Journal articles: 'Degree Day Method'

1

Rango, A., and J. Martinec. "REVISITING THE DEGREE-DAY METHOD FOR SNOWMELT COMPUTATIONS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31, no. 4 (August 1995): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03392.x.

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Sha, Huajing, Peng Xu, Chonghe Hu, Zhiling Li, Yongbao Chen, and Zhe Chen. "A simplified HVAC energy prediction method based on degree-day." Sustainable Cities and Society 51 (November 2019): 101698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101698.

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Unver, Umit, Alper Kelesoglu, and Muhsin Kilic. "A novel method for prediction of gas turbine power production: Degree-day method." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 3 (2018): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170915015u.

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Gas turbines are widely used in the energy production. The quantity of the operating machines requires a special attention for prediction of power production in the energy marketing sector. Thus, the aim of this paper is to support the sector by making the prediction of power production more computable. By using the data from an operating power plant, correlation and regression analysis are performed and linear equation obtained for calculating useful power production vs atmospheric air temperature and a novel method, the gas turbine degree day method, was developed. The method has been addressed for calculating the isolation related issues for buildings so far. But in this paper, it is utilized to predict the theoretical maximum power production of the gas turbines in various climates for the first time. The results indicated that the difference of annual energy production capacity between the best and the last province options was calculated to be 7500 MWh approximately.

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Kuru, Merve, and Gulben Calis. "Application of time series models for heating degree day forecasting." Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal 12, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 2137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2020-0009.

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AbstractThis study aims at constructing short-term forecast models by analyzing the patterns of the heating degree day (HDD). In this context, two different time series analyses, namely the decomposition and Box–Jenkins methods, were conducted. The monthly HDD data in France between 1974 and 2017 were used for analyses. The multiplicative model and 79 SARIMA models were constructed by the decomposition and Box–Jenkins method, respectively. The performance of the SARIMA models was assessed by the adjusted R2 value, residual sum of squares, the Akaike Information Criteria, the Schwarz Information Criteria, and the analysis of the residuals. Moreover, the mean absolute percentage error, mean absolute deviation, and mean squared deviation values were calculated to evaluate the performance of both methods. The results show that the decomposition method yields more acceptable forecasts than the Box–Jenkins method for supporting short-term forecasting of the HDD.

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Shen, Hung Tao, and Poojitha D. Yapa. "A unified degree-day method for river ice cover thickness simulation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-006.

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A unified degree-day method for simulating the thermal growth, decay, and breakup of river ice covers is developed and applied to ice covers in the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Cornwall, Ontario. In the simulation model, the variation of the ice cover thickness is related to the ambient air temperature by the formula[Formula: see text]in which h = ice cover thickness; h0 = initial ice cover thickness; S = degree-days of freezing since the formation of the ice cover; t = number of days since the formation of the initial ice cover; and α, β, θ = empirical coefficients. Key words: breakup, degree-day method, ice cover thickness, river, simulation, St. Lawrence River.

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Liu, Yi Min, and Dan Yu. "The Study on the Calculation Method of Energy Savings of Heating System in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1128.

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This paper mainly describes energy savings calculation methods of system. The method of heating degree day method for quantifying energy savings is presented. Combined with some actual projects, the application of some energy savings calculation methods was discussed and analyzed. The method of heating degree day found to be an efficient method of calculating energy savings on heating system. The heating heating degree day method can be set up rapidly and is useful for energy saving measurements.

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Unigarro, Carlos Andres, Leidy Natalia Bermudez Florez, Rubén Darío Medina, Alvaro Jaramillo, and Claudia Patricia Flórez. "Evaluation of four degree-day estimation methods in eight Colombian coffee-growing areas." Agronomía Colombiana 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v35n3.65221.

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Methods to estimate the accumulation of degree-days based on maximum and minimum temperaturesare are commonly used to determine relationships or to adjust phenological models based on the "physiological time". Degree-days are obtained indirectly by these methods, this information is not generally available on hourly or shorter time scales due to the type of equipment used to record data or a data loss in historical time series. To compare the performance of such methods, degree-days were estimated with four indirect methods in eight Colombian locations during 1 year. Each indirect method was evaluated in comparison to the numerical integration method by the trapezoidal rule (reference method) using temperatures recorded every 5 min. Based on the percent bias error, the methods proposed by Arnold, Ometto and Snyder tend to overestimate thermal time, whereas the Villa-Nova method underestimates this time, but with a lower performance as regards to the previous ones.

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He, Z. H., J. Parajka, F. Q. Tian, and G. Blöschl. "Estimating degree-day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 3, 2014): 4773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4773-2014.

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Abstract. Degree-day factors are widely used to estimate snowmelt runoff in operational hydrological models. Usually, they are calibrated on observed runoff, and sometimes on satellite snow cover data. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground-based snow depth data without calibration. Subcatchment snow volume is estimated by combining SCA and snow depths. Snow density is estimated to be the ratio between observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. Finally, DDFS values are estimated to be the ratio between changes in the snow water equivalent and difference between the daily temperature and the melt threshold value for days with snow melt. We compare simulations of basin runoff and snow cover patterns using spatially variable DDFS estimated from snow data with those using spatially uniform DDFS calibrated on runoff. The runoff performances using estimated DDFS are slightly improved, and the simulated snow cover patterns are significantly more plausible. The new method may help reduce some of the runoff model parameter uncertainty by reducing the total number of calibration parameters. This method is applied to the Lienz catchment in East Tyrol, Austria, which covers an area of 1198 km2. Approximately 70% of the basin is covered by snow in the early spring season.

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He, Z. H., J. Parajka, F. Q. Tian, and G. Blöschl. "Estimating degree day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (July 25, 2014): 8697–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8697-2014.

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Abstract. Degree-day factors are widely used to estimate snowmelt runoff in operational hydrological models. Usually, they are calibrated on observed runoff, and sometimes on satellite snow cover data. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground based snow depth data without calibration. Subcatchment snow volume is estimated by combining SCA and snow depths. Snow density is estimated as the ratio of observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. Finally, DDFS values are estimated as the ratio of changes in the snow water equivalent and degree-day temperatures for days with snow melt. We compare simulations of basin runoff and snow cover patterns using spatially variable DDFS estimated from snow data with those using spatially uniform DDFS calibrated on runoff. The runoff performances using estimated DDFS are slightly improved, and the simulated snow cover patterns are significantly more plausible. The new method may help reduce some of the runoff model parameter uncertainty by reducing the total number of calibration parameters.

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Krese, Gorazd, Matjaž Prek, and Vincenc Butala. "Analysis of Building Electric Energy Consumption Data Using an Improved Cooling Degree Day Method." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 58, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2011.160.

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11

Cheng, Xin, and Simon Li. "Interval Estimations of Building Heating Energy Consumption using the Degree-Day Method and Fuzzy Numbers." Buildings 8, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020021.

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12

Tobin, Cara, Bettina Schaefli, Ludovico Nicótina, Silvia Simoni, Guillermo Barrenetxea, Russell Smith, Marc Parlange, and Andrea Rinaldo. "Improving the degree-day method for sub-daily melt simulations with physically-based diurnal variations." Advances in Water Resources 55 (May 2013): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.08.008.

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13

Asaoka, Yoshihiro, and Yuji Kominami. "Incorporation of satellite-derived snow-cover area in spatial snowmelt modeling for a large area: determination of a gridded degree-day factor." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 62 (2013): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog62a218.

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AbstractSpatial degree-day factors (DDFs) are required for spatial snowmelt modeling over large areas by the degree-day method. We propose a method to obtain DDFs by incorporating snow disappearance dates (SDDs), derived from 10 day composites of Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)/VEGETATION data, into the degree-day method. This approach allowed determination of DDFs for each gridpoint so as to better reflect regional characteristics than use of spatially constant DDFs obtained from point measurements. Simulations at six observation sites successfully accounted for variations in snow water equivalent (SWE), even at elevations different from the closest measurement site. These results suggest that incorporating satellite-derived SDDs into the degree-day method decreases spatial uncertainty compared with the use of spatially constant DDFs. Application of our method to Japanese cold regions revealed that gridded DDFs were negatively correlated with accumulated positive degree-days (APDDs) and were high only when APDDs were low. These results imply that high DDFs resulted from the dominant contribution of solar radiation to snowmelt at low temperatures and that low DDFs resulted from a relatively high contribution of sensible heat flux at high temperatures. The proposed method seems to adequately account for the main energetic components of snowmelt during the snow-cover season over large areas.

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Wake, L. M., and S. J. Marshall. "Assessment of current methods of positive degree-day calculation using in situ observations from glaciated regions." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 226 (2015): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j116.

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AbstractThe continued use of the positive degree-day (PDD) method to predict ice-sheet melt is generally favoured over surface energy-balance methods partly due to the computational efficiency of the algorithm and the requirement of only one input variable (temperature). In this paper, we revisit some of the assumptions governing the application of the PDD method. Using hourly temperature data from the GC-Net network we test the assumption that monthly PDD total (PDDM) can be represented by a Gaussian distribution with fixed standard deviation of monthly temperature (σM). The results presented here show that the common assumption of fixed σM does not hold, and that σM may be represented more accurately as a quadratic function of average monthly temperature. For Greenland, the mean absolute error in predicting PDDM using our methodology is 3.9°C d, representing a significant improvement on current methods (7.8°C d, when σM = 4.5°C). Over a range of glaciated settings, our method reproduces PDDM, on average, to within 1.5–8.5°C d, compared to 4.4–15.7°C d when σM = 4.5°C. The improvement arises because we capture the systematic reduction in temperature variance that is observed over melting snow and ice, when surface temperatures cannot warm above 0°C.

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Tolleson, Douglas R., Jay P. Angerer, Urs P. Kreuter, and Jason E. Sawyer. "Growing Degree Day: Noninvasive Remotely Sensed Method to Monitor Diet Crude Protein in Free-Ranging Cattle." Rangeland Ecology & Management 73, no. 2 (March 2020): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2019.12.001.

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16

GEORGIEVSKY, Mikhail, Hiroshi ISHIDAIRA, and Kuniyoshi TAKEUCHI. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DISTRIBUTED SNOW MODEL COUPLED WITH A NEW METHOD OF DEGREE-DAY FACTORS ESTIMATION." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 50 (2006): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.50.49.

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17

BRYANT, SIMON R., JEFFREY S. BALE, and CHRIS D. THOMAS. "Modification of the triangle method of degree-day accumulation to allow for behavioural thermoregulation in insects." Journal of Applied Ecology 35, no. 6 (June 28, 2008): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.1998.tb00009.x.

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18

DEGAETANO, A., and W. KNAPP. "Standardization of weekly growing degree day accumulations based on differences in temperature observation time and method." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 66, no. 1-2 (September 1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(93)90079-w.

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19

Holmes, Caroline, Simon Tett, and Adam Butler. "What is the Uncertainty in Degree-Day Projections due to Different Calibration Methodologies?" Journal of Climate 30, no. 22 (November 2017): 9059–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0826.1.

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Degree-days are a temperature index used for understanding the impact of climate change. Different methods to deal with climate model biases, termed bias correction or more generally calibration, yield different projections of such indices, something not widely understood for temperature indices in many impact sectors. An analytical expression is derived for the expected value of degree-days given parameters of the underlying statistical distribution (assumed to be Gaussian). It is demonstrated that the uncertainty introduced by calibration methodology is driven by the magnitude of the nonlinearity in this expression. In a climate where mean temperature is, and remains, far from (approximately three standard deviations) the threshold used in defining the index, the equation is approximately linear, and methodological choice makes little difference relative to the absolute number of degree-days. However, case studies for U.K. cities London and Glasgow for heating and cooling degree-days (HDD and CDD; these are degree-day indices used in the estimation of energy use for heating and cooling buildings) demonstrate that, when temperatures are close to the threshold, unrealistic results may arise if appropriate calibration is not performed. Seasonally varying temperature biases in the 11-member perturbed parameter ensemble HadRM3 are discussed, and different calibration strategies are applied to this ensemble. For projections of U.K. HDD, the difference between results from simple and advanced methodologies is relatively small, as the expression for HDD is approximately linear in many months and locations. For U.K. CDD, an inappropriate method has a large relative impact on projections because of the proximity to the threshold. In both cases, the uncertainty caused by methodology is comparable to that caused by ensemble spread.

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Atilgan, A., and A. Akyuz. "The Investigation of Heating and Cooling Days with the Method of Degree-day in Broiler Poultry Housing." Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2007): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2007.140.145.

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Sarak, H. "The degree-day method to estimate the residential heating natural gas consumption in Turkey: a case study." Energy 28, no. 9 (July 2003): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00035-5.

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Sensoy, A., A. E. Tekeli, A. A. Şorman, and A. Ü. Şorman. "Simulation of event-based snowmelt runoff hydrographs based on snow depletion curves and the degree-day method." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29, no. 6 (December 2003): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5589/m03-041.

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Kohler, M., N. Blond, and A. Clappier. "A city scale degree-day method to assess building space heating energy demands in Strasbourg Eurometropolis (France)." Applied Energy 184 (December 2016): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.075.

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Hasan, Shaheen, and Sabah Khan. "Calculate optimum insulation thickness to all over Indian city and compare it with the degree day method." International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijret.2021.10039646.

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Hodge, David, and Gordon E. Limb. "Spiritual Histories and Latter-day Saints: A Mixed-Method Preliminary Validation Study." Advances in Social Work 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2013): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/3607.

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Spirituality plays a primary role in health and wellness for many Latter-day Saints (LDS). Despite being one of the largest religious cultures in the nation, few, if any, spiritual assessment tools have been validated with this population. This mixed-method study modifies an existing spiritual assessment approach—spiritual histories—that may be congruent with LDS culture. Using a national sample of experts in LDS culture (N = 100), this study identifies: 1) the degree of cultural consistency, strengths, and limitations of the approach at a conceptual level, and 2) a culturally valid question protocol to operationalize the concept for use with LDS clients. The results suggest that spiritual histories represent a highly appropriate assessment method for LDS clients. The paper concludes by providing suggestions to administer an assessment in a culturally competent manner in clinical settings.

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Diaz, Jose M., Douglas R. Tolleson, Jay P. Angerer, Amelia Christian, William E. Fox, and William E. Pinchak. "176 Application of growing degree day to predict diet crude protein in rangeland beef cows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.242.

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Abstract We used a fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) calibration for cattle diet crude protein (CP) to evaluate the efficacy of growing degree day (GDD) as a remotely-sensed method to monitor grazing animal nutrition. Composite fecal samples representing a herd of 24 cross bred beef cows grazing native range pastures in southwest Texas were collected along with GDD and precipitation data from April 2018 to September 2019. Regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD within year and growing season. In 2018, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 7.05% in August to a maximum of 9.69% in July. 2018 cumulative precipitation was 28% and 94% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. In 2019, FNIRS-predicted diet CP ranged from a minimum of 6.85% in September to a maximum of 12.01% in May. 2019 cumulative precipitation was 74% and 102% of the 20-year average for January-April and May-August, respectively. There were no significant (P > 0.1) simple linear relationships identified between FNIRS-predicted diet CP and GDD. There were, however, cubic exponential relationships identified in both 2018 (y = 7E-10x3 - 5E-06x2 + 0.0106x + 2.9603; R² = 0.7261; P = 0.1271) and 2019 (y = 1E-09x3 - 6E-06x2 + 0.0062x + 9.2923; R² = 0.7659; P = 0.0493). As expected, perennial range grass phenology/nutritive value (i.e. cattle diet CP) was influenced by accumulation of heat units (i.e. GDD) and precipitation. Although FNIRS is an established non-invasive method to monitor grazing animal nutrition, a remotely-sensed method to accomplish this task, such as GDD, has the potential to facilitate large-scale monitoring of grazing animal nutritional status. Our results indicate that complementary research using data from multiple locations and for more than 2 years is needed to fully evaluate these techniques.

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Davidson, Nita A., L. Theodore Wilson, Michael P. Hoffmann, and Frank G. Zalom. "Comparisons of Temperature Measurements from Local Weather Stations and the Tomato Plant Canopy: Implications for Crop and Pest Forecasting." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 5 (September 1990): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.5.861.

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Temperatures recorded by weather stations and within the canopy of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops were compared in fields near Davis, Calif., during Summer 1983 (60 days) and 1987 (50 days). For both years, the average maximum and minimum temperatures, daily temperature ranges, degree days per day, and total accumulated degree days were compared. In 1983, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station did not differ significantly from that in the canopy, but the mean minimum temperature at the weather station was significantly lower than that in the canopy. In 1987, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station was significantly higher than that in the canopy, but mean minimum temperatures did not differ significantly. Temperature ranges were significantly narrower for the weather station toward the end of the 1983 season, and significantly wider for the weather station at midseason 1987. Comparisons of degree days per day showed significant differences between means at the weather station and in the canopy in 1983, and among those at the weather station and the two degree day calculation methods used for temperatures recorded in the canopy. Total accumulated degree days based on temperature records at the weather station were lower than those in the canopy in 1983 but higher in 1987. In 1987, the single sine degree day calculation method overestimated degree days compared to the 2-hr triangulation method. The phenology of the tomato crop as predicted by weather station temperatures indicated that tomato maturation was underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987. The rate of development for hypothetical populations of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within the tomato crop was again underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987, as based on temperature data of the weather station.

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Zhang, Yong, Shiyin Liu, and Yongjian Ding. "Observed degree-day factors and their spatial variation on glaciers in western China." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811952.

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AbstractThe degree-day factor (DDF) is an important parameter for the degree-day model, which is a widely used method for ice- and snowmelt computation. Spatial variations of the DDF greatly affect the accuracy of snow- and ice-melt modelling. This study analyzes the spatial variability of DDFs obtained from observed glaciers in different regions of western China. The results clearly show that the DDF for a single glacier is subject to significant small-scale variations, and the factor for maritime glaciers is higher than that for subcontinental and extremely continental glaciers. In western China the factors increase gradually from northwest to southeast. In general, the regional patterns of DDFs are detectable on the glaciers due to the unique climatic environment and heat budget of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. Low DDFs can be expected for cold-dry areas, whereas high DDFs can be expected for warm-wet areas in western China. Depending on spatial variation of the characteristics of DDFs and the meteorological data, we can provide gridded degree-day models for non-monitored glaciers to reconstruct gridded historical glacier mass-balance series in western China.

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Bauer, Eva, and Andrey Ganopolski. "Comparison of surface mass balance of ice sheets simulated by positive-degree-day method and energy balance approach." Climate of the Past 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2017): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-819-2017.

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Abstract. Glacial cycles of the late Quaternary are controlled by the asymmetrically varying mass balance of continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. Surface mass balance is governed by processes of ablation and accumulation. Here two ablation schemes, the positive-degree-day (PDD) method and the surface energy balance (SEB) approach, are compared in transient simulations of the last glacial cycle with the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2. The standard version of the CLIMBER-2 model incorporates the SEB approach and simulates ice volume variations in reasonable agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions during the entire last glacial cycle. Using results from the standard CLIMBER-2 model version, we simulated ablation with the PDD method in offline mode by applying different combinations of three empirical parameters of the PDD scheme. We found that none of the parameter combinations allow us to simulate a surface mass balance of the American and European ice sheets that is similar to that obtained with the standard SEB method. The use of constant values for the empirical PDD parameters led either to too much ablation during the first phase of the last glacial cycle or too little ablation during the final phase. We then substituted the standard SEB scheme in CLIMBER-2 with the PDD scheme and performed a suite of fully interactive (online) simulations of the last glacial cycle with different combinations of PDD parameters. The results of these simulations confirmed the results of the offline simulations: no combination of PDD parameters realistically simulates the evolution of the ice sheets during the entire glacial cycle. The use of constant parameter values in the online simulations leads either to a buildup of too much ice volume at the end of glacial cycle or too little ice volume at the beginning. Even when the model correctly simulates global ice volume at the last glacial maximum (21 ka), it is unable to simulate complete deglaciation during the Holocene. According to our simulations, the SEB approach proves superior for simulations of glacial cycles.

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WANG, Yang, and Baoming LI. "An optimized solar-air degree-day method to evaluate energy demand for poultry buildings in different climate zones." Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (2020): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-fase-2019289.

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Li, Yuanzheng, Wenjing Wang, Yating Wang, Yashu Xin, Tian He, and Guosong Zhao. "A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010040.

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The world is faced with significant climate change, rapid urbanization, massive energy consumption, and tremendous pressure to reduce greenhouse gases. Building heating and cooling is one primary source of energy consumption and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. First, this review presents previous studies that estimate the specific amount of climate change impact on building heating and cooling energy consumption, using the statistical method, physical model method, comprehensive assessment model method, and the combination method of statistical and physical model methods. Then, because the heating and cooling degree days indices can simply and reliably indicate the effects of climate on building heating and cooling energy consumption, previous studies were reviewed from the aspects of heating and cooling degree days indices, regional spatial-temporal variations in degree days and related indices, influencing factors of the spatial distributions of degree days, and the impacts of urbanization on degree days. Finally, several potential key issues or research directions were presented according to the research gaps or fields that need to be studied further in the future, such as developing methods to simply and accurately estimate the specified amounts of climate change impact on building cooling and heating energy consumption; using more effective methods to analyze the daytime, nighttime, and all-day spatial-temporal changes in different seasons in the past and future under various environment contexts by considering not only the air temperature but also the relative humidity, solar radiation, population, etc., and further exploring the corresponding more kinds of driving forces, including the various remotely sensed indices, albedo, nighttime light intensity, etc.; estimating the daytime, nighttime, and all-day impacts of urbanization on heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs), and their sum (HDDs + CDDs) for vast cities in different environmental contexts at the station site, city, regional and global scales; producing and sharing of the related datasets; and analyzing the subsequent effects induced by climate change on the energy consumption for building heating and cooling, etc.

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Chang, Yu-San, Yu-Hsuan Wu, Hsiang-Lan Chen, and Chung-Yao Hsu. "Four Night Shifts Have a Degree of Performance Adaptation." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817711285.

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Objective: In this case control study, we investigated the process of adaptation to night shift (NS) work and recovery back to a day schedule among nurses working a fast-rotation three-shift schedule. Background: There is limited knowledge of how specific patterns of a fast-rotation shift affect nurses’ performance. Method: The cognitive performance of off-duty nurses (OD; n = 21), those working the first night of an NS (1NS; n = 21) and the last night of two ( n = 21), three ( n = 20), and four (4NS; n = 21) successive NSs were compared. Changes in sleep propensity, cognitive function, and anxiety were compared in the daytime after working four successive NSs followed by 24 hr off (4NS-off; n = 18) and in those off duty. Results: The visual attention task (VAT) of cognitive function was significantly worse in the 1NS group and significantly better on the last night in the 4NS group than in the other NS groups. The nurses in the 4NS-off group were less alert and had poorer VAT performance than the OD group during the daytime. Conclusion: The nurses working on NS experienced a decrease in VAT performance due to acute changes in circadian rhythm but also significant performance adaptation after four consecutive NSs. One off-duty day was insufficient to recover back to a daytime shift after four consecutive NSs. Application: In a fast-rotation three-shift schedule, performance adaptation occurred in the nurses who worked four consecutive NSs, and more than one off-duty day are needed to recover back to daytime shift after those NSs.

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Jenni, Sylvie, Gaétan Bourgeois, Hélène Laurence, Geneviève Roy, and Nicolas Tremblay. "Improving the Prediction of Processing Bean Maturity Based on the Growing-degree Day Approach." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1234.

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Four snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, Goldrush, Teseo, Labrador, and Flevoro, were grown in irrigated fields of southern Quebec between 1985 and 1998. Data on phenology collected from these fields were used to determine which base temperature would best predict time from sowing to maturity. The optimal base temperature was 0 °C for `Goldrush', `Teseo', and `Labrador' and 6.7 °C for `Flevoro'. Adjusting different base temperatures for intermediate developmental stages (emergence, flowering) did not improve the prediction model. All years for a given cultivar were then used to determine the base temperature with the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) for predicting the time from sowing to maturity. A common base temperature of 0 °C was selected for all cultivars, since `Flevoro' was not very sensitive to changes in base temperature. This method improved the prediction of maturity compared with the conventional computation growing-degree days (GDD) with a base of 10 °C. For the years and cultivars used in this study, calculating GDD with a base of 0 °C gave an overall prediction of maturity of 1.7, 1.5, 2.0, and 1.4 days based on average absolute differences, for `Flevoro', `Goldrush', `Teseo', and `Labrador', respectively.

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Bengtsson, Lars, and Vijay P. Singh. "Model Sophistication in Relation to Scales in Snowmelt Runoff Modeling." Hydrology Research 31, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2000): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2000.0016.

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Snowmelt induced runoff from river basins is usually successfully simulated using a simple degree-day approach and conceptual rainfall-runoff models. Fluctuations within the day can not be described by such crude approaches. In the present paper, it is investigated which degree of sophistication is required in snow models and runoff models to resolve the basin runoff from basins of different character, and also how snow models and runoff models must adapt to each other. Models of different degree of sophistication are tested on basins ranging from 6,000 km2 down to less than 1 km2. It is found that for large basins it is sufficient to use a very simple runoff module and a degree day approach, but that the snow model has to be distributed related to land cover and topography. Also for small forested basins, where most of the stream flow is of groundwater origin, the degree-day method combined with a conceptual runoff model reproduces the snowmelt induced runoff well. Where overland flow takes place, a high resolution snow model is required for resolving the runoff fluctuations at the basin outlet.

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Gardner, Alex S., and Martin Sharp. "Sensitivity of net mass-balance estimates to near-surface temperature lapse rates when employing the degree-day method to estimate glacier melt." Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 50 (2009): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769663.

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AbstractGlacier mass-balance models that employ the degree-day method of melt modeling are most commonly driven by surface air temperatures that have been downscaled over the area of interest, using digital elevation models and assuming a constant free air lapse rate that is often taken to be the moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR: –6.5°Ckm–1). Air-temperature lapse rates measured over melting glacier surface are, however, consistently less steep than free air values and have been shown to vary systematically with lower-tropospheric temperatures. In this study, the implications of including a variable near-surface lapse rate in a 26 year (1980–2006) degree-day model simulation of the surface mass balance of Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, are examined and compared with estimates derived from surface air temperatures downscaled using a constant near-surface lapse rate equal to the measured summer mean (–4.9°Ckm–1) and the MALR. Our results show that degree-day models are highly sensitive to the choice of lapse rate. When compared with 23 years of surface mass-balance measurements from the northwest sector of the ice cap, model estimates are significantly better when surface air temperatures are downscaled using a modeled daily lapse rate rather than a constant lapse equal to either the summer mean or the MALR.

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Balaji K, Perumal Saraswathi, Prabhu K, Shila Samuel, and Siva T. "A study on new experimental induction of wound using metal surface contact in a rat model." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1899.

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Burns injury is a global issue; when burns left unmonitored, it may lead to sepsis & hypovolemia. It majorly contributing to the country's morbidity and mortality. Accidental burns are quite common throughout the world. The degree of burns differs variably, and to identify a possible therapeutic option, it is of great importance for the researchers and scientists. Achieving a uniform burn wound model is thus required to study the burns injury at different levels involving epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The goal of this study is to create a simple third-degree contact burn in Wistar albino rats. Third-degree contact burn wound was monitored on 7th, 14th, and 21st day for natural wound healing under gross and histopathological observation. Gross observation reported damaged skin to appear dry, leathery, and charred. Wound closure was observed to be delayed and incomplete on day 21. Histopathology revealed a wound healing process by hematoxylin and eosin method. This metal surface contact method revealed a simplified and cost-effective method for inducing a third degree of a wound in Wistar rats. The study is thus a milestone that could enable research progress in the area of wound healing.

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Riboust, Philippe, Guillaume Thirel, Nicolas Le Moine, and Pierre Ribstein. "Revisiting a Simple Degree-Day Model for Integrating Satellite Data: Implementation of Swe-Sca Hystereses." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0004.

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Abstract Conceptual degree-day snow models are often calibrated using runoff observations. This makes the snow models dependent on the rainfall-runoff model they are coupled with. Numerous studies have shown that using Snow Cover Area (SCA) remote sensing observation from MODIS satellites helps to better constrain parameters. The objective of this study was to calibrate the CemaNeige degree-day snow model with SCA and runoff observations. In order to calibrate the snow model with SCA observations, the original CemaNeige SCA formulation was revisited to take into account the hysteresis that exists between SCA and the snow water equivalent (SWE) during the accumulation and melt phases. Several parametrizations of the hysteresis between SWE and SCA were taken from land surface model literature. We showed that they improve the performances of SCA simulation without degrading the river runoff simulation. With this improvement, a new calibration method of the snow model was developed using jointly SCA and runoff observations. Further analysis showed that the CemaNeige calibrated parameter sets are more robust for simulating independent periods than parameter sets obtained from discharge calibration only. Calibrating the snow model using only SCA data gave mixed results, with similar performances as using median parameters from all watersheds calibration.

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Huintjes, E., H. Li, T. Sauter, Z. Li, and C. Schneider. "Degree-day modelling of the surface mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tian Shan, China." Cryosphere Discussions 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2010): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-4-207-2010.

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Abstract. A distributed temperature-index melt model including potential shortwave radiation is used to calculate annual mean surface mass balance and the spatial distribution of melt rates on the east branch of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, north-western China. The lack of continuous datasets at higher temporal resolution for various climate variables suggests the application of a degree-day model with only few required input variables. The model is calibrated for a six day period in July 2007, for which daily mass balance measurements and meteorological data are available. Based on point measurements of mass balance, parameter values are optimised running a constrained multivariable function using the simplex search method. To evaluate the model performance, annual mass balances for the period 1987/88–2004/05 are calculated using NCEP/NCAR-Reanalysis data. The modelled values fit the observed mass balance with a correlation of 0.98 and an RMSE of 332 mm w.e. Furthermore, the calculated spatial distribution of melt rates shows an improvement in small-scale variations compared to the simple degree-day approach.

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Sumarni, Sumarni, Mijani Rahman, and Abdur Rahman. "PENDEKATAN METODE SEDIMENT DELIVERY RATIO UNTUK MENGETAHUI TINGKAT KEKRITISAN BEBERAPA SUB DAS DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN KESESUAIAN PERIKANAN." Fish Scientiae 4, no. 8 (June 16, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/fs.v4i8.1124.

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Pendekatan Metode Sediment Delivery Ratio adalah salah satu metode untuk dapat menentukan tingkat kekritisan Sub DAS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besaran erosi yang terjadi, Sebaran tingkat kekritisan dan hubungan kadar muatan sedimen dengan kebutuhan perikanan di beberapa Sub DAS Kalimantan Selatan.Hasil analisis kualitas air terhadap total padatan tersuspensi (TSS) menunjukkan bahwa laju sedimentasi (pengendapan) tertinggi terletak pada daerah Sub DAS Sungai Kusan dengan kisaran sekitar 2918,22 ton/hari dan terendah terletak pada daerah Sub DAS Pelaihari dengan kisaran sekitar 0,64 ton/hari. Dengan demikian kandungan TSS yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepentingan perikanan terdapat pada Sub DAS Pelaihari dengan nilai TSS sebesar 16 mg/l.Sediment Delivery Ratio Method approach is one method to determine the degree of criticality subzone. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of erosion that occurs, the critical level of distribution and relationship levels of sediment load to the needs of fisheries in some subzone South Kalimantan.The results of water quality analysis of total suspended solids (TSS) showed that the rate of sedimentation (precipitation) is the highest in Sub-watershed area Kusan with a range of about 2918.22 tons / day and the lowest is subject subzone Pelaihari with a range of about 0.64 tons /day. Thus the content of TSS that do not affect the interests of fisheries are at subzone Pelaihari with TSS value of 16 mg/l.

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Ayalon, Liat, and Ella Cohn-Schwartz. "The reciprocal temporal associations between subjective age and social relations in adult day care centers over a one-year period." International Journal of Behavioral Development 45, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420935620.

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Objectives: The present study evaluated the reciprocal temporal associations between one’s subjective age (or felt age) and one’s social relations in the adult day care center (ADCC) over two waves of data collection, spread about 1 year apart. Method: Participants from four ADCCs in Israel were approached in 2017 and repeatedly, in 2018 ( N = 224 in Wave 1 and N = 259 in Wave 2). The ADCC social network included both outgoing ties of familiar relationships with other ADCC members as reported by the respondent (out-degree centrality) and ingoing ties, based on reports of other ADCC members who were familiar with the respondent (in-degree centrality). Results: Out-degree and in-degree centrality at baseline were not associated with change in subjective age. Subjective age at the first time point was not associated with change in out-degree centrality, but it was negatively associated with change in in-degree centrality. Even after controlling for sociodemographic and health variables, adults who felt younger were subsequently cited by more ADCC members. Conclusions: The findings stress the importance of subjective age to one’s relationship in the ADCC. It is suggested that a younger subjective age is a desired quality in the ADCC.

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Krafsur, E. S., R. D. Moon, and T. J. Lysyk. "ADULT AGE AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN STABLE FLY POPULATIONS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 2 (April 1994): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126239-2.

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AbstractThe pterin age-grading method was applied to natural populations of stable flies sampled for 3 years from diverse locations in Minnesota and Iowa. Significant differences were detected among years in mean degree-day ages per fly. Fly ages, in degree-day units, were exponentially distributed. A two-parameter Weibull distribution closely fit the fly survival distributions. Mean expectations of life did not differ significantly between males and females and were estimated to be 86.6 degree-days above a 6.5 °C threshold. Conventional age-grading techniques based on ovarian morphology applied to Iowa females showed that large fractions of the populations experienced delays in vitellogenesis. The reproductive rate, in terms of lifetime ovipositions, was less than the maximum sustainable rate suggested by ambient temperatures.

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Wada, Rika, Toshihiro Tachibana, Yoshiyasu Takefuji, and Shigeo Takizawa. "Day Care Rehabilitation Enforcement Adopting the Takizawa Method and Yearly Care Degree Changes as an Effect Judging ." BIOPHILIA 2014, no. 2 (2014): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14813/ibra.2014.60.

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Hoyt, R. W., T. E. Jones, T. P. Stein, G. W. McAninch, H. R. Lieberman, E. W. Askew, and A. Cymerman. "Doubly labeled water measurement of human energy expenditure during strenuous exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.16.

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The energy expenditures (EE) of 23 adult male Marines were measured during a strenuous 11-day cold-weather field exercise at 2,200- to 2,550-m elevation by both doubly labeled water (2H2 18O, DLW) and intake balance methods. The DLW EE calculations were corrected for changes in baseline isotopic abundances in a control group that did not receive 2H2 18O. Intake balance EE was estimated from the change in body energy stores and food intake. Body energy-store changes were calculated from anthropometric [-1,574 +/- 144 (SE) kcal/day] and isotope dilution (-1,872 +/- 293 kcal/day) measurements made before and after the field exercise. The subjects kept daily logbook records of ration consumption (3,132 +/- 165 kcal/day). Mean DLW EE (4,919 +/- 190 kcal/day) did not differ significantly from intake balance EE estimated from food intake and either anthropometric (4,705 +/- 181 kcal/day) or isotope dilution (5,004 +/- 240 kcal/day) estimates of the change in body energy stores. The DLW method can be used with at least the same degree of confidence as the intake balance method to measure the EE of active free-living humans.

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Li, Zheng, Peng Guo, Zhe Wang, Liang Zhao, and Qunjing Wang. "Design and Analysis of Electromagnetic-Piezoelectric Hybrid Driven Three-Degree-of-Freedom Motor." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061621.

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Multi-DOF movement actuators are widely used in industry, mainly in the fields of bionics and precision machining. With the non-stop improvement of modern-day industry, the requirements for the precision, integration and flexibility of multi-degree-of-freedom motion actuators in the industrial field have progressively increased. This paper presents a novel electromagnetic–piezoelectric hybrid driven three-degree-of-freedom motor. The driving method of the hybrid drive motor can be divided into electromagnetic driving and piezoelectric driving. The motor structure and working principle are analyzed. The structural parameters are obtained by modal analysis of the stators and rotor. The rationality of the stator structure is proved by using the transient analysis of the piezoelectric stators. The magnetic field characteristics of the motor are analyzed by both analytical method and the finite element method. The contact pressure and displacement between the piezoelectric stator and the rotor are analyzed by the analytical method. A motor drive model is established, which provides the basis for motor optimization design and control. Finally, a motor prototype and its test platform were built, and the experimental results are presented to verify the rationality of the motor design.

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Pawar, Archana. "A Study on Impact of Covid -19 Pandemic on Online Payment With Reference to Degree College Students in Palghar District." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 13, SUP 1 (June 30, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v13is1.19.

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Almost from 21st March 2020 to December 2020 whole world faced a major issue of COVID-19 pandemic. In these situation lots of people lost their jobs, they left their cities due to unavailability of basic necessities. There was lockdown everywhere for nearby 6 months. Some good things happened lots of bad things happened. People started online payment method because they were not able to give cash. I started research on this, after looking problems faced by degree college students for making payment because all colleges have adopted the method of online payment system as well as there was immediate need for cashless day to day life transactions which included groceries, green groceries, transportation, bill payments. There are some positive aspects of online system and some faced issues while making payment.

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Dieswinta Hardika Aris, Rahayu Kusdarwati, Gunanti Mahasri,. "Derajat Infestasi Dan Intensitas Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Pada Ikan Koi (Cyprinus carpio) Dengan Metode Kohabitasi [Degrees Infestation And Intensity Ichthyophthirius multifiliis On Koi (Cyprinus carpio) With Cohabitation Method]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v4i1.11577.

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Abstract Marine and fisheries sector is one of the mainstay in the development of fisheries resources in Indonesia. Based on the fishery habitat fishery is divided into sea water, brackish water and freshwater. One result of freshwater fisheries potential that koi (C. carpio). Many of the obstacles that often harm the koi fish farming in producing a quality product. One of the obstacles which have a negative impact is a disease of fish. One type of disease most often a constraint due to the temperature of water in the koi fish is Ichthyophthiriasis. Parasiter disease in fish is caused by ectoparasites attack I. multifiliis. Artificial mode of transmission can be done to transmit I. multifiliis is by cohabitation which is an effort to pass the sick fish to healthy fish in a spot of maintenance. The existence of infestation I. multifiliis of fish will show clinical symptoms, degree of infestation and different intensity. This study aims to determine the degree of infestation and intensity I.multifiliis in fish koi (C. carpio) by the cohabitation method. The research method used was experiments method in the field carried out for cohabitation. Experimental method is a way to find a causal relationship (clause relations) between the two factors are intentionally inflicted by the researchers to eliminate or reduce and set aside other factors that could interfere (Arikunto, 2002). The results of this study indicate that the degree of infestation I.multifiliis on koi (C. carpio) during cohabitation indicate a mild degree of infestation, the degree of infestation and degree of infestation is heavy because the fish have different chances of infestation. Intensity I. multifiliis from day to day during the study experienced an increase ranging from 5,3 to 8,5 fish parasites every fish parasites.

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Hakl, Josef, Jaromír Šantrůček, Pavel Fuksa, and Josef Kalista. "Effect of cumulative growing degree day on accumulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root reserve saccharides." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 2 (2008): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856020081.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between growing degree day method and accumulation of root reserve saccharides before over wintering by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the condition of Czech Republic. In 2002–2004, the field experiment was conducted at the Research station of the Czech University of Life Sciences in central Bohemia. The interval between summer and last autumn harvest was 40–50 days or 60–70 days, respectively. These intervals were expressed as cumulative growing degree-days (GDD) for each year. The plants were sampled in each autumn with four replicates for each variant; the average depth of sampling was 150 mm. The weight of roots, amount of starch, and water soluble saccharides (WSC) per m2 was determined. The total accumulation of root reserve saccharides was determined mainly by conditions during all vegetation period. The length of the interval or cumulative GDD influenced only variation of this basic amount. The GDD was corresponded better with starch content whilst WSC was more related to length of the interval. In central Bohemia condition, the GDD 600–700 °C was preliminary determined for maximal accumulation of root reserve saccharides. The GDD above this level did not significantly increase the root reserve accumulation. For exact verify of this model, other experiments in more sites are needed.

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Hazini, Kamran, Reza Dehghan, and Janaka Ruwanpura. "An evolutionary optimization method to determine optimum degree of activity accelerating and overlapping in schedule compression." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 4 (April 2014): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0194.

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Compressing project schedule using activity accelerating and overlapping requires that an intensive time–cost trade-off analysis be carried out, to determine costs and benefits for each day of compression. However, the cost elements and implications of compression techniques differ significantly, since activity accelerating imposes extra direct cost whereas activity overlapping adds a risk of changes and rework. Such a trade-off becomes even more complicated in capital projects comprised of a large number of schedule activities and relationships. The variety of combinations of accelerating and overlapping of different activities in these complex networks can offer numerous possibilities for compression with various costs and potential risks. The lack of a reliable analytical tool for performing a precise cost-benefit analysis causes this critical task to be performed in a subjective manner during the planning stage of projects. The purpose of this paper is to present an advanced method using a multi-objective evolutionary optimization tool seeking the optimum degree of accelerating and overlapping during the schedule compression process. This optimization technique would be beneficial in maximizing project benefits while meeting the intended target dates.

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Simaityte, Jurgita, Daniele Bocchiola, Juozas Augutis, and Renzo Rosso. "Use of a snowmelt model for weekly flood forecast for a major reservoir in Lithuania." Annals of Glaciology 49 (2008): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814988.

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AbstractA snowmelt model is used for the weekly forecast of daily discharges in the Kaunas reservoir, Lithuania. The results are used to feed a risk-based decision-making model developed by the first author for dam operation during floods. Physically based calibration of a degree-day model is carried out and coupled with flow routing using Nash’s instantaneous unit hydrograph theory. Temperature forecast is used as the driving variable. Due to the relative smoothness of snowmelt over time and the considerable basin size, the model provides acceptable results. Kalman filtering is then used to merge the estimates from the snowmelt model with those from an Arima flow model, resulting in better forecasting than that using each method alone. Uncertainty analysis of the snowmelt-model results is then carried out, showing considerable influence of the main parameter degree-day and of soil moisture conditions. Therefore these must be accurately estimated for forecasting purposes during flood events.

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Yapiter, Charles, I. Nyoman Ehrich Lister, and Edy Fachrial. "Comparison of Antibacterial Effectiveness and Length of Healing Between Honey and MEBO in Degree-II Burns at the White Rat (Rattus norvegicus)." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130115.

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Healing Second degree burns can be affected by the presence of bacteria. This research reveals the role of honey and MEBO in removing bacterial effects on healing. Pure experimental research method with a completely randomized design (CRD). There were 4 treatments, which were positive, negative, honey and MEBO treatment, each of which was given to rats with second degree burns. Wound healing and other parameters were observed on 7 th, 14th and 21st days. The result was that the administration of honey as an antibacterial drug was very effective and gave healing on the 21st day to white rats. Giving MEBO as an antibacterial drug is very effective and provides healing on the 21st day to white rats. Giving honey is more effective than MEBO as an antibacterial drug and healing burns on 21st day against white rats.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Degree Day Method'

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