rate, the formation of bound residues and the amounts of main metabolites. Degradation was also studied under field conditions; outdoor microlysimeters experiments were conducted to investigate simultaneously mobility and degradation of the fungicide in both soils. These studies allowed to emphasize the usefulness and limitation of methods used as devices to assess the environmental fate of applied chemicals
Meite, Fatima. "Transformation et transport des pesticides inorganiques et de synthèse dans les sols de bassins versants agricoles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH003/document.
Full textDespite homologation tests of pesticides and metals, alarming concentrations are measured in the environment. A better knowledge of the transformation processes undergone by these products in agrosystems is needed to predict and limit the pollution. This PhD. thesis allowed to understand the transformation and transport of pesticides and metals in agricultural soils during 200 days and with respect to different hydro-climatic conditions using sequential extraction and isotopic fractionation of pesticides (compound specific isotopic analyses, CSIA) and metals. This work revealed the relevant of soil organic matter on the speciation of pollutants, the relationship between hydro-climatic conditions, the dissipation and the transformation mechanisms of peticides, and how pollutant infiltration is controlled both by rainfall length and frequency. These resuls will improve the transport models of pesticides in agrosystems
Alletto, Lionel. "Dynamique de l'eau et dissipation de l'isoxaflutole et du dicétonitrile en monoculture de maïs irrigué : effets du mode de travail du sol et de gestion de l'interculture." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003244.
Full textMorant, Philippe. "Caractérisation de la fragilité écologique et des potentialités agronomiques de la région de Hounde au Burkina Faso : utilisation de différentes techniques de diagnostic." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1991_MORANT_P.pdf.
Full textBertolami, Miguel Angel. "Structures paysagères, production et dégradation des steppes de Patagonie argentine, Département d'Escalante, Province de Chubut." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20032.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the primary production and degradation of the landscape units in the Escalante Department of Chubut Province in the Argentine Patagonia. The sheep grassing has be the most important element in the population development processes at regional level along the XXth century and also the causes of the desertification processes in the arid natural landscapes. In the southeast area of Chubut Province, with a strong rain gradient are delimitated landscape units, from the climatic; geomorphological; topographics and phytogeographical characteristics. In these units the primary production and degradation levels are evaluated, to the field measures and the LANDSAT 5 and 7 data. The results confirm the higher level of carrying capacity in the eastern units, but in some cases the floristic composition is most important than the simple biomass measures. In relation to environmental degradation, the western units are high values than the eastern ones; with the exception the edaphic conditionated units in the east. The vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) of the remote sensings products of 1986, 1997 and 2001, with strong climatic differences, are an moderate correlation to the primary production and environmental degradation. By other hands, the use of NDVI to delimitation the primary production in the most degradated soils is very complex and the floristic composition indetected in the satellital data, take an important place in the primary productivity evaluation. The analysis of these results shows the satellital imagery importance to asses and monitoring arid environment and also the fragility of predictions in ecosystems with high level of climatical interannual variability
Demon, Michel. "Influence des facteurs climatiques et des constituants du sol sur la dynamique de l'atrazine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL092N.
Full textPellegrino, Antonio. "Comportement fragile des roches : dégradation des propriétés élastiques et anisotropie induite par les contraintes." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523151.
Full textChaabani, Anis. "Analyse de la déformation récente dans le Grand Tunis par interférométrie radar SAR." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2002/document.
Full textSoil deformation phenomena of natural (tectonic) or anthropic origins (over exploitation of groundwater, embankment) can have adverse effects on the environment and on human life. A good understanding of the mechanism of deformation is essential to mitigate or eliminate risks to infrastructure and natural environments. In this study, it is proposed to apply the interferometric method to study the mobility of an urban and suburban area of Tunis City, which is the main socio-economic center of Tunisia.Seismotectonic analyzes were carried out in the study area to better understand the seismic and structural context of the North East part of Tunisia while being based on the different interpretations made from focal mechanisms and mapping epicentres in this area. This analysis made it possible to deduce the existence of an NW-SE compressive regime that fits well with the existing regime at the regional level. This mapping also allowed the detection of the different zones marked by a relatively large seismic activity with a moderate magnitude and which coincide well with the major accidents that are at the level of the study area. Subsequently, a geomorphological analysis approach of the study area was carried out, which made it possible to highlight the different existing tectonic structures and to distinguish the different morphological units. It has been shown that geomorphological analysis has limitation to interpret the morphodynamic context of the study area and therefore the interferometric technique has proven to be an effective methodology for detecting and monitoring soil displacements with millimeter precision and also improving our understanding of current deformations. Indeed, the application of differential SAR interferometry made it possible to nether identify areas with natural subsidence risks or analyze the deformations of the topographic surface associated with anthropic phenomena. To better assimilate the morphodynamic context of the study area, the interferometric method of Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) developed by Berardino et al. (2002) has been chosen. The analysis of Envisat ASAR (2003-2007, descending satellite orbit) and Sentinel-1B (2016-2018, ascending satellite orbit) SAR data allowed us to obtain soil deformation maps associated with time series of velocity of the study area. These analyzes showed the existence of a differential settlement phenomenon in the region of Tunis and the Mornag plain by quantifying it quite accurately. Therefore, by combining SBAS results with geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical information, we have been able to explore some of the links between soil subsidence and its main control factors, in particular:- a differential settlement detected around the Lake of Tunis region, which is probably due to the nature of highly compressible alluvial sediments with bedrock depths sometimes exceeding 65m;- a subsidence of the Mornag plain, whose overexploitation of groundwater and the compressibility of alluvium were the driving forces of these deformations
Mehenni, Abdelwadoud. "Comportement hydromécanique et érosion des sols fins traités." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0299/document.
Full textThe current evolution of the social and economic context requires from the different actors of the public works sector to adapt their practices to the challenges of sustainable development. In the field of earthworks, companies must offer technical solutions to reuse the materials located in the vicinity of the projects in order to limit the borrowing materials and unused soils deposits. Soil treatment may allow the reuse of these materials. This study was focused on four treatment products (kaolinite, bentonite, lime and cement) as well as their effects on the hydro-mechanical behavior and internal erosion resistance of a fine silt. An enhanced HET device was designed in the framework of this study to determine the internal erosion characteristics of treated soils especially with lime and cement. Beyond the characterization of treatment effects on short-term hydro-mechanical behavior of soils, the work of this study extends to the durability of treatment and the evolution of long-term hydro-mechanical behavior of treated soils subjected to drying-wetting cycles. This study of sustainability was carried out through a multi-scale approach based on laboratory study data on soil samples and field investigations on hydraulic structures made of treated soil. The study showed that hydraulic conditions variations can decrease the performance of treated soils. These degradations result on an increase in hydraulic conductivity, a decrease of the mechanical strength and also a reduction in the critical shear stress which expresses a decrease of the internal erosion resistance. The kinetic of performance loss depends to the nature of the treatment product and percentage used as well as the exposure level, the number and amplitude of the hydraulic variations. However, the field study showed that it is possible to reduce the kinetic degradation of the soil performance through an appropriate construction design
Nguyen, Minh Tuan. "Caractérisation géomécanique de la dégradation des roches sous l'effet de l'injection de gaz acides." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00730840.
Full textKribeche, Mohamed El Amine. "Dégradation photocatalytique des composés organiques en solution aqueuse en présence de TiO₂ et des oxydes de fer : influence des acides carboxyliques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT140.
Full textThe photodegradation of the herbicide phenylurea by using a natural iron oxide (NIO) α-Fe2O3 in aqueous solution at acidic pH has been undertaken. The NIO was characterized by the Raman spectroscopy method. The degradation pathways and the formation of by-products were studied. A high-pressure mercury lamp and sunlight were employed as light source. Fenuron photodegradation using NIO with oxalic acid followed the pseudo-first order kinetics, the optimal experimental conditions were [oxalic acid]0 = 10−3 M and [NIO] = 0.1 g L−1 at pH 3. NIO/oxalic acid/UV system led to a low fenuron half-life (32 min). The results were even better when solar light is used (15 min). The effect of four carboxylic acids; oxalic, citric, tartaric and malic acids on the degradation efficiency was studied. Oxalic acid was the most effective carboxylic acid used on the fenuron photodegradation with NIO at pH 3. The analytical study showed many aromatic intermediates, short-chain carboxylic acids and inorganic ion.The role of dissolved oxygen (DO) in degradation and mineralization of fenuron in the photo-Fenton-like system by using the NIO was also studied; the NIO was used as an iron source. The DO effect has been elucidated by carrying out experiments with and without oxygen, it has been found that the degradation and mineralization rate were strongly affected by change in DO concentration. In absence of oxygen, there is no photo-Fenton-like because of the lack of hydrogen peroxide, the degradation was caused only by the photo-reduction of Fe(III) complex in this case. Oxygenation improved the hydrogen peroxide production under irradiation. The mass balance of the reactive species showed that dissolved oxygen was the main reactive consumed during the process. The toxicity decrease with irradiation time proves that the intermediates generated during photo-oxidation by the photo-Fenton-like system by using a NIO are less toxic than fenuron