Journal articles: 'Degree of saturation'

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El Mir, Abdulkader, Gáspár Balczó, and Salem Georges Nehme. "Effect of saturation degree of recycled aggregates on concrete properties." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 67, no. 2 (2015): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.9.

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Kazemiroodsari, Hadi, Mishac K. Yegian, Akram N. Alshawabkeh, and Seda Gokyer. "Electric Conductivity Probes to Study Change in Degree of Saturation - Bench Top Laboratory Tests." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503016.

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Sand characteristics such as liquefaction susceptibility can be affected as a result of change in degree of saturation of sand. New liquefaction mitigation technique by inducing partial saturation in sands is introduced by Yegian et al in 2007[1]. This technique requires to monitor changes in degree of saturation of sand. By nature, changes in degree of saturation of sand can lead in changes in its electric conductivity. Electric conductivity is the property of a material that represents its ability to conduct electric current. Fully saturated sand can conduct electric current better than sand with lower degree of saturation. Therefore, the change in measured electric conductivity can be used to calculate the change in degree of saturation of sand. In 1942, Gus Archie [2] expressed that the electric conductivity of soil is a function of its porosity, degree of saturation, tortuosity and electric conductivity of pore fluid. Using Archie’s law electrical conductivity can be related to the degree of saturation in sands. Typically, electric conductivity probes and meters are instruments which are used to measure electric conductivity. Using electrical conductivity probes, sets of bench top tests were conducted on Ottawa sand to study the relation between degree of saturation and electric conductivity in sand. Partial saturation in sands were created by pouring dry sand into sodium percarbonate solution with a known initial concentration. By nature, sodium percarbonate in water, generates oxygen gas bubbles in time. The changes in electric conductivity in the specimen were measured using electric conductivity meters and probes. In addition, changes in degree of saturation of the specimen were measured using soil phase relations equations. Measured electric conductivity data and calculated degree of saturations were correlated to explore relation between electric conductivity and degree of saturation. This paper presents results of bench top tests, and suggests a relationship between, final degree of saturation of sand and initial concentration of sodium percarbonate solution

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Song, Xin Jiang, and Wei Wang. "Experiment Study on Shearing Property of Soil-Concrete Interface with Improved Simple Shear Apparatus." Key Engineering Materials 439-440 (June 2010): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.439-440.59.

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Soil saturation degree plays an important role in mechanic behavior of soil-concrete interface. Laboratory experiments are conducted on soil-concrete interfaces by using improved simple shear apparatus, where three soil saturation degrees and five normal stresses are taken into accounted, respectively. The experiment data show that failure of the interface still satisfies the Mohr-Coulomb criterion under fixed soil saturation degree. With higher soil saturation degree, both shear strength and friction angle of the interface decrease monotonously, but cohesion force of the interface first increases and then decreases after reaching a peak value. When soil saturation degree increases, failure position of the interface moves from concrete surface to soil inner part.

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Parera, Ferran, Núria Pinyol, and Eduardo Alonso. "Image-based measurements of degree of saturation." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503010.

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A method based on SWIR images is proposed for measuring the degree of saturation in soils. This method is especially suitable for use in experiments conducted in the facilities of a common geotechnical laboratory. The method uses images on the short-wave infrared (SWIR) (wavelength: 1400– 1550 nm), which is highly absorbed by water compared with the other bands of the light spectrum (visible and near-infrared). The paper presents the basis of the method and the procedure to measure the degree of saturation in a massive and non-invasive way. A relation curve to transform the pixel intensity values to the degree of saturation is provided for samples of a beach sand. The non-linearity of this curve is discussed and related to the optical path length.

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Li, Jinpeng, Hong Xu, Lichuan Chen, Boyi Li, Dan Liang, Shicong Ren, Shilei Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Effect of Saturation Degree on Mechanical Behaviors of Shallow Unsaturated Expansive Soils." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 14617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114617.

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In the southwest of China, there are widely distributed expansive soils. However, to save costs and manage the speed of construction, these shallow expansive soils are often filled with subgrade materials. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly understand the mechanical behaviors of unmodified shallow expansive soils. Current research on the mechanical behaviors of shallow expansive soils is mainly focused on shear and compressive strengths but rarely on the tensile strength since general tests are costly, time consuming, and difficult to conduct. Therefore, uniaxial tensile, unconfined compression and direct shear tests were carried out to study the mechanical behavior of shallow unsaturated expansive soils under different saturation degrees, and the tests analyzed the change mechanism of its mechanical behavior. The following were found: (1) with an increase in saturation degree, the uniaxial tensile strength, unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, cohesive force, and internal friction angle first increased and then decreased; (2) when the saturation degree increased from 18.7% to the saturation degree corresponding to the peak, the uniaxial tensile strength, unconfined compressive strength, cohesive force, and internal friction angle increased by about 11 times, 3.24 times, 2.34 times, and 0.52 times, respectively; (3) when the saturation degree increased from the saturation degree corresponding to the peak to 80.3%, they decreases by about 42%, 51.4%, 36%, and 50%, respectively; (4) with the increase in dry density, the saturation degree corresponding to the peak of uniaxial tensile strength gradually increased, while the saturation degree corresponding to the peak of unconfined compressive and shear strength did not significantly change.

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Pollock, David D., and John C. Larkin. "Estimating the Degree of Saturation in Mutant Screens." Genetics 168, no. 1 (September 2004): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.103.024430.

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Johnson, G. B. "Degree of corona saturation for HVDC transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 2 (April 1990): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.53072.

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Serianni, Richard, Jed Barash, Timothy Bentley, Pushpa Sharma, John L. Fontana, Darin Via, Jochen Duhm, Rolf Bunger, and Paul D. Mongan. "Porcine-specific hemoglobin saturation measurements." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00710.2002.

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The determination of O2consumption by using arteriovenous O2content differences is dependent on accurate oxyhemoglobin saturation measurements. Because swine are a common experimental species, we describe the validation of CO-oximeter for porcine-specific oxyhemoglobin saturation. After developing a nonlinear mathematical model of the porcine oxyhemoglobin saturation curve, we made 366 porcine oxyhemoglobin saturation determinations with a calibrated blood-gas analyzer and a porcine-specific CO-oximeter. There was a high degree of correlation with minimal variability ( r2= 0.99, SE of the estimate = 5.2%) between the mathematical model and the porcine-specific CO-oximeter measurements. Bland-Altman comparison showed that the CO-oximeter measurements were biased slightly lower (−0.4 vol%), and the limits of agreement (±2 SD) were 0.7 and −1.5 vol%. This is in contrast to a 10–20 vol% error if human-specific methods were used. The results show excellent agreement between the nonlinear model and CO-oximeter for porcine-specific oxyhemoglobin saturation measurements. In contrast, comparison of the porcine-specific oxyhemoglobin saturations with saturations obtained by using human methods highlights the necessity of species-specific measurement methodology.

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Le, Van Tuan, Yong Lai Zheng, and Shu Xin Deng. "Testing for the Influence of the Degree of Water Saturation of Concrete upon Chloride Diffusivity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2639.

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In order to estimate the impact of the degree of water saturation of concrete to chloride ion diffusion coefficient, the experimental setup allows to measure chloride diffusion coefficient through nonsaturated concrete specimens with controlled degree of water saturated. The different degrees of water saturation of concrete specimens were obtained, by using saturated solutions of NaCl and KCl controlling the relative humidity, then applied Rapid Cloride Permeability Test method to measure the cloride diffusion coefficient. The test results show that chloride diffusion coefficient depends strongly on the degree of water saturation of concrete. Beside, this relationship shows the non-linear relationship, in which, chloride diffusion coefficient reachs the maximum value in fully saturated concrete specimens.

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Lim, P. C., S. L. Barbour, and D. G. Fredlund. "The influence of degree of saturation on the coefficient of aqueous diffusion." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-045.

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The role of degree of saturation on the coefficient of diffusion of contaminants in the aqueous phase is presented and theoretical models for predicting the coefficient of diffusion at any degree of saturation are described. Three predictive models were developed based on three different diffusion modes: diffusion in parallel and series arrangements and combination of both. Diffusion tests were conducted on a sand at various water contents ranging from saturation to the residual degree of saturation using potassium and chloride ions as tracers to verify the applicability of the models. Results from the diffusion tests showed a decrease in effective diffusion coefficient of potassium with a decrease in degree of saturation. The functional relationship between the normalized diffusion coefficient for potassium and the degree of saturation is slightly nonlinear. The results for chloride also showed a decreasing trend, although the data were quite scattered and further verification is needed. Model verification based on the results for potassium showed that among the three models proposed, the model which combines the diffusion pathways in parallel and series arrangements provides the best fit to the experimental data.Key words: unsaturated, contaminant transport, aqueous diffusion, degree of saturation.

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Yang, Wen Cui, Yong Ge, Bao Sheng Zhang, and Jie Yuan. "Effect of Saturation Degree on Concrete Deterioration due to Freeze-Thaw Action." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.404.

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Freezing-thawing durability of cement concrete is extremely important in cold weather, to better understand mechanism of frost damage and air-entraining，saturation degree of pores in concrete and its relation with frost resistance were studied in this paper. Concrete specimens with different saturation degree from 0 to 100% were prepared used a sealed tin with a high water pressure pump. Then these specimens were subjected to six freezing-thawing cycles and the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity was examined. The results showed that critical saturation degree of concrete with water- binder ratio of 0.30 and 0.47, air content of 1%, 4% and 6% were from 0.60 to 0.80. When its saturation degree exceeded the critical value, concrete was deteriorated significantly after only six freeze-thaw cycles. The critical saturation degree was mainly related to the air content of concrete mixture, and it decreased with the increasing of air content. The difference between the saturation degree and the critical value can be used to evaluate potential frost resistance of concrete, and its result was consistent with the result of frost tests very well.

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Wang, Dong Lin. "Experimental Study on Relationship between Saturation Degree and Void Ratio of Remolded Soils on Drying Path." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1045.

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By using of shrinkage curve, the empirical relationship between the degree of saturation and the void ratio on drying path was established for four types of soils including sand, silt, clay and soft clay. It was indicated that during the process of drying, the soil samples continuously shrunk with the decrease of saturation degree. For test samples of sand and silt, the curve of saturation degree and void ratio is flat; For test samples of clay and silt clay, however, the shrinkage of the soil samples was almost fulfilled when the degree of the saturation of soil samples decreased to 90% and the void ratio of the soil samples almost kept unchanged while the degree saturation of soil was reduced to 70%.

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Choi. "Assessing Distribution of Degree of Saturation for Track Transition Zone Using Soil Water Characteristic Curve." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 35, no. 2 (2015): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2015.35.2.0515.

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Grozic, J. L., P. K. Robertson, and N. R. Morgenstern. "The behavior of loose gassy sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 3 (October 25, 1999): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-007.

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Methane gas, found in loose deltaic deposits, can contribute to the triggering of flow liquefaction of submarine slopes. The behavior of loose gassy sand is studied in the laboratory using monotonic consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests. Samples consisted of reconstituted Ottawa sand prepared to degrees of saturation ranging from 80 to 100%. Gas contents were determined using a time domain reflectometry miniprobe with a series of calibrations relating apparent dielectric constant to degree of saturation. The results indicate that loose gassy sands can strain soften and experience flow liquefaction. If the degree of saturation is lower than the "cut-off" value, for a specific void ratio, flow liquefaction will not occur.Key words: triaxial testing, liquefaction, Ottawa sand, gassy, unsaturated.

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Du, Bing-rui, Da-wei Bai, Peng-hui Zhang, Peng Guo, and Qiang Zhang. "Physical Experiment Research on Dielectric Properties of Hydrate-bearing Sediment in Sandstone Reservoir." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 03046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911803046.

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Dielectric constants can be used to detect hydrates in permafrost regions. Therefore, this study investigated the relationships between the dielectric constant characteristics of sandstone reservoir hydrate and the hydrate saturation degree through physical simulation experiments, as well as the granularity of the surrounding rock. Methane and tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrates with quartz sands were prepared, and their dielectric constants were analyzed. With different granularities of quartz sands, the dielectric constants of two different methane hydrate sediments decreased with increasing saturation degrees. At a given saturation degree, the dielectric constant of methane hydrate sediments with small granularity was larger than that with medium granularity, a result attributed to the unreacted water in the larger pores of the latter. In addition, the dielectric constant of methane hydrate sediments was larger than that of THF hydrates, which was also attributed to gas-phase factors and the presence of unreacted water. At a given granularity and saturation, the dielectric constants of both the THF and methane hydrates decreased with increasing saturation degrees. We conclude that at low temperature and under normal pressure, THF hydrates cannot be used as a substitute for methane hydrates in laboratory experiments investigating geophysical phenomena.

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de Campos, Murilo, João Arthur Antonangelo, Sjoerd E. A. T. M. van der Zee, and Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni. "Degree of phosphate saturation in highly weathered tropical soils." Agricultural Water Management 206 (July 2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.001.

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Walker, Joshua, Johanna Primmer, Bruce E. Searles, and Edward M. Darling. "The potential of accurate SVO2 monitoring during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an in vitro model using ultrasound dilution." Perfusion 22, no. 4 (July 2007): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659107083656.

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Introduction. Some degree of recirculation occurs during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) which, (1) reduces oxygen (O2) delivery, and (2) renders venous line oxygen saturation monitoring unreliable as an index of perfusion adequacy. Ultrasound dilution allows clinicians to rapidly monitor and quantify the percent of recirculation that is occurring during VV ECMO. The purpose of this paper is to test whether accurate patient mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) can be calculated once recirculation is determined. It is hypothesized that it is possible to derive patient mixed venous saturations by integrating recirculation data with the ECMO circuit arterial and venous line oxygen saturation data. Methods. A test system containing sheep blood adjusted to three venous saturations (low-30%, med-60%, high-80%) was interfaced via a mixing chamber with a standard VV ECMO circuit. Recirculation, arterial line and venous line oxygen saturations were measured and entered into a derived equation to calculate the mixed venous saturation. The resulting value was compared to the actual mixed venous saturation. Results. Recirculation was held constant at 30.5 ± 2.0% for all tests. A linear regression comparison of “actual” versus “calculated” mixed venous saturations produced a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.88. Direct comparison of actual versus calculated saturations for all three test groups respectively are as follows; Low: 31.8 ± 3.95% vs. 37.0 ± 6.7% (NS), Med: 61.7 ± 1.5% vs. 72.3 ± 1.8% (p < 0.05), High: 84.4 ± 0.9% vs. 91.2 ± 1.1% (p < 0.05). Discussion. There was a strong correlation between actual and calculated mixed venous saturations; however, significant differences between actual and calculated values where observed at the Med and High groups. While this data suggests that using quantified recirculation data to calculate SVO2 is promising, it appears that a straightforward derivative of the oxygen saturation-based equation may not be sufficient to produce clinically accurate calculations of actual mixed venous saturations. Perfusion (2007) 22, 239—244.

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Hakro, Muhammad Rehan, Aneel Kumar, Mujahid Ali, Agha Faisal Habib, Afonso R. G. de Azevedo, Roman Fediuk, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, Abdelatif Salmi, and Youssef Ahmed Awad. "Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundations with Varying Loading and Soil Conditions." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050693.

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The load–deformation relationship under the footing is essential for foundation design. Shallow foundations are subjected to changes in hydrological conditions such as rainfall and drought, affecting their saturation level and conditions. The actual load–settlement response for design and reconstructions is determined experimentally, numerically, or utilizing both approaches. Ssettlement computation is performed through large-scale physical modeling or extensive laboratory testing. It is expensive, labor intensive, and time consuming. This study is carried out to determine the effect of different saturation degrees and loading conditions on settlement shallow foundations using numerical modeling in Plaxis 2D, Bentley Systems, Exton, Pennsylvania, US. Plastic was used for dry soil calculation, while fully coupled flow deformation was used for partially saturated soil. Pore pressure and deformation changes were computed in fully coupled deformation. The Mohr–Columb model was used in the simulation, and model parameters were calculated from experimental results. The study results show that the degree of saturation is more critical to soil settlement than loading conditions. When a 200 KPa load was applied at the center of the footing, settlement was recored as 28.81 mm, which was less than 42.96 mm in the case of the full-depth shale layer; therefore, settlement was reduced by 30% in the underlying limestone rock layer. Regarding settlement under various degrees of saturation (DOS), settlment is increased by an increased degree of saturation, which increases pore pressure and decreases the shear strength of the soil. Settlement was observed as 0.69 mm at 0% saturation, 1.93 mm at 40% saturation, 2.21 mm at 50% saturation, 2.77 mm at 70% saturation, and 2.84 mm at 90% saturation of soil.

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KOCIĆ, Anica, Nikola ČELAR, Stamenka STANKOVIĆ, and Jelena KAJALIĆ. "Simulation Modelling of Permitted Left-Turn Saturation Flow Rate Based on Opposing Through-Flow Degree of Saturation." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v34i3.3890.

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This paper presents the modelling of the saturation flow rate of the permitted left-turn in an exclusive lane. In the proposed model, the total permitted left-turn saturation flow rate is determined as a sum of saturation flow rates during the effective green time and the intergreen period. Primarily, the permitted left-turn saturation flow rate during the effective green time is modelled based on the opposing through-flow degree of saturation and the number of opposing through-flow lanes. The relation between the permitted left-turn saturation flow during the effective green time and these variables was examined using data from the simulation experiments in VISSIM. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the permitted left-turn saturation flow modelling based on the opposing through-flow degree of saturation instead of the opposing through-flow rate and signal-timing parameters. The proposed model was validated based on data collected at seven intersections with a permitted left-turn served in an exclusive lane. The permitted left-turn saturation flow rate could be accurately determined based on the opposing through-flow degree of saturation and the number of opposing lanes according to the RMSE of 58.4 pcu/h.

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Wu, Wei, and Suhada Jayasuriya. "Design of Feedback Systems With Plant Input Rate Saturation via QFT Approach." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 3 (August 17, 2005): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2232693.

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In this paper, a synthesis approach for input rate saturation compensation of feedback systems is presented. Uncertain, stable plants of type greater than or equal to 1 are considered. Based on Horowitz’s original design for input amplitude saturation (Horowitz, I., 1983) and extensions developed in (Wu, W., and Jayasuriya, S., 1999; Wu, W., and Jayasuriya, S., 2001; Wu, W., 2000) an independent loop around the rate saturating element is introduced for saturation compensation by means of the third DOF (degree of freedom) saturation compensator, H(s). First, the structure of the additional loop transmission is constructed to generate the desired response behavior on a systems recovery from saturation. Second, robust stability and robust performance under the addition of H(s) are investigated. The circle criterion, describing function, and nonovershooting conditions are utilized to generate design constraints. In the end, all design constraints involving saturation compensation are expressed as frequency domain bounds, and the synthesis of saturation compensator H(s) follows from loop shaping methods such as QFT. The proposed approach guarantees input/output stability under saturation for the plant class considered.

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Ranaweera, Neranjan, Yota Togashi, Masahiko Osada, and Ryo Kawanoue. "Numerical approach to evaluate the influence of water saturation on the strength of Neogene Tuff in Utsunomiya city, Japan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012121.

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Abstract Evaluation of the deformation behavior due to drying is crucial in underground construction works. Especially, geological repository for High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) shall be carefully selected to act as a natural barrier to prevent radioactive nuclide leaks. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) is one such governing factors when designing or selecting a suitable location for such underground storage compartments or access tunnels. Since nuclide leakage through geological repositories, intact rocks UCS will vary with the drying conditions. Hence, it is vital to evaluate the behavior of UCS subject to the conditions prescribed. A variety of statistical models has been built to govern the interdependency between UCS and water content. However, there are no significant amount of research have been conducted to emphasize the UCS variation with the degree of saturation under the influence of drying condition. Numerically, Richard’s equation exact solution in Neuman boundary condition has been derived to exploit the degree of saturation with respect to time and position. Experimentally, obtain the UCS variation with the degree of saturation pertaining to the Neogene Tuff in Utsunomiya city, Japan. A best fit statistical model was generated for experimental data between UCS variation and the degree of saturation. Then, the experimental saturation degree was replaced by Richard’s equation exact solution saturation degree values. Surprisingly, produced graphs for experimental data and numerical analysis data for exact solution were perfectly overlapped. Results point out that change of UCS shows similar characteristics, which exponentially decrease, with both experimental saturation values and exact solution saturation values influenced the drying condition. Moreover, it suggests that UCS value can be predicted subject to the time and position in the sedimentary rocks under drying conditions.

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G. G. Ismayilov, G. G. Ismayilov, and Kh N. Babirov Kh. N. Babirov. "INFLUENCE OF THE WATER SATURATION DEGREE ON DEMULSIFICATION OF THE RHEOLOGIC COMPLEX OILS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 11, no. 07 (November 5, 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1107202114.

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Studies of recent years have determined that oil emulsions are also characterized by a degree of water saturation. Since as water saturation increases (water dispersion in oil), the viscosity of oil emulsions increases significantly. The article investigated the rheological properties of various artificially created emulsions based on rheological complex oils at different temperatures. It has been determined that with an increasing of water cut and water saturation, the viscosity of the system will increase. The article also investigated the effect of changing the water content of oil on its demulsification. It has been found that by purposeful enlargement of water saturation it is possible to significantly reduce the demulsifier consumption while maintaining the efficiency of the dehydrating process. Demulsifier Disolvan-4411 was used for demulsification process. Water-oil emulsions with an initial water cut 22%were dosed with various reagent additives and samples were taken for analyzing. Temperature kept identical during all studies. The effectiveness of water-oil emulsions before and after demulsification with the demulsifier was evaluated by the amount of water dropped from stable water-emulsion in graduated bottles (method Bottle Test). Analyzing the stability of oil emulsions depending on water drop, according consumption of demulsifier we found that 2 factors impact effectiveness of demulsification process: the content of aqueous phase and degree of its dispersion. The result of experimental studies show that with an increase in oil water saturation, consumption of demulsifier decreases. Only with increasing water saturation percentage 70% and higher, the water drop rate exceeds 99%, which meets oil treatment requirements Keywords: oil emulsions, water saturation, viscosity, demulsification, demulsifier, flow curves.

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Wei, Jihong, Yan Men, Feng Zhu, Huilin Le, and Haotian Fan. "The reinforcement effects of deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation under dynamic compaction." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 2018): 168781401878263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018782633.

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The dynamic compaction method is effective to reinforce soft soil foundation with a low degree of saturation. However, deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation has some different characteristics. It has been widely considered that dynamic compaction method is unsuitable to improve the characters of deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation. In this article, we will show that the dynamic compaction method with vacuum well-point dewatering is effective to deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation reinforcement. In situ and laboratorial experiments are used to assess the reinforcement effect of the deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation. Our results show that the dynamic compaction method causes long dissipation time of pore water pressure, and the dynamic compaction method with vacuum well-point dewatering makes construction time of a project 25% shorter. The effective depth of deep soft soil foundation with high degree of saturation reinforcement using the two experimental methods can reach to 8.0 m. In comparison with the total settlement and layered settlement of the dynamic compaction method with vacuum well-point dewatering, the dynamic compaction method settlement is relatively smaller. For soils with depth of 4 m, the reinforcement effect of dynamic compaction method with vacuum well-point dewatering is obviously superior to dynamic compaction method. Based on these results, we suggest construction procedures for different reinforcement depth of soils and construction time.

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Caro, Yair, Josef Lauri, and Christina Zarb. "The saturation number for the length of degree monotone paths." Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory 35, no. 3 (2015): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.7151/dmgt.1817.

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Tuziuti, Toru, Kyuichi Yasui, and Kazumi Kato. "Influence of Degree of Gas Saturation on Multibubble Sonoluminescence Intensity." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 115, no. 20 (May 26, 2011): 5089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp201473q.

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Mutiawati, Cut, Lulusi Lulusi, Fitrika Mita Suryani, and Sugiarto Sugiarto. "Feasibility of on-Street Parking Based on Degree of Saturation." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.7.1.5825.

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On-street parking leads to reduced road capacity and decreased traffic performance of the certain road. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of on-street parking based on road performance. The study was conducted at Central Business District namely Peunayong, Banda Aceh. Based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) one of the performance parameter values is Degree of Saturation (DS). The data needed for calculation of DS are the geometric conditions, traffic volume and the side frictions. The results indicate that on-street parking facilities on segment 2 of Khairil Anwar Street should be evaluated, as the DS value is greater than 0.75 (unstable road condition), by changing parking patterns into a parallel configuration or eliminating parking facilities. Furthermore, the parking configuration of R.A. Kartini Street also needs to be rearranged. Despite the stable road performance, this road is uncomfortable to pass because there is only one lane remained due to unfeasible parking patterns and existence of street market along the segment. The road performance of Khairil Anwar Street (segment 1), Ahmad Yani Street, W.R Supratman Street, T.P. Polem Street, Twk. Daudsyah Street and Ratu Safiatuddin Street is in stable condition, with DS < 0.75. This indicating that on-street parking facilities can be maintained. While as for the W.R. Supratman and Ahmad Yani Street should be evaluated in year of 2019 to avoid traffic jam along this corridors.

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Vernay, Mathilde, Mathilde Morvan, and Pierre Breul. "Evaluation of the degree of saturation using Skempton coefficient B." Geomechanics and Geoengineering 15, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2019.1620349.

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Concas, G., G. Spano, C. Cannas, A. Musinu, D. Peddis, and G. Piccaluga. "Inversion degree and saturation magnetization of different nanocrystalline cobalt ferrites." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321, no. 12 (June 2009): 1893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.12.001.

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Wells, Scott A., and Richard I. Dick. "Synchrotron Radiation Measurements of Degree of Saturation in Porous Matrix." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 118, no. 8 (August 1992): 1738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:8(1738).

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Tatsuoka, Fumio, and Antonio G. Correia. "Importance of Controlling the Degree of Saturation in Soil Compaction." Procedia Engineering 143 (2016): 556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.070.

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ROHANI, ROHANI, I. DEWA MADE ALIT KARYAWAN, and JUNIATI HAPSAH. "TINJAUAN KAPASITAS, HAMBATAN SAMPING DAN KINERJA JALAN PADA KAWASAN KOMERSIAL DAN KAWASAN PENDIDIKAN DI KOTA MATARAM." GANEC SWARA 15, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v15i1.190.

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The traffic performance of the commercial and educational areas is influenced by the volume flow and road capacity. One of the impacts on traffic performance is side friction. The purpose of this study was to compare traffic flow, side friction, road capacity and performance in the commercial and educational areas by degree of saturation. Analyze and assess the relationship between side constraints on volume, capacity and degree of saturation. This study uses secondary data from previous studies. Jalan Dr. Wahidin and Jalan Panca Usaha as commercial area roads. Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Bung Karno as educational areas. The results of the analysis show that the roads in the commercial area have side barriers, high volume and degree of saturation and low capacity. The level of Service E. Meanwhile, education area roads have low volume, high capacity and low degree of saturation. The level of service C. From the regression analysis, the side friction has a very significant effect on the volume, capacity and degree of saturation. It can be seen from the value (r) in the range 0.7 <r <0.9 indicating a strong correlation and 0.9 <r <1 indicating a very strong correlation

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Badr, Joanna, Elie Mahfoud, Géraldine Villain, Jean-Paul Balayssac, Sérgio Palma Lopes, Yannick Fargier, and Béatrice Yven. "Temperature Effect on Electrical Resistivity Measurement Using an Embedded Sensor to Estimate Concrete Water Content." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 9420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199420.

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Concrete resistivity measurements strongly depend on the temperature and the water content of the structure. In this paper, a study of the effect of the temperature and saturation degree on electrical resistivity measurement is carried out using an embedded printed circuit board sensor to estimate water content profiles in concrete structures. Resistivity measurements are performed at temperatures between 20 and 60 °C. Experimental results are presented and analyzed in light of well-established empirical models. Calibration curves that link the electrical resistivity to the degree of saturation at a given temperature are discussed. Arrhenius laws that depend on the degree of saturation can be used to fit our data. In the perspective of the instrumentation and monitoring of concrete structure in real conditions, it is important to master the temperature correction laws of resistivity measurement to evaluate the gradients of water saturation degree.

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Chen, Wei Zhong, Fei Li, Guo Jun Wu, Shu Cai Li, and Jian Fu Shao. "Numerical Simulation of Humidity-Stress in Unsaturated Argillite Tunnel." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 1409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.1409.

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An extension of Hoek-Brown criteria to include unsaturated behavior of argillite in porous medium is presented. The model is applied to simulate evolution of saturation degree in argillite and concrete in an experimental tunnel where field investigation of thermo-hydro-mechanical response of argillite and concrete will be done. Based on the laboratory experimental data, two different flow rules of water relative permeability and water saturation degree were suggested. The general evolution rules of saturation degree in argillite and concrete with time considering the effects ventilation are obtained.

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Kutter, Bruce L. "Effects of capillary number, Bond number, and gas solubility on water saturation of sand specimens." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 2 (February 2013): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0250.

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To better understand how to prepare completely water-saturated specimens or centrifuge models from dry sand, the mechanisms of the infiltration and filling of pores in sand are studied. Complete saturation has been shown by others to be especially important in studies involving the triggering of liquefaction. This paper discusses how the degree of saturation obtained during infiltration increases with the “Bond number”, Bo (ratio of body forces and capillary forces), and the “capillary number”, Ca (ratio of viscous forces and capillary forces), as well as the solubility of gas bubbles in the pore fluid. Bo is varied by changing the particle size, fluid density, and centrifugal acceleration. Ca is varied by changing the fluid viscosity and infiltration rate. The dissolution of gas is encouraged by replacing pore air by CO2 (56 times more soluble in water than N2), by de-airing the liquid prior to infiltration or by increasing the pore fluid pressure after infiltration. Infiltration experiments performed at 1g and in a centrifuge are presented. A new technique for measuring the degree of saturation is also presented. Quantitative pressure–saturation relations are presented for different gasses, illustrating the importance of replacement of air by CO2. Spinning a specimen in a centrifuge during infiltration is also useful for speeding up the saturation process and for achieving higher degrees of saturation.

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35

Patterson, D. C. "The effect of dietary concentration of added fat on the performance of growing pigs at equal energy intake." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018638.

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Evidence has been found in growing broiler chickens that the presence of added fat in the diet can enhance the energy utilisation of the non-lipid portion of the diet due to an interaction between fat and the carbohydrate component of the diet (Mateos & Sell, 1980; 1981). Also, while it is known that a negative correlation exists between the degree of saturation of the fat and its digestibility in monogastric animals (Freeman, 1983), few studies have examined a range of degrees of saturation with growing pigs. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of both the concentration of added fat and the degree of saturation of the fat in the diet on the performance of growing pigs. The fats used in the study were beef tallow and soya oil and are regarded as relatively saturated and unsaturated fats respectively and the assumed digestible energy (DE). values for these fats were 32.1 and 36.0 HJ/kg respectively.

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Xie, Hong Yong, Chang Wen Ma, Zhi Guo Sun, and Gui Lan Gao. "Saturation Concentration of Gas Pollutants in Photocatalysis." Advanced Materials Research 924 (April 2014): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.924.306.

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Saturation behavior in photocatalysis is investigated for volatile organic carbons (VOCs) and ammonia by using a tubular photoreactor and TiO2nanoparticles, synthesized by a flame chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Degradation degree versus initial concentration shows that saturation behavior occurs at different initial concentrations for different gas pollutants. The saturation concentration is obtained by taking as the intersection of the level off part and the tangential line to the rapid change part from the curve of degradation degree versus initial concentration. The saturation concentration for benzene is as low as 0.063 mg/m3, and is up to 720mg/m3for formaldehyde for TiO2nanoparticles synthesized by a flame CVD process.

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Powlesa, J., J. Wiseman, D. J. A. Cole, and B. Hardy. "Effect of Free Fatty Acid Content on the Digestible Energy Value of Soyabean Oil and Tallow Fed to Growing / Finishing Pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600024557.

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In addition to the degree of saturation, the second major chemical variable that influences the dietary energy value of fats is the free fatty acid (FFA) content. Whilst it is appreciated that the digestible energy (DE) value of a hydrolysed fat (i.e. with a high FFA content) is lower than that of the same fat prior to hydrolysis, quantifying the response remains to be studied. Previous attempts to evaluate the effect of increasing FFA content have often been confounded with variability in degree of saturation. Accordingly it was the objective of the current study to examine the DE value of fats of varying FFA content but of constant degree of saturation.

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Świdziński, Waldemar, Jacek Mierczyński, and Agata Mikos. "Response of Partially Saturated Non-cohesive Soils." Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics 64, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2017): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/heem-2017-0012.

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AbstractThis paper analyses and discusses experimental results of undrained triaxial tests. The tests were performed on non-cohesive partially saturated soil samples subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. The tests were aimed at determining the influence of saturation degree on soil’s undrained response (shear strength, excess pore pressure generation). The saturation of samples was monitored by checking Skempton’s parameter B. Additionally, seismic P-wave velocity measurements were carried out on samples characterized by various degrees of saturation. The tests clearly showed that liquefaction may also take place in non-cohesive soils that are not fully saturated and that the liquefaction potential of such soils strongly depends on the B parameter.

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Mehiaoui Hadjebar, Mahdia Yasmina, Mohamed Hadid, and Mounir Berrah. "Influence of Saturation Degree on Deamplification of P₁ Wave through Multilayered Porous Media." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1570.

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The deamplification model developed by Zendagui et al. has been adapted in this study for the case of P1 wave propagation in porous media in order to investigate the effect of saturation degree on motion coherency at depth. The input wave amplitude distribution function is generated compatibly with the suitable free field coherency model and the top wave amplitudes are evaluated using the transfer matrix method following the Biot’s theory. The results show that even if the saturation degree decreases slightly below the complete saturation, it influences the coherencies of horizontal and vertical motion due to P1 wave incidences. Elsewhere, the generation process shows that in this case, the wave front content, necessary to produce a coherency identical to the Luco and Wong model at the free field, is more focus with less intensity than required in the case of a complete saturation.

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40

Liu, Min, Cheng Gang Zhao, and Yan Liu. "Modified SFG Model for Unsaturated Soils." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 2627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2627.

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SFG model has some advantages that it is more flexible in modeling different types of unsaturated soils than most other models in the literature. However, there are some shortages in SFG model. Firstly, it did not take account the influence of degree of saturation on the deformation of soil. Additionally, the SWCC that was adopted in the SFG model is relatively simple and cannot reflect the relationship between the current void ratio and the degree of saturation. This paper firstly presents the modified model based on the SFG model. The modified model adds the degree of saturation into the volumetric model for unsaturated soils. In addition, it adopts a SWCC that can reflect the influence of current void ratio. The new yield surfaces are proposed. These new yield surfaces are not only the function of suction and mean net stress, but also the function of the current degree of saturation and void ratio of soil. The modified SFG model can model more types of the behaviors of unsaturated soils and is more reasonable than SFG model.

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Liu, Ping, Hu Yuan Zhang, Yi Chen, Xian Xian Shao, and Xin Yuan Fu. "Research on the Retention Capacity of Ruins Soil under Drying Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.705.

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The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) has been tested during the drying process. In order to define the relationship between suction, degree of saturation and void ratio, fitting models of SWCC was established. Studies have shown that the shape of SWCC of three kinds of samples (taken from Jiaohe, Gaochang and Jiuzhoutai) was similar to the inverted “S”, the relationship between water content and matric suction was inversely proportional. Under the condition of the same moisture, the matric suction of the Jiaohe and Gaochang samples were greater than the Jiuzhoutai samples, and the changes of pore water pressures showed the same trend. The degree of saturation began to decrease when the water content reduced to the air entry value. When the degree of saturation was greater than 90%, the volume of soil samples contracted significantly, and when saturation is below 80%, volume shrinkage stopped.

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HAMADA, Hiromasa, and Takami KOMAE. "Relationship between 222Rn Concentration in Soil Water and Degree of Saturation." RADIOISOTOPES 45, no. 7 (1996): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.45.413.

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43

Smith, Kimberly, and Cornelius W. van Huyssteen. "Relating the onset of reduction to degree of soil water saturation." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 30, no. 3 (September 2013): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2013.843029.

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44

Hooton, RD, MR Nokken, and RD Hooton. "Dependence of Rate of Absorption on Degree of Saturation of Concrete." Cement, Concrete and Aggregates 24, no. 1 (2002): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/cca10487j.

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45

Driessens, F. C. M., R. M. H. Verbeeck, J. W. E. van Dijk, and J. M. P. M. Borggreven. "Degree of saturation of blood plasma in vertebrates with octocalcium phosphate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1988): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-1-215.

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In previous papers it has been shown that octocalcium phospate OCP occurs in bone mineral of vertebrates. Although this compound is not stable, there is a continuous new-formation of OCP due to bone turnover. Literature data of the calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood plasma of vertebrates were collected and the degree of saturation with OCP was calculated. The results show that blood plasma of vertebrates is almost saturated with OCP. This fact indicates that OCP is the solubility controlling phase in the mineral of vertebrates. Further it verifies the expectation based on physicochemical theory that the interaction between body fluids and bone mineral is important in the calcium and phosphate homeostasis

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46

Phanikumar, B. R., and K. Amrutha. "Effect of overburden pressure and degree of saturation on compressibility characteristics." Geomechanics and Geoengineering 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.805254.

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47

Lawton, Clare L., Helen J. Delargy, Justine Brockman, Fiona C. Smith, and John E. Blundell. "The degree of saturation of fatty acids influences post-ingestive satiety." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 5 (May 2000): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450000060x.

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Two studies were designed to compare the effects on post-ingestive satiety of manipulating the degree of saturation of fatty acids, at a fixed chain length (18 C atoms), in a fixed energy (5·68 MJ for males; 3·97 MJ for females), high-fat (55 % energy) lunch meal. Two different groups of twenty subjects (ten males and ten females) took part in each study. All forty subjects were of normal weight and aged between 18 and 36 years. Study 1 compared the effects of fat A (oleic blend, high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)) with those of fat B (linoleic blend, high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)) and fat C (stearic–oleic blend, high in saturated fatty acids (SFA)). Study 2, which was designed to confirm and extend the findings of Study 1, compared the effects of fats A, B and C with those of fat D (a linoleic–oleic blend). Energy and nutrient intakes were monitored for the rest of the day and for the following day. Profiles of hunger, fullness and other sensations were monitored by continuous tracking and end-of-day questionnaires. In each meal the fat content was exclusively composed of one particular type (A, B, C or D) and was divided equally between the main course and dessert. Study 1 revealed a significant effect of fat type (degree of saturation) on intake of nutrients at the following (dinner) meal (smallest F[2,36] 3·38, P < 0·05), on post-ingestive ratings of motivation to eat (smallest F[2,36] 4·18, P = 0·02) and on energy intake over the whole test day (F[2,36] 3·39, P < 0·01). Subjects consumed significantly more energy after consumption of the lunch containing fat A than after the lunches containing fats B or C and there was a trend for these effects to continue into the second day. In Study 2, fat C produced more similar effects on appetite to fat A and there was a tendency for subjects to consume more over the whole test day when they had consumed the lunch containing fat A than when they had consumed the lunch containing fat B. Furthermore, when the data from fat conditions A and B in both studies were combined (n 40) the results of Study 1 were confirmed. Overall, the results of these short-term studies indicate that PUFA may exert a relatively stronger control over appetite than MUFA and SFA.

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Lee, Sang Soo, Seung Hwan Lee, Young Tae Oh, and Kee Choo Choi. "Development of degree of saturation estimation models for adaptive signal systems." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 2002): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02829156.

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Meyers, Nathan, and Paul E. Harper. "Lamellar-Hexagonal Phase Transition Kinetics Depend Strongly on Degree of Saturation." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 607a—608a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3212.

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Zhou, Annan, Shengshen Wu, Jie Li, and Daichao Sheng. "Including degree of capillary saturation into constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils." Computers and Geotechnics 95 (March 2018): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.09.017.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Degree of saturation'

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